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Tesi sul tema "Geographic shift"

1

Bayet, Théophile. "Caractérisation de l'inclusivité des systèmes de vision par ordinateur basés sur l'apprentissage profond pour les pays du Sud." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS129.

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Abstract (sommario):
Les changements mondiaux modernes, tels que le changement climatique et la sixième extinction de masse, perturbent profondément nos sociétés et nos écosystèmes. Les nouvelles technologies, notamment l'apprentissage machine, sont à la fois facteurs aggravants et moyens potentiels d'atténuation des défis que posent ces changements. En 2015, les Nations Unies ont établi les Objectifs de Développement Durable pour évaluer l'impact écologique et les risques pour les populations, révélant que les pays du Sud sont les plus éloignés des objectifs de ce cadre. Les pays avec des infrastructures numériques limitées déploient moins les modèles d'apprentissage machine, rencontrant un problème de glissement de contexte dû à l'incohérence entre les données d'entraînement et de déploiement. En vision par ordinateur, ce glissement est exacerbé par l'absence de données des pays du Sud dans les ensembles d'entraînement, conduisant à une performance réduite des modèles dans ces contextes. Dans cette thèse, nous faisons le pont entre l'intelligence artificielle au service de la science soutenable et l'inclusivité des systèmes de vision par ordinateur. Nous montrons comment les approches qui ont précédé à la notre pour démontrer le manque d'inclusivité des systèmes de vision actuels ont fait l'impasse sur des points importants de la problématique, comme la formalisation du biais géographique et des métriques qui témoignent de son impact. Cela nous amène à proposer un protocole pour la formalisation des biais, qui se base sur l'identification d'une source, d'un type et d'un impact pour la caractérisation de ce dernier. Ce protocole est implémenté pour le biais géographique, en premier lieu sur des données synthétiques. Les bases de données synthétiques connues ne possédant pas de biais géographique, nous nous inspirons des modifications de la base de données MNIST pour créer des bases de données synthétiques comportant des biais géographiques. Nous utilisons ces derniers pour tester l'implémentation de notre protocole et démontrer son utilité. Nous expérimentons ensuite le protocole sur des données réelles pour la caractérisation du biais occidental dans les systèmes de vision, et constatons que les résultats obtenus sont différents de ceux attendus, allant à l'encontre des observations dans les précédents travaux académiques. Nous procédons à une analyse visuelle à différents niveaux de granularité de ces résultats pour tenter de les comprendre et proposer des théories les expliquant. Au final, nous mettons en avant la présence de biais concomitants, des éléments composant le biais géographique mais ayant des impacts différenciés avec l'entité principale. Ces biais concomitants empêchent la caractérisation du biais géographique en influençant les prédictions des modèles. Nous montrons donc comment la problématique de la caractérisation du biais géographique se révèle plus complexe qu'elle ne peut le paraître au premier abord, quels sont les écueils actuels et quelles pistes sont privilégiées pour remédier aux problèmes rencontrés. Globalement, nous proposons à la communauté scientifique des outils pour mieux appréhender les problématiques de déploiement de modèles dans les pays du Sud, afin de mieux comprendre les enjeux de ces déploiements pour des applications en science soutenable<br>Modern global changes, such as climate change and the sixth mass extinction, are profoundly disrupting our societies and ecosystems. New technologies, including machine learning, are both aggravating factors and potential means of mitigating the challenges posed by these changes. In 2015, the United Nations established the Sustainable Development Goals to assess the ecological impact and the risks for populations, revealing that the countries of the South are the furthest from achieving the objectives of this framework. Countries with limited digital infrastructures deploy less machine learning models, encountering a problem of context shift due to inconsistency between training and deployment data. In computer vision, this shift is exacerbated by the absence of data from southern countries in the training sets, leading to reduced model performance.In this thesis, we bridge the gap between artificial intelligence for sustainable science and the inclusivity of computer vision systems. We show how previous approaches to demonstrating the lack of inclusivity of current vision systems have overlooked important aspects of the problem, such as the formalisation of geographical bias and the metrics that reflect its impact. This has led us to propose a protocol for formalising bias, based on the identification of a source, a type and an impact in order to characterise it. This protocol has been implemented for geographical bias, initially on synthetic data. As known synthetic databases do not have a geographical bias, we create synthetic datasets with geographical biases, inspired by previous synthetic modifications of the MNIST database. We use these to test the implementation of our protocol and demonstrate its usefulness. We then experiment with the protocol on real data for characterising western bias in vision systems, and find that the results obtained are different from those expected, going against observations in previous academic work. We carry out a visual analysis of these results at different levels of granularity in an attempt to understand them and to propose possible themes for future research. In the end, we highlight the presence of concomitant biases, elements that make up the geographical bias but have different impacts that the main entity. These concomitant biases prevent the characterisation of the geographical bias by influencing the predictions of the models.We therefore show how the problem of characterising geographical bias is more complex than it might at first appear, what the current pitfalls are and what avenues are being pursued to remedy the problems encountered. Overall, we offer the scientific community tools to better understand the problems of deploying models in developing countries, in order to better understand the challenges of these deployments for applications in sustainable science
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2

Craig, Victoria Dawn. "A methodological paradigm shift to augment a geographical information system planning framework." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446408.

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3

Calluzzo, Nicholas T. "The urbanization of insurgency : shifts in the geography of conflict." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59796.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-74).<br>The 20th century witnessed the steady decline of the ability of states, particularly great powers, to defeat insurgencies. During the same period, the world has become both more populous and more urban. As people have taken to the cities, so too have insurgents increasingly made battlefields out of urban areas. This study has sought to determine the impact of urbanization on insurgency outcomes using a post-war dataset of insurgencies. It has predicted that urbanized insurgencies favor the insurgent by facilitating concealment and cover, nullifying the relatively power differential enjoyed by states, and providing them with an abundance of soft targets useful for undermining the counterinsurgent's legitimacy. Although constrained by a number of data limitations, the results demonstrated that more urbanized insurgencies were a significant challenge to counter insurgents. By partitioning the dataset by insurgency type, the study was able to determine unique predictors of conflict outcome for each type. Urbanized insurgencies are particularly hard to defeat when the counterinsurgent is a foreign occupier, more democratic, and the insurgency has external support. Rural insurgencies become more difficult to defeat the more linguistically diverse the population. Furthermore, by increasing the number of conflict casualties, rural insurgents can particularly benefit from rough terrain.<br>by Nicholas T. Calluzzo.<br>S.M.
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4

Slove, Davidson Jessica. "The plasticity and geography of host use and the diversification of butterflies." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-69573.

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Our world is changing rapidly and factors like urbanisation, changed agricultural practices and climate change are causing losses in butterfly diversity. It is therefore of importance to understand the source of their diversity. Given the remarkable diversity of herbivorous insects compared to their non-herbivorous sister groups, changes in host use have been implicated as a promoter of speciation. This thesis looks at geographical aspects of host range evolution and the plasticity of host use. We show that butterflies in the subfamily Nymphalinae that feed on a wide range of host plants have larger geographic ranges than species with narrower host ranges. Although tropical butterflies appear to be more specialised than temperate species, this effect is lost when controlling for the differences in geographic range. Geographic variation in host plant use within Polygonia faunus, related to morphologically distinct subspecies, did not show any genetic differentiation. This suggests that the observed variation in host plant use is a plastic response to environmental differences. Reconstructing host use for the Polygonia-Nymphalis and Vanessa group shows that plasticity is also important for understanding host use at the level of butterfly genera. Using unequal transition costs and including larval feeding ability revealed that frequent colonisations of the same plant genus can often be explained by non-independent processes, such as multiple partial losses of host use, recolonisation of ancestral hosts, and parallel colonisations following a preadaptation for host use. These processes are further reflected in the conservative use of host plant orders within the butterfly family Nymphalidae. Few taxa feed on more than one host plant order, and these expansions occur at the very tips of the tree, which we argue is evidence of the transient nature of generalist host use. These insights improve our understanding of how host range evolution may promote diversification.<br>At the time of the doctoral defence,the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted; Papers 4 and 5: Manuscripts
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5

Bertram, David Verge Carleton University Dissertation Geography. "The Internet as space: shifts in territoriality." Ottawa, 1999.

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6

Grillitsch, Markus, Josephine Rekers, and Franz Tödtling. "When drivers of clusters shift scale from local towards global: What remains for regional innovation policy? PEGIS, Papers in Economic Geography and Innovation Studies." University of Vienna, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austrian Academy of Sciences, University of Agder, Kiel University, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6785/1/geo%2Ddisc%2D2019_03.pdf.

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Industries and regional economies evolve as a result of the interplay between local and non-local factors. Increasing globalization of both production- and innovation activities implies a shift in the relevant scales of interaction from the local towards the global level. This paper is concerned with the implications of such scale shifts for the role of the region and for cluster-related regional policies. It examines what is left of the role of regional settings in fostering economic development when extra-regional drivers of change increase in importance. We investigate this crucial question with two in-depth case studies of the medical technologies sector, in which such scale shifts have been particularly pronounced. Our findings from empirical material collected in Scania/Sweden and Vienna/Austria illustrate the ways in which changes in national and supra-national regulatory frameworks have had a profound impact on the innovation activities of individual firms and the way to develop and launch new products, and subsequently on the regions in which they cluster. Such scale-shifts have on the one hand limited the potential for regional policy to shape the cluster's path through support for supply-side factors. Yet some critical assets remain local but are increasingly difficult to access. By addressing such barriers to access, regional policy can still strongly affect the opportunities for innovation. Furthermore, in an increasingly open industry system, we see an expanded role for regional policy in supporting firms to access critical assets and sources of innovation found external to the region.
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7

Cook, Elizabeth. "An Examination of Seasonal Shifts in Climate and Visitation, and Perspectives on Seasonal Shifts and Climate Adaptation Strategies in Tourism and Recreation Businesses for Moab, Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7485.

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The city of Moab, an outdoor recreation hub in eastern Utah, has been encountering both shifts in the seasonality of visitation, and increases in tourist visitation, even with summer temperatures above the normal high. Tourism research describing the effects of climate change on the outdoor recreation industry has focused on winter, snow-dependent activities, while studies in Moab city have focused on the economic value of outdoor recreational activities. Few studies have described the relationship between seasonal tourism and climate change for arid desert locations. The purpose of this study is to describe how the tourism and recreation industry in Moab, Utah is experiencing and adapting to changes in climate. The first part of the research is a regression analysis of existing data, exploring the correlation between monthly national park visitation and climate factors (long-term monthly average temperature and temperature anomaly) that influence tourism seasonality in Arches National Park and Canyonlands National Park. Using an online survey, the second part of the research identifies how seasonality shifts are perceived by different actors in Moab and how they are responding to manifestations of climate change. Regression results indicate that as temperature increases in the region around Moab, national park visitation also increases. Moab businesses are not directly adapting to climate change, but are adapting to perceived increases in visitation throughout the year. The majority of Moab businesses do not attribute the increase in visitation to climate variables, instead visitation increases are believed to be a result of the popularity of the town and the region.
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8

Yoon, Hyejin. "The Animation Industry: Technological Changes, Production Challenge, and Glogal Shifts." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1212779559.

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9

Mečár, Matej. "Nudging towards automobile- free living in Stockholm : An analysis of Stockholm's 2015 Green Parking Rates guideline and its impact on mode shift." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-183352.

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This thesis explores the impact of the city of Stockholm􏰀s 2015 Green Parking Rates guideline on transportation mode shift. The guidelines were established in hopes of nudging occupants of newly built residential developments towards a mode shift and in so doing, towards car-light, car- free and more sustainable living. This nudging is facilitated through the utilization of positive mobility services such as the offering of bike-share and car-share services to residents, in hopes of reducing their need and desire for private automobiles. As a result of incorporating positive mobility services, the development community receives a reduction on the parking spaces they are obligated to construct, which come at a high economic cost to the individual property developers, those purchasing or renting their units as well as society as a whole. Consequently, the guidelines are a meant to be a tool to help the city of Stockholm reduce congestion and meet their newest sustainability goals. This thesis explores the perspectives of the development community as well as the planning departments at the city of Stockholm through the conducting of a policy analysis as well as through 16 semi structured interviews and explores some of the successes and challenges in establishing a mode shift. However, due to the short time period since the establishment of the guidelines, the city of Stockholm nor the development community have conducted a comprehensive evaluation to assess the guidelines􏰀 utility in facilitating a mode shift. The thesis suggests that a more collaborative process pre, during and after the development of projects would better serve Stockholm and its development community in achieving its sustainability goals.
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10

Shiell, Glenn Raymond. "The spatial distribution and temporal shifts in the biology of Holothuria whitmaei Bell [Echinodermata: Holothuroidea], Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0081.

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[Truncated abstract] Aspects of the biology of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria whitmaei were investigated at Coral Bay, Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. The study was partitioned into several components: i) spatial distribution, ii) temporal changes in behaviour and iii) reproduction biology. The spatial distribution of H. whitmaei at Coral Bay was typical of that reported in the literature. H. whitmaei had distinct preferences for outer reef habitats, including the outer reef flat and reef slope. However, the distribution of H. whitmaei within these habitats was heterogeneous, or, aggregated within certain micro-habitat zones - predominantly at the leading edge of the reef flat, perpendicular to the prevailing current. Two potential biological advantages of this distribution were hypothesised: i), that species aggregation enhances prospects for gamete fertilisation, a process which may be impeded under typical densities, and ii), large deposits of detrital matter, an important food source for holothurians, may accumulate within these zones. ... A striking feature of the reproduction biology of this species was the potential for specimens to mature asynchronously. It was hypothesised that this phenomenon may be a reflection of isolated individuals located too far from conspecifics to receive pheromone signals; cues which are known to entrain synchronous gonad development in some holothurians. Hence, it was proposed that aggregations of H. whitmaei may be important to the maintenance of population recruitment, given that animals at the periphery of species concentrations may have relatively little chance of achieving fertilisation. ... Given that H. whitmaei were observed to maintain highly specific patterns of distribution, this may have significant ramifications for trophic level cascades in the outer reef zone, particularly where this species is present in higher densities (i.e. >100 ind. ha-1). The findings of this study, apart from highlighting the spatial and temporal biological attributes which may facilitate feeding and reproductive success, also emphasised the importance of biological knowledge to the management of sea cucumber fisheries. The study highlighted the need for further research to ascertain both the importance of species aggregations to population recruitment, and of the actual densities required to achieve high rates of gamete fertilisation. Such knowledge may help ultimately to identify suitable habitats for inclusion in marine protected areas.
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