Articoli di riviste: "Focal sampling"

1

Rose, Lisa. "BEHAVIORAL SAMPLING IN THE FIELD: CONTINUOUS FOCAL VERSUS FOCAL INTERVAL SAMPLING". Behaviour 137, n. 2 (2000): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502006.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

AbstractI compared data collection rates for continuous and interval focal samples during a two-year, single-observer field study of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica. I also compared the basic activity budgets generated by the two sampling methods, estimates of numbers in proximity, and rates at which additional ad libitum observations could be recorded. I collected 1238 hours of focal data (620 hr continuous, 618 hr interval). I found focal interval sampling to be 25% more time efficient, despite higher rate of sample loss, partly because interval samples are easier to obtain in difficult conditions. I found no evidence that interval sampling provided better opportunities for ad libitum observation than continuous sampling. Overall, the two methods yielded similar estimates of activity budgets. However, continuous sampling resulted in somewhat higher estimates of time spent eating, while interval data gave somewhat lower estimates of time spent foraging (looking for or handling food items) and moving, resulting in lower estimates of foraging success. Interval sampling also yielded slightly lower estimates of time spent vigilant. I attribute these patterns to two major effects: (1) errors of omission (missing rare behaviors of short duration) during interval samples and (2) a greater tendency toward conditional sampling bias (under-representing behaviors due to difficult sampling conditions such as rapid travel) under a continuous sampling regime.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

2

Maniati-Christidis, Maria, Fotini Psychou e Claire Nihoul-Fekete. "Persistent hyperinsulinemic neonatal hypoglycemia caused by focal nesidioblastosis. Preoperative diagnosis by pancreatic venous sampling". HORMONES 2, n. 1 (15 gennaio 2003): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1185.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

3

Florkiewicz, Brittany N., e Matthew W. Campbell. "A Comparison of Focal and Opportunistic Sampling Methods when Studying Chimpanzee Facial and Gestural Communication". Folia Primatologica 92, n. 3 (2021): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000516315.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Researchers frequently use focal individual sampling to study primate communication. Recent studies of primate gestures have shown that opportunistic sampling offers benefits not found in focal individual sampling, such as the collection of larger sample sizes. What is not known is whether the opportunistic method is biased towards certain signal types or signalers. Our goal was to assess the validity of the opportunistic method by comparing focal individual sampling to opportunistic sampling of facial and gestural communication in a group of captive chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>). We compared: (1) the number of observed facial and gestural signals per signal type and (2) the number of observed facial and gestural signals produced by each signaler. Both methods identified facial signals, gesture signals, and gesture signalers at similar relative rates, but the opportunistic sampling method yielded a more even distribution of signalers and signal types than the focal individual sampling method. In addition, the opportunistic sampling method resulted in larger sample sizes for both facial and gestural communication. However, the opportunistic method did not allow us to calculate the signals per time for each individual, which is easily done with the focal individual method. These results suggest that the opportunistic sampling method is (1) comparable to the focal individual sampling method in multiple important measures, (2) associated with additional sampling benefits, and (3) limited in measuring some variables. Thus, we recommend that future studies use a mixed-methods approach, as focal individual and opportunistic sampling have distinct strengths that complement each other’s limitations.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

4

Fisher, Gwenith G., e Kyle Sandell. "Sampling in Industrial–Organizational Psychology Research: Now What?" Industrial and Organizational Psychology 8, n. 2 (giugno 2015): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.31.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

We agree with the authors of the focal article that too little attention is paid to sampling in industrial–organizational (I-O) psychology research. Upon reflection and in response to the focal article by Landers and Behrend (2015), we answer three primary questions: (a) What is it about our training, science, and practice as I-O psychologists that has led to less focus on sampling issues? (b) Does it matter? (c) If so, then what should we do about it?

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

5

CHEN, Qi-Ke, Yong FAN, Liang-Chao LI, Jian-Yu YANG e Yong-Hong ZHANG. "Design of W-band 16 elements full sampling focal plane linear array". Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 32, n. 1 (2013): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1010.2013.00023.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

6

Oktiansyah, Rian. "Daily Activity of Male Mice (Mus musculus) in Laboratory". Jurnal Biota 5, n. 2 (5 dicembre 2019): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/biota.v5i2.3359.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The importance of observing the behavior of mice in the laboratory is additional information to compare with their behavior in nature and an effort to increase the welfare of mice (animal welfare) through alleviating the pain and suffering associated with scientific procedures. This study aims to study the daily activities of male mice in the laboratory. The method used was ad libitum and focal animal sampling. Based on the ad libitum sampling method, the daily activities of male mice in the laboratory were divided into 9 activities, namely locomotion, grooming, eating, foraging, social, exploration, resting, making nests, and drinking. Based on the focal animal sampling method, the main activity carried out by male mice in the laboratory was locomotion.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

7

Ismail, Dunia, Virpi V. Smith, Pascale de Lonlay, Maria-Joao Ribeiro, Jacques Rahier, Oliver Blankenstein, Sarah E. Flanagan et al. "Familial Focal Congenital Hyperinsulinism". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2011): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-1524.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Background: Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a cause of persistent hypoglycemia. Histologically, there are two subgroups, diffuse and focal. Focal CHI is a consequence of two independent events, inheritance of a paternal mutation in ABCC8/KCNJ11 and paternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 11p15 within the embryonic pancreas, leading to an imbalance in the expression of imprinted genes. The probability of both events occurring within siblings is rare. Aim: We describe the first familial form of focal CHI in two siblings. Patients and Methods: The proband presented with medically unresponsive CHI. He underwent pancreatic venous sampling and Fluorine-18-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography scan, which localized a 5-mm focal lesion in the isthmus of the pancreas. The sibling presented 8 yr later also with medically unresponsive CHI. An Fluorine-18-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission-computerised tomography scan showed a 7-mm focal lesion in the posterior section of the head of the pancreas. Both siblings were found to be heterozygous for two paternally inherited ABCC8 mutations, A355T and R1494W. Surgical removal of the focal lesions in both siblings cured the Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. Conclusion: This is the first report of focal CHI occurring in siblings. Genetic counseling for families of patients with focal CHI should be recommended, despite the rare risk of recurrence of this disease.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

8

Winchell, Jane M., e Thomas H. Kunz. "Sampling protocols for estimating time budgets of roosting bats". Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, n. 11 (1 novembre 1993): 2244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-315.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

This study was designed to evaluate sampling protocols for estimating time-activity budgets of colonial roosting bats during the day-roosting period, based on data collected from roosting activities of adult eastern pipistrelles (Pipistrellus subflavus) at a maternity colony in eastern Massachussetts. A comparison of three different scan-sampling protocols was used to quantify day-roosting activities (LONG, 72 scans at 60-min intervals; SHORT, 20 scans at 15-min intervals; and BRIEF, 10 scans at 15-min intervals) relative to a standardized protocol (HOUR, continuous replicate scans over a 60-min session). These analyses indicate that day-roosting activity is most reliably quantified using the SHORT and BRIEF sampling protocols (those with the highest sampling frequencies). The rarity of some activities (e.g., crawling) may not warrant an increased frequency of sampling to quantify daily time budgets of roosting bats. Comparisons of an intensive version of SHORT (20 scans at 10-min intervals) and focal sampling protocols used during the two most active periods of day-roosting (immediately following return to the roost before dawn and just prior to departure before dusk) suggest that these sampling methods provide comparable estimates of roosting activity. We suggest that frequent short scan-sampling protocols may be used to reliably quantify day-roosting activities of bats both during active and inactive periods, although focal sampling may be more appropriate if individual behavior is of interest during intense periods of activity (postfeeding return and pre-emergence periods).

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

9

Wei, Wei, Li-yun Fu e Gerrit Blacquière. "Fast multifrequency focal beam analysis for 3D seismic acquisition geometry". GEOPHYSICS 77, n. 2 (marzo 2012): P11—P21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2010-0327.1.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

A method for the efficient computation of multifrequency focal beams for 3D seismic acquisition geometry analysis has been developed. By computing them for all the frequency components of seismic data, single-frequency focal beams can be extended to multifrequency focal beams. However, this straightforward method involves considerable computer time and memory requirements, especially in complex media settings. Therefore, we propose a rapid 3D multifrequency focal beam method in which only a few single-frequency focal beam computations are followed by a number of smart interpolations. The 3D wavefield extrapolation in the focal beam analysis is conducted by the combined applications of a 3D degenerate Fourier migrator and a 3D Born-Kirchhoff interpolation operator, a process that reduces the computational cost for complex media. The multifrequency focal beam analysis is applied to a 3D model from an oil field of China, demonstrating how spatial sampling differences affect seismic imaging.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

10

Samy, Chander N., e Joy Hirsch. "Comparison of human and monkey retinal photoreceptor sampling mosaics". Visual Neuroscience 3, n. 3 (settembre 1989): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800010038.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

AbstractWe test the hypothesis that the diameters of foveal and near-foveal rods and cones for one well-studied human photoreceptor mosaic and one well-studied monkey photoreceptor mosaic (Macaca fascicularis) a scaled relative to focal length. We conclude that this hypothesis is not supported. Rather than being scali proportionally, the sizes of the rods and cones, respectively, are nearly equivalent for both the human ar monkey resulting in an effectively finer retinal grain for the larger human eye. Furthermore, the human density exceeds the monkey rod density beyond about 1 deg of retinal eccentricity. These results suggest variation across primate species is reflected in retinal sampling strategies.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

11

Balantic, Cathleen, e Therese Donovan. "Temporally adaptive acoustic sampling to maximize detection across a suite of focal wildlife species". Ecology and Evolution 9, n. 18 (22 agosto 2019): 10582–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5579.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

12

Chubey, M. S., V. S. Pashkov, I. M. Kopylov, T. R. Kirian, V. V. Nickiforov, S. V. Markelov e V. P. Ryadchenko. "On the Registration System of the AIST-Project". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 166 (1995): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900228283.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The researches on the AIST-project are directed to the design of the focal plane assembly. The concept of the chip-mosaic and numeric simulation of the two-pixels mode of the signal sampling are presented.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

13

Kothur, Kavitha, Christopher Troedson, Richard Webster, Sushil Bandodkar, Stephanie Chu, Louise Wienholt, Alun Pope, Mark T. Mackay e Russell C. Dale. "Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokines involved in innate, T cell, and granulocyte inflammation in pediatric focal cerebral arteriopathy". International Journal of Stroke 14, n. 2 (13 settembre 2018): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493018799975.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Aim To determine the role of inflammation in pediatric transient focal cerebral arteriopathy using cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokines as biomarkers. Methods We measured 32 cytokine/chemokines in acute cerebrospinal fluid collected from children with stroke due to focal cerebral arteriopathy (n = 5) using multiplex immunoassay and compared with two patients with arterial ischemic stroke due to other causes (non-focal cerebral arteriopathy group, vertebral dissection, n = 1; cryptogenic, n = 1), pediatric encephalitis (n = 43), and non-inflammatory neurological disease controls (n = 20). Results Median age in the focal cerebral arteriopathy group was 9.3 years (range, 2.8–13 years). In the focal cerebral arteriopathy group (n = 5), four patients had middle cerebral ± distal carotid arteriopathy; one patient had posterior circulation arteriopathy. The median time from symptom onset to cerebrospinal fluid sampling was four days (range, 0.6–7 days). Only IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1, and CXCL10 levels were significantly higher in the acute cerebrospinal fluid of focal cerebral arteriopathy patients compared to non-inflammatory neurological disease controls and non-focal cerebral arteriopathy stroke. In contrast to focal cerebral arteriopathy, a broad array of Th1, Th2, Treg, Th17, B-cell related, and other broad spectrum cytokine/chemokines were elevated in encephalitis. Conclusion The elevated cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokines support innate, T cell, and granulocyte inflammatory mechanisms in children with focal cerebral arteriopathy. This warrants larger cohort studies to discriminate primary inflammatory signals of the arteriopathy from secondary inflammation due to the stroke itself.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

14

Gilby, Ian C., Amy A. Pokempner e Richard W. Wrangham. "A Direct Comparison of Scan and Focal Sampling Methods for Measuring Wild Chimpanzee Feeding Behaviour". Folia Primatologica 81, n. 5 (2010): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000322354.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

15

Bullock, Ross, Roger Smith, Jean Favier, Michael du Trevou e Gordon Blake. "Brain specific gravity and CT scan density measurements after human head injury". Journal of Neurosurgery 63, n. 1 (luglio 1985): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1985.63.1.0064.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

✓ White matter specific gravity was measured using the microgravimetric method in 20 comatose patients with diffuse head injury who were undergoing intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring, and in 19 patients with focal injuries who were undergoing evacuation of contusions or intracerebral hematomas. Computerized tomography (CT) density readings were obtained for each site of white matter sampling by locating the sampling site on the preoperative CT scan. A significant correlation was found between the specific gravity values and the CT density numbers (r = 0.775; p < 0.001). Patients with focal injuries demonstrated reduced perifocal specific gravity, suggesting brain edema. The mean specific gravity in patients with diffuse injury was within the normal range. In 10 of 12 patients in whom the specific gravity was above the normal range, the CT density was also above the normal range. These data suggest that cerebral vascular engorgement is the cause of the high specific gravity. Six (60%) of this small subgroup of 10 patients also demonstrated a high ICP.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

16

Mortezavi, Ashkan, Johanna Krauter, Alexander Gu, Julian Sonderer, Julia Bruhin, Kelly A. Reeve, Leonhard Held et al. "Extensive Histological Sampling following Focal Therapy of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer with High Intensity Focused Ultrasound". Journal of Urology 202, n. 4 (ottobre 2019): 717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ju.0000000000000298.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

17

Rubert, Nicholas, Timothy Szczykutowicz e Frank Ranallo. "Improvement in CT image resolution due to the use of focal spot deflection and increased sampling". Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics 17, n. 3 (maggio 2016): 452–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v17i3.6039.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

18

Gollwitzer, S., I. Valente, R. Rodionov, L. Mantoan Ritter, T. Wehner, H. Hamer, F. Bartolomei e B. Diehl. "V27. Distribution of epileptogenicity in focal cortical dysplasias assessed with combined grid and depth electrode sampling". Clinical Neurophysiology 126, n. 8 (agosto 2015): e79-e80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.04.105.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

19

Li, Ya Peng, Bin He e Ting Yu Liu. "Comparison and Simulation of Subpixel Imaging Modes for Linear CCD". Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (novembre 2012): 1032–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.1032.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Subpixel technique of linear CCD is effective to enhance the spatial resolution without increasing the focal length of optics and reducing the pixel size. To compare image quality of two main subpixel imaging modes, quincunx sampling and four-point sampling, a method to quantitatively evaluate image quality of subpixel based on MTF was proposed. The MTF of quincunx and four-point sampling modes were derived. Analytical results shows that theoretical limiting resolution of quincunx sampling and four-point sampling is improved to 1.4 and 1.86 times respectively, and MTF values at Nyquist frequency of two modes are increased by 0.1106 and 0.1679, respectively. MTFA in (0, 0.5) of two subpixel imaging modes were calculated and results illustrates that four-point sampling offers much more improvement with image quality than quincunx sampling, at the cost of double amount of data. A model for simulating subpixel imaging using Matlab was established, and simulation results of spoke target verify the theoretical analysis.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

20

George, Sheenagh JK, Peter Green e Noreen MG Walsh. "Unusual melanoma of the scalp with blue nevus-like features and local metastasis: A case report". SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 7 (gennaio 2019): 2050313X1984706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x19847063.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

We present an unusual case of melanoma in a 76-year-old female covering approximately 80% of her scalp. Partial sampling of the lesion revealed focal blue nevus-like features at the microscopic level. We discuss issues related to blue nevus-like melanomas and highlight the unique clinical presentation of the current case.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

21

Multari, Rosalie A., Leeann E. Foster, David A. Cremers e Monty J. Ferris. "Effect of Sampling Geometry on Elemental Emissions in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy". Applied Spectroscopy 50, n. 12 (dicembre 1996): 1483–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963904593.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

In laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), a focused laser pulse is used to ablate material from a surface and form a laser plasma that excites the vaporized material. Geometric factors, such as the distance between the sample and the focusing lens and the method of collecting the plasma light, can greatly influence the analytical results. To obtain the best quantitative results, one must consider this geometry. Here we report the results of an investigation of the effect of sampling geometry on LIBS measurements. Diagnostics include time-resolved spectroscopy and temporally and spectrally resolved imaging using an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF). Parameters investigated include the type of lens (cylindrical or spherical) used to focus the laser pulse onto the sample, the focal length of the lens (75 or 150 mm), the lens-to-sample distance (LTSD), the angle-of-incidence of the laser pulse onto the sample, and the method used to collect the plasma light (lens or fiber-optic bundle). From these studies, it was found that atomic emission intensities, plasma temperature, and mass of ablated material depend strongly on the LTSD for both types of lenses. For laser pulse energies above the breakdown threshold for air, these quantities exhibit symmetric behavior about an LTSD approximately equal to the back focal length for cylindrical lenses and asymmetric behavior for spherical lenses. For pulse energies below the air breakdown threshold, results obtained for both lenses display symmetric behavior. Detection limits and measurement precision for the elements Be, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Sr, determined with the use of 14 certified reference soils and stream sediments, were found to be independent of the lens used. Time-resolved images of the laser plasma show that at times >5 μs after plasma formation a cloud of emitting atoms extends significantly beyond the centrally located, visibly white, intense plasma core present at early times (<0.3 μs). It was determined that, by collecting light from the edges of the emitting cloud, one can record spectra using an ungated detector (no time resolution) that resemble closely the spectra obtained from a gated detector providing time-resolved detection. This result has implications in the development of less expensive LIBS detection systems.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

22

Ungerechts, H., E. A. Bergin, J. Carpenter, P. F. Goldsmith, W. M. Irvine, A. Lovell, D. Mcgonagle, F. P. Schloerb e R. L. Snell. "Chemical Gradients in the Orion Molecular Cloud". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 150 (1992): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090009015x.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

We are mapping 29 rotational transitions of 21 chemical and isotopic molecular species in the central Orion molecular ridge with Nyquist sampling using the new 15-element focal plane array receiver QUARRY on the FCRAO 14 m telescope. Our goal is to obtain complete, unbiased data sets for a study of the interrelated physics and chemistry in GMC cores.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

23

Narkhede, Amey, Ajit Yadav, Gaurav Gangwani, Ali Sabir e Arun Gupta. "Trucut Biopsy of a Solitary Focal Metastatic Superior Vena Cava Thrombus via Percutaneous Transjugular Approach Using Real-Time Fluoroscopic Needle Visualization in Two Planes". Journal of Clinical Interventional Radiology ISVIR 02, n. 02 (agosto 2018): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1668176.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

AbstractPresentation of metastasis as a solitary focal lesion at an intravascular location is encountered quite infrequently. Owing to its intravascular location, accessing the lesion for sampling and obtaining an adequate amount of tissue are technically difficult. Among the various methods of obtaining an adequate sample from intravascular lesions, scoop and trucut biopsies appear to be safer and more advantageous. The authors present a case of a 65-year-old woman with symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome secondary to a solitary focal fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)–avid thrombus within the superior vena cava lumen 14 years after complete remission of breast carcinoma. This lesion was approached via transjugular venous access and biopsied under fluoroscopic guidance with continuous contrast injection and real-time needle visualization in two planes.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

24

Cooney, Thomas F., H. Trey Skinner e S. M. Angel. "Comparative Study of Some Fiber-Optic Remote Raman Probe Designs. Part II: Tests of Single-Fiber, Lensed, and Flat- and Bevel-Tip Multi-Fiber Probes". Applied Spectroscopy 50, n. 7 (luglio 1996): 849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963905574.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

We compare relative performances of flat-tipped, beveled (two-fiber and six-around-one), and single-lensed focused fiber-optic Raman probes and, where feasible, evaluate the utility of optical filters for reducing fiber background. The sensitivity profile of each probe is determined by measuring the relative intensity of light backscattered off a flat surface as a function of distance from the probe tip. The experimental results are compared with a simple light-cone-overlap model incorporating fiber numerical aperture, fiber and immersion medium refractive indices, separation between excitation and collection fibers, number of fibers, and fiber bevel angle and/or lens focal length. The model and sensitivity profiles are used to interpret the sampling regions for Raman spectra obtained by using each of the probes with a clear, transparent sample (single-crystal sparry calcite), a white, partially transparent sample (acetaminophen tablet), and a set of organic liquids of varying refractive index. The sensitivity of the tested commercial lensed probe drops off symmetrically about the focal point. For both solid samples, the intensity of fiber background follows a profile determined primarily by laser backscattering off the surface, whereas the sample Raman signal follows a profile dependent upon sampling depth.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

25

Padalino, Barbara, Paola Zaccagnino e Pietro Celi. "The Effect of Different Types of Physical Exercise on the Behavioural and Physiological Parameters of Standardbred Horses Housed in Single Stalls". Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/875051.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of three different physical exercises on the physiological and behavioural patterns of Standardbred trotters housed in single stalls. Twelve racing mares were observed twice during each different exercise: daily training (DT) consisted of forty minutes at slow trot (4-5 m/s) in a small track; maximal exercise (ME) consisted of 1600 m run at maximal velocity; race (R) was a real race of 1600 m. The mares were examined at rest in their stall (Time I), soon after the completion of the exercise (Time II), one hour (Time III), and two hours (Time IV) after the exercise. Their heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were recorded and they were videotaped in order to complete a focal animal sampling ethogram. All physiological parameters increased after exercise, in accordance with its intensity. After R and ME horses spent more time drinking, eating, and standing. The incidence of abnormal behaviours was very low and it was not affected by the different types of exercise. Overall, the assessment of horse behaviour after physical exercise by means of a focal animal sampling ethogram represents a useful tool to monitor equine welfare.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

26

Zhang, Hongliang, e David W. Eaton. "A regularized approach for estimation of a composite focal mechanism from a set of microearthquakes". GEOPHYSICS 83, n. 5 (1 settembre 2018): KS65—KS75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0273.1.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

We have developed a novel regularized approach to estimate a composite focal mechanism for microseismic events that share a similar source mechanism. The method operates by minimizing the weighted misfits of the SH/P amplitude ratios (in absolute sense and logarithmic scale) and P-wave polarities, using a regularization parameter determined from the trade-off curve for these values. This approach overcomes the low signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and single-event azimuthal gaps that may otherwise limit the effectiveness of sparse surface arrays. Compared with focal mechanisms derived from P-wave polarity or amplitude-based methods, our regularized approach reduces the multiplicity of solutions and avoids the use of signed amplitude ratios, which may be ambiguous for data with low S/N. We apply our method to a set of 13 microseismic events recorded during hydraulic-fracture stimulation of the Marcellus Shale in West Virginia and Pennsylvania, USA, yielding a strike-slip focal mechanism accompanied by a minor normal component. Our solution is similar to previously reported focal mechanisms in this area. Jackknife analysis, which tests stability of the inversion based on random sampling of the observation, indicates 95% confidence intervals of 1° and 2°, respectively, for the plunge and azimuth of the P and T axes. By analyzing the event subsets, outliers are identified and the assumption of a single dominant focal mechanism is validated. Numerical modeling demonstrates that our approach is robust in the presence of variations of up to 0°–10° and 0°–35°, respectively, for the plunge and azimuth of P and T axes of the focal mechanisms of these events. Sensitivity analysis using synthetic data also indicates that the algorithm is tolerant to mispicks as well as errors in polarity and amplitude ratio. In the presence of some dissimilar focal mechanisms, the dominant focal mechanism can be reliably estimated if at least 70% of the events have similar source mechanisms.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

27

Zhou, Tong, Tao Dong, Yan Su e Yong He. "A High Uniformity Readout Integrated Circuit for Infrared Focal Plane Array Applications". Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (agosto 2014): 2632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.2632.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPA) suffer from inherent low frequency and fixed patter noise (FPN). To achieve high quality infrared image by mitigating the FPN of IRFPAs, a novel low-noise and high uniformity readout integrated circuit (ROIC) has been proposed. A correlated double sampling (CDS) with single capacitor method has been adopted in the ROIC design which can effectively reduce the FPN, KTC and 1/f noise. A 4×4 experimental readout chip has been designed and fabricated using the SMIC 0.18 μm CMOS process. Both the function and performance of the proposed readout circuit have been verified by experimental results. The test results show that the proposed ROIC has a good performance in practical applications.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

28

Smith, V. Anne, e David White. "Testing measures of animal social association by computer simulation". Behaviour 144, n. 11 (2007): 1447–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907782418259.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

AbstractTechniques used to measure patterns of affiliation among social animals have rarely been tested for accuracy. One reason for this lack of validation is that it is often impossible to compare sample data to the true distribution of social assortment of a group of animals. Here we test some methods of assessing social assortment by using a computer simulation of organisms whose assortment patterns were under our control. We created male and female organisms that moved in a direction that was based on a social bias parameter. As the weight of this parameter increased, organisms were more likely to move in the direction of others of their sex. We then created virtual observers to sample assortment of the organisms under different social bias conditions. Observers used three different techniques of measuring assortment. These were (1) group membership: noting all organisms that were associated in the same 'group', (2) nearest neighbour: noting the nearest organism to a randomly selected individual and (3) neighbourhood: noting all organisms near a selected individual. Neighbourhood was taken either by all-occurrence sampling or by focal sampling the associations of randomly selected individuals. Some techniques emerged as more sensitive than others under different conditions and biases were revealed in some measures. For example, the group membership method was biased toward finding significant assortment differences between the sexes when no difference actually existed. Nearest neighbour was insensitive to finding a difference in assortment between sexes when one existed. Focal sampling was less sensitive to finding effects than all-occurrence sampling. The computer simulation revealed properties of each technique that would have been impossible to detect in the field.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

29

Iupati, D., M. A. Haider, P. W. Chung, A. Bayley, C. Catton, M. Milosevic, R. G. Bristow, G. Morton, P. R. Warde e C. Menard. "Can MRI accurately define tumor boundaries to guide focal salvage after radiotherapy?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, n. 7_suppl (1 marzo 2011): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.29.7_suppl.124.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

124 Background: We evaluated the role of MRI (plus/minus biopsy) in delineating tumour boundaries for focal salvage therapy of prostate cancer recurrence after external beam radiotherapy. Methods: Patients with biochemical failure after radiotherapy were enrolled in a prospective clinical trial mapping sites of local recurrence. An integrated diagnostic MRI and interventional mapping biopsy procedure was performed under sedation in a 1.5T scanner. Patients were imaged with a pelvic coil and an endorectal coil attached to a stereotactic transperineal template assembly. Multiparametric MRI images were acquired, followed by targeted radial biopsy of suspicious regions and random sextant sampling of the normal-appearing peripheral zone. Histology maps were generated by delineation and registration of biopsy cores onto diagnostic images using point-based rigid image registration. Two independent blinded observers reviewed images offline and delineated tumours boundaries which were compared against overlaid histology maps. Coverage was considered accurate if all pathologically proven tumour sites were encompassed within delineated boundaries. Results: Of the 18 patients analysed to date, the majority (83%) were found to have local recurrence. Patients with <6 informative cores were excluded, leaving 15 patients for analysis. Observers performed comparably, whereby mean MRI sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for detecting tumor was 0.76, 0.7, 0.7, and 0.75. The MRI tumour boundary was accurate in 5/15 patients, and improved to 8/15 patients with addition of a 5-mm expansion margin. Targeted radial biopsies improved accuracy to 14/15 patients, by excluding false positive regions (n=2), increasing tumor volumes (n=2) or both (n=2). Random sampling biopsy was only relevant in 1 patient by detecting tumor not identified by MRI and targeted biopsy. Conclusions: MRI alone is not sufficiently accurate to define boundaries for tumor-targeted salvage even with addition of an uncertainty margin. Targeted biopsy improved both detection and delineation accuracy for recurrent tumor regions, and changed salvage therapy planning in 40% of patients. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

30

Nwabueze, Simeon, Chijioke Ezenyeaku, Chinomnso Nnebue, Ifeanyi Udedibia, Cyril Ezenyeaku e Ifeoma Iloghalu. "Information transmission process for disease notification and feedback in the community-based disease surveillance system in Anambra State, Nigeria." International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences 6, n. 4 (31 dicembre 2019): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/ijmss.2019.035.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Disease surveillance and notification (DSN) system has been shown to be weak in Nigeria and still needs to be built up for effective detection and response to some communities. The aim of this paper is to assess the reporting and feedback mechanisms in the Community-based surveillance System (CBSS) in Anambra State, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 360 community-based focal points in Anambra State selected by multistage sampling technique. Data collection was by interview using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20, associations between variables were tested using Chi square, Fisher’s exact and t tests as appropriate (p<0.05). Forty-one (13.1%) focal points sent in reports for at least four times, (72.2%) received feedback within the last one year and (44.6%) was via the phone. However, 229 (63.6%) of the respondents gave the feedback to the community mainly via the village health committees (44.1%). Respondents’ occupation, ever detected notifiable disease; source of information; person the detected disease was reported to; records of notified disease kept by focal points; number of times reports were sent in the last one year, received feedback given to community members, availability of supervisors for focal points and volunteer benefit from being focal points were found to have associations with receipt of feedback on disease case notification (p<0.05). This study found poor reporting but good feedback mechanisms. However, there is need to reform the State CBSS in line with the above findings in order to make it more functional.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

31

Arya, Ved Bhushan, Maria Guemes, Azizun Nessa, Syeda Alam, Pratik Shah, Clare Gilbert, Senthil Senniappan, Sarah E. Flanagan, Sian Ellard e Khalid Hussain. "Clinical and histological heterogeneity of congenital hyperinsulinism due to paternally inherited heterozygous ABCC8/KCNJ11 mutations". European Journal of Endocrinology 171, n. 6 (dicembre 2014): 685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-14-0353.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

ContextCongenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) has two main histological types: diffuse and focal. Heterozygous paternally inherited ABCC8/KCNJ11 mutations (depending upon whether recessive or dominant acting and occurrence of somatic maternal allele loss) can give rise to either phenotype. However, the relative proportion of these two phenotypes in a large cohort of CHI patients due to paternally inherited heterozygous ABCC8/KCNJ11 mutations has not been reported.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to highlight the variable clinical phenotype and to characterise the distribution of diffuse and focal disease in a large cohort of CHI patients due to paternally inherited heterozygous ABCC8/KCNJ11 mutations.DesignA retrospective chart review of the CHI patients due to heterozygous paternally inherited ABCC8/KCNJ11 mutations from 2000 to 2013 was conducted.ResultsPaternally inherited heterozygous ABCC8/KCNJ11 mutations were identified in 53 CHI patients. Of these, 18 (34%) either responded to diazoxide or resolved spontaneously. Fluorine-18 l-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography computerised tomography (18F DOPA–PET CT) scanning in 3/18 children showed diffuse disease. The remaining 35 (66%) diazoxide-unresponsive children either had pancreatic venous sampling (n=8) or 18F DOPA–PET CT (n=27). Diffuse, indeterminate and focal disease was identified in 13, 1 and 21 patients respectively. Two patients with suspected diffuse disease were identified to have focal disease on histology.ConclusionsPaternally inherited heterozygous ABCC8/KCNJ11 mutations can manifest as a wide spectrum of CHI with variable 18F DOPA–PET CT/histological findings and clinical outcomes. Focal disease was histologically confirmed in 24/53 (45%) of CHI patients with paternally inherited heterozygous ABCC8/KCNJ11 mutations.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

32

Kumar, Amarjeet, Gerrit Blacquière, Morten W. Pedersen e Alexander Goertz. "Full-wavefield marine survey design using all multiples". GEOPHYSICS 81, n. 3 (maggio 2016): P1—P12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0280.1.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Despite a tremendous leap in efficiency and wavefield sampling over the past two decades, it is sometimes still difficult to achieve adequate coverage and resolution with marine streamer acquisition. It is therefore necessary to carefully study the acquisition geometry, especially with respect to resolution and image quality in the crossline direction. We have extended the existing focal beam method to analyze marine streamer geometries with and without using all multiples. The focal beam analysis method provides a direct link between the acquisition parameters at the surface (number of sources, source locations, number of detectors, detector locations, and which sources are sensed by which detectors) and the image quality at a target location in the subsurface. We have further derived the concept of weighted focal beams to assess the angular aperture available for a specific acquisition configuration at the considered depth point. So far, this method has only addressed illumination by primaries. Multiples are traditionally suppressed but can instead be used in the imaging process, in which they often contribute positively by opening up the available aperture. Therefore, we have extended the focal beam analysis concept to account for multiple-reflected waves. Focal beams are more densely sampled in the ray-parameter domain when using the full wavefield (primaries and multiples). We especially addressed coverage deficiencies that can occur when the survey geometry deviates from the ideal, for example, due to feathering. As a result, extra infill lines must be acquired. We have determined how infill analysis can be performed in the depth domain via the focal beam theory. Our analysis provides the geophysical-based infill specifications to assess the impact of coverage holes on data quality. This leads to more accurate infill decisions compared with traditional common midpoint-based criteria.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

33

Arévalo, J. Edgardo, Yoryineth Méndez e Sergio Vargas. "Monitoring species of mammals using track collection by rangers in the Tilarán mountain range, Costa Rica". UNED Research Journal 7, n. 2 (15 dicembre 2015): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v7i2.1151.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Although monitoring of animal populations for informed decision making is fundamental for the conservation and management of biodiversity, monitoring programs are not widely implemented. In addition, monitoring plans often represent an economic burden for many conservation organizations. Here we report on the monitoring of five focal species of mammals in the Tilarán mountain range, Costa Rica. We used a participatory approach in which trained rangers of four institutions conducted trail surveys in an area of ca 50,000ha to determine the presence/absence of the paca (Cuniculus paca), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), tapir (Tapirus bairdii), jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) using track collections. Permanent transects of 3 km were sampled on the same day every month in 2000-01 (141 km) and 2009-10 (303 km). Four of the five focal species were registered in our sampling. One of the most valuable outcomes of the study was the initiative of the rangers to train community members to participate in the monitoring plan. We believe that this participatory approach not only has great potential for the integration of rangers in long term monitoring, but also the incorporation of citizen science-based programs. Multi-institutional collaboration for species monitoring could reduce costs and increase the sampling effort.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

34

Praseyto Moro, Hendro Kusumo Eko, Hanifah N, Tanzilla R, Tanzilla R e Lestariningsih F. "Perilaku Reptilia Ketika Gerhana Matahari Parsial di PASTY Yogyakarta". BIOTROPIC The Journal of Tropical Biology 1, n. 2 (19 agosto 2017): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/biotropic.2017.1.2.37-40.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Perilaku Reptilia di Pasar Aneka Satwa & Tanaman Hias Yogyakarta diamati ketika peristiwa gerhana matahari parsial pada 9 Maret 2016. Faktor lingkungan seperti intensitas cahaya, suhu, dan kelembaban udara diamati dan dicatat. Perilaku Kura-Kura, Biawak, dan Ular diamati dengan metode focal point sampling. Ular cenderung memiliki pergerakan yang terbatas, sedangkan biawak dan kura-kura diam sejenak. Perbedaan perilaku reptilia ketika gerhana matahari sebagian ditentukan oleh jenisnya dan faktor lain yang berbeda-beda.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

35

Roulin, Nicolas. "Don't Throw the Baby Out With the Bathwater: Comparing Data Quality of Crowdsourcing, Online Panels, and Student Samples". Industrial and Organizational Psychology 8, n. 2 (giugno 2015): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.24.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

In their focal article, Landers and Behrend (2015) propose to reevaluate the legitimacy of using the so-called convenience samples (e.g., crowdsourcing, online panels, and student samples) as compared with traditional organizational samples in industrial–organizational (I-O) psychology research. They suggest that such sampling strategies should not be judged as inappropriate per se but that decisions to accept or reject such samples must be empirically or theoretically justified. I concur with Landers and Behrend's call for a more nuanced view on convenience samples. More precisely, I suggest that we should not “throw the baby out with the bathwater” but rather carefully and empirically examine the advantages and risks associated with using each sampling strategy before classifying it as suitable or not.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

36

Ohtsuka, Yasuhiro, Takayuki Hamamoto, Kiyoharu Aizawa e Mitsutoshi Hatori. "Solid State Imaging Techniques. A Novel Image Sensor with Spatially Variant Flexible Sampling Control Integrated on a Focal Plane." Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 53, n. 2 (1999): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.53.261.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

37

Cucchiaro, Giovanni, Scott D. Markowitz, Robin Kaye, N. Scott Adzick, Ronald S. Litman, Charles A. Stanley e Mehernoor F. Watcha. "Blood Glucose Control During Selective Arterial Stimulation and Venous Sampling for Localization of Focal Hyperinsulinism Lesions in Anesthetized Children". Anesthesia & Analgesia 99, n. 4 (ottobre 2004): 1044–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000132550.59059.55.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

38

Amato, Katherine R., Sarie Van Belle e Brianna Wilkinson. "A Comparison of Scan and Focal Sampling for the Description of Wild Primate Activity, Diet and Intragroup Spatial Relationships". Folia Primatologica 84, n. 2 (2013): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000348305.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

39

Wang, Ophelia, Luke J. Zachmann, Steven E. Sesnie, Aaryn D. Olsson e Brett G. Dickson. "An Iterative and Targeted Sampling Design Informed by Habitat Suitability Models for Detecting Focal Plant Species over Extensive Areas". PLoS ONE 9, n. 7 (14 luglio 2014): e101196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101196.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

40

Dreitz, Victoria J., Lani T. Stinson, Beth A. Hahn, Jason D. Tack e Paul M. Lukacs. "A large-scale perspective for managing prairie avifauna assemblages across the western US: influences of habitat, land ownership and latitude". PeerJ 5 (18 gennaio 2017): e2879. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2879.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Future demands for increased food production are expected to have severe impacts on prairie biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. Prairie avifauna of North America have experienced drastic population declines, prompting numerous conservation efforts, which have been informed primarily by small-scale studies. We applied a large-scale perspective that integrates scale dependency in avian responses by analyzing observations of 20 prairie bird species (17 grassland obligates and three sagebrush obligate species) from 2009–2012 in the western prairie region of the United States. We employed a multi-species model approach to examine the relationship of land ownership, habitat, and latitude to landscape-scale species richness. Our findings suggest that patterns and processes influencing avian assemblages at the focal-scale (e.g., inference at the sampling unit) may not function at the landscape-scale (e.g., inference amongst sampling units). Individual species responses to land ownership, habitat and latitude were highly variable. The broad spatial extent of our study demonstrates the need to include lands in private ownership to assess biodiversity and the importance of maintaining habitat diversity to support avian assemblages. Lastly, focal-scale information can document species presence within a study area, but landscape-scale information provides an essential complement to inform conservation actions and policies by placing local biodiversity in the context of an entire region, landscape or ecosystem.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

41

Ichim, Vlad Andrei, Romeo Ioan Chira, Petru Adrian Mircea, Georgiana Anca Nagy, Doinita Crisan e Mihai Adrian Socaciu. "Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy of focal liver lesions". Medical Ultrasonography 1, n. 1 (24 febbraio 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11152/mu-2078.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Aim: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has become an indispensable method for diagnosis in gastroenterology and new indications for EUS continue to emerge. However, there are limited data regarding the accuracy of EUS-guided biopsy of hepatic focal lesions. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic yield of EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) of focal liver lesions.Material and methods: We conducted a prospective study in which patients with focal liver lesions, detected by transabdominal ultrasound and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, underwent EUS-guided FNA to determine the diagnostic yield of the procedure.Results: In 47/48 of patients, the results of EUS-FNA were positive for malignancy, while in one case the acquired fragment was insufficient for appropriate histological analysis. Diagnostic yield was 0.98. In 83% of the cases biopsies were taken from the left lobe and in 17% from the right lobe with the same technical success rate. The most common diagnosis was metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (26% cases) followed by cholangiocarcinoma (17% cases). Concurrent sampling of other sites in addition to the liver and/or primary tumor was realized in 35% of the cases, with results that correlated with the liver biopsy and with the primary tumor biopsy. We reported no immediate or long-term complications in any of the patients.Conclusions: EUS guided fine needle aspiration/biopsy of focal liver lesions is safe, provides a very high diagnostic accuracy and should not be considered only as a rescue method after failure of percutaneous guided biopsies.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

42

Cintron, Michael Santiago, Terri Von Hoven, Krystal Fontenot, Rebecca Hron e Doug J. Hinchliffe. "Examintaion of Fabric Chemical Treatment Uniformity using a Mid-IR Focal Plane Array Detector". AATCC Journal of Research 6, n. 3 (1 maggio 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.6.3.1.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

A macro sampling chamber equipped with mid-infrared (IR) focal plane array (FPA) detector was used to examine chemical treatments of cotton fabrics. Conventional IR methods typically examine individual points in a sample, while the FPA detector provides spatially resolved spectra that can corroborate chemical treatment and its distribution on the cotton fabric. Characterizations of three distinct treatments are presented: non-durable treatments of N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), an active ingredient in commercially available insect repellents, a phosphazine-based fire retardant, and fabric treated with deuterated water. All chemical treatments examined in this study exhibited distinct vibrational bands that could be used as markers of the fabric treatments. Our results suggest that the mid-IR FPA detector can be used to characterize fabric treatment uniformity and provide qualitative confirmation of fabric chemical treatment.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

43

Gaylord, Adam J., Dana M. Sanchez e John Van Sickle. "Choosing Sampling Interval Durations for Remotely Classifying Rocky Mountain Elk Behavior". Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 7, n. 1 (1 marzo 2016): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/042015-jfwm-034.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Dual-axis accelerometer global positioning system collars can be used to remotely record the activity level and behavior of free-ranging animals, but inter- and intraspecific variations in motion among behaviors necessitate calibration for each species of interest. To date, little work has been done to determine the best duration for sampling intervals when using activity monitors that incorporate dual-axis accelerometers. However, we expected that the duration of behaviors relative to the duration of sampling intervals could affect the accuracy of calibration and behavior classification models. Furthermore, we considered the potential effect of winter diet supplementation (hay) on behavior classification. We used Lotek 4500 global positioning system collars featuring dual-axis accelerometer activity monitors to collect data for calibration and classification trials on Rocky Mountain elk Cervus elaphus nelsoni. We used discriminant function model structures to determine the number of accurately classifiable behaviors that could be derived from data sampled over three sampling interval durations (5 min, 152 s, and 64 s) while also considering the potential effect of hay supplementation on classification. Our results suggest that investigators should ascertain whether their focal elk herd accesses or might access supplemental hay before deployment and analysis of activity sensor data. Similarly, researchers must weigh priorities when choosing a sampling interval, because no optimal solution emerged from our investigation. For example, of our acceptable models, only those constructed using 64-s intervals were able to distinguish short bouts of running. However, only models constructed with 5-min intervals accurately classified browsing while also maximizing the number of behaviors identified.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

44

Oliveira, Fernanda D. V. R., Hugo L. Haas, José Gabriel R. C. Gomes e Antonio Petraglia. "CMOS Image Sensor Featuring Current-Mode Focal-Plane Image Compression". Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 8, n. 1 (27 dicembre 2013): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v8i1.369.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The interest in focal-plane processing techniques, by which image processing is carried out at the pixel level, has increased since the advent of active pixel sensors in the middle 90’s. By sharing processing circuitry by a group of neighboring pixels such techniques enable high-speed imaging operation and massive parallel computation. Focal-plane image compression is particularly interesting, because it allows for further reduction in data rates. The proposed approach also benefits from processing currents rather than voltages, which not only suits current-mode APS imagers, but also enables the circuits to operate at low voltage supply levels and achieve high speed. Moreover, arithmetic computations such as additions and scaling are easily implemented in current mode. Whereas current-mode imaging architectures produce higher fixed pattern noise (FPN) figures than their voltage-mode counterparts, low FPN can be achieved by applying correlated double sampling (CDS) and gain correction techniques. This work presents a 32 × 32 gray-level imaging integrated circuit featuring focal plane image compression, such that for each 4 × 4 pixel block, analog circuits implement differential pulse-code modulation, linear transform, and vector quantization. Other processing functions implemented in the chip are CDS and A/D conversion. Theoretical details are described, as well as the test setup of the chip fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS process. To validate the proposed technique, experimental results and captured photographs are shown. The CMOS imager compresses captured images at 0.94 bits/pixel for an overall power consumption below 40 mW (white image), which is equivalent to approximately 36 μW per pixel. Using photographs taken from bar-target pattern inputs, it is shown that details up to 2 cycles/c mare preserved in the decoded images.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

45

Mouser, Joshua B., Shannon K. Brewer, Matthew L. Niemiller, Robert Mollenhauer e Ronald A. Van Den Bussche. "Refining sampling protocols for cavefishes and cave crayfishes to account for environmental variation". Subterranean Biology 39 (9 giugno 2021): 79–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.39.64279.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Subterranean habitats represent focal habitats in many conservation strategies; however, these environments are some of the most difficult to sample. New sampling methods, such as environmental DNA (eDNA), show promise to improve stygobiont detection, but sources of sampling bias are poorly understood. Therefore, we determined the factors affecting detection probability using traditional visual surveys and eDNA surveys for both cavefishes and cave crayfishes and demonstrated how detection affects survey efforts for these taxa. We sampled 40 sites (179 visual and 183 eDNA surveys) across the Ozark Highlands ecoregion. We estimated the detection probability of cave crayfishes and cavefishes using both survey methods under varying environmental conditions. The effectiveness of eDNA or visual surveys varied by environmental conditions (i.e., water volume, prevailing substrate, and water velocity) and the target taxa. When sampling in areas with average water velocity, no flow, and coarse substrate, eDNA surveys had a higher detection probability (0.49) than visual surveys (0.35) for cavefishes and visual surveys (0.67) had a higher detection probability than eDNA surveys (0.40) for cave crayfishes. Under the same sampling conditions, 5 visual surveys compared to 10 eDNA surveys would be needed to confidently detect cave crayfishes and 9 visual surveys compared to 4 eDNA surveys for cavefishes. Environmental DNA is a complementary tool to traditional visual surveys; however, the limitations we identified indicate eDNA currently cannot replace visual surveys in subterranean environments. Although sampling designs that account for imperfect sampling are particularly useful, they may not be practical; thus, increasing sampling efforts to offset known detection bias would benefit conservation strategies.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

46

Zhang, Zhi, Xianghui Yuan e Youshu Huang. "CMOS correlated-double-sampling and hold structure based on novel dynamic source-follower for large format infrared focal-plane-array". Semiconductor Science and Technology 18, n. 7 (11 giugno 2003): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/18/7/314.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

47

Saudubray, Jm, F. Brunelles, A. Lombes, P. Czernichow, W. Gepts e C. Nihoul-Fekete. "HYPERINSULINISM IN INFANCY: TOPOGRAPHICAL LOCALISATION OF A PANCREATIC FOCAL LESION BY TRANSHEPATIC PORTAL CATHETERISM, SELECTIVE BLOOD SAMPLING AND INSULIN MEASUREMENT". Pediatric Research 20, n. 11 (novembre 1986): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198611000-00189.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

48

Damerose, Eric, e William D. Hopkins. "Scan and focal sampling: reliability in the laterality for maternal cradling and infant nipple preferences in olive baboons, Papio anubis". Animal Behaviour 63, n. 3 (marzo 2002): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2001.1931.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

49

Weinstein, R. B. "Locomotor behavior of nocturnal ghost crabs on the beach: focal animal sampling and instantaneous velocity from three-dimensional motion analysis." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, n. 4 (1 aprile 1995): 989–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.4.989.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Previous laboratory measurements of the energetics and biomechanics of locomotion have defined performance limits for the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata. To discover whether these animals naturally operate within these limits, a novel infrared videotaping system was used to observe nocturnally active ghost crabs in the field for three-dimensional motion analysis (N = 27) and focal animal sampling (N = 24). Instantaneous movement velocity, movement duration, pause duration and stride frequency were determined from video tapes. Voluntarily active crabs moved at a mean instantaneous velocity of 8 cm s-1. Stressed crabs (i.e. those captured and released into the field site) moved at a mean velocity of 83 cm s-1. The mean movement and pause period durations of voluntarily active animals moving along the beach were 11.2 and 23.4 s, respectively. Stressed crabs had much shorter movement (1.4 s) and pause (7.6 s) durations. Despite the differences in mean movement and pause duration, both voluntarily active and stressed crabs moved for an average of approximately 30% of the observation period. These data indicate that voluntarily active ghost crabs primarily move at velocities that can be sustained aerobically and that their performance is not likely to be altered by moving intermittently. By contrast, stressed crabs move at faster speeds that are closer to the limits of their continuous locomotor performance (e.g. escape behavior and aggressive encounters). In the laboratory, the endurance capacity of crabs moving continuously at these rapid speeds is only a few seconds. However, in the field, the stressed crabs are able to move intermittently for more than a few seconds, yet they do not fatigue. These observations suggest that the performance limits of the stressed crabs are increased by moving intermittently.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

50

Katzman, Philip J., Joseph Blitman e Leon A. Metlay. "Basal Chronic Villitis and Disorders of the Placental Basal Plate: A Possible Immunological Link Between Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Morbidly Adherent Placenta". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 22, n. 4 (21 gennaio 2019): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1093526619825708.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Background Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are a common cause for preterm delivery. Prior studies showed that chronic villitis (CV) is associated with intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, intrauterine fetal death, and morbidly adherent placenta (MAP). The authors hypothesize that disorders of the placental basal plate, especially basal chronic villitis (BCV), are associated with HDP. Methods The laboratory information system was queried over 12 years to identify placentas with or without the clinical history of HDP and with or without multifocal/focal CV or BCV. As a control for tissue sampling, a similar search was performed over 5 years for placentas evaluated for MAP. Results Of 19,683 placentas identified, 14.8% had CV which was in 18.5% and 14.2% of placentas associated with or without HDP, respectively, a significant difference ( P < .0001). BCV was present in 6.0% and 3.9% of placentas with or without HDP, respectively, also a significant difference ( P < .0001). BCV was more likely than multifocal/focal CV to occur in HDP (32.4% vs 27.4%) when all cases of CV were analyzed ( P = .025). Of 221 placentas with MAP, 64% had multifocal/focal CV and 36% had BCV. Conclusions BCV and CV are more common in placentas with HDP than in normotensive pregnancies. They are also seen in MAP, as supported by another recent study.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Articoli di riviste sul tema "Focal sampling"

Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili