Tesi: "Gender and child labour"

1

Lundström, Camilla. "Are there links between children's self-esteem and parent/child interaction in Guatemalan children?" Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-24405.

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This investigation examined the relations between children’s self-esteem and parent/child interaction. It also searched for a link between self-esteem and numbers of siblings, gender and working after school. 47 students from public schools in Guatemala City, Guatemala (age 10-14 years old) participated in this study (14 girls and 33 boys). Participants completed measures of Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and a questionnaire regarding Parent - Child Interactions. The study showed that there was a positive correlation in boys’ population between level of self-esteem and parent - child interaction, but a negative correlation for girls. A positive correlation in girls’ population was shown between self-esteem and number of siblings, a negative correlation was shown between self-esteem and working after school. However in boys’ population there was a positive correlation between self-esteem and working after school, and a negative correlation for siblings. There is also a skewed distribution in boys’ and girls’ answers, and no generalizations can be made because of too few respondents, therefore further studies in this area should be done

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2

Nakijoba, Rosemary. "The synergy between gender relations, child labour and disability in the post-war Acholi sub-region of Northern Uganda". University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7525.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
After a war of nearly two decades in the Acholi sub-region of northern Uganda many families and communities were physically, socially, economically and psychologically devastated. A myriad of other concomitant effects of the war such as distorted gender relations in households and undue exposure of vulnerable children to the menace of hazardous child labour manifest in the communities today. A plethora of non-government organisations has worked in the Acholi subregion trying to transform the communities after the war, but these challenges remain thus compromising social justice and the well-being of children.

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3

Vogel, Isabel. "The labour market, gender and rapid social change in Chile : working women's experiences". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267233.

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4

Serwadda-Luwaga, James. "Child labour and scholastic retardation A thematic analysis of the 1999 Survey of Activities of Young People in South Africa /". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10172005-151313.

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5

Chen, Yang. "Essays on Child Custody Laws, Divorce, and Child Outcomes". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397806698.

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6

Lock, Sara-Lina. "”Who has the time to discuss gender equality in that chaos?” : - Mothers perspectives about gender equality when having a child with special needs". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-172561.

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This thesis aimed to explore mothers experiences of having a child with special needs througha gender equality perspective. Four mothers were interviewed through a semi-structured interview guide. Feminist disability studies and emotional labor with an intersectional perspective have been the guiding framework. To analyse the empirical material I have used aqualitative thematic analysis. Research has shown that heterosexual couples with children in Sweden are becoming more equal in terms of the unpaid” invisible” household chores. However, parents who has children with disabilities and in need for more extensive care tend to take on more traditional roles. The findings have shown that mothers are more often the one who takes care of the necessary chores concerning the child’s disability. At the same time, she also needs to take a step back in her career or not able to have work outside the home. For some of the families, the necessary chores have been divided into administrative or practical tasks were one parent has done more than the other. To get a deeper knowledge about why it was that certain gender division I have found that the deep emotional connection to their child had an intersectional effect in the decision to stay home for these mothers.

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7

Vandrimmelen, Jeff Hess Jonathan M. "Children all grown up child labor, gender roles and pedagogical function in Engelbert Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel /". Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,100.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Germanic Languages and Literature." Discipline: Germanic Languages; Department/School: Germanic Languages.

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8

Azong, Jecynta A. "Economic policy, childcare and the unpaid economy : exploring gender equality in Scotland". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22827.

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The research undertaken represents an in-depth study of gender and economics from a multi-disciplinary perspective. By drawing on economic, social policy and political science literature it makes an original contribution to the disciplines of economics and feminist economics by advancing ideas on a feminist theory of policy change and institutional design. Equally, the study develops a framework for a multi-method approach to feminist research with applied policy focus by establishing a pragmatic feminist research paradigm. By espousing multiple research philosophies, it extends understanding of gender differences in policy outcomes by connecting theories from feminist economics, feminist historical institutionalism and ideational processes. Jointly funded by the Economic and Social Research Council UK and the Scottish Government, this project attempts to answer three key questions: What is the relative position of men and women in the Scottish economy and how do childcare responsibilities influence these? Which institutions, structures and processes have been instrumental in embedding gender in Scottish economic policy? To what extent and how is the Scottish Government’s approach to economic policy gendered? Quantitative analysis reveals persistently disproportionate differences in men and women’s position in the labour market. Women remain over-represented in part-time employment and in the public sector in the 10years under investigation. Using panel data, the multinomial logistic regression estimation of patterns in labour market transitions equally reveal disproportionate gendered patterns, with families with dependent children 0-4years at a disadvantage to those without. Qualitative analysis indicates that these differences are partly explained by the fact that the unpaid economy still remains invisible to policymakers despite changes in the institutional design, policy processes and the approach to equality policymaking undertaken in Scotland. Unpaid childcare work is not represented as policy relevant and the way gender, equality and gender equality are conceptualised within institutional sites and on political agendas pose various challenges for policy development on unpaid childcare work and gender equality in general. Additionally, policymakers in Scotland do not integrate both the paid and unpaid economies in economic policy formulation since social policy and economic policy are designed separately. The study also establishes that the range of institutions and actors that make-up the institutional setting for regulating and promoting equality, influence how equality issues are treated within a national context. In Scotland, equality regulating institutions such as parliament, the Scottish Government, equality commission and the law are instrumental variables in determining the range of equality issues that are embedded in an equality infrastructure and the extent to which equality issues, including gender, are consequently embedded in public policy and government budgets. Significantly despite meeting all the attributes of an equality issue, unpaid care is not classified as a protected characteristic in the Equality legislation. These institutions can ameliorate, sustain or perpetuate the delivery of unequitable policy outcomes for men and women in the mutually dependent paid and unpaid economy. Thus, economic, social and political institutions are not independent from one another but are interrelated in complex ways that subsequently have material consequences on men and women in society. In summary, there are interlinkages between the law, labour market, the unpaid economy, the welfare state and gendered political institutions such that policy or institutional change in one will be dependent on or trigger change in another. These institutions are gendered, but are also interlinked and underpin the gender structure of other institutions to the extent that the gendered norms and ideas embedded in one institution, for example legislation or political institutions, structure the gendered dimensions of the labour market, welfare state, and the unpaid economy. By shedding light on institutional and political forces that regulate equality in addition to macroeconomic forces, the analysis reveals the important role of institutions, policy actors and their ideas as instrumental forces which constantly define, redefine and reconstruct the labour market experiences of men and women with significant material consequences.

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9

Ngenzebuke, Rama Lionel. "Essays on Intra-household Decision-making, Gender and Socio-Economic Development". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/246695.

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This dissertation comprises four chapters, which mainly deal with female's participation in household decision-making, a very important aspect of female's bargaining power within the household and closely linked to female's empowerment. The first three chapters, which all deal with female's participation in household decision-making, are two sides of the same coin, in that while the first one delves into the determinants of female's participation in household decision-making, the second and third chapters deal with its beneficial consequences. The fourth chapter is linked with Chapter 1. As a matter of fact, the data used in Chapter 1 has been collected in Rural Burundi, in the framework of the FNRS/FRFC-funded project “Microfinance Services, Intra-household Behavior and Welfare in Developing Countries: A Longitudinal and Experimental Approach”, which funded my PhD scholarship. In 2012, the project funded data collection in Rural Burundi. In respect to the experimental component of the project, these are baseline data. The 2012 household survey targeted a sample of rural households that have been interviewed in 1998 and 2007. This is where the longitudinal design of the project comes into play. Independently from the experimental research, the longitudinal nature of the data, that is to say three waves of data (1998, 2007 and 2012), had the advantage of allowing panel analysis of interesting and relevant issues in development, including for example the long-term welfare effects of shocks at either individual or household levels.In Chapter 1, entitled “The Power of The Family: kinship and Intra-household Decision-making in Rural Burundi” and co-authored with Bram De Rock and Philip Verwimp, we delve into the determinants of female's participation in household decision-making, by laying a particular emphasis on the role of female's kinship. We show that in rural Burundi the characteristics of the female's kinship are highly correlated with her decision-making power. First, a female whose own immediate family is at least as rich as her husband's counterpart enjoys a greater say over children- and asset-related decision-making. Second, the size, relative wealth and proximity of the extended family also matter. Third, kinship characteristics prove to be more important than (standard) individual and household characteristics. Finally, we also show that the female's say over asset-related decision-making is positively associated with males' education, more than with female's education per se. All these correlation patterns can inform policies aiming at empowering women or targeting children through women's empowerment.In Chapter 2, entitled “The Returns of I Do: Multifaceted Female Decision-making and Agricultural Yields in Tanzania?”, I use the third round of the Tanzanian National Panel Survey to investigate the effect of multifaceted female's empowerment in agriculture on agricultural yields. The classic approach in the empirical literature on gender gap in agriculture includes the gender of the plot's owner/manager as the covariate of interest and interprets the associated coefficient estimate as the gender gap in agricultural productivity. Unlike this classic approach in the analysis of productivity differentials, my approach lays emphasis on the overlapping and interaction effects of manifold aspects of female's empowerment in agriculture, including female plot's ownership, female plot's management and female output's control. I find significant productivity gaps, which the classic empirical approach does not bring out in the same context. As compared to plots (solely) owned, managed and controlled by male, (i) plots merely owned by female and (ii) those owned & managed (but not controlled) by female are less productive, but those owned, managed & controlled by female are not. Furthermore, the latter are the more productive among plots at least owned by female. All these productivity gaps are predominantly explained by the structural effect, that is differences in productivity returns to observable production factors. Our findings are robust along a number of dimensions and suggest that female's management and control rights are of prime importance. Therefore, female plot's owners should be entitled the rights to manage their plot and, subsequently and most importantly, the rights to control the (agricultural) output of their work, for their productivity to be enhanced and the gender gap in agriculture to be closed. In Chapter 3, entitled “Say On Income and Children's Outcomes: Evidence from Nigeria”, I delve into the effect of female bargaining power on child education and labor outcomes in Nigeria. Female bargaining power is proxied by “female say on labor income”, rather than by her income per se. This is motivated by the fact the female labor force participation might be low in some contexts, while control over income is by all means what matters the most. The empirical methodology accounts for a number of empirical issues, including endogeneity and sample selection issues of female say on labor income, the multi-equation and mixed process features of the child outcomes, as well as the fact that hours of work are left-censored. My findings are consistent with the overall idea that female say on income leads to better child outcomes, rather than female income earning per se. Nevertheless, the type of income under female control, child gender and child outcome matter. Chapter 4, entitled “Violence Exposure and Welfare Over Time: Evidence From The Burundi Civil War” and co-authored with Marion Mercier and Philip Verwimp, investigates the relationship between exposure to conflict and poverty dynamics over time. We use a three-wave panel data from Burundi, which tracked individuals and reported local-level violence exposure in 1998, 2007 and 2012. Firstly, the data reveal that headcount poverty has not changed since 1998 while we observe multiple transitions into and out of poverty. Moreover, households exposed to the war exhibit a lower level of welfare than non-exposed households, with the difference between the two groups predicted to remain significant at least until 2017, i.e. twelve years after the conflict termination. The correlation between violence exposure and deprivation over time is confirmed in a household-level panel setting. Secondly, our empirical investigation shows how violence exposure over different time spans interacts with households' subsequent welfare. Our analysis of the determinants of households' likelihood to switch poverty status (i.e. to fall into poverty or escape poverty) combined with quintile regressions suggest that, (i) exposure during the first phase of the conflict has affected the entire distribution, and (ii) exposure during the second phase of the conflict has mostly affected the upper tail of the distribution: initially non-poor households have a higher propensity to fall into poverty while initially poor households see their propensity to pull through only slightly decrease with recent exposure to violence. Although not directly testable with the data at hand, these results are consistent with the changing nature of violence in the course of the Burundi civil war, from relatively more labor-destructive to relatively more capital-destructive.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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10

Grieve, Tigist. "Seeing the social : understanding why children are out of school in rural Ethiopia". Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.690734.

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The promotion of education has long been a priority of the successive regimes of Ethiopia. Combined with the momentum of Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in recent years Ethiopia’s education sector has experienced a major expansion of primary school enrolment which has earned Ethiopia international acclaim and so much optimism in meeting the MDGs set for 2015. Despite this, however, large numbers of primary school aged children remain out of school, most of these are found in rural areas and many of them are girls. Many of the children that enrol do not stay on to complete the full cycle of their primary schooling. While there are numerous studies looking at rural children’s schooling, village-based ethnographic studies are rare, particularly in Ethiopia. The thesis offers a sociological insight as to why low enrolment and incompletion persist in rural areas. Drawing on an ethnographic approach study over extended period this thesis presents analysis of data from two local communities. Methodologically the analysis are anchored on the voices of the children, their parents and teachers and make a valuable contribution in emphasising not only the importance of bringing local people’s own voices into the debate, but also drawing attention to the ways voice may be utilised and calling for greater sensitivity to the way it is interpreted in scholarly and policy circles. Theoretically, the study shows the value of applying Bourdieu’s approach to social reproduction in analysing the challenges faced by rural children in completing primary school. Time spent with children, their families and their teachers suggests reproduction of educational inequality at all levels (home, school, community). While these are certainly important, this thesis argues that more attention needs to be paid to the social context in which children and their schooling are embedded. It suggests the challenges in schooling rural children are not simply explained either by the quantity of primary schools available, or a lack of value being accorded to education, or deliberate acts of discrimination (e.g. against girls). Rather, it has argued that discriminatory outcomes, or the reproduction of social inequality, have to be understood as the outcome of social practice, where ‘choices’ are made in circumstances of considerable constraint. Furthermore, it has shown that these patterns of social reproduction are as characteristic of teachers and the field of the school as they are of parents and children and the field of home and community. Rather than the school operating as an external change agent, as imagined in much of the education literature, the school is very much part of the local social context. The application of policies and the social practice of staff are significantly marked by their positionality within the communities which they serve.

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11

Fatima, Ambreen. "Economics of child labour". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12967/.

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The dissertation aims to explore the supply and demand side determinant of child labour at macro, meso and micro level. At macro level it explores the effect of globalization (defined as openness to trade and inflow of foreign direct investment) and credit market imperfections on child labour. At meso level it explores the effect of labour market conditions on child labour. As the above two levels of analysis are mainly concerned with the demand for child labour, the micro level analysis explores the supply side determinant of child labour. At micro level this dissertation explores the effect of intrahousehold distribution of power on child related outcome. Specifically it explores the effect of mother’s decision making power on her child’s labour and schooling. The macro level analysis is based on cross country regression framework while meso and micro level analysis is based on the data from Pakistan. At macro level, this dissertation points out that trade openness and FDI inflow raise the standard of living in an economy thereby reducing child labour incidence. As the channel through which trade could affect child labour is by increasing income of the poor, credit market imperfection shows insignificant effect. At meso level, this dissertation points out that high adult wages in an area increase demand for child labour while presence of adult unemployed proportion in an area reduces demand for child labour. However, presence of unemployed adult in a house increases supply of child labour. Exports, on one hand, reduce supply of child labour by affecting the income of poor at macro level while on the other hand at meso level, subcontracting of production process to small informal sector increases demand for child labour. The informal sector being unprotected by law employs a high proportion of child labour. At micro level mother’s decision making power significantly decreases child labour supply and increases child schooling. The effect is significant in case of girls but not in case of boys. This study also shows that whether children work for generating income or as family helpers, mothers are equally concerned for their welfare. Their decision making power significantly reduces labour among children.

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12

Amir, Gafur Hoda. "Child Labour : Causes and solitions of child labour: A comparative case study of two African countries". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-61098.

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Child labour is a global problem. There have been significant steps to combat the problem from international arena, but its prevalence gives reason for concerns. In this study a comparative case study of two African countries will be examined. The two countries are; Somalia and Namibia, where the first mentioned country are still having child labour and the last mentioned have succeeded in combating child labour. With a theoretical framework I will try to answer what made the Somalia failing and what made Namibia succeeding in the elimination of child labour. The methodology that has been used is a structured focused comparison. In the concluding part I will bring fourth several points of what Somalia can learn from Namibia.

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13

Cunningham, Stephen. "Child labour in Britain 1900-1973". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2000. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20035/.

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Until relatively recently, 'child labour' remained a pejorative term used primarily by historians to describe the grinding and unremitting work routines and hostile work environments to which nineteenth century children were exposed. The start of the twentieth century, though, is frequently identified as marking the emergence of a more humanitarian attitude towards children, epitomised by the increasing willingness of the state to intervene in arenas such as child welfare. Historians have cited the intensification of legislation designed to protect the child as evidence to suggest that by the turn of the nineteenth century the vast majority of children were no longer significant workers. Before the publication of Emrys Davies' government funded 1972 study, which concluded that the employment undertaken by school children was frequently arduous and harmful, such claims were taken at face value in the academic world. As a result, until recently, the labour of school children throughout the twentieth century has not been subject to adequate social research, and the experiences of working school children have been largely ignored. However, as the recent upsurge in academic and political interest in child employment illustrates, the debate over what is an effective and appropriate level of child labour regulation remains a heated political question. One of the problems, though, is that a lack of information on the period c1900-1973 is hampering our understanding of the forces and interests which have helped shape child labour policy in Britain. Hence, this thesis has two main aims. Firstly, it seeks to provide detailed empirical information on the levels and types of work performed by children. Secondly, and more importantly, it aims to deepen our appreciation of the concerns which have influenced thinking and policy on this subject in the twentieth century. It is hoped that an analysis of these two issues will help us understand the origins and nature of current debates over school child labour, and to evaluate the 'solutions' advanced by politicians and academics in the twenty-first century. The potential impact of the range of factors and interests which are traditionally seen to be present within the policy-making process, such as ideologies, political parties and pressure groups, are assessed. Particular emphasis, though, is placed on the conservative role played by civil servants within the Home Office, the government department charged with responsibility for the administration of legislation for school children's employment throughout the period under examination. The thesis concludes that of all the agents active in the policy-making process, civil servants were the most influential in shaping the approach adopted by successive governments towards the question of child labour reform. It suggests that officials were guided by a pervasive 'departmental view' of the phenomenon, a key element of which emphasised its potential for channeling the potentially 'problematic' leisure hours of working class youths into creative outlets. Finally, the thesis highlights the extent to which the ideas and beliefs which underpinned thinking on child labour regulation between 1900-1973 continue to have an enduring influence on the current policy debate.

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14

Lavalette, Michael. "Child labour in the social structure". Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316674.

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The objectives of this thesis have been to evaluate the existing conceptions of child labour, obtain empirical data on its extent in Clydeside, Scotland and explain why working children are located within a particular structured arena of the labour market. In Part 1 the commonsense and theoretical conceptions of child labour are outlined and shown to be both inadequate and incomplete. Part 2 presents original evidence gathered from the Clydeside region and contrasts it with existing material gathered from London and the South-East of England. This demonstrates that child labour is an exploitative practice which occurs throughout Britain. Children's jobs tend to be poorly paid, gender segregated and potentially harmful to their health and safety. Further, the types of jobs they perform and the number working in contrasting economic regions of Britain are shown to be similar, suggesting there is a relatively constant amount and type of work available to children across the labour market in Britain. Part 3 proceeds to offer an alternative explanation for the present form of children's work practice. By locating both change and continuity in children's work experience throughout the capitalist epoch, it is suggested that the period circa 1880-1920 was crucial in reshaping children's labour market experiences. During this period changes in the economy, state activity, the family and the acceptance, by the working class, of the ideology of childhood, came together to restructure children's dominant social experiences. As a result of these changes in the social structure, children's work became marginalised to a particular type of job and work experience categorised as 'out of school' employment. This was viewed as legitimate for children because it could be combined with schooling, reinforced their subordinate position within the age hierarchy and, at the same time, allowed them to gain the beneficial and disciplinary effects of paid work.

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15

Sauder, Markus Ulrich. "Essays on the economics of child labour and child education". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3622/.

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This thesis focuses on the economics of child labour and child education within developing and developed countries. The first part of the thesis examines child labour and child education in developing countries. It investigates the motivations of parents to send their children to work and analyses the so-called commitment problem of child labour in a dynamic, overlapping generations game theoretical model. As a novelty, this model relaxes the requirement of an observable history of play and models the decision problem as an overlapping generations cyclic game. We show that first-best contracts may me implemented, implying optimal child education and low child labour, if a bequest sanction can be imposed by grandparents. We also discuss the special role that grandparents have within this model. The second part of the thesis analyses the economics of child education within a developed country context: the transmission of education across generations and the impact of a schooling reform on educational choice and later outcomes. In a first chapter of this second part, we examine specifically the influence of grandparents, as postulated by the model in part one, on the education of grandchildren. A unique dataset on three generations, the National Child Development Survey of the UK, is used. As a special feature, we apply recent econometric techniques to deal with censoring in a semi-parametric setting. The results indicate that it is not education but rather unobservable factors on the parent and grandparent level that affect the educational choice of grandchildren. These unobservable factors may be interpreted as innate ability or parenting skills. In a second chapter within this part, a schooling reform, the introduction of comprehensive schools in the UK and its impact on educational and labour market outcomes is evaluated. We find, using data from the National Child Development Survey and applying a new, quasi-differenced matching estimator, that bias corrected estimates of the reform suggest no effect on the means, but a sizeable effect on the variance of outcomes. We interpret this finding as indicative of a higher risk inherent to the selective education system. In summary the thesis sheds some new light on the economics of education and child labour, both in a theoretical and an empirical context, and provides a valuable reference and starting point for future research in this area.

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16

Dahlén, Marianne. "The Negotiable Child : The ILO Child Labour Campaign 1919-1973". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7547.

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This dissertation examines the Conventions and Recommendations to regulate the minimum age for admission to employment between the years 1919 and 1973 – the ILO minimum age campaign. The adoption process has been studied in its chronological and historical context. The dissertation has three points of departure: that childhood is a historical construction and that the legal material is part of that construction; that the minimum age campaign suffered from a ‘hang-over-from-history’, namely, the history of Western industrialisation during the 19th and early 20th centuries; and, finally, that children had a subordinate and weak position in the minimum age campaign. The study was organised around five central themes: (1) the over-all theme of predominant conceptions of children and work; (2) the relationship between industrialised and colonised and developing nations; (3) the relationship between the child, the family and the state; (4) minimum age; and (5) the importance of school. The most important results of the study are that: (1) In view of the revolutionary changes during the 20th century the continuity in the minimum age campaign was remarkable. In 1919, the ‘child labour problem’ was an issue mainly for the Western industrialised word. By the end of the campaign, in 1973, the transformations in societies during the century had made ‘the child labour problem’ an issue mainly for the developing world and with different conditions and implications in many respects. The content and ‘grammar’ of the minimum age campaign was however never really challenged. (2) The study has verified that the minimum age campaign suffered from a ‘hang-over-from history’. The campaign built directly on the Western industrial experience during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Western dominance in the ILO, the legal transplants, and the roots in the labour movement all contributed to the ‘hang-over’. (3) The minimum age campaign was modelled on the ‘norm of the Western industrialised childhood’. The norms and realities of childhood in other parts of the world were neglected of considered as provisional and inferior phases in relation to the Western ‘norm’. In this way, there were two separate childhoods in the minimum age campaign: ‘the normal’ childhood conceived for Western conditions and ‘the other’ childhood conceived for the ‘imperfect’ conditions of poor children in the colonised and developing nations.(4) In the minimum age campaign the ‘best interests of the child’ was negotiable and was subordinated in case of conflict with other interests.

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17

İren, Yıldızca Bediz Büke. "Migrant Child Labour in Turkey : A critical analysis of multilevel governance targeting migrant child labour in Turkey". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, REMESO - Institutet för forskning om migration, etnicitet och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-162798.

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Abstract (sommario):

Entering the 9th year of the Syrian Crisis, there are still more than 400 thousand school aged Syrian children considered ‘out-of-school’ in Turkey. Several previous studies as well as reports of International Organisations and Civil Society Organisations such as UNICEF and Support to Life argue that out-of-school Syrian children have formed part of the Turkish informal labour market. Restrained migration policies incorporated with the needs of global labour markets have caused precarisation of the migrant labour, and in the case of Turkey precarisation of migrant child labour as well. The aim of the current study is to critically analyse the strategies and interventions of this multilevel governance targeting migrant child labour. Hence, a qualitative research method was employed in order to answer the study’s research questions. First, document analysis was conducted to identify the multilevel institutional framework; and second, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with selected informants working for International Organisations. By facilitating Carol Bacchi’s ‘What is the problem represented to be?’ (WPR) approach, each actor’s strategies and interventions directed to migrant child labour are scrutinised. While each actor by definition manages to identify the causes of (migrant) child labour, the strategies and interventions are constrained by the conventional migration management approach as well as the discourses of “the best interest of the child” and “fair trade”.

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18

Dubihlela, Dorah. "Socio-economic challenges and the survival mechanisms for the female-headed households in the Bophelong Township / Dorah Dubihlela". Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7175.

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Abstract (sommario):

This dissertation studies the socio-economic challenges and the survival mechanisms of female-headed households in Bophelong Township. The study focuses on three areas namely, female-headed households, their socio-economic challenges and survival strategies. The study followed a literature survey first, then an empirical study. The literature study was undertaken to provide a theoretical framework for the empirical work. The survey process was undertaken in two phases. In the first phase, a sample survey of the whole area of Bophelong was undertaken. This was the sample from which female-headed households were identified. In the second phase, a household survey on the female-headed households serving the purpose of this study was undertaken. The method used in the measure of poverty is the Household Subsistence Level (HSL). The HSL measures the minimum amount needed by a household to maintain subsistence. It takes account of the sex and ages of household members. According to the study outcome, poverty levels amongst female-headed households in Bophelong are high. About 77% of sampled female-headed households in Bophelong were poor. The poverty gap index in these households was 0.53; meaning that on average poor households needs 53% of their income to reach their poverty line. High unemployment rate has been found to be prevalent amongst female-headed households in Bophelong, where the rate of 65% was recorded. This high unemployment rate was possibly the cause of poverty in these households together with low educational qualifications among households members; only 2% were found to have a post graduate qualification. Female-headed households in Bophelong township are engaged in a daily struggling to survive. These households have devised various means for survival. These include the search for wild fruits in the nearby areas, immigration to another region and the benefit of school feeding schemes. When it comes to the sources of household income, government grants were found to play an important role in the sustenance of these households. The average household income was calculated at R1760 per month. The average dependency ratio, which measures the number of unemployed who depend on one income earner, was 5.5. Finally, the investigation recommends a more detailed and deeper study relating to the socio-economic challenges faced by the female-headed households. There is also a need to explore on their survival means so as to direct policy actions aimed at addressing socio-economic issues relating to female-headed households in general.
Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

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19

Nguyen, Ngoc TB. "Human Trafficking Crime Awareness Among Remote Communities in Central Vietnam". ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6634.

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Abstract (sommario):

Human trafficking crime is rising globally at an alarming rate, and Vietnam is one of the nations with the highest prevalence of trafficking female victims for forced sex services and forced marriages. This study explored human trafficking awareness in remote communities of central Vietnam and the factors for young girls dropping out of school for work at an early age. The study also investigated the link between gender inequality and the child labor problem in these communities. There is no extant empirical research pertaining to human trafficking awareness in the remote communities of central Vietnam. This research fills this gap and highlights the importance of awareness strategies to combat human trafficking. Gender inequality, human motivation theory, vulnerability, and victimology provided theoretical constructs to explain the findings of this research study. The data collection process was conducted through semistructured face-to-face interviews with 19 villagers, mothers of the child labor victims, teachers, human services workers, members of the Vietnam Women's Union, and village leaders in the research sites. The coding technique was used for the data analysis process. Participants had (a) little knowledge about human trafficking crime; (b) no awareness of the ramifications; and (c) the effects of a culture of gender inequality on the lives of people in the remote communities of central Vietnam. Findings of this study have implications for assisting policy makers and law enforcement officials and offer guidance that may help to protect people in the communities and bring offenders to justice. The findings also encourage the Vietnamese government to bridge the gender inequality divide so that young girls in these remote communities can achieve an equal voice and equal justice that they deserve.

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20

BLACKEY, AYANA CAITLIN. "MATERNAL GENDER VALUES AND CHILD GENDER SOCIALIZATION". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612644.

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This study looked at the correlations between mother’s feminism values, their attitudes toward their child’s engagement in gender atypical play, and self-reported parenting behaviors. Sixty-six mothers of six to nine-year-old children participated in the study, with 63 completing an online questionnaire and three completing the questionnaire as well as an in-person interview with their child. Three questions guided the research: 1) Are mother’s feminism values related to their attitudes toward children’s gender expression and parenting behaviors related to gender? 2) Does child’s gender impact mother’s acceptance of gender atypical play and parenting behaviors surrounding children’s individual gender expression? 3) Are mothers’ values regarding acceptance of gender atypical behavior reflected in their self-reported parenting behaviors? Overall, it was expected that more traditional mothers and mothers of sons would report less acceptance of gender atypical play. The results revealed that mothers’ feminism values were correlated to their acceptance of gender atypical behaviors, supporting the hypothesis that more traditional mothers are less accepting of gender atypical behavior. Mothers’ self-reported parenting behaviors revealed stronger trends toward supporting gender typical play in sons than in daughters, supporting the hypothesis that mothers may be less accepting of gender atypical play in sons than daughters.

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21

Iversen, Vegard. "Child labour and theories of the family". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411209.

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22

Sinha, Swapan Kumar. "Child labour in Calcutta : a sociological study /". Calcutta : N. Prokash, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37473224r.

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23

Kocak, Serap. "Gender discrimination in the Turkish labour market". Thesis, De Montfort University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/5209.

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24

Angemi, Diego. "Poverty, vulnerability, and child labour : evidence from Uganda". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12459/.

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Abstract (sommario):

Notwithstanding a decade of unprecedented social and economic reforms in Uganda, poverty, vulnerability, and child labour severely undermine the government's overarching goal of poverty eradication. This thesis unfolds by disclosing unprecedented insight on the relationship between vulnerability and poverty, the merits of quantitative vis-a-vis qualitative approaches to poverty analysis, and the role of child labour in Uganda. Chapter I generates the first ever appraisal of vulnerability in Uganda. The findings support the hypothesis that during the past decade, alongside sharp reductions in poverty, vulnerability to poverty in Uganda declined from 57% in 1992/93 to 25% in 1999/00. Such results highlight the importance for policy makers to distinguish between the effective implementation of poverty-prevention and poverty-reduction programmes. Chapter II deepens our understanding of poverty in Uganda, by integrating the country's qualitative and quantitative data, enriching information from one approach with that from the other, and merging the findings from these two approaches into one set of policy recommendations. The results show that this dual approach to poverty analysis enriches the discussion of poverty trends by drawing attention to aspects of poverty and wellbeing neglected by simple construction of poverty indicators. Since poverty of the household is an important determinant of agricultural child labour (ILO, 1992), chapter III investigates the extent to which children contribute to the household's agricultural activities. The conclusion that children play an important role in the farming activities of Ugandan agricultural households is supported by two key findings: (i) Child labour accounts for approximately 9% of the household's annual agricultural earnings; and (ii) on the bases that most child labour is performed on the family farm and smoothly functioning labour markets are rare, land ownership increases the household's demand for child labour in agricultural activities.

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25

Humbert, Franziska. "The challenge of child labour in international law /". Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9780521764902.

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26

Alexander, Emma Catherine. "Child labour in the Bombay presidency, 1850-1920". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284002.

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Abstract (sommario):

This dissertation argues that the identity of the child in late colonial India was primarily that of a labourer. The institutional functioning of family and the social organisation of caste have obscured the history of childhood in the subcontinent, and as a result, the history of child labour remains unwritten. However, in the mid-nineteenth century the colonial state introduced new legislation, institutions and social practices which identified the child labourer as an individual. The thesis analyses the contribution of child labour to the household and to agricultural economy of the Bombay Presidency, and emphasises the importance of familial labour patterns. Such patterns continued in the urban setting, shaping the child's experience of work, receiving wages and contributing to the family income, although migrant families were constituted differently from their rural counterparts. Through an analysis of factory legislation, the emergence of the child as the centre of debates concerning industrial development is traced. Investigation and regulation of factory labour necessitated the definition of the child by the colonial state. However, the regulatory regime was frequently evaded; systems of registration and certification and violation were abused, and the colonial state did little to enforce laws concerning the hours worked by children. Moreover, factory children suffered from a disproportionate number of accidents in the dangerous industrial environment. These developments are set in the context of living conditions outside the factory: crises involving housing, diet, health, death, opium, alcohol, and possible destitution determined the everyday survival of children in the city. The colonial state's discourse of child protection involved state utilisation of mission orphanages. Fear over juvenile delinquency in industrialising Bombay led to the institutionalisation of child labour in reformatories. Finally, the thesis examines the emergence of the child in the context of the educational debates of the nineteenth century.

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27

Ayifah, Rebecca Nana Yaa. "Essays on child labour and schooling in Ghana". Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28435.

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Abstract (sommario):

This thesis consists of three papers on child labour and schooling in Ghana. The first paper examines the correlates of child labour and schooling, as well as the trade-off between work and schooling of children aged 5-17 years with the 2013 Ghana Living Standard Survey data. A bivariate probit model is used since the decisions to participate in schooling and in the labour market are interdependent. The results show that there is a gender gap both in child work and schooling. In particular, boys are less likely to work (and more likely to be enrolled in schools) relative to girls. Whereas parent education, household wealth and income of the family are negatively correlated with child work, these factors influence schooling positively. In addition, parents‟ employment status, ownership of livestock, distance to school, child wage and schooling expenditure increase the probability of child labour and reduce the likelihood of school enrolment. In terms of the relationship between child labour and schooling, the results show that an additional hour of child labour is associated with 0.15 hour (9 minutes) reduction in daily hours of school attendance; and the effect is bigger for girls relative to boys. Also, one more hour of child labour is associated with an increase in the probability of a child falling behind in grade progression by 1.4 percentage points. The second paper estimates the impact of Ghana’s Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) cash transfer programme on schooling outcomes (enrolment, attendance hours, repetition and test scores) and child labour in farming and non-farm enterprises. Using longitudinal data, the paper employs three different quasi-experimental methods (propensity score matching, difference-in-difference, and difference-in-difference combined with matching). Overall, the results show that the LEAP programme had no effect on school enrolment and test scores, but it increased the weekly hours of class attendance by 5.2 hours and reduced repetition rate by 11 percentage points for children in households that benefited from the programme. In addition, there was heterogeneity in these impacts, with boys benefiting more relative to girls. In terms of child labour, the results show that the programme had no effect on the extensive margin of child labour in farming and non-farm enterprises. However, the LEAP programme reduced the intensity of farm work done by children by as much as 2.6 hours per day. The largest impact of the programme, in terms of iii reduction in the intensity of child labour in farming, occurred in female-headed and extremely poor households. The last paper investigates the impact of mothers‟ autonomy or bargaining power in the household on their children’s schooling and child labour in Ghana. The paper uses a noneconomic measure of women’[s autonomy, which is an index constructed from five questions on power relations between men and women. The paper employs both an Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and an Instrumental Variable (IV) approach. Overall, the results suggest that ignoring the endogeneity of mothers‟ autonomy underestimates its true impact on schooling and child labour. They also show that an increase in mothers‟ autonomy increases school enrolment and hours of class attendance, with girls benefiting more than boys. The paper finds a negative relationship between mothers‟ autonomy and both the extensive and intensive margin of child labour. In addition, it demonstrates that improvement in women’s autonomy has bigger impacts on rural children’s welfare relative to urban children.

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28

Panter, David C. "Child social relations and gender". Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235677.

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29

Henwood, Felicity Jane. "Gender and occupation : discourses on gender, work and equal opportunities in a college of technology". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358243.

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Abstract (sommario):

The thesis Is Intended to make a contribution towards the development of a new theoretical framework for understanding gender and occupational choice as It relates to both traditional and non-traditional choices. The research arose out of a need to develop more effective Interventionist strategies around gender. work and equal opportunities In the context of the recent. largely unsuccessful. attempts to encourage more women Into the fields of science. technology and engineering. Existing theoretical frameworks for understanding both occupational choice. and women in engineering and non-traditional fields. rely heavi lyon the individual-society dualism: emphasising either individual choice or structural determination. Neither are able to offer adequate explanations either for the paucity of women In non-traditional fields or for women who do make nontraditional choices. Based In a college of technology. the research focuses on two courses which. In terms of numbers at least. could be said to be 'gendered'- the Diploma for Personal Assistants and the HND In Software Engineering. Using ethnographic research techniques Including participant observation and In-depth Interviewing of key actors In the col lege. a range of perspectives and practices concerning gender. work and equal opportunities. are Identified. The analysis of the data suggests that occupational choice Is neither a static event nor a clear-cut process but one Involving change over time and in relation to experience. as wei I as considerable contradiction and conflict for the Individuals concerned. By drawing on theories of discourse and subjectivity In the poststructural 1st tradition. this thesis begins to develop a new theoretical framework that moves beyond the dualism found In existing theories of gender and occupation. In particular. It brings back Into view 'women's agency' In a way that does not rely on the notion of 'free choice' and which highlights the cultural nature of both femininity and masculinity. This is achieved by Identifying the ways In which both women's and men's subjectlvltles are constituted In discourse and are the outcome of their negotiations with conflicting discourses on Questions of gender. work and equal opportunities.

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30

Chhachhi, Amrita. "Eroding citizenship gender and labour in contemporary India /". [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2004. http://dare.uva.nl/document/73687.

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31

Hisarciklilar, Mehtap. "Gender based discrimination in the Turkish labour market". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404036.

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32

September, Jerome. "Children's rights and child labour: a comparative study of children's rights and child labour legislation in South Africa, Brazil and India". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9175.

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Abstract (sommario):

Includes bibliographical references.
This dissertation will, through the analysis of various pieces of legislation and taking account of the daily realities of children in South Africa, Brazil and India (IBSA), outline the progress made to reduce and eradicate the exploitation of children, through the elimination of child labour. These three countries are chosen because of the particular challenges they face, but also because as part of the IBSA group, they have committed themselves to working together in the advancement of key international matters, including issues of human rights and social justice. The India, Brazil and South Africa (IBSA) group has further recently been held up as a global example for the efforts made by nations in the elimination of the worst forms child labour. The ultimate goal is the total elimination of child labour. This dissertation will draw attention to the complexities and contradictions in policy and practice, with particular reference to concepts such as ‘Child Labour’ and the ‘Worst Forms of Child Labour’. This dissertation will compare [the experience of] childhood in these countries, and explore the risk factors that place particular children, and families, at risk of utilising child labour as a source of income.

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33

Palmgren, Alexander. "Gender discrimination in the labour market : A meta-analysis of field experiments, researching gender discrimination in the labour markets hiring process". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105767.

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Abstract (sommario):

In this article, a meta-analysis was conducted using correspondence tests from 2004 and later, researching gender discrimination in the labour markets hiring process. A total of 19 correspondence tests were found from 12 different countries across the world. Comparisons of call-back rates for job applications between male and female applicants were made. I created a call-back ratio, dividing the female applicants’ call-back rate by the male applicants’ call-back rate for each study and regressed on two different variables, “equality score” and “work incentives rating”, meant to measure gender equality of countries. My hypothesis is that females are still discriminated against in the world’s labour markets. Statistical discrimination is my main theory of why discrimination of female applicants would occur in the labour market. The method of meta-analysis is useful for observing overall trends and drawing broad conclusions regarding a subject. The equality score is significantly correlated with higher call-back rates for both genders, bot it is not correlated with the call-back ratio, and therefore, does not seem to be correlated with gender discrimination. Providing more work incentives are correlated with lower call-back rates for both genders, but these findings are not significant at any level. The call-back ratio is unaffected by the work incentives rating, showing no correlation with discrimination. The main findings show no discrimination of female applicants, but rather points to discrimination of male applicants. This could be to a perceived image of men being more threatening.

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34

Fredborg, Isabelle. "Corporate Approaches to Child Labour : a Northern European Perspective". Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-107130.

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Abstract (sommario):

The purpose of this thesis is to examine what approaches large food retailers have to child labour. The study examines companies in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Germany.

In order to analyze the findings, a framework for comparing codes of conduct and a matrix for measuring effectiveness developed by Kolk and van Tulder (2002a) are used, as well as the model for comparing the companies' approach to ethical issues by Leeson (2000). Empirical data are collected through self-completion questionnaires and e-mail interviews. Additional second-hand data comes from the corporate websites as well as from other organisations.

The main findings show that the companies repeatedly referred to Business Social Compliance International (BSCI), International Labour Organization (ILO) and/or United Nations (UN). There are large differences between how much information on ethical issues companies present on their corporate websites, and how thorough the codes of conduct are. The approaches to child labour vary between companies, not between countries as much as between differently sized companies and companies with different price segments.

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35

Dahlén, Marianne. "The negotiable child : the ILO labour campaign 1919-1973/". Uppsala : Department of law, Uppsala university, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uuj:diva-7547.

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36

MiÌ„r, KhaÌ„lid. "Child labour and credit markets in two-period models". Thesis, University of Essex, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272526.

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37

Nurhadi, Nurhadi. "Child labour in rural Indonesia : children and parents' perspectives". Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9691/.

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Abstract (sommario):

This thesis provides a valuable new contribution for understanding the nature of child labour within the agricultural sector in Indonesia. It presents new empirical evidence and interpretation of child work in rural Java from both a parental and a child perspective and it raises important implications for child labour policy. This purpose is in line with efforts to solve the problems of child labour in Indonesia. It is also designed to contribute to address current theoretical problems of child work and of childhood studies. The empirical element involved a detailed qualitative case study of 20 working children aged between 11-14 years old and their parents/caregivers in two communities in Central Java and East Java. An in-depth qualitative interview was conducted with the parents and separately with the children to reveal their different understandings and experiences of the working lives of children. Specially designed visual and material methods appropriate to children ages were adopted to help the children express their views more easily. Thematic analysis and NVivo 10 were employed to analyse the data. Three key sets of findings are highlighted from this study. First, children's work in the agricultural sector in Javanese society was seen as a form of economic participation, a form of personal development and a form of moral obligation to the family. Second, children were seen as competent agents who were able to identify any risks and harm associated with their work; however, there were also intergenerational differences in the perceptions of risk whereby parents were unaware of the children’s-perceptions and understandings of the routine risks they faced. Third, the practice of child work and the perception of risk in Javanese society were not conducted in a separate sphere of family life; rather they were embedded in cultural and family practices and were intimately connected to children's life at play and education, and to sibling relationships, child-parent relationships and friendships. The results from this thesis challenge the prevailing view that child work is a necessarily destructive element within children’s well-being and well-becoming. Instead, it argues that we need to recognize the positive value of children’s participation in work. The evidence suggests that policy makers should question a state led top-down global standard model of prohibition and listen more closely to children and their parents’ views on the benefits of children’s participation in some kinds of work. However, this should be done with regard to the local contexts that take account of the fact that children also require protection from certain risks and harm associated with child work and animal husbandry. The key message is that a non- prohibitionist stance must also recognise that the protective factors for children cannot be considered in isolation from their family and cultural practices that take place within their local communities.

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38

Harwell, Amy. "Gender issues in child sexual abuse". Thesis, Middlesex University, 2002. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13592/.

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Abstract (sommario):

Academic interest in the field of child sexual abuse remained consistently high during the latter part of the twentieth century. The research undertaken at this time demonstrated the relationship between child sexual abuse and gender; that is to say that men are the primary perpetrators of the sexual victimisation of children. Given this preponderance, it is of central importance to keep the significance of gender focal. Paradoxically, it is for this very reason that gender remains significant in cases where women sexually abuse children - because they represent the minority of cases. It is this disparity which provides a basis for this work. The purpose of this work is to examine and demonstrate that gender is significant in: the way in which an abuse experience is defined and made sense of; the process by which an individual becomes a survivor; and how abuse experiences are responded to by others. The foci of defmition, interpretation, subjectivity and ambiguity led to the utilisation of symbolic interactionism as an appropriate theoretical perspective in which to ground the study and to guide the research analysis. Designed as an exploratory study, the work combines qualitative and quantitative research methods aimed at survivors of abuse and relevant professionals (the latter drawn from both the 'therapy industry' and the criminal justice arena). In-depth interviews were carried out with survivors and analysed to examine survivors' subjective realities and interpretations of their experiences of abuse. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were used to explore the significance of gender in the responses of professionals to abuse experiences. The issues that arise from this work have profound implications for the way in which the significance of gender in child sexual abuse can be thought about and understood.

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39

Browne, J. M. "Vertical occupational gender segregation in the British labour market". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597023.

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The primary focus of this research is to assess vertical occupational gender segregation and its cases in the context of Britain's contemporary labour market, both in general terms and at the level of an employing organisation. By way of introduction, the concepts relating to occupational gender segregation (vertical, horizontal and overall), which are used throughout this study, are explained in detail. In doing so, the common confusion surrounding these definitions, and thus their application in many previous studies, is demonstrated. The first stage of the research constructs an overview of men and women in the public and private spheres of British society. This entails a quantitative illustration of both sexes in terms of life-styles (including family), education, work patterns, domesticity, employment status, pay and in general, how these are reflected in terms of contemporary occupational gender segregation in the British labour market. Following this analysis, prevalent theories which claim to explain gender inequality within the labour market are critically analysed. These range from psycho-physiological and male dominance theories, to the theory of patriarchy and male organisation, to rational choice and preference theories. In moving beyond the limitations of these theories, distinguishing the horizontal dimension of occupational gender segregation from the vertical dimension becomes paramount. This distinction underlies the principle question of the thesis: 'what are the main contributors to gender inequality as indicated by vertical occupational gender segregation?' The second section of the thesis is centred on the empirical analysis of a British case study organisation. The case study services as an environmental of 'optimal conditions' for gender equality, and thus a critical case study to test the causes of vertical occupational gender segregation. The methodological approach is both quantitative and qualitative. In terms of qualitative research I have used the seminal Cambridge approach of the 'segregation triangle method' to measure and analyse occupational gender segregation and its two components, the horizontal and vertical dimensions.

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40

Clare, K. "'Creative' careers : gender, social networks and labour market inequality". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597698.

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Abstract (sommario):

This thesis examines gender inequality in the ‘new economy’, and specifically looks at gendered patterns of work in the advertising industry through a micro-level social network perspective. This study focuses on the advertising industry because it is an exemplar of a project-based creative industry in the knowledge-based ‘new economy’ where project work is becoming more common and careers are constructed as portfolios of previous experiences rather than life-time employment by one employer. In these creative industries, despite the rhetoric of flexibility, egalitarianism and non-hierarchical structures, I show how categorical inequalities (in particular gender) shape labour market outcomes, demonstrating how gender is often more important than performance in facilitating career trajectories of workers. In contrast to the all-encompassing and simplistic notions of ‘social networks’ commonly employed in much of economic geography, I unpack the concept of social networks and specify how social networks confer advantages, and document what those advantages are so we know why it matters who you know. First, I show that personal ties are important because they direct the flow of power, information, and help workers acquire legitimacy, skills, and jobs. Second, I demonstrate there are important differences in men’s and women’s social networks, which drive differences in the opportunity structures available to men and women. Third, I show how men and women have different ‘creative biographies’ and different experiences of project-based work. Fourth, my thesis develops a specifically geographical understanding of workers’ careers, showing how an appreciation of place-based cultures of working and socialising are crucial to an understanding of employment patterns. Finally, I provide policy implications. Overall, I demonstrate that micro-level processes contribute to macro-level patterns of gender inequality. Crucially, these findings assert the importance of micro-level social networks in determining labour market outcomes.

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41

Watson, Sarah. "Management in the financial services : emotional labour and gender". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/364.

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Abstract (sommario):

This thesis examines the development of management in financial services and its implications on managers' activities and socialisation. The thesis uses gender and emotional labour as the main themes for the discussion of management in the financial services. The thesis reports on two ethnographic case studies within two UK retail banks. Analyses are based on data derived from interviews, observations and documents. Both the literature and data suggest that management in the service sector centres around the management of organisational cultures. Managers must disseminate the organisational values in order to extract excellent customer service from the front-line staff. Managers themselves are acculturated into the organisation and its values, in order to more easily acculturate their staff. The data indicates that although management appears to have been feminised, masculine values still dominate. Managers are socialised into organisational cultures in which human relations rhetoric looms large and both male and female managers employ 'feminine' management styles. Confusingly however, male managers' skills seem to be valued more and male-dominated business areas receive greater kudos. A disjunction between rhetoric and reality is thus evident. In addition, both management and emotional labour are presented as gendered in sociological literature. The data indicates that although management styles and practices are perceived to be gendered, there is little evidence to support the stereotypes. Both men and women can be seen to be performing emotional labour too, but it is the expectations of others and their different life experiences that can lead to gender differences in the way that emotional labour is displayed.

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42

Rees, Teresa. "The reproduction of gender segregation in the labour market". Thesis, Cardiff University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259986.

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43

Wilson, Brenda. "Gender relations within a changing spatial division of labour". Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280005.

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44

Burman, Annie. "Gendering decryption - decrypting gender : The gender discourse of labour at Bletchley Park 1939-1945". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201046.

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45

Kovar, Meghan Michelle. "Gender Differences of Multimodal Responses to Child and Non-Child Stressors". UNF Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/91.

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Abstract (sommario):

This investigation explored gender differences and relations among facets of adult stress measured by self-reported cognitive, emotional, and continuous psychophysiological responses to child and non-child stressors. The 46 male and 47 female participants displayed increased heart rate (HR) while watching a video of a happy infant and a decreased HR (associated with increased attentiveness) during a crying infant video. During a cold pressor task, males' HR increased while females revealed a contrary decline in HR. No differences between hyperactive and non-hyperreactive participants were found regarding hypothetical parenting plans or self-reported emotionality. Findings suggest more gender similarity than dissimilarity, possibly due to the evolving nature of parenting (i.e., males and females sharing increasingly analogous parenting roles).

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46

Kibukamusoke, Martha. "A critical analysis of child labour and human resource development in Uganda". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1196.

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This study is a critical analysis of child labour and human resource development in Uganda. The study was undertaken because of the growing concern about child-labour practices in African countries, Uganda being an example. The incidence of child labour and the form that it takes are driven by supply-anddemand factors countrywide, but also by the sheer need of children to survive. Child labour is considered to be a fundamental child development problem. Children are involved in a number of child-labour practices such as prostitution in the commercial and tourism sex industry, forced begging on the streets, and forced soldiering. They may be used as camel jockeys, domestic servants, farm labourers/herders, mine labourers, produce porters, roadside sellers/street vendors, sweetshop-industry labourers, cooks and porters for rebels. The persistent exploitation of children involved in hazardous work and conditions has become overwhelming in Uganda. Poverty as one of the major causes for the growing numbers of child labourers in the agricultural sector in Uganda has caused a number of children to engage in child-labour activities to earn extra income for household survival. Many children have opted for partial attendance in school, eventually dropping out. Parents have also frequently influenced children to work on family farms, thus contributing to the children dropping out of school. Child-labour practices have become entrenched in the social and moral fabric of Ugandan society, and for this reason, research endeavours to uncover ways and methods to reverse this situation. The main objectives of this research were to establish the impact of poverty on child labour, to assess the effect of the social and cultural setup on child labour, to find out the impact of child-labour legislation enforcement, to determine the 5 influence of the HIV and AIDS pandemic on child labour, to establish the effect of the educational system and technological advancement on child labour, to establish the level of awareness of human rights in the community, and to establish the impact of human rights activists on the prevention of child labour. The study was undertaken in Masindi District in Budongo Sub County, in three parishes, Nyabyeya, Nyantonzi and Kasongoire. The respondents used for the study included child labourers, their parents, farmers, and community leaders. The method used to get to the sample was purposive sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires for written answers and a tape recorder for oral answers. Both primary and secondary data was collected, verified, edited, checked, coded, analysed, and then exported to Excel and SPSS. Collecting the data was a challenging exercise for the researcher. Experiences were varied, in the hospitality and willingness of respondents to learn more about child issues. Although respondents were willing to participate in the data collection exercise, social and cultural values did not permit all of them to share their views with the researcher. To collect data from respondents, the researcher had to ensure that remuneration was in place at the end of the exercise. The respondents filled out the questionnaires only after learning of the availability of a reward for every questionnaire answered. More setbacks were the need to travel long distances, and enduring the poor infrastructure, poor sanitation, and epidemic outbreaks, some of which diluted the quality of data collected. During group interviews, most parents were not entirely truthful about involving their children in child-labour activities. Although most respondents had an idea of what child labour is, their ignorance levels on the topic prevented them from stopping their children from working. The major findings of the research were that the cultural, social and economic setup of the community in the study area favoured child labour, although the child-labour legislation is against using children as labourers. Various ethnicities 6 in the study area considered a person between the ages of 5 and 12 years to be a child, yet the Constitution of Uganda dictates the age of childhood to be below 18 years. This causes conflict in the definition of who a child is. Although parents were aware of the Universal Primary Education (UPE) regulation penalties for not taking children to school, they still permitted children to engage in child-labour activities, and little has been done by government to curb the culprits. Awareness of the Sub Counties and Credit Co-operatives (SACCOs) and their implementation has not helped to reduce poverty in the area studied, resulting in an increased school dropout rate among school-going-age children, as well as more child-labour activities. The major conclusion of the study was that little has been done to increase the awareness levels of the teachers, parents and their children about child labour and its legislation, their knowledge of and involvement in micro-finance institutions in the community, and the availability of vocational training institutions. Little has therefore been done to reduce child-labour activities, improve the economic status of the community, and improve their human resource skills. The major recommendations of the research to the study are that culture should not override the Constitution as far as the definition of age limit is concerned. The government should carry out stakeholder analyses, and implement a life-skills and sensitisation programme in order to improve child participation in the Universal Primary Education (UPE) programme. Government should ensure that the society is given information about basic accounting, project planning and management skills, in order to be effectively involved in the economic programmes of SACCOs.

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47

Pedersen, Anna, e Adam Wrede. "Gender and Hiring patterns : A field experiment on gender bias in the Swedish labour market". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-12038.

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The object of this study was to examine the extent of gender discrimination in the Swedish labour market by using a randomized correspondence testing procedure. To gather the data we utilized a field experiment where fictitious job applications where conducted and sent to real employers. The applications were carefully matched and differed only in gender which was signaled by a traditional Swedish male name or female name. The responses were then analyzed and were the basis in our tests for discrimination. We found only minor evidence of discrimination. Statistically significant discrimination was only found against males in the restaurant business and discrimination against females in full time positions.

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48

Doucet, Andrea. "Gender equality, gender differences and care : towards understanding gendered labour in British dual earner households". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260429.

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49

Fekadu, Wolde-Giorgis Daniel. "Child labour in Addis Ketema, Ethiopia : a study in mental health". Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1922.

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50

Sulis, Giovanni. "Three essays in applied labour economics : wages, search and gender". Thesis, University of Essex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442738.

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Tesi sul tema "Gender and child labour"

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