Tesi sul tema "Fitness indicators"

Recent adaptationist accounts of human mental and physical health have reinvigorated the debate over the evolution of human intelligence. In the tradition of strong inference the current study was developed to determine which hypothesis; Rushton’s (2000) differential K theory, or Miller’s (2000a) fitness indicator model (F), better accounts for general intelligence ('g') in an undergraduate university population (N = 194). Due to the lengthy administration time of the test materials a newly developed 18-item short form of the Ravens Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM-18; Sefcek, Miller, & Figueredo, 2007) was used. There was a significant positive relationship between K and F (r = .31, p < .001), however no significant relationships were found between 'g' and either K or F (for each, r = -.06, p ≥ .05). While contrary to both hypotheses, these results may be explained in relation to antagonistic pleiotropy and a potential failure to derive within species comparisons directly from between species comparisons.

The aim of this study was to identify indictors of performance in surfing. Therefore the objectives of the study were to determine the following: {u100085} Anthropometric measures such as: height, weight, body proportions; {u100085} Flexibility measures such as: back extension, hip flexion, ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion; {u100085} Core stability; {u100085} Dynamic balance; {u100085} Explosive leg power; {u100085} Which of the physical characteristics measured discriminate between elite and non-elite surfers. To achieve the aim and objectives of this study, the literature pertaining to excellence in surfing, and the theory surrounding talent identification and the many factors that can contribute to success in sport, were reviewed. Potential criteria important for performance in surfing were identified and appropriate tests to assess these criteria were selected. An ex post facto quasi experimental design was used to assess which of the identified criteria best discriminated between elite and non-elite surfboard riders. The test battery included a personal information questionnaire and the assessment of: anthropometric variables, flexibility, core stability, dynamic balance and explosive leg power. These abovementioned physical characteristics were identified from the literature as the factors most important to success in surfing. Fifty five (55) surfers were assessed of which 28 were elite surfers and 27 were non-elite surfers. The results obtained from the evaluation of the samples were compared in terms of their descriptive statistics and the differences tested for statistical and practical significance. The variables of height, age started surfing, core stability, dynamic balance, number of days surfed per week and number of hours surfed per day were found to most discriminate between the elite and non-elite participants. Finally, a stepwise discriminant analysis was used to determine classification functions that could be used for future prediction purposes. The variables included in the discriminant analyses included height, age started surfing, number of years surfing, core stability and dynamic balance. To verify the prediction model a jack-knife procedure was performed. The results from the jack-knife procedure indicated that 85.5 perecent of the entire sample was correctly classified while 92.9 percent of the elite sample and 77.8 percent of the non-elite sample were correctly classified. Thus, the discriminant functions obtained can be used for predictive purposes.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD), particularly coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease, are today major causes of death in the industrialised parts of the world. There are evidence to suggest that the atherosclerotic process starts in childhood, implying that preventive measures should be implemented already in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine CVD risk indicators and their determinants in healthy Swedish adolescents. The study population comprised 14- and 17-year-old boys and girls (n=1032), in the dty and surroundings of Umeå in northern Sweden. Biochemical, anthropometric, and physiological parameters associated to CVD (s- lipoproteins and s-apolipoproteins, s-insulin, s-ferritin, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and physical fitness) were evaluated in relation to family history of CVD, weight and length at birth, infant feeding regimen, physical growth during infancy and childhood, current diet, physical activity, smoking, and educational level and occupation of the parents. The main findings of the study were that, on average, total serum cholesterol (TC) values in boys and girls were at the same level as reported from other European countries. A family history of CVD, short duration of breast feeding, low attained height during infancy and childhood, high body mass index (BMI), and low physical fitness were all associated with an unfavourable serum lipid profile. The findings also showed that features typical of the insulin resistance syndrome are present already in adolescents. In boys, iron stores, estimated by serum ferritin, were related to BMI and physical fitness, in a similar way as well established CVD risk indicators. Compared to previous dietary studies in Sweden, mean relative (energy %) fat intake had decreased substantially although the mean relative intake of saturated fat was still rather high. For both boys and girls, reported relative energy intake (energy intake/estimated energy expenditure) decreased with increasing level of BMI. Furthermore, daily smoking was more common among adolescents from families with low socio-economic status (SES) but was most strongly associated to smoking in peers. Tobacco use was considerably higher among adolescents attending vocational programs at secondary high school as compared to theoretical programs. Daily smokers had a more unfavourable serum lipid profile compared to non-smokers. Low socio-economic status of the parents was related to higher BMI and low educational level to higher dietary fat intake in both boys and girls. In conclusion, the findings of the study show that parameters linked to adult CVD when examined in adolescents, are related to family history, infant nutrition, previous physical growth, current body composition, physical fitness, physical activity, smoking, and social status and educational level of the parents.
digitalisering@umu

Body condition is expected to reflect individual quality because high quality individuals should be better at acquiring and using resources, resulting in higher fitness. However, the hypothesis that condition indices are meaningful indicators of individual quality has been questioned. I monitored a population of crimson finches (Neochmia phaeton) for reproductive success and survival over four breeding seasons. My study population is well suited for this research because individuals forage in common areas and do not hold territories such that variation in condition between individuals is not confounded by differences in habitat quality. Because little is known about crimson finches in the wild, I first describe their breeding biology and life-history traits (Chapter I). Next, I sampled them for commonly used condition indices including mass adjusted for body size, muscle and fat scores, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, total plasma protein, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. I describe the variation in these indices and find that many vary by sex and breeding stage, and to a lesser extent by year, age and time of day, concluding that these covariates need to be controlled for when examining intraspecific variation in condition (Chapter II). If condition indices reflect inherent individual quality, then condition indices should be (a) repeatable within individuals, and (b) predictors of realized fitness. I test these two predictions in Chapters III and IV, respectively, and I find that condition indices are repeatable within individuals over short, but not long, time periods and that some indices predict reproductive success, while others do not, and that none predict survival. Both findings only partially support the hypothesis that condition indices are meaningful indicators of individual quality, raising concerns over this common interpretation. In Chapter V, I glean insights from the ecological and poultry science literature and discuss further complications with the use of condition indices as proxies for individual quality and fitness. I conclude that condition indices indicate how well an individual is currently acquiring resources as well as its likely physiological state over the next few months, but that they do not reflect individual quality and are not reliable proxies for fitness.
Ph. D.

Six adult male volunteers of similar body size (x̄ ± SD:ht = 184.6 ± 6.4 cm; wt = 80.86 ± 2.7 kg) and aerobic exercise capacity (VO₂ = 38 ± 3.1 ml·kg⁻¹. min⁻¹) were tested to determine what physiological and perceptual differences existed during endurance cycling using a Powercam (Houdaille, Inc.) crank system (CAM) as compared to a standard crank system (STD). Following preliminary tests to determine the subject's working capacity, each was assigned to ride either in the CAM or STD mode for 1 hour using a gear ratio that would require an effort equal to 70% of the VO₂ max. After a minimum of 72 hours between trials, subjects were retested in the converse mode. Measurements that included HR, BP, VO₂, surface EMG, and RPE were monitored at 15 minute intervals during both tests. Responses were very similar across modes and between subjects. Although subjects demonstrated responses that may indicate an improved efficiency for a particular mode, the group did not display patterns that would indicate efficiency for the Powercam crank system.
M.S.

Introduction/Background Elite ice hockey is a highly physiological demanding team sport of intermittent character and high levels of performance are required over 6-8 months. There are benefits by designing a training program that includes the manipulation of training through its periodization and programming to achieve peak performance at set dates. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in training program design between higher- and lower-performing teams in the Swedish Hockey League. Method Four differently performing teams were selected from a performance ranking system. The teams were divided into a higher-performing and lower-performing group. After receiving their verbal approval, an information document and a consent form were digitally sent to the teams’ representatives to obtain their written consent. Subsequently, the teams received a survey consisting of 177 questions that contained single, multiple, ranking and graded-choice questions about their training program design. Intra- and inter-group differences were analyzed with a descriptive statistical calculation of percentage. Results The intra-group analysis revealed a 77,9% difference in the lower-performing team group and 74,5% difference between teams in the higher-performing group. The inter-group difference was found to be 92,7%. The highest amount of inter-group difference (60,5%) was found in questions with no intra-group similarity, whereas 1,1% reveled intra-group different but intra-group similar results. Conclusion This study shows that there are significant differences in training program design between higher- and lower-performing teams as well as significant differences between teams in the lower-performing and higher-performing-group. Some discussed results seem to indicate that higher-performing teams tend to focus more on power, maximal strength and endurance training as well as on its individualization. However, due to the complexity of elite ice hockey, the intra- and inter-group heterogeneity and the shortcomings of the study design, these variables cannot be taken as team key performance indicators.

В статье указано на необходимость внесения изменений в нормативно-правовое обеспечение Украины в части создания единой государственной методики для разработки научно обоснованных норм к контрольным упражнениям для определения уровня физической подготовленности разных слоёв населения. Обоснованы безотлагательные первоочередные задачи качественного обеспечения проведения тестирования населения. Предложено пути для создания эффективной системы подготовки нормативов контрольных упражнений для тестирования физической подготовленности разных слоёв населения.
The article pointed to the need for changes in the regulatory and legal support for Ukraine in terms of creating a unified state methodology for the development of science-based standards to control exercise to determine the level of physical preparedness of different strata of the population. Substantiated urgent priorities to ensure quality testing of the population. Proposed ways to create an effective system of training exercises control standards for testing physical fitness of the different layers of the population.

В статье указано на необходимость внесения изменений в нормативно-правовое обеспечение Украины в части создания единой государственной методики для разработки научно обоснованных норм к контрольным упражнениям для определения уровня физической подготовленности разных слоёв населения. Обоснованы безотлагательные первоочередные задачи качественного обеспечения проведения тестирования населения. Предложено пути для создания эффективной системы подготовки нормативов контрольных упражнений для тестирования физической подготовленности разных слоёв населения.
The article pointed to the need for changes in the regulatory and legal support for Ukraine in terms of creating a unified state methodology for the development of science-based standards to control exercise to determine the level of physical preparedness of different strata of the population. Substantiated urgent priorities to ensure quality testing of the population. Proposed ways to create an effective system of training exercises control standards for testing physical fitness of the different layers of the population.

La manutenzione predittiva, o Prognostic Health Management (PHM), è l’innovativa politica manutentiva basata monitoraggio continuo dello stato di salute dei componenti meccanici, grazie all’acquisizione dei dati tramite sensori applicati sui componenti stessi. Questi dati non sono facilmente analizzabili direttamente: è difatti necessaria un’attività di processing, volta ad estrarre delle caratteristiche significative e sintetiche del segnale, chiamate in letteratura features. Tipicamente, alla fase di estrazione delle features, segue una fase di selezione delle features e/o costruzione di un indicatore di salute, al fine di ridurre la dimensionalità dei dati ed aumentare la performance degli algoritmi futuri che riceveranno in input tali features per la diagnostica e/o prognostica. Questa tesi si focalizza proprio sulla costruzione di un indicatore di salute (HI) tramite programmazione genetica mono-obiettivo (algoritmo euristico basato sulla teoria della selezione naturale di Darwin, assai promettente rispetto alle tecniche tradizionali di selezione di features) a partire da un insieme di features estratte manualmente nel dominio del tempo. I segnali utilizzati provengono da un prototipo costruito all’interno del Laboratorio dell’Università di Bologna. In particolare, è stato analizzato il comportamento della cinghia, che rappresenta uno dei componenti chiave del prototipo, dalla messa in funzione in stato sano fino alla rottura (run-to-failure test). Il modello sarà costruito in ambiente MATLAB, attraverso lo sfruttamento del Genetic Programming Toolbox presente nel software stesso. Infine, per valutare il risultato ottenuto, l’HI costruito è stato dato in pasto ad un algoritmo di fitting e di previsione della vita utile residua (RUL), allo scopo di valutare l’errore medio di previsione rispetto a quanto realmente accaduto durante il test. I risultati ottenuti sembrano positivi, ma sono necessari sviluppi futuri per valutare la robustezza dell’indicatore.

Moçambic registra una alta prevalença de malària amb un elevat índex de parasitèmia assintomàtica, però no hi ha estudis coneguts sobre la seva relació amb els diferents components del desenvolupament humà. L’objectiu va ser estudiar les característiques de creixement i desenvolupament dels nens, nenes i adolescents amb malària assintomàtica de les zones rurals de Calanga. L’estudi, de caràcter retrospectiu, es va portar a terme en una mostra de 351 subjectes d’ambdós, dividits en grups de 5-11 anys i 12-20 anys. Es varen obtenir mesures Antropomètriques (alçada, pes, perímetre bicipital, plecs cutanis), estat de maduració (escala de Tanner per caràcters sexuals secundaris), Aptitud física (flexibilitat, resistència muscular, agilitat, força i resistència cardiorespiratòria) i Activitat física realitzada (qüestionari i accelerometria). Per a la determinació del nivell de parasitèmia i altres indicadors hematològics, es varen obtenir mostres sanguínies. L’estat nutricional va ser estimat en funció dels criteris antropomètrics de la OMS/CDC. Per l’ anàlisis dels resultats, la mostra va ser dividida en dos grups d’ edat (G1 fins els 11 anys; G2 >11 anys) per a cada sexe. Els subjectes varen ser sotmesos a una exploració clínica minuciosa. Tots els subjectes sense síntomes clínics de malària participaren en l’estudi, sent-hi dividits en dos grups: Amb presència de Plasmodiun (CP) i Sense presència del paràsit (SP). L’Anàlisi estadístic es va centrar en la comparació dels diferents fenotips entre els grups CP i SP en funció del gènere i dels grups utilitzant un ANOVA factorial amb una significança del 5%. Els resultats indicaren una prevalença de malària assintomàtica del 53,9% amb una major incidència en G1. Foren observades diferències significatives en G2 en els nens, en l’alçada (p=0.01) i perímetre bicipital (p=0.001). No es va trobar cap diferència en l’estat nutricional. En l’Aptitud física es varen trobar diferències significatives en els grups de Handgrip p=0.001) i Flex Arm Hang (p=0.04). Respecte a l’activitat física no es varen registrar diferències significatives. Aquest estudi va mostrar que l’índex de malària assintomàtica reflexa l’alt nivell de parasistèmia en la població de Calanga, però l’alta supervivència condueix a un estat adaptatiu que pot causar la no observança d’efectes generalitzats en el creixement i desenvolupament motor com expressen els alts nivells d’activitat física en ambdós grups, ì que poden significar una adaptació d’aquests individus a les exigències del medi ambient.
Mozambique registra una alta prevalencia de malaria con alto índice de parasitemia asintomática, pero no hay estudios conocidos sobre su relación con los distintos componentes del desarrollo humano. El objetivo fue estudiar las características de crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños y jóvenes con malaria asintomática de las zonas rurales de Calanga. El estudio, de carácter retrospectivo, se llevó a cabo en una muestra de 351 sujetos de ambos sexos, divididos en grupos de 5-11 años y 12-20 años. Se obtuvieron medidas Antropométricas (altura, peso, perímetro bicipital, pliegues cutáneos), estado de maduración (escala de Tanner para caracteres sexuales secundarios), Aptitud física (flexibilidad, resistencia muscular, agilidad, fuerza y resistencia cardiorespiratoria) y Actividad física realizada (cuestionario y acelerometría). Para la determinación del nivel de parasitemia y otros indicadores hematológicos, se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas. El estado nutricional fue estimado en función de los criterios antropométricos de la OMS/CDC. Para el análisis de los resultados, la muestra fue dividida en dos grupos de edad (G1 hasta los 11 años; G2 >11 años) para cada sexo. Los sujetos fueron sometidos a una exploración clínica minuciosa. Todos los sujetos sin síntomas clínicos de malaria participaron en el estudio, siendo divididos en dos grupos: con presencia de Plasmodiun (CP) y sin presencia del parásito (SP). El análisis estadístico se centró en la comparación de los diferentes fenotipos entre los grupos CP y SP en función del género y de los grupos utilizando un ANOVA factorial con una significancia del 5%. Los resultados indicaron una prevalencia de malaria asintomática del 53,9% con una mayor incidencia en G!. Fueron observadas diferencias significativas en G” en los niños, en la altura (p=0.01) y perímetro bicipital (p=0.001). No se encontró ninguna diferencia en el estado nutricional. En la Aptitud física se encontraron diferencias significativas en los grupos de Handgrip p=0.001) y Flex Arm Hang (p=0.04). Con respecto a la actividad física no se registraron diferencias significativas. Este estudio mostró que el índice de malaria asintomática refleja el alto nivel de parasistema en la población de Calanga, pero la alta sobrevivencia conduce a un estado adaptativo que puede causar la no observancia de efectos generalizados en el crecimiento y desarrollo motor como expresan los altos niveles de actividad física en ambos grupos, y que pueden significar una adaptación de estos individuos a las exigencias del medio ambiente.
While in Mozambique there is a high prevalence of malaria with high rate of asymptomatic parasitaemia, there are not known studies on the implications of this last condition, particularly on growth and development of school-age population. The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of the presence of asymptomatic malaria in growth and motor development in children and adolescents in rural areas. The study was conducted on a sample of 351 subjects of both sexes aged between 5 and 20 years living in a rural area of Mozambique. All participants underwent a protocol that included measures of Anthropometry (height, weight, biceps circumference, skinfolds of adiposity), Maturatioal Status (Tanner scale for secondary sexual characteristics), Physical Fitness (flexibility, muscular endurance, agility, strength and cardio-respiratory endurance.) and Physical Activity (Survey and Accelerometry). To determine the parasite and other hematologic indicators blood samples were extracted. Nutritional status was estimated on the basis of anthropometric criteria established by WHO / CDC. For data analysis the sample was divided into two age groups (G1 < 11 years, G2 > 11 years) for each sex. The subjects underwent a detailed clinical observation. All subjects without clinical symptoms of malaria remained in the study and were divided into two groups: with the presence of Plasmodium (CP) and without the presence of this parasite (SP). The statistical analysis focused on comparison of the different phenotypes between the groups CP and SP on gender and age using the ANOVA Factorial maintaining a significance level of 5%. The results indicated a prevalence of asymptomatic malaria by 53.9% with higher incidence in G1. Significant differences were observed in G2, in boys, height (p = 0.01) and biceps circumference (p = 0.001). No difference was found in relation to nutritional status. Indicators assessed blood were no different significantly except in hematocrit in boys G2. In Physical Fitness significant differences were found in the same group in the Flexed Arm Hang tests (0.04) and hand grip (p = 0.001). With regard to physical activity were not recorded significant differences. Given the small differences between the groups according to the parasite, it was concluded that the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria reflects the high level of parasitaemia among the population of Calanga but that, eventually, a high pressure of survival leads to an adaptive state that can cause non-compliance with widespread effects on growth and motor development, as expressed in high levels of physical activity in both groups and that can mean the adaptation to environmental demands.
Embora em Moçambique se observe uma elevada prevalência de malária com elevada taxa de parasitémia assintomática não são conhecidos estudos sobre as implicações desta ultima condição, em particular no crescimento e desenvolvimento da população em idade escolar. O objectivo deste estudo foi o de conhecer o impacto da presença de malária assintomática no crescimento e desenvolvimento motor em crianças e jovens residentes em zonas rurais. O estudo realizou-se numa amostra de 351 sujeitos de ambos os sexos de idades compreendidas entre os 5 e 20 anos residentes numa região rural de Moçambique. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a um protocolo de medidas que incluiu Antropometria (Altura, Peso, Perímetro Bicipital, Pregas de Adiposidade), Estado Maturacional (escala de Tanner para caracteres sexuais secundários), Aptidão Fisica (flexibilidade, resistência muscular, agilidade, força e resistência cardiorespiratória.) e Actividade Fisica (Questionário e Acelorometria). Para a determinação da parasitémia e outros indicadores hematológicos foram extraídas amostras de sangue. O estado nutricional foi estimado em função dos critérios antropmétricos estabelecidos pela OMS/CDC. Para análise dos resultados a amostra foi dividida em dois grupos etários (G1 até 11 anos; G2>11 anos) para cada sexo. Os sujeitos foram submetidos a uma observação clínica minuciosa. Todos os sujeitos sem sintomas clínicos de malária permaneceram no estudo, tendo sido divididos em dois grupos, nomeadamente: Com a presença do Plasmodium (CP) e sem a presença deste parasita (SP). A análise estatística centrou-se na comparação dos diferentes fenótipos entre os grupos CP e SP em função do género e grupo etário, utilizando a ANOVA Factorial mantendo um nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados indicaram uma prevalência de malária assintomática de 53,9 % com maior incidência no G1. Foram observadas diferenças significativas no G2, nos rapazes, na altura (p=0,01) e perímetro bicipital (p=0,001). Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada no que respeita ao estado nutricional. Dos indicadores hematológicos avaliados foram observadas diferenças significativas no hematócrito nos rapazes do G2. Na Aptidão Física foram encontradas diferenças significativas no mesmo grupo nos testes de Flexed Arm Hang (0.04) e Hand grip (p=0,001). Relativamente à Actividade Física não foram registadas diferenças significativas. Face às reduzidas diferenças entre os grupos em função da parasitémia, foi concluído que a prevalência da malária assintomática reflecte a elevada taxa de parasitémia no seio da população da Calanga mas que, eventualmente, uma elevada pressão de sobrevivência conduz a um estado adaptativo que pode causar a não observância de efeitos generalizados no crescimento e desenvolvimento motor como expressam os níveis elevados de actividade física em ambos os grupos e que podem significar uma adaptação destes indivíduos às exigências do ambiente.

Emerging evidence has demonstrated the strong link between cardiorespiratory fitness and multiple aspects of health (i.e., physiological, physical, psychosocial, cognitive), independent of physical activity, among school-aged children and youth. Cardiorespiratory fitness is a trait that does not vary substantially from day-to-day, and provides an indication of recent physical activity levels, making it an important possible indicator of population health. Thus, the objective of this dissertation was to investigate the utility of cardiorespiratory fitness, measured using the 20 m shuttle run test, as a broad, holistic health indicator for population health surveillance among children and youth. To achieve this objective we completed seven manuscripts, all prepared for submission to peer-reviewed, scientific journals: 1. Systematic review of the relationship between 20 m shuttle run performance and health indicators among children and youth. 2. Review of criterion-referenced standards for cardiorespiratory fitness: What percentage of 1 142 026 international children and youth are apparently healthy? 3. Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with physical literacy among Canadian children aged 8 to 12 years. 4. International variability in 20 m shuttle run performance in children and youth: Who are the fittest from a 50-country comparion? A systematic review with pooling of aggregate results. 5. Making a case for cardiorespiratory fitness surveillance among children and youth. 6. International normative 20 m shuttle run values from 1 142 026 children and youth representing 50 countries. 7. Temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness of 965 264 children and youth representing 19 countries since 1981. Combined, this dissertation provides support for the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness for health surveillance among school-aged children and youth. Results from the international analysis highlighted the variability across countries, with countries in North-Central Europe and Africa having the highest cardiorespiratory fitness, and countries in South America having the lowest cardiorespiratory fitness. The results indicated that declines in cardiorespirtory fitness may have stabilized in recent years in some high- and middle-income countries. This dissertation also identified two methods (criterion- and normative-referenced standards) to interpret cardiorespirtory fitness levels among children and youth, methods that could be used to inform future consensus, surveillance, and cardiorespiratory fitness guidelines.

Thesis (M.A.)--State University of New York at New Paltz, 2007.
Also issued in electronic version. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-74). Online version available via the SUNY New Paltz Sojourner Truth Library : http://hdl.handle.net/1951/42568

A new perspective on consumer behavior is proposed using theoretical predictions developed from behavioral ecology, economics, and evolutionary psychology. These predictions pose the possibility that consumers often make choices based on mental processing heuristics evolved long before the extensive human development of the cerebral cortex, and are therefore automatic, interrelated, and non-conscious. The literature review develops theoretical platforms that suggest consumer choice may be based on signal qualities that are expected to be honest indicators of the quality of the signaler and synthesized into the concept of 'Advertiser Fitness.' The construct of Advertiser Fitness is conceived as integrated perceptions of advertiser creativity (signal style) and perceptions of perceived quality of ad production (signal quality), and is statistically validated across two product categories, cell phone services and auto insurance. In addition, Advertiser Fitness is shown to have statistically significant positive associations with traditional measures of advertising effectiveness, including Attitude Toward the Ad, Attitude Toward the Brand, and Purchase Intent. The interrelated constructs of Perceived Honesty, Perceived Advertiser Status, Self-Relevance, and Potential Word of Mouth are also shown to be have statistically significant positive correlations with the Advertiser Fitness construct and with the traditional measures of advertising effectiveness: Attitude Toward the Ad, Attitude Toward the Brand, and Purchase Intent. These constructs appear to be inter-related and redundant rather than having causal, linear relationships. The results suggest that observable creative dimensions of advertiser signals convey signaler (advertiser) quality. Similarly, impressions of signaler (advertiser) status are important inputs for the formation of positive consumer perceptions and are associated with measures of potential action including purchase intention and predicted word-of-mouth. This work opens a new window into understanding consumer behavior by introducing contemporary observation to evolutionary sources of motivation for behavior, and views consumer markets as dynamic ecosystems which can potentially be illuminated by better understanding and application of phenomena in natural ecosystems for consumer behavior.

碩士
國立體育大學
運動保健學系
103
The main purpose of this research is to analyes indicators of the professional abilities of personal fitness trainers, and to discuss the importance of such professional indications. By observing two renowned international fitness education organizations and reviewing references, three important perspectives of professional abilities are: 1) Professional knowledge. 2) Professional skills. 3) Professional attitude. Furthermore, the result of this research was concluded after three integration of opinions from 10 scholars and experts by using Delphi technique. In the total of 52 indications from the mentioned three perspectives, experts unanimously consider that the most important is "professional attitude," then "professional skills," then "professional knowledge." The most important indication for professional attitude is "to maintain an active and passionate attitude." Among those in professional skills perspectives are "the ability to design periodization program," "the ability to correct movement " "the ability to respond to emergency," and "the ability to demonstrate fitness equipment." Finally, "client exercise program design" is the most important in professional knowledge. The conclusion and suggestions of this research can provide references for the following: the government in future development of personal fitness trainer's training program and establish regulations; fitness club hiring process; self-growth in the industry; future researches and studies.

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
資訊管理系
106
In these years, people's living standards improve, technological progress, industry development is rapid, and the impact on the environment is also more and more intense. The whole world set off a national movement of the atmosphere. People pay more attention to health care; street running, indoor gymnasium, sports center and other sports industry have been sprung up like mushrooms also led to the rise of fitness equipment manufacturing upstream. Industrial pollution in the manufacturing process has become the focus of international attention; it will be the future trend to develop green products and green manufacturing. The fitness equipment manufacturing industry in Taiwan, was limited by market, there will be much room for improvement if fitness equipment manufacturer in Taiwan can involve more green policies. It will also reduce waste and reduce environmental pollution, therefore enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. This article focuses on the analysis of the green manufacturing indicators of the fitness equipment industry. To look for relevant indicators by collecting domestic and foreign lean production, clean production, green manufacturing, green indicators and other literatures. In-depth interviewing was used to access the fitness equipment industry experts. We asked expert advice and screened out the green manufacturing indicators. Finally, the weight of the indicators was calculated by the voting analytic hierarchy process, and the order of the indicators and their objectivity was confirmed. The purpose of this study is as below: 1. to organize and summarize the green manufacture principle of fitness equipment industry. 2. to establish the suitable green manufacturing indicators for fitness equipment industry. 3. to analyze the importance of green manufacturing indicators. The results of this article found that in the fitness equipment industry, green manufacturing indicators were material application properly, green process management, green factory management, green product design, green policy, corporate social responsibility; and the factors are divided into six categories. Through the hierarchical structure breakdown, indicators were summarized and their weights were computed.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
運動學系運動與健康休閒碩士班
105
The Research of Physical Fitness and Metabolic Syndrome Indicators in Students with Visual Impairments Abstract This study was to investigate if there was any significant correlation between physical fitness and metabolic syndrome indicators among students with visual impairments. The participants in this study were 83 students studying in one of the special education school for students with visual impairments and multiple disabilities. This was a retrospective cohort design using. Secondary data analyses were conducted using school administrative data. The research utilized one way ANOVA、student’s t-test, Sperman rank correlation to analyze these data. The study shows that students with visual impairment are superior to students with multiple disabilities in physical fitness. There is no significant difference between students with visual impairment and those with multiple disabilities in metabolic syndrome indicators. In addition, there is no significant association between physical fitness and metabolic syndrome indicators in students with visual impairment. This study found that physical fitness of students with visual impairment is worse, and the physical fitness performance of students with multiple disabilities is inferior to students with visual impairment. For school administrator, it warrants further consideration to improve their health. For metabolic syndrome indicators in student with visual impairment, physical fitness may be not a key predictor, The study suggests that lifestyle behaviors, such as exercise habit and diet preference, should be included in future studies. Key Word: student with visual impairment, multiple disabilities, physical fitness, metabolic syndrome indicators

As anthropogenic CO2 levels continue to rise, the oceans are becoming warmer and more acidic. Organisms need to adjust to such environmental changes and display a variety of mechanisms to maintain their fitness in novel conditions. These adjustments can operate at various levels of biological organisation: from cellular levels to organismal physiology and behaviour. Such adaptive responses of species will determine their persistence under future ocean warming and acidification conditions. If organisms are capable of maintaining fitness after long-term exposure to a stressor this can be indicative of acclimation potential. However, their sensitivity to stressors is linked to life stage. Early life phases are considered to be the most vulnerable to fluctuations in the environment. If detrimental effects occur during an organism’s early life this could modify its capability to handle stress at later life stages. The physiological and behavioural adjustments that are triggered in response to changing conditions can lead to modifications in the phenotypic distributions of traits within a population. Analysing the variation of phenotypical traits offers an insight into the capacity of populations to persist by acclimating to their environment. In this thesis I evaluated the sensitivity of marine organisms to ocean warming and acidification and their various coping mechanisms. I reveal that ocean acidification and warming can alter the behaviour of fish species by increasing their anxiety (chapter 2), boldness (chapter 3 and 5), or feeding rates (chapter 2). Modifications in feeding behaviour were linked to physiological and to changing environmental conditions, creating a feedback mechanism between their cellular and behavioural responses that helped organisms maintain their fitness (chapter 3). However, altered behaviours in a population are not always accompanied by physiological changes, as in chapter 5 I also found changes in risk taking behaviours that did not alter the body condition of temperate or tropical fishes. The direction of responses (negative, positive or neutral) exhibited by a species in response to changing conditions will depend on their specific physiological requirements that determine their sensitivity to stressors. Using a meta-analysis in chapter 4 I showed that when facing climatic stressors, the growth and survival of diverse marine species vary according to their species-specific physiological requirements. For example, negative responses in growth were observed in calcifying organisms and positive responses were found for primary producers. Life stage was key in determining survival, as eggs and larvae showed to be more vulnerable to stressors than older juvenile and adult stages. The sensitivity of early life stages was also found in laboratory experiments performed in this thesis (chapter 2). A mouthbrooder species was used to test early stage sensitivity, and I showed that the parental environment of the mouthbrooder fish did not provide protection to embryos from acidified conditions. Enriched CO2 conditions exerted negative effects on the behaviour of their juvenile stage by increasing their anxiety. The distinct species-specific responses in physiology and behaviour have the potential to modify the distribution of phenotypical traits. I revealed that ocean acidification and warming can alter the phenotype distribution of risk taking behaviours (chapter 5). The redistribution of phenotypical traits has the potential to re-shape populations interactions as more dominant species are selected for under future conditions. Additionally, under naturally acidified and warming conditions I found that some species experience a loss of risk-taking phenotypes, as their phenotypic variability was reduced compared to the control conditions. This behavioural homogenisation puts populations of animals at risk to increasing global environmental change. The coping strategies that species use by adjusting their physiology and behaviour can enable them to maintain their fitness under climate change. If species maintain fitness during their entire life span and in future generations, then species will have a greater chance to persist under climatic disturbances. Understanding species sensitivity and their potential to acclimate to environmental change will help improve how we anticipate the future of adaptive capacity of organisms to warming and acidifying oceans.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, 2020

Вивчено взаємозв’язок технічної і фізичної підготовки борців на етапі початкової підготовки. Практична значущість результатів дослідження може бути використані викладачами загальноосвітніх шкіл, а також тренерами ДЮСШ під час роботи зі школярами, які займаються вільною боротьбою.
The relationship between technical and physical training of wrestlers at the initial training stage has been studied. The practical significance of the research results can be used by secondary school teachers, as well as CYSS coaches when working with students who are engaged in freestyle wrestling.

Title: Representation of selected general and specific training indicators in ATC in a selected floorball team. Objectives: Performing a literature review, focusing especially of foreign scientific articles regarding the characteristics of floorball and related fitness training. Monitoring the representation of fitness training in a selected extra-league men's team during all training periods of a chosen annual training cycle (2014/2015) using the newly introduced XPS network software. Methods: Upon completion of the literature review, research was performed by conducting the content analysis of training documents kept during the 2014/2015 annual training cycle ("ATC"). The newly created software was part of the analysis. The software was distributed for the needs of floorball practice. In order to evaluate general categories and specific training indicators, natural selection was employed. Comparison was used to assess selected indicators. In addition, physical fitness was evaluated using selected UNIFITTEST 6 - 60 tests (Měkota, Kovář, 1996); however, this type of assessment does not belong to core of this paper. Results: The results suggest that sports performance is affected, to a degree, by general training indicators such as the number of days or the total of training time. However, the most...

Subject The current lifestyle of most children and adults is characterized by sedentary lifestyle. Research shows that physical activity among children is decreasing while aging, (Bunc, 2004) which causes gaining the body fat, loosing physical fitness and overall resulting in overweight and obesity (eg Brettschneider, Naul, 2007; Malina, Bouchard, 1991; Roche et al., 1996). This lack of physical activity leads to a decrease in physical fitness as global phenomena (Malina 2004; Reed et al., 2006; Tomkinson, 2007), urges the increase in overweight and obesity, or causes certain health problems. One way to examine the level of lifestyle and the quality of life of children and adults is the body composition. This knowledge can contribute to determine the health of the individual and its physical ability. Objective To describe changes in somatic indicators and selected body composition parameters that are related to age and gender among younger school age children. To find out the correlation among somatic indicators, age and parameters of the body composition of children of both genders and to discover dominant factors affecting the body composition in both genders. Methods A cross-sectional statistical survey was carried out at three primary schools in Prague, where during the first testing, 220...

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Ensino de Educação Física nos Ensinos Básico e Secundário apresentado à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física
This Practicum Report is part of Supervised Practicum course unit, from the 2nd year of the Master in Teaching of Physical Education in Basic and Secondary School, from the Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education at the University of Coimbra. This document is the result of the professional experience, developed over the Supervised Practicum, held at the Secondary School of Lousã, in the academic year of 2019/2020, with class C of the ninth grade.The Supervised Practicum represented the peak of our academic training and provided a year of incomparable experiences, as it was the first experience in a real teaching context. This was the moment to put all the teachings into practice and to appropriate essential tools for our performance as future Physical Education teachers.This document is organized into three chapters. The first one has the contextualization of the developed practice, composed of the initial expectations, the formative project and the characterization of the context. The second chapter concerns the reflective analysis on the pedagogical practice in which we carry out an in-depth reflection about the many areas that make up the Supervised Practicum, namely, the teaching-learning activities, the organization and school management, the educational projects and partnerships and the ethical-professional attitude. Additionally, in this chapter, we also expose our experience with the Distance Learning modality, which proved to be something unique and enriching in several aspects. Finally, the third chapter aims to deepen the Problem-Theme, characterized by an association between aerobic fitness and obesity anthropometric indicators in a sample of sixty six participants, form where we were able to obtain results about the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and the Body Mass Index, the percentage of fat mass and waist circumference, in both genders.
O presente Relatório de Estágio Pedagógico surge no âmbito da unidade curricular Relatório de Estágio, do 2º ano do Mestrado em Ensino de Educação Física nos Ensinos Básico e Secundário, da Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física da Universidade de Coimbra. Este documento é o resultado da experiência profissional desenvolvida ao longo do Estágio Pedagógico, realizado na Escola Secundária da Lousã, no ano letivo de 2019/2020, com a turma C do nono ano de escolaridade.O Estágio Pedagógico representou o auge da nossa formação académica e proporcionou um ano de vivências incomparáveis, nomeadamente pelo facto de ser a primeira experiência em contexto real de ensino. Este foi o momento de colocarmos todos os ensinamentos em prática e de nos apropriarmos de ferramentas essenciais para a nossa atuação como futuros docentes de Educação Física. Este documento organiza-se em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo é alusivo à contextualização da prática desenvolvida, composto pelas expectativas iniciais, pelo projeto formativo e pela caracterização do contexto. O segundo capítulo diz respeito à análise reflexiva sobre a prática pedagógica, no qual realizamos uma reflexão aprofundada sobre as várias áreas integrantes do Estágio Pedagógico, nomeadamente, as atividades de ensino-aprendizagem, a organização e gestão escolar, os projetos e parcerias educativas e a atitude ético-profissional. Adicionalmente, neste capítulo, expomos também a nossa experiência com a modalidade de Ensino à Distância, que se revelou como algo único e enriquecedor em vários aspetos. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo destina-se ao aprofundamento do Tema-Problema, caracterizado por uma associação entre aptidão cardiorrespiratória e indicadores antropométricos de obesidade, de uma amostra de 66 participantes, de onde conseguimos obter resultados acerca da relação da aptidão cardiorrespiratória com o Índice de Massa Corporal, a percentagem de massa gorda e a circunferência da cintura, em ambos os sexos.

Безверха Ю. А. Оцінка показників здоров’я та фізичної підготовленості учнів молодших класів у системі навчально-виховного комплексу : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 017 "Фізична культура і спорт" / наук. керівник Т. М. Чижинок. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2021. 56 с.
UA : Кваліфікаційна робота містить 56 сторінок, 8 таблиць, 55 літературних джерел. Об’єкт дослідження – показники фізичного здоров’я та фізичної підготовленості. Мета роботи – вивчення показників фізичного здоров’я та фізичної підготовленості учнів молодших класів у системі навчально-виховного комплексу. Методи дослідження – аналіз науково-методичної літератури, показники здоров’я за соматометричними і функціональними даними, показники серцево-судинної системи, частота серцевих скорочень (ЧСС), частота дихання (ЧД), тестування рівня фізичної підготовленості за контрольними вправами (біг 30 м, стрибок у довжину з місця, метання м’яча, підйом тулуба), човниковий біг 4 х 9 м, нахил тулуба вперед, методи математичної статистики. Вивчення показників фізичного здоров’я учнів молодшого шкільного віку Енергодарського навчально-виховного комплексу № 9 дозволили отримати уяву про стан фізичного розвитку, який поступово зростає. Виявити вікові періоди більш інтенсивного зростання показників у хлопчиків і дівчаток віком від 6 до 9 років. Проведений порівняльний аналіз не виявив суттєвих відмінностей у показниках фізичного розвитку учнів молодших класів зі стандартними показниками, які характерні для учнів регіону України. У показниках фізичної підготовленості Енергодарського навчально-виховного комплексу простежується гетерохронність у показниках. Проведений порівняльний аналіз показників фізичної підготовленості учнів даної школи зі стандартами виявив більш низькі показники у швидкості, спритності, швидкісно-силових якостей у хлопчиків і дівчаток Енергодарського навчально-виховного комплексу № 9.
EN : Qualifying work contains 56 pages, 8 tables, 55 literary sources. The object of research is indicators of physical health and physical fitness. The purpose of the work is to study the indicators of physical health and physical preparedness of younger classes in the system of educational complex. Methods of research - analysis of scientific and methodological literature, indicators of health by somatometric and functional data, cardiovascular systems, heart rate (heart rate), respiratory rate (CHD), testing the level of physical fitness by control exercises (running 30 m, leap in length from place, ball throwing, trunk rise), shuttle racing 4 x 9 m, slope of trunk forward, methods of mathematical statistics. The study of physical health indicators of the younger school age of the energyar educational institution number 9 allowed to get an idea of the state of physical development, which is gradually increasing. To identify age-old periods of more intensive growth of indicators in boys and girls aged 6 to 9 years. The conducted comparative analysis did not show significant differences in the physical development of younger classes of standard indicators that are characteristic of the students of Ukraine. In the indicators of physical fitness of the Energydian educational complex, there is a heterochrome in terms of indicators. The comparative analysis of the indicators of physical fitness of the students of this school with standards revealed lower rates in speed, agility, speed-power qualities in boys and girls of the Energy Dealing Educational Complex No. 9.

碩士
國立體育大學
運動與健康科學學院
104
Introduction: Since 2010, “Sport Island Establishment Project” promoted by Sports Administration, Ministry of Education, has encouraged more and more people to participate on sports activities. With the advance of technology, people changed their lifestyles and were under strong stress. Exercise will help to release the stress and is good for health physically and psychologically. A growing exercise population causes the increased fitness centers being competitive. Various types of fitness centers have different requirements while recruiting the personal trainers. Taking the personal trainer as career life, how to be a qualified personal trainer and always being ready for next level‘s movement is very important. A realistic, and comprehensive study is necessary for reference. Purpose: This study analyzed what factors and basic abilities are needed as a personal trainer or a higher position in various fitness clubs. Research Methods: This study collects a total of 72 participants for questionnaire and 5 supervisors from fitness centers for personal interviewing. The results derived from further analysis and discussion. Discussion/Conclusion: Questions were targeting in 3 parts including employment, salary, and promotions. Study results show that personal relationship is a major indicator for career opportunity. Valid reference will help on the hiring, but is not necessary. A national license is more likely the key factor for employment. The salary structure is mostly based on the business model of fitness clubs. In general, salary is correlated to seniority. But the salary could be markedly influenced by sales performance and numbers of teaching session numbers. For factors affecting promotion, professionalism and achievement are basic abilities. However, during interviewing managers, they emphasized the experiences and positive attitudes. Therefore, as a qualified personal trainer, to get international license during school life could be necessary. Moreover, to engance characters such as responsibility, communication, coordination, interpersonal relationship, leadership may have significant influence in the future career.

Questions of preservation and promotion of health of students are highly relevant at the present time. Therefore now updating of forms and methods of physical education students is especially important. Also there is a need in the formation of students' priorities, a healthy lifestyle, an increase in the mode of motor activity and development programs, which will satisfy the needs of students, increase motivation and interest in physical culture. To improve the process of physical education at university should be used modern and the most popular types of motor activity in the health and fitness classes, which based on various fitness programs and adapted for students of special medical group. One of the varieties physical activity is pilates. It is popular now. People of different age and sex as well as with different levels of physical training can engage pilates.
Вопросы сохранения и укрепления здоровья студентов являются весьма актуальными в настоящее время. В связи с этим сейчас особенно важно обновление форм и методов работы по физическому воспитанию студентов. Также назрела необходимость в формировании у студентов приоритетов здорового образа жизни, увеличения режима двигательной активности и разработка программ, которые удовлетворяют потребности студентов, повысят мотивацию и интерес к занятиям физической культурой. С целью совершенствования процесса физического воспитания в вузе необходимо использовать на физкультурно-оздоровительных занятиях современные, наиболее популярные виды двигательной деятельности, которые основаны на различных фитнес - программах и адаптированы для студентов отнесённых к специальной медицинской группе. Одной из разновидностей фитнес-тренировки является пилатес, он достаточно популярен в настоящее время. Пилатесом могут заниматься люди разного возраста и пола, а также с разным уровнем физической подготовки.