Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Free roaming dog"

Abstract The management of free-roaming dog populations is an important matter both for the local administrations that have to manage this problem and for the defenders of the animals’ rights. This review’s first objective is to analyse the legal status of the free-roaming dogs in some European countries. A second purpose of this work is to ask questions and to consider the ethical aspects of the already-existing strategies to control free-roaming dog populations. Italian Law no. 281, which was enacted in 1991, was intended to solve the problem of free-roaming dogs in Italy; at the same time, apparently in contradiction with this objective, the law called for a no-kill policy to be enforced throughout the whole national territory. Thus, for a dog that has no chances of adoption, the ethical debate has moved to the question of whether a “life imprisonment” is better than the “capital punishment”. In terms of ethical aspects of control strategies of free-roaming dog populations, we believe that the Italian national law, and its regional applications, are more functional than the other laws of Westernized countries, with the appropriate measures suggested and with a more accurate control on their application.

(1) Background: Thailand has made significant progress in reducing the number of human and animal rabies cases. However, control and elimination of the last remaining pockets of dog-mediated rabies have shown to be burdensome, predominantly as a result of the large numbers of free-roaming dogs without an owner that cannot be restrained without special efforts and therefore remain unvaccinated. To reach these dogs, the feasibility, and benefits of oral rabies vaccination (ORV) as a complementary tool has been examined under field conditions. (2) Methods: ORV of dogs was tested in five study areas of four provinces in Thailand. In these areas, sites with free-roaming dogs were identified with the support of local municipal workers and dog caretakers. ORV teams visited each of five study areas and distributed rabies vaccine (SPBN GASGAS) in three bait formats that were offered to the dogs using a hand-out and retrieval model. The three bait types tested included: egg-flavored baits, egg-flavored baits pasted with commercially available cat liquid snack, and boiled-intestine baits. A dog offered a vaccine bait was considered vaccinated when the discarded sachet was perforated or if a dog chewed vaccine bait at least 5 times before it swallowed the bait, including the sachet. (3) Results: A total of 2444 free-roaming dogs considered inaccessible for parenteral vaccination were identified at 338 sites. As not all dogs were approachable, 79.0% were offered a bait; of these dogs, 91.6% accepted the bait and subsequently 83.0% were considered successfully vaccinated. (4) Conclusion: Overall, 65.6% of the free-roaming dogs at these sites were successfully vaccinated by the oral route. Such a significant increase of the vaccination coverage of the free-roaming dog population could interrupt the rabies transmission cycle and offers a unique opportunity to reach the goal to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies in Thailand by 2030.

This research aims were to compare the demography of dogs and knowledge profile of dog owners against rabies in Mendoyo Sub-District, Jembarana Bali. This research used observational method, conducted from May to June 2016 in Mendoyo sub-district of Jembrana. Two Banjars were selected by the rabies case report in dogs (YehEmbangKangin village) and two other without case (MendoyoDanginTukad village). The data collected by interviewing the community and direct assessment of free-roaming dogs in the areas. A total of 200 household samples were taken, 50 respondents of each sampling area. This research resulted that the ratio of man-dog in Mendoyo was 4.5:1 and the ratio of male and female dogs was 1.8:1. As many as 64.8% of dog’s age were more than 12 month old, 28% were 4 to 12 month old and 8% were less than 4 month old. In the sampling areas, 19.4% of dogs were sterilized, which were 91.18% males and 8.82% females. Coverage of rabies vaccination in owned dogs was 82.3%. Dog’s petting method by people in Mendoyo was 69.71% free-roaming while 30.29% tied or caged. On free-roaming dog assessment, this study found 52 free-roaming dogs on the streets, 65.38% males and 34.62% females, only 30.8% of those used vaccination collar marker, Based on the body condition score, 76.9% of free-roaming dogs have good conditions. Of the total 200 households surveyed, there was a high level of knowledge about the danger of rabies and the importance of vaccination, but only a few people (<35%) received consulting about rabies, understood how to prevent rabies infection and the regulations about dog petting management. In positive area, we found there are still many people who have the habit of disposing dog. We conclude that there is needed to improve knowledge and attitude of the community about the prevention and risk factor of rabies.

Despite being vaccine preventable, the global burden of dog rabies remains significant, and historically it is the rural and marginalized communities in developing countries of Africa and Asia that are most threatened by the disease. In recent years, the developing world has been experiencing unprecedented increases in urbanization, with a correspondingly massive increase in municipal solid waste generation, among other things. Inefficient and inadequate waste collection and management, due to lack of resources and planning, led to significant increases in the volumes of waste on the streets and in open dumps, where it serves as food sources for free-roaming dogs. In this commentary, we discuss examples of poor waste management and the likely impact on rabies control efforts through the sustenance of free-roaming dogs in some dog rabies-endemic countries. We aim to stress the importance of implementing strategies that effectively address this particular issue as an important component of humane dog population management, as it relates to aspirations for the control and elimination of dog rabies per se.

BackgroundHundreds of millions of domestic carnivores worldwide have diverse positive affiliations with humans, but can provoke serious socio-ecological impacts when free-roaming. Unconfined dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) interact with wildlife as predators, competitors, and disease-transmitters; their access to wildlife depends on husbandry, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of pet owners and non-owners.MethodsTo better understand husbandry and perceptions of impacts by unconfined, domestic carnivores, we administered questionnaires (n = 244) to pet owners and non-owners living in one of the last wilderness areas of the world, the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, located in southern Chile. We used descriptive statistics to provide demographic pet and husbandry information, quantify free-roaming dogs and cats, map their sightings in nature, and report experiences and perceptions of the impact of free-roaming dogs and cats on wildlife. We corroborated our results with an analysis of prey remains in dog feces (n = 53). With generalized linear models, we examined which factors (i.e., food provisioning, reproductive state, rural/village households, sex, and size) predicted that owned dogs and cats bring wildlife prey home.ResultsThirty-one percent of village dogs (n = 121) and 60% of dogs in rural areas (n = 47) roamed freely day and/or night. Free-roaming dog packs were frequently observed (64% of participants) in the wild, including a feral dog population on Navarino Island. Dogs (31 of 168) brought home invasive muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and avian prey, and over half of all cats (27 of 51) brought home mainly avian prey. Birds were also the most harassed wildlife category, affected by one third of all dogs and cats. Nevertheless, dog-wildlife conflicts were hardly recognized (<9% of observed conflicts and suspected problems), and only 34% of the participants thought that cats might impact birds. Diet analysis revealed that dogs consumed livestock (64% of 59 prey occurrences), beavers (Castor canadensis, 14%), and birds (10%). The probability that dogs brought prey to owners’ homes was higher in rural locations and with larger dogs. There was also evidence that cats from rural households and with an inadequate food supply brought more prey home than village cats.DiscussionAlthough muskrat, beavers, and birds were brought home, harassed, or found in dog feces, free-roaming dogs and, to a lesser extent, cats are perceived predominantly in an anthropogenic context (i.e., as pets) and not as carnivores interacting with wildlife. Therefore, technical and legal measures should be applied to encourage neutering, increase confinement, particularly in rural areas, and stimulate social change via environmental education that draws attention to the possibility and consequences of unconfined pet interaction with wildlife in the southernmost protected forest ecoregion of the globe.

SUMMARYIn many regions of the world domestic dogs are free roaming and live in close relationship with humans. These free-roaming domestic dogs (FRDD) can cause public health problems such as dog bites and transmission of infectious diseases. To effectively control diseases transmitted by FRDD, knowledge on the dogs’ behaviour is required. To identify predictors of home range (HR) size, we collected global positioning system data from 135 FRDD living in eight Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Northern Australia. The core HR size ranged from 0·17 to 2·33 ha and the extended HR size from 0·86 to 40·46 ha. Using a linear mixed effect model with a Restricted Maximum Likelihood approach, the dog's sex and reproductive status were identified as predictors of roaming. Non-castrated males had the largest HRs, followed by neutered females. Also, FRDDs were found to roam further during the pre- than the post-wet season. These findings have implications for infectious disease spread. Identification of risk groups for disease spread within a population allows for more targeted disease response and surveillance. Further investigation of predictors of roaming in other FRDD populations worldwide would increase the external validity of such studies.

Canine-mediated rabies is a serious zoonosis responsible for at least 55,000 human deaths every year, primarily in less developed communities in Asia and Africa where domestic dogs are free-roaming. The disease can be effectively controlled through vaccinating at least 45% of the dogs in a population; however the impact of vaccinations on disease incidence may be affected by dynamic demographic and immunological processes. Specifically, the contribution of these processes, and their regulatory factors, to vaccination coverage and rabies transmission has not been comprehensively estimated. To improve rabies control, through field interventions and epidemiological modelling, more information regarding the effect of these processes, and their regulatory factors, on population and disease dynamics and vaccinal responses was needed. This required a multifaceted approach, using techniques from the fields of population ecology, vaccine-immunology, social science and epidemiological modelling. Demographic data were collected from four populations of free-roaming domestic dogs, two in South Africa and two in Indonesia where rabies is endemic. Longitudinal, individual-level data were obtained by direct observation and surveys, and community-level data by participatory methods. Longitudinal, serological data were collected from three cohorts within the populations. Epidemiological models were based on epidemic theory and empirical data from this current study and previous studies. A wide array of data were generated relevant to planning rabies control programmes, however of particular importance was evidence regarding positive and negative the impacts of human factors on population and disease dynamics. Nearly all of the dogs were owned, despite being free-roaming, and were accessible for vaccination through their owners; and population size was regulated through human demand for dogs and a substantial fraction of dogs was acquired from outside the communities. These translocated dogs may contribute to the spread of rabies, necessitating widespread and sustained vaccination programmes. Considerable differences in the handleability of dogs between locations and, thus ease of vaccine delivery, may also be attributable to differences in human-dog interactions. Finally, a critical review of the literature, and evaluation of epidemiological models, suggests that human interference in the transmission processes may reduce the incidence of rabies and vaccination threshold. This study has provided specific evidence that human behaviours are likely to be critically important in relation to the transmission and control of canine-mediated rabies ? and is the first to properly identify this. Further detailed studies are required to explore these behaviours and how they vary culturally and geographically. In addition, the results highlight the critical role that demographic processes more generally, as well as immunological decay, play in influencing the long term success of rabies vaccination programmes. Overall, this research has provided valuable support for planning rabies control programmes and for parameterisation of epidemiological models of infectious diseases, including rabies.

This thesis provides an insight into the biology and ecology of foxes Vulpes vulpes from a coastal habitat and free roaming dogs Canis lupus familiaris from an Aboriginal community, both in SE NSW. In particular, the study examines the home range and movement patterns of both canids from a view point of population and disease control. Additional base line information was collected for these species on diet, parasites and population biology. A total of 14 foxes and 10 dogs were collared and radio tracked to determine the home range and movement patterns of the animals. The data collected provides information on the behaviour of foxes in coastal habitat and represents the first detailed biological study of freeroaming dogs in Australia. The results provide a better understanding of dog movements, particularly the differences in behaviour between wandering and sedentary dogs. Home range sizes varied greatly between the dog groups from 1 ha to 2451 ha. There was evidence that dog forays were influenced by prey availability, particularly medium sized macropods. Occasional sallies, size and shape of fox and dog home range is discussed in relation to the richness of habitat at Jervis Bay with comparisons being made with other studies from the literature. Foxes in Jervis Bay had home ranges between 60-270 ha which is comparable to foxes living in the forests of Germany and in coastal habitat in the Netherlands This study also provides data on the diet of foxes and dogs presenting quantitative and qualitative data on food preferences. Foxes tended to be opportunistic in food selection although critical weight range mammals ie. ringtail possums were favoured. The high prevalence of the parasite Spirometra spp. in foxes indicated that considerable numbers of amphibians and reptiles are consumed by this species. A comprehensive inventory of the parasites of the two canid species showed a high proportion of hookworm in foxes and dogs and Spirometra spp in foxes. These results are discussed in light of the potential health implications for local Aboriginal people. Analysis of fox scats revealed that they have the potential to spread the seeds of bitou bush. A more detailed pilot study revealed the potential impact of foxes on the environment through the spread of weed seeds. Germination trials recorded high viability of seeds that were eaten and deposited by foxes. The management implications of this behaviour are discussed in context to weed control. This thesis has provided new information on foxes and dogs in Australia. Discussion on these species in the thesis has been framed around the benefits of this information for population and disease control.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Free-roaming domestic dogs (FRDD) greatly impact human public health, known for playing key roles in the transmission of numerous zoonotic diseases. Dogs are responsible for 99% of human rabies cases worldwide and FRDD are particularly important as the main source for rabies transmission to humans. Dog-mediated rabies lays a heavy economic, environmental and social burden on human communities, especially on those most vulnerable. Sixty percent of dog-mediated rabies human fatalities worldwide occur in Asia with Indonesia registering, per year, the fourth highest human rabies cases number of the continent. Improved rabies control programs can be attained through the study of dogs’ movements within their available habitat. Yet, little is known about FRDD habitat requirements, particularly in Indonesia. By analysing data on 109 FRDD in two distinct habitats, this project aimed to investigate resources meaningful to FRDD habitat selection in relation to anthropogenic and geographical characteristics in a rural and urban landscape. In particular, we assess whether FRDD select habitat resources differently according to the setting. The chosen methodology employed was spatial mixed effects logistic regression models which, by having as outcome the presence or absence of FRDD in the available habitat resources, provides insight on which resources dogs are more likely to be found and are therefore preferred. Habitat selection by FRDD disclosed slightly different preferences according to the setting. The most sought-after resources in both study sites were the buildings and roads. Vegetation covered areas were positively associated with FRDD presence in the semi-urban, but not in the rural study site. Nevertheless, in the semi-urban area, FRDD preferred the beach over vegetation covered areas. Slope, in the rural setting, and sea, in the semi-urban area, were identified as being negatively associated with the presence of FRDD. Although these results should not be incautiously extrapolated to other regions and should be interpreted keeping in mind the Indonesian context, these results are still novel and relevant to future rabies control actions.
RESUMO - Seleção de Habitat por Cães Domésticos Errantes na Indonésia – Contexto rural versus contexto urbano - Cães domésticos errantes têm um impacto nefasto na Saúde Pública Humana, sendo cruciais na transmissão de inúmeras doenças zoonóticas. Os cães são responsáveis por 99% dos casos de raiva humana registados a nível mundial e, os cães domésticos errantes são a causa principal de transmissão de raiva para o Homem. A raiva humana transmitida por cães impõe um pesado fardo económico, social e ambiental sobre as comunidades humanas. Sessenta porcento das mortes humanas por raiva transmitida por cães ocorre na Ásia e a Indonésia regista, por ano, o quarto número mais elevado de casos de raiva humana no continente. Programas mais adequados de controlo da raiva podem ser conseguidos através do estudo sobre como os cães se movem dentro do seu habitat. No entanto, pouco ou nada se sabe sobre os requisitos de habitat dos cães domésticos errantes, em particular na Indonésia. Através da análise de 109 cães domésticos errantes em dois habitats (ambiente rural e ambiente urbano), este projeto investigou quais os recursos significativos na seleção de habitat por estes cães. Especificamente, avaliou se a seleção de habitat por estes cães difere entre o ambiente rural e urbano. A metodologia empregue neste estudo foram modelos mistos espaciais de regressão logística que, ao utilizarem a presença/ausência do cão num determinado recurso do habitat, permitem inferir sobre quais os recursos onde os cães mais provavelmente se encontram, sendo por isso preferidos pelos mesmos. A seleção de habitat por cães domésticos errantes revelou diferenças ligeiras de acordo com o espaço geográfico em análise. O recurso mais procurado em ambos os espaços geográficos foram os edifícios e as estradas. Áreas cobertas por vegetação estão positivamente associadas com a presença de cães no ambiente urbano, mas não em ambiente rural. No entanto, na área urbana, os cães preferiram a praia a zonas cobertas por vegetação. O declive, na área rural, e o mar, na área urbana, estão negativamente associados com a presença de cães. Apesar destes resultados terem de ser interpretados tendo em conta o contexto indonésio e não poderem ser extrapolados incautamente para outras zonas do mundo, são ainda relevantes para ações de controlo da raiva transmitida por cães.
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Illustrated with breathtaking images of the Solar System and of the Universe around it, this book explores how the discoveries within the Solar System and of distant exoplanets come together to aid understanding of the habitability of Earth, and how this guides the search for exoplanets that could support life. The author recounts how, within two decades of the discovery of the first planets outside the Solar System in the 1990s, scientists concluded that planets are so common that most stars are orbited by them. The twelve chapters highlight what we have learned about exoplanets and how the lives of exoplanets and their stars are inextricably interwoven. Stars are the seeds around which planetary systems form. Stars provide their planets with light and warmth for as long as they shine. At the end of their lives, stars expel massive amounts of newly forged elements into deep space. That ejected material is incorporated into subsequent generations of planets. How do we learn about these distant worlds? What does the exploration of other planets tell us about the history of Earth? Can we find out what the distant future may have in store for us? What do we know about exoworlds and starbirth, and where do migrating hot Jupiters, polluted white dwarfs, and free-roaming nomad planets fit in? What does all that have to do with the habitability of Earth and the possibility of finding extraterrestrial life? And how did the globe-spanning network of the sciences begin to answer all these questions?

In South America there are more dogs per person than in developed countries. Many owners allow their dogs to roam freely in public areas, which favours the spread of zoonotic diseases. The objective of this work is to describe, through bibliographic analysis, the occurrence, prevalence, species richness, and distribution of intestinal helminth parasites found in dog faeces from urban and rural areas of southern South America (Argentina-Chile-Uruguay). Using three databases, we performed a systematic review of articles published between 2000 and 2020 in indexed journals. A total of 219 articles was evaluated for eligibility, and of these 67 were included in the final analysis; 48 correspond to Argentina, 17 to Chile, and 2 to Uruguay. The total number of parasite taxa recorded was 22, the most frequently occurring species being Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma sp., Trichuris vulpis and Echinococcus sp. Species richness was correlated with sample size and varied between 1 and 10 species. In addition, disease risk is not homogeneously distributed. Due to the high infection levels in dogs, urban and rural dwellers are at risk of infection with zoonotic diseases transmitted by these animals, therefore a One Health approach to public health would be advisable.

The action of most xenobiotics ends in either excretion or metabolic inactivation. Some compounds, on the other hand, require metabolic activation before they can exert any biological action. In most cases these biotransformations, activations as well as inactivations, are carried out by specialized enzyme systems. The essential role of these enzymes is to facilitate elimination of xenobiotics. Water-soluble compounds usually do not need to be metabolized, as they can be excreted in their original forms. Lipophilic compounds can be disposed of through biliary excretion, or they may undergo metabolism to become more polar and thus more water-soluble so that they can be disposed of through the kidneys. The metabolism of xenobiotics is usually carried out in two phases. Phase 1 involves oxidative reactions in most cases, whereas phase 2 involves conjugation (combination) with highly water-soluble moieties. Occasionally the products of biotransformation are unstable and decompose to release highly reactive compounds such as free radicals, strong electrophiles, or highly stressed three-member rings (epoxides, azaridines, episulfides, and diazomethane; Figure 3.1) that have a tendency toward nucleophilic ring opening. For order to be retained within the cells, the chemical reactions have to occur through enzymatic processes in which the substrate is activated while bound to the enzyme. Only after the desired reaction takes place is a stable product released. Freely roaming reactive compounds are not welcome in a living organism because they react randomly with macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. Alteration of DNA leads to faulty replication and transcription. Alteration of RNA causes faulty messages that, in turn, lead to the synthesis of abnormal proteins and thus alter enzymatic and regulatory activity. Phase 1 processes are carried out by a series of similar enzymes (commonly designated as mixed-function monooxidases) or cytochrome P-450. The basic reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 enzymes involve introduction of oxygen into a molecule. In most cases the oxygen is retained, but sometimes it is removed from the end product. The oxygen carrier is a prosthetic group containing porphyrin-bound iron. The overall reaction catalyzed by these enzymes is hydroxylation.