Bibliografie tematiche / Flooded savannas and grasslands

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Flooded savannas and grasslands"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 12 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Flooded savannas and grasslands"

Medina, Ernesto, e Norma Motta. "Metabolism and distribution of grasses in tropical flooded savannas in Venezuela". Journal of Tropical Ecology 6, n. 1 (febbraio 1990): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400004053.

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ABSTRACTFlooded savannas in south-west Venezuela consist of seasonal, marshy and flooded grassland communities, the distribution of which depends on soil level. Seasonal grasslands are dominated by tuft-forming, rhizomatous C4-grasses (exemplified by Paspalum chaffanjonii in this study), while flooded grasslands are dominated by stoloniferous grasses which develop rooted, floating culms during the rainy season (Leersia hexandra and Hymenachne amplexi-caulis). The interface between these two communities is a marshy grassland dominated by stoloniferous grass species which tolerate flooding to a depth of 10 to 25 cm (Panicum laxum and Leersia hexandra). All perennial grass species in flooded grasslands behave as typical C3 plants, while marshy grasslands are dominated by Panicum laxum, a species with reduced photo-respiration, low RuBP/PEP-carboxylase ratios, and low absolute RuBP-carboxylase activity compared to C3 grasses. It also has lower photosynthetic rates than the other grass species. Hymenachne amplexicaulis appears to be the least drought tolerant from the species selected, in accordance with its distribution in the wettest side of the flooding gradient studied. The other species showed marked reduction in relative water content and pronounced increase in leaf proline content in drought experiments lasting 6 to 30 days. Alcohol dehydrogenase increased markedly in response to anaerobiosis in the root environment in the tuft forming grasses, while the stoloniferous species with ascending culms were least affected by this treatment, probably as a result of better aeration inside the culms and also to the production of adventitious roots in upper nodes. Nitrate reductase activity increased as a result of anaerobiosis in the roots but not in the leaves, of all species except Leersia hexandra. No difference among the species was found in malate accumulation, or the activity of malic enzyme.

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Crutzen, P. J., E. Sanhueza e C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer. "Methane production from mixed tropical savanna and forest vegetation in Venezuela". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, n. 2 (13 aprile 2006): 3093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-3093-2006.

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Abstract. Measurements of methane concentrations in the boundary layer in the northern part of the Guayana shield, Venezuela, during the wet season (October 1988), showed the presence of substantial methane surface emissions. The measuring site is within the savanna climate region, but is affected by emissions from savanna and forest vegetation. From day versus night concentration measurements, with higher concentrations during night, a methane source strength near the site of 3–7×1011 molecules/cm2/s can be estimated, which includes emissions from small tracts of flooded soils, termites and especially tropical vegetation. Extrapolated to the entire savanna, this may imply a methane source of ~30–60 Tg yr−1 similar to the one calculated for tropical vegetation on the basis of recently published in vitro plant emission experiments by Keppler et al. (2006), which indicate emissions of ~30 Tg yr−1 for tropical savannas and grasslands and ~78 Tg yr−1 for tropical forests.

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Cunha, Hélida Ferreira da, Tiago Fernades Carrijo, Alfredo Raul Abot e Carolina Da Silva Barbosa. "Termite diversity in the Abobral region of the Pantanal wetland complex, Brazil". Check List 11, n. 1 (15 gennaio 2015): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.1.1545.

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This is the first termite survey using standard protocols in the Abobral region of the Pantanal complex of South America. Abobral, which is primarily composed of four physiognomies: 1) campo, annually flooded grassland; 2) capão, which are islands of semi-deciduous forests; 3) carandazal, annually flooded vegetation composed of a native palm; and 4) paratudal, annually flooded savanna vegetation. Ten species of termites were sampled in the capões, three in the grasslands, two in the paratudal and no species in the carandazal. The diversity of termites in the Abobral Pantanal is concentrated in the capões, which stay above water level during the flood season. In the others physiognomies of the Abobral, the termite fauna is poor. The species composition of termites of the Abobral Pantanal seems to be more related to the Cerrado and Chaco faunas than to the Amazonia and Atlantic Forest faunas.

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Good, Megan K., Jodi N. Price, Peter Clarke e Nick Reid. "Densely regenerating coolibah (Eucalyptus coolabah) woodlands are more species-rich than surrounding derived grasslands in floodplains of eastern Australia". Australian Journal of Botany 59, n. 5 (2011): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11079.

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Woody plant encroachment – the conversion of grasslands to tree- or shrub-dominated ecosystems – occurs in rangelands and savannas worldwide. In eastern Australia, coolibah (Eucalyptus coolabah subsp. coolabah Blakely & Jacobs) regenerated densely following floods in the mid 1970s, converting derived grasslands to dense woodlands. We compared soil and groundstorey vegetation attributes of dense coolibah regeneration to adjacent derived grasslands at three grazed sites in the northern riverine plains of New South Wales. Groundstorey species richness and diversity were significantly higher and groundstorey biomass was significantly lower in dense regeneration plots than in derived grassland plots. Soils from dense regeneration had higher C : N and pH, and lower Na than soils from derived grasslands. Although groundstorey species composition differed significantly between derived grasslands and dense regeneration within sites, variation among sites was more pronounced, indicating that site factors influence community composition more than dense regeneration of coolibah. Our findings suggest that, in contrast to other studies of woody plant encroachment, dense regeneration of coolibah does not result in a decrease in plant biodiversity or soil condition.

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Barbosa, Reinaldo Imbrozio, Jhonson Reginaldo Silva dos Santos, Mariana Souza da Cunha, Tania Pena Pimentel e Philip Martin Fearnside. "Root biomass, root:shoot ratio and belowground carbon stocks in the open savannahs of Roraima, Brazilian Amazonia". Australian Journal of Botany 60, n. 5 (2012): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11312.

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Biomass of roots, the root : shoot ratio (ratio of below- to aboveground biomass) and carbon stocks belowground (to 100-cm depth) were estimated in different open savannah environments in the extreme north of the Brazilian Amazon. Sampling was conducted in permanent plots established in two open savannah areas in the state of Roraima. We identified four phytopedounits in the 27 plots sampled in two areas: four in dry grasslands on Argisol/Ultisol soils (DG-Arg), eight in dry grasslands on Latosol/Oxisol soils (DG-Lts), five in a mosaic of grasslands with savannah-parkland on Latosol/Oxisol soils (GP-Lts) and 10 in seasonally flooded (wet) grasslands on Hydromorphic/Entisol soils (WG-Hyd). Fine roots (<2 mm diameter) dominated the 0–100-cm vertical profile in the four phytopedounits (>92.5%). Biomass of the roots in WG-Hyd (29.52 ± 7.15 Mg ha–1) was significantly higher as compared with the other phytopedounits studied, although the carbon stocks did not differ among the phytopedounits (6.20–7.21 MgC ha–1). The largest concentration of roots was found in the upper three 10-cm sections of the soil profile, ranging from 56.3 to 82.9% in the four environments. The root : shoot ratio based only on living biomass of roots with diameter ≥2 mm (standard Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology) ranged from 0 for seasonally flooded grasslands to 0.07–0.20 for unflooded grasslands on clay soils. The results indicate that the root : shoot ratio (expansion factor) for belowground biomass in open savannah ecosystems in the northern Amazon are low and differ from the default values used in Brazil’s reference report to the Climate Convention.

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Moreira, Leonardo F. B., Tainá F. Dorado-Rodrigues, Vanda L. Ferreira e Christine Strüssmann. "An inter-dependence of flood and drought: disentangling amphibian beta diversity in seasonal floodplains". Marine and Freshwater Research 68, n. 11 (2017): 2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16391.

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Species composition in floodplains is often affected by different structuring factors. Although floods play a key ecological role, habitat selection in the dry periods may blur patterns of biodiversity distribution. Here, we employed a partitioning framework to investigate the contribution of turnover and nestedness to β-diversity patterns in non-arboreal amphibians from southern Pantanal ecoregion. We investigated whether components of β-diversity change by spatial and environmental factors. We sampled grasslands and dense arboreal savannas distributed in 12 sampling sites across rainy and dry seasons, and analysed species dissimilarities using quantitative data. In the savannas, both turnover and nestedness contributed similarly to β diversity. However, we found that β diversity is driven essentially by turnover, in the grasslands. In the rainy season, balanced variation in abundance was more related to altitude and factors that induce spatial patterns, whereas dissimilarities were not related to any explanatory variable during dry season. In the Pantanal ecoregion, amphibian assemblages are influenced by a variety of seasonal constraints on terrestrial movements and biotic interactions. Our findings highlighted the role of guild-specific patterns and indicated that mass effects are important mechanisms creating amphibian community structure in the Pantanal.

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Barbosa da Silva, Fernando Henrique, Julia Arieira, Pia Parolin, Cátia Nunes da Cunha e Wolfgang Johannes Junk. "Shrub encroachment influences herbaceous communities in flooded grasslands of a neotropical savanna wetland". Applied Vegetation Science 19, n. 3 (7 febbraio 2016): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12230.

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Daskin, Joshua H., Filipe Aires e A. Carla Staver. "Determinants of tree cover in tropical floodplains". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, n. 1914 (30 ottobre 2019): 20191755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1755.

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Tree cover differentiates forests from savannas and grasslands. In tropical floodplains, factors differentiating these systems are poorly known, even though floodplains cover 10% of the tropical landmass. Seasonal inundation potentially presents trees with both challenges (soil anoxia) and benefits (moisture and nutrient deposition), the relative importance of which may depend on ecological context, e.g. if floods alleviate water stress more in more arid ecosystems. Here, we use remotely sensed data across 13 large tropical and sub-tropical floodplain ecosystems on five continents to show that climatic water balance (i.e. precipitation—potential evapotranspiration) strongly increases floodplain tree cover in interaction with flooding, fire and topography. As predicted, flooding increases tree cover in more arid floodplains, but decreases tree cover in climatically wetter ones. As in uplands, frequent fire reduced tree cover, particularly in wet regions, but—in contrast with uplands—lower elevation and sandier soils decreased tree cover. Our results suggest that predicting the impacts of changing climate, land use and hydrology on floodplain ecosystems depends on considering climate-disturbance interactions. While outright wetland conversion proceeds globally, additional anthropogenic activities, including alteration of fire frequencies and dam construction, will also shift floodplain tree cover, especially in wet climates.

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Haase, R. "Plant communities of a savanna in northern Bolivia I. Seasonally flooded grassland and gallery forest". Phytocoenologia 18, n. 1 (7 dicembre 1989): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/18/1989/55.

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DE PINHO, JOÃO BATISTA, e MIGUEL ÂNGELO MARINI. "Using birds to set conservation priorities for Pantanal wetland forests, Brazil". Bird Conservation International 22, n. 2 (26 settembre 2011): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270911000207.

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SummaryThe Pantanal of Brazil, one of the largest wetlands in the world, is suffering severe threats, such as forest and grassland clearance on the surrounding plateau, conversion of forests and savannas for cattle ranching and effects of large development projects. We used richness, abundance and composition of bird species in four forest types to propose conservation priorities for the northern Pantanal. Birds from 11 sites (a total of 41 points) were sampled through point counts and mist-netting. In total 215 species were recorded in the forests. Two evergreen forest types (cambarazal and landi) had higher estimates of bird richness and abundance than two dry forest types (carvoeiro and cordilheira). The evergreen forests also had more species exclusive to them and were more similar to each other than the dry forests. Selection of forests to be conserved in the northern Pantanal should give priority to evergreen forests and secondarily to dry forests. Cambarazal should be the first forests to be conserved. If the Pantanal inundation cycle is altered by the construction of hydroelectric dams or the Paraguay-Paraná waterway, cambarazal and landi may no longer become flooded, decreasing local species richness. Before our recommendations are considered for conservation and management decisions, more studies on other groups of organisms should also be taken into consideration, and similar studies should be conducted in other regions of the Pantanal. Conservation of Pantanal forest birds depends on a deeper understanding of their use of several habitats, stronger protection of the forests with higher diversity, and public policies that guarantee the long term maintenance of natural flooding cycles.

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Tesi sul tema "Flooded savannas and grasslands"

Bastazini, Vinícius Augusto Galvão. "Efeitos da estrutura de habitat e do espaço sobre a diversidade de mamíferos no norte do Pantanal : uma abordagem de resolução fina". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/33225.

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Compreender os mecanismos que causam variações espaço-temporais na diversidade biológica é uma das principais atribuições da ecologia. A teoria clássica de nicho prediz que o gradiente ambiental e sua complexidade mediam processos cruciais na estruturação das assembléias locais, permitindo a coexistência das espécies. A associação entre fatores espaciais e ambientais e diversidade inventário e diversidade diferenciação de mamíferos Neotropicais, tem sido usualmente investigada por estudos de resolução grosseira. Assim, o efeito do gradiente ambiental em resolução fina, ainda é praticamente desconhecido. Neste trabalho, eu investiguei os efeitos de processos ambientais, espaciais e ambientais espacialmente estruturados sobre a diversidade α e β de mamíferos, em uma área de aproximadamente de 1.100,42 km2 no norte do Pantanal, a maior área úmida contínua do planeta. Utilizei um método de análise espacial chamado Análise de Coordenadas Principais de Matrizes Vizinhas e modelos lineares para descrever as contribuições desses processos. Os resultados demostram que fatores ambientais e espaciais, em conjunto, são mais importantes do que os efeitos independentes de cada fator, tanto para a diversidade α quanto para a β. O modelo completo explicou 18% da variação na diversidade α e 41% da variação na diversidade β. A diversidade β estimada foi negativamente relacionada com a diversidade α estimada. A diversidade β observada foi positivamente relacionada com a variação da estrutura de habitas entre sítios, embora o modelo tenha explicado uma porcentagem pequena da variação total. Os dados sugerem que embora os grandes mamíferos neotropicais sejam considerados espécies generalistas, eles não ocorrem de forma homogênea ao longo do gradiente, criado pelo mosaico da paisagem pantaneira, e que o papel da variação de nicho espacial é fundamental para manter a riqueza específica em nível regional.
Comprehending the mechanism that causes spatial-temporal variation in biological diversity is at the core of ecological inquiry. Classical niche theory states that environmental gradient and complexity mediate crucial processes that structure local assemblages, allowing species to co-exist. The association between spatial and environmental factors and mammalian inventory or differentiation diversity in the Neotropics, has been usually investigated by coarse grain studies, thus the effect of fine grain effects on mammalian diversity still largely unappreciated. In this paper, I investigated the effects of environmental, spatial, and spatially structured environmental processes on mammalian α- and β-diversity in an area of approximately 1,100.42 km2 in the northern Pantanal, the largest continuous wetland on Earth. I used a spatial analysis method called Principal Coordinates of Neighbor Matrices analysis and linear models to depict the contributions of these processes. The results show that environmental and spatial factors, jointly, are more important than the independent effects of each factor for both, α- and β-diversity. The full model accounted for 18% of the variation in α- diversity and 41% of the variation in β-diversity. Estimated β-diversity decreased with estimated α-diversity. Observed β-diversity increased with site distinctness, although the model had a poor fit and explained a small amount of the total variance. My data suggests that although most large Neotropical mammals are broadly distributed and considered plastic species, they do not occur homogeneously across the landscape, and that the role of spatial niche is critical to maintain species richness at the landscape level.

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Resco, de Dios Víctor. "Patterns of savanna formation in former semiarid grasslands the interactive role of climate change, soil texture and neighbor identity /". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1800189201&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Ghaui, Mark. "Grass root gaps : an establishment bottleneck limits trees in savannas and excludes them in South Africa's highveld grasslands". Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25930.

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The Highveld grasslands of South Africa are climatically capable of supporting trees, yet no trees occur. The fact that no fire adapted savanna trees occur in these grasslands confounds the suggestion that fires maintain these ecosystems. This study addresses the question of what prevents savanna trees from surviving. It was hypothesized that grass root competition for space eliminates the availability of suitable 'gaps' for tree establishment under high rainfall conditions. Demographic bottlenecks on Acacia species populations were determined by examining the ratio of juvenile plants to adult carrying capacity. Below-ground root biomass was quantified in 10cm layers to a depth of 40cm at six sites along an elevation and rainfall gradient. The δ¹²C/δ¹³C ratio was determined for roots collected. High rainfall sites were limited at the tree seedling establishment phase. Fine root biomass to 40cm depth increased with rainfall from 613 g/m³ (Standard deviation = 235.1) to about 1326 g/m³ (Standard deviation = 573.1). The surface layer had significantly higher fine root biomass than other layers, with site mean biomass in the surface layer increasing with rainfall (p<0.00001, F₃.₄₂₃= 18.621). Available gaps for tree establishment decreased with increasing rainfall/elevation; no gaps were found at the Highveld grassland site. The findings of this study point to a strong savanna tree demographic bottleneck exerted, at the seedling establishment phase, by below ground grass competition for space. The Highveld grasslands receive to high rainfall for grass roots gaps to occur and permit seedling establishment.

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Le, Stradic Soizig. "Composition, phenology and restoration of campo rupestre mountain grasslands - Brazil". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00942593.

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Global environmental changes, especially land-use changes, have profound effects on both ecosystem functioning and biodiversity, having already altered many ecosystem services. These losses emphasize the need to preserve what remains; however when conservation programs are not sufficient, restoring areas that have been destroyed or disturbed can improve conservation efforts and mitigate damages. This work focuses on campos rupestres, Neotropical grasslands found at altitudes, which are part of the Cerrado (Brazilian savannas). They host a great biodiversity with a high level of endemism and, like other mountain ecosystems, provide valuable ecosystem services, such as water purification and recreational services. They have been and still are being impacted by human activities, such as civil engineering construction, quarrying or mining. The first objective of this thesis was to describe the reference ecosystem in order to aim for a clear restoration target and to monitor progress and success. We show that campos rupestres are composed of at least two distinct plant communities (i.e. sandy and stony grasslands), each having a specific composition and structure, hosting a great biodiversity. Several phenological patterns occur among the herbaceous communities: the majority of species flowers and fruits appear during the rainy season but other patterns can be observed. During our 2-year survey, some dominant species belonging to Poaceae, among others, were not observed reproducing, which implies limited chances to disperse on degraded areas. Campo rupestre vegetation is not resilient following a strong disturbance: several years after the disturbance, almost no native species are encountered on the degraded areas, soils are completely altered and seed bank recomposes only with non-target ruderal species. According to the filter model, a local community is a subset of the regional species pool determined by a set of dispersal, abiotic and biotic filters. Acting on the different filters to influence the plant community was the core of our restoration interventions. We then applied three in-situ restoration protocols (hay transfer, species translocation and turf translocation) to restore both kinds of grassland. Hay transfer does not allow the restoration of campo rupestre vegetation because of soil alteration and mainly because of poor seed quality. Indeed, germination studies show that, while some Xyridaceae and Velloziaceae have a high germinability, some dominant Poaceae, Cyperaceae or Asteraceae species have embryoless, unviable or dormant seeds, which makes seeding less efficient. There is no evidence that fire-related cues enhance germination in campos rupestres. Species translocation is successful for only one species, Paspalum erianthum; for the others, root damages probably impede survival. Finally, turf translocation is the most successful method, since numerous species are re-introduced on degraded areas. However due to the low resilience of pristine campos rupestres where turfs are taken from, turf translocation can only be considered in the case of habitat rescue, in circumstances when complete habitat destruction is otherwise unavoidable. Face to the difficulty to restore these peculiar grasslands, the protection and the conservation of campos rupestres must be made a high priority

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Brumbaugh, Michael Shawn Fowler Norma L. Litvak Marcy E. "Root herbivory in grasslands and savannas the potential role of June beetle (Phyllophaga spp.; Scarabaeidae) larvae in central Texas plant community structure /". 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3142699.

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Brumbaugh, Michael Shawn. "Root herbivory in grasslands and savannas: the potential role of June beetle (Phyllophaga spp.; Scarabaeidae) larvae in central Texas plant community structure". Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1185.

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Libri sul tema "Flooded savannas and grasslands"

Knapp, Brian J. What do we know about the grasslands? New York: Peter Bedrick Books, 1991.

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Ecology and management of North American savannas. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997.

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William, Olupot, a cura di. Conservation research in Uganda's savannas: A review of park history, applied research, and application of research to park management. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Olupot, William. Conservation research in Uganda's savannas: A review of park history, applied research, and application of research to park management. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publisher's, 2009.

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Donaldson, Madeline. Africa. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co., 2005.

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Grasslands Sweeping Savannas. Rosen Central, 2009.

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Latham, Donna. Savannas and Grasslands. Nomad Press, 2011.

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Grasslands And Savannas. Nomad Press (VT), 2011.

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Savannas: Life In The Tropical Grasslands (Watts Library). Franklin Watts, 2005.

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Savannas: Climate, Biodiversity and Ecological Significance. Nova Science Pub Inc, 2013.

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Mishra, Niti B., e Kenneth R. Young. "Savannas and Grasslands". In Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 235–47. Second edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, [2020] | Revised edition of: Encyclopedia of natural resources. [2014].: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429445651-30.

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Collinson, A. S. "Tropical formations with conspicuous grasslands: savannas". In Introduction to World Vegetation, 232–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-3935-7_10.

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Rood, B. E., J. F. Gottgens, J. J. Delfino, C. D. Earle e T. L. Crisman. "Mercury Accumulation Trends in Florida Everglades and Savannas Marsh Flooded Soils". In Mercury as a Global Pollutant, 981–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0153-0_106.

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Detling, James K. "Grasslands and Savannas: Regulation of Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling by Herbivores". In Concepts of Ecosystem Ecology, 131–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3842-3_7.

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Jiménez, B., e E. Zoppi de Roa. "Reproductive variations of cladocerans in grasslands periodically flooded for irrigation in Mantecal, Venezuela". In Cladocera, 293–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4039-0_32.

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Seo, S. Niggol. "Sublime Grasslands: A Story of the Pampas, Prairie, Steppe, and Savannas Where Animals Graze". In Climate Change and Economics, 95–112. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66680-4_6.

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Rao, I. M. "Root distribution and production in native and introduced pastures in the South American savannas". In Root Demographics and Their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems, 19–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_2.

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Walter, Heinrich, e Siegmar-Walter Breckle. "Zonobiome of Savannas and Deciduous Forests and Grasslands (Zonobiome of the Humido-arid Tropical Summer Rain Region)". In Walter’s Vegetation of the Earth, 163–210. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56164-1_5.

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Rivas, Jesús A. "The Anaconda Challenge". In Anaconda, 8–22. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199732876.003.0002.

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This chapter focuses on the llanos, Venezuela’s natural floodplain, where the author decided to start his study of anacondas. The llanos is a flatland that comprises about a third of both Venezuela and Colombia. It is composed of an extensive system of natural, seasonally flooded grasslands. The llanos is located to the north and west of the Orinoco River and sits on the northern borders of the Amazon basin. Because of this, most of the wildlife of the Amazon can be found in the llanos, where it is easier to observe animals in the open vegetation of the savanna. The extreme seasonality of the llanos made all the difference in the success of the author’s anaconda research. Anacondas, being aquatic, concentrate in the few water bodies that hold water during the dry season. During this time, the chance of finding anacondas was much higher. The chapter then explores the physical build of snakes. Most snakes have adaptations of the skull and jaws involving mobile hinges, and a whole arrangement of joints and muscles evolved for swallowing large prey. The extra mobility of the snake’s jaws is obtained by giving up solid skull sutures that the ancestral lizards had, rendering the snake’s head more vulnerable to damage.

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Göltenboth, Friedhelm, e Peter Widmann. "GRASSLANDS AND SAVANNAS". In Ecology of Insular Southeast Asia, 267–77. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044452739-4/50015-2.

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