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1
Pillay, Nalini Sooknanan. "Using system dynamics to explore gini coefficient parametrics". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9143.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Includes bibliographical references.Modern economies are dependent on a reliable electricity supply for sustaining economic health and development, enabled by adequate energy planning and/or investment in capacity. Identifying drivers such as changes in income distribution that impact electricity demand is thus critical. This project made use of a system dynamics methodology with feedback loops to provide an insightful alternative to the conventional linear statistical empirical approaches such as multiple regression analysis and principal component analysis, generally used to explore the sensitivities of key driving forces which affect income distribution. The system dynamics simulation tool highlighted the direct causal influence of Gini coefficient on residential electricity consumption, by using equations as opposed to correlations. Results show that for a GDP growth rate of 2, by year 2035, a Gini coefficient of 0.5 is linked to a 3.14 increase in residential electricity demand while a Gini coefficient of 0.4 means a 4.73 increase in residential electricity demand. This dynamic is an important consideration for energy planners since government has (and continues to) introduce policies and mechanisms to ensure a more equal income distribution and hence a decrease in Gini coefficient from 0.67 to lower values.
2
Yusuf, Sulman. "Income Inequality and Economic Growth : The Effect of Gini Coefficient on GNI". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-162577.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Using panel data from 1960-2000 for 28 countries, this paper explores the relationship between inequality and economic growth.To mitigate the problem of endogeneity, dynamic panel data estimation technique such as difference GMM was used. Estimated results showed positive significant relationship in short to medium term between income inequality and economic growth. The results are robust to sensitivity analysis when the estimation was carried out by running the regression on sub samples to check if the sample selection influnces the results. The results obtained in this study oppose the common belief that growthwill increase by bringing down inequality.
3
Johnson, Kelly Singleton. "Quantitative Poverty: Relationship Between Poverty Level and Population Size, GDP, and Gini Coefficient". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4455.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This research examines why poverty has been persistent in all regimes that have tried to use public policy to eradicate it with no success. This research begins to examine the economic, fiscal, and current Federal Reserve monetary policy for an understanding of why poverty persists. The purpose of this experimental, cross-sectional design is to test the relationship between poverty level, population size, gross domestic product and the Gini coefficient. The most important outcome of the research is to understand if poverty is an unintended consequence of economic activity and not individual circumstance. In the dissertation, 5 U.S. states are examined in the year 2014. The data were collected using the U.S. Census Bureau and American Community Surveys. Using multiple regression, this research aimed to establish the minimum amount of expected poverty in the sample's population and gross domestic product (GDP). Using the results and further research, a predictive model could be created to understand how poverty, population, and GDP intersect to create stable economies. The key results yielded the Gini coefficient has no effect in predicting expected poverty levels. As determined by the model, Arizona would have a poverty decrease of 17.1% and Illinois' poverty would decrease by 7.7%. Georgia and Washington would increase by 9.4% and 21.8%, respectively. New York's levels would remain the same. One of the recommendations is continuing research to understand other quantitative factors that reduce or increase poverty numbers. These results help promote social change by possibly informing monetary policymakers more targeted solutions to mitigating poverty levels.
4
Ismail, Abdullahi Abdi, e Muna Muse. "The effects of Income Inequality on Economic Growth". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-29334.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The effect of income inequality has been controversial issue for decades, which researchers have concluded conflicting results. Many researchers have found that income inequality is conducive on economic growth, while others found harmful effect. Hence, this paper investigates the impact of income inequality on economic growth by using the cross sectional analysis. The averaged data from periods of 2002-2006 were used and observations from 90 developed and developing countries were also used. We find that income inequality is negatively associated in economic growth.
5
Berhanu, Samuel. "Econometric analysis of household expenditures". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=474.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 189 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-140).
6
Misra, Kaustav. "Determinants of Young Adult Poverty: A ZIP Code Level Analysis". Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2007. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyagec2007t00616/Thesis_July9.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kentucky, 2007.Title from document title page (viewed on August 6, 2007). Document formatted into pages; contains: viii, 61 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-59).
7
Ho, Ki-hiu, e 何其曉. "Extracting real market behavior in complex adaptive systems through minority game". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30163705.
Testo completo
8
Castoe, Minna, e Aalekhya Sanyal. "The Impact of Immigration on Income Inequality : Evidence from Sweden and the United States". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-44069.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper studies data from a 25-year period in the history of Sweden and the US, ranging from 1993 to 2017. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the impact of immigration on the income inequality of the respective countries while also considering the impact of other specific variables. In order to estimate the impact of the variables, both static and dynamic models were used, with the Gini coefficient being the dependent variable. With the ordinary least square giving short-run estimates and the error correction model providing short- and long- run estimates simultaneously, the main variable for immigration, being the foreign-born population, showed a strong positive relationship with income inequality. For the estimation, the immigration variable was also split into high- and low-skilled immigrants as well as different age groups. In conclusion, we find that immigration in Sweden and the US has high levels of influence on the income inequality for both countries.
9
Hult, Amanda. "Income inequality and economic growth : An investigation of the OECD countries". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-47283.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Income inequality is in a majority of earlier studies more or less affirmatively agreed to be negatively related to economic growth. The underlying complexity of the connection lacks well-tried backing in the modern time. The main purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between income inequality and economic growth, but also the effects of other factors, such as human capital and investment. This is conducted with a panel data approach on 34 OECD countries with data over the period 1990-2010. Aggregate income inequality, represented by the Gini coefficient is used in the empirical estimation, together with two other variables to control for the income inequality at the bottom and top end of the income distribution. The results indicate the aggregate inequality level to be significantly and positively related to growth, while bottom end and top end inequality is seen to have a significant and negative relationship with growth. The level of GDP per capita, education and population growth is also seen to have an impact on economic growth.
10
Lee, Dylan B. "Occupy This: The Effect of Income Inequality on GDP Per Capita Growth Using Panel Data in the United States from 1963 to 2009". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/311.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Income inequality and its relationship to long-term GDP per capita growth has been researched for decades since the development of the Kuznet’s Curve. Theoretical and empirical research has shown mixed results including positive, negative, non-existent, or statistically insignificant relationships. Empirical research on income inequality and economic growth in the United States has also shown mixed results. In addition to using existing data, this paper uses originally-constructed Gini Coefficients from 2005 to 2009. A statistically significant negative correlation between income inequality, and both short-term growth and long-term growth is found in the analysis of this data. Finally, this paper attempts to justify a causal relationship between income inequality and long-term growth.
11
Plevková, Dana. "Redistribuční aspekty veřejných financí". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4592.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This diploma thesis deals with the problematics of redistribution of public finance. The factors interfering in the process of redistribution are described here. The attention is paid to equality of redistribution of incomes within the group of monitored households. Since the level of redistribution is influenced by different factors, their analyses are carried out here. The levels of incomes redistribution inequality here are measured in monitored Czech hoseholds in the years 2005 until 2007. Calculations comprise analyses of individual types of incomes and items which influence equality of redistribution. A part of conclusion consists of comparison of the results from the mentioned statistics with the data published by OECD. The main aim of the thesis is confirmation or negation of the following hypothesis: "Tax system and social security system markedly influences redistribution of incomes in Czech households.".
12
Palm, Frida, e Beckerath Maja von. "Skattens effekt på inkomstojämlikhet : En paneldatastudie av sambandet mellan inkomstskatt och inkomstojämlikhet". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388661.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Under 2000-talets början har inkomstojämlikhet ökat i världen. Det är omdebatterat vilka faktorer som ligger bakom och vilka medel som ska hantera problematiken. Uppsatsen undersöker ett av de vanligaste verktygen för att stävja inkomstojämlikhet, nämligen inkomstskatt. Syftet är att mäta vilken effekt inkomstskatt har på inkomstojämlikhet. För att uppfylla syftet tillämpas en instrumentvariabel regressionsanalys för att studera om inkomstskatt kan förklara inkomstojämlikhet i svenska kommuner under tidsperioden 2003–2017. Studien utmärker sig från tidigare studier inom området då en instrumentvariabel regressionsanalys använts för att exkludera att inkomstojämlikhet kan påverka nivå av inkomstskatt i en region. Statistiskt signifikanta resultat påvisar att inkomstskatt har negativ effekt på inkomstojämlikhet. Där en 1 procentenhets ökning i inkomstskatt leder till 2,08 procents minskning i inkomstojämlikhet.During the beginning of the 21st century, income inequality has risen in most countries. What has caused this and how it should be solved is well debated. This paper intends to research one of the most well-known instruments to decrease income inequality, income tax. Our aim is to measure what effect income tax has on income inequality. To reach this aim we have applied an instrument variable regression analysis on income tax and income inequality, with Swedish municipalities during the timespan 2003-2017 as our selection group. This study distinguishes itself from previous studies in the area since we have used an instrument variable analysis to exclude the fact that income inequality can affect the level of income tax in a region. We have found significant results that income tax have a negative effect on income inequality and have concluded that a 1 percent increase in income tax will decrease income inequality with 2,08 percent.
13
Lindell, Mattias. "Income Growth and Income Inequality in Danish Municipalities". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-38324.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Income growth and income inequality is an important theme in Economic research. It has been debated for decades whether income inequality hinders or enhances income growth. One of the classic models of this relationship was the Kuzenets curve which shows inequality against income per capita can be defined by an inverted U-shaped curve, over a period of time. The purpose of the paper is to see to see the relationship between income growth and inequality on a municipality level. To do this, four econometric panel data models were constructed with data gathered from Statbank Denmark. Log of income was used as the dependent variable and different measures of inequality were used as independent variables among other variables (public expenditure, education, population density, demographic composition, taxation). Results from these models show how income growth is positively related to income inequality, with vastly higher growth at the top end of the income distribution in Denmark. The implications of these findings can show that a trade-off between income inequality and income growth is not true, and it is possible that both variables work in tandem. Other factors such as education and demographic composition were also positively correlated with income growth, while other factors, such as taxation, were statistically insignificant. Comprehensive research on inequality and income growth at a municipality level is sparse, especially in the case of Denmark. Thus, this study contributes to research in regional economics.
14
Gabidsaschwili, B., e Simon Gelaschwili. "Armut in Georgien". Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1877/.
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Poverty is currently wide spread in Georgia. This paper is dedicated to an analysis of the causes, the extent and the intensity of poverty in Georgia. With a strong focus on the period after Shevardnadze’s presidency, the paper shows how poverty has grown in the past 15 years. In spite of a rising per capita income, the variance within the distribution of income is also increasing. The widening gap between high and low incomes represents a danger for the Georgian society and is associated with high unemployment rates, a lack of education for entire societal strata and rising criminality. In addition, high inflation rates affect mainly low income groups. Apparently, the Rose Revolution of 2003 did not lead to an attenuation of poverty but rather intensified it.
15
Chimboza, Milcent. "The effect of financial development on income inequality in Africa : Looking for a needle in a haystack?" Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-27141.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper investigates the effect of financial development on income inequality in 20 African countries. Theory and a growing number of empirical studies suggest that the former exerts a negative impact on the latter by enabling low-income holders to undertake income-enhancing education and business investments, thereby promoting a tighter income distribution. However, using the share of GDP constituted by domestic credit to the private sector and broad money respectively as proxies for financial development, the results of this study fail to give significant evidence of this income-equalising effect. Given the heterogeneous nature of the economies studied here and the fact that data quality and quantity improve over time, it is believed that country-specific studies and future research can offer more conclusive results on how financial development influences income distribution in the African context. This would also provide a stronger foundation for policy recommendations in the continent’s plight to address the persistent high levels of income inequality.
16
Ševčík, Zdeněk. "Finanční situace domácností". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199908.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this work is to analyze and assess the financial situation of households in the Czech Republic in the period 2005 to 2009. The work also focuses on the assessment of the financial situation of households made up of unemployed and incomplete families with children. Additional analyses deal with the age aspect, municipality size and level of education of head of household. Then I will calculate the Gini coefficient and construct the Lorenz curve for the entire period 2005 - 2009 and regionally for year 2009.
17
Jedlička, Roman. "Effect of income inequality on quality of tertiary education: Should professors from Cambridge thank to Robin Hood?" Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194206.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Many factors influence quality of higher education. Current research mostly works with economic factors (GDP, higher education expenditures etc.). However, there are also publications that examine an impact of sociological aspects on quality of higher education. My research examined the impact of income inequality on quality of tertiary education. In the analysis of socioeconomic data of 76 countries I have proven that there is no linear relationship between income inequality and quality of tertiary education. According to my results the size of population, GDP per capita and being English speaking country are main drivers of quality of tertiary education. Modified model without outliers also shows that there is a positive effect of R&D expenditures on quality of tertiary education.
18
Stewart, Ross King. "Income Inequality and Economic Growth: The Case of India". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117362.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
L'entorn econòmic de l'Índia ha canviat significativament a partir de la seva independència de Gran Bretanya l'any 1947. Després de més de tres dècades de creixement econòmic mediocre, els 80 va marcar el començament d'una nova etapa d'altes taxes de creixement econòmic a partir de noves polítiques econòmiques més orientades a una més competitiva economia de mercat. Tot i la millora en taxes de creixement, aquest model de creixement es basava en gran mesura en un gran protagonisme per part de la despesa pública, el que va precipitar la crisi financera de 1991. Com a resultat d'aquesta crisi i l'assistència proporcionada pel FMI, es van introduir reformes desreguladores i liberalitzadores. La dècada dels 90 va ser acompanyada de taxes de creixement encara més altes que la dècada anterior. En la dècada més recent, els 2000, l'obertura estable de l'economia Índia ha permès taxes de creixement més altes que en les dècades anteriors. Desafortunadament, aquest gran creixement econòmic ha anat acompanyat amb un augment important dels nivells de desigualtat d'ingrés durant aquest mateix període, tant a nivell nacional com entre els estats que formen part de l'Índia. Aquesta tesi es concentra en l'estudi de la relació entre creixement econòmic i desigualtat de l'ingrés, tant a nivell nacional com entre els estats. Aquest projecte de recerca també inclou cobertura exhaustiva respecte a l'evolució d'altres variables macroeconòmiques als dos nivells: nacional i inter-estatal.El entorno económico de la India ha cambiado significativamente a partir de su independencia de Gran Bretaña en el año 1947. Después de más de tres décadas de crecimiento económico mediocre, los 80 marcó el comienzo de una nueva etapa de altas tasas de crecimiento económico a partir de nuevas políticas económicas más orientadas a una más competitiva economía de mercado. A pesar de la mejora en tasas de crecimiento, dicho modelo de crecimiento se basaba en gran medida en un gran protagonismo por parte del gasto público, lo que precipitó la crisis financiera de 1991. Como resultado de dicha crisis, y la asistencia proporcionada por el FMI se introdujeron reformas desreguladoras y liberalizadoras. La década de los 90 fue acompañada de tasas de crecimiento aún más altas que la década anterior. En la década más reciente, los 2000, la apertura estable de la economía India ha permitido tasas de crecimiento más altas que en las décadas anteriores. Desafortunadamente, este gran crecimiento económico ha ido acompañado con un aumento importante de los niveles de desigualdad de ingreso durante este mismo periodo, tanto a nivel nacional como entre los estados que forman parte de la India. Esta tesis se concentra en el estudio de la relación entre crecimiento económico y desigualdad del ingreso, tanto a nivel nacional como entre los estados. Dicho proyecto de investigación también incluye cobertura exhaustiva con respecto a la evolución de otras variables macroeconómicas a los dos niveles: nacional e inter-estatal.
India’s economic climate has experienced significant change since its independence from Great Britain in 1947. After more than three decades of mediocre economic growth, the 1980s ushered in a new era of accelerated growth rates by way of promoting a more efficient pro-business model. Despite the improvement in growth rates, the 1980s were fueled by over zealous public spending, precipitating the well-known financial crisis in 1991. As a result of the crisis, and the IMF supplied aid contingent on the introduction of gradual deregulatory reforms of the Indian economy, the 1990s brought about even greater economic growth rates than the previous decade. Into the 2000s, India’s continued and steady opening has afforded even further acceleration in growth rates. Despite these positive developments in the Indian economy, the unfortunate truth is that income inequality has likewise been increasing over this same period, most notably across the states. This dissertation endeavors to apply the established macroeconomic field dedicated to the study of income inequality’s effect on economic growth to the case of India, both at the national level and even more critically at the state level. Our research also includes exhaustive coverage regarding the evolution of other relevant macroeconomic variables across states, as well as nationally.
19
McGuire, Joshua. "Inequality as a determinant of growth in a panel of high income countries". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/584.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper empirically examines the effect of income inequality on economic growth in a sample of 69 high income economies. It uses an improved inequality dataset developed by the World Institute for Development Economics Research and panel estimation techniques in an ordinary least squares regression. The results provide robust empirical evidence that rising levels of income inequality have adverse effects on growth in high income countries and indicate that, on average, a one standard deviation increase in income inequality will decrease growth by 67.91%. Results from the regression also suggest increases in human capital and international openness, decreases in the government consumption ratio, and more favorable terms of trade promote growth while higher initial per capita GDP and higher levels of investment retard growth.B.A.
Bachelors
Business Administration
Economics
20
Holmberg, Isabelle, e Isabel Simon. "Income Inequality and Support for the Populist Radical-Right : A panel data study of the Gini coefficient and the support for the Sweden Democrats covering the election years from 2002 to 2014". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415274.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Over the past two decades there has been a significant increase in the support for radical-right populist parties in Europe. Simultaneously the income inequality has been rising. The aim of this thesis is to examine how income inequality affects the support for populist radical-right parties. To achieve this, we study the support for the Sweden Democrats, a radical-right populist party, and income inequality measured as the Gini coefficient. Using Swedish municipality level panel data of the election years from 2002 to 2014, a fixed effects-method is employed to examine the relationship between the Gini coefficient and support for the Sweden Democrats. Interestingly, the results show a robust statistically significant negative relationship between income inequality and support for the Sweden Democrats. Thus, our findings indicate that increased inequality decreases the support for the Sweden Democrats.
21
McHargue, Susan L. (Susan Layne). "A Comparison of Permanent and Measured Income Inequality". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500812/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The degree of inequality present in the distribution of income may be measured with a gini coefficient. If the distribution is found to empirically fit a particular distribution function, then the gini coefficient may be derived from the mean value of income and the variation from the mean. For the purpose of this study, the Beta II distribution was used as the function which most closely approximates the actual distribution of income. The Beta II function provides the skewness which is normally found in an income distribution as well as fulfilling other required characteristics. The degree of inequality was approximated for the distribution of income from all sources and from ten separate components of income sources in constant (1973) dollars. Next, permanent income from all sources and from the ten component sources was estimated based upon actual income using the double exponential smoothing forecasting technique. The estimations of permanent income, which can be thought of as expected income, were used to derive measures of permanent income inequality. The degree of actual income inequality and the degree of permanent income inequality, both being represented by the hypothetical gini coefficient , were compared and tested for statistical differences. For the entire period under investigation, 1952 to 1979, the net effect was no statistically significant difference between permanent and actual income inequality, as was expected. However, significant differences were found in comparing year by year. Relating permanent income inequality to the underlying, structural inequality present in a given distribution, conclusions were drawn regarding the role of mobility in its ability to alter the actual distribution of income. The impact of business fluctuations on the distribution of permanent income relative to the distribution of actual income was studied in an effort to reach general conclusions. In general, cyclical upswings tend to reduce permanent inequality relative to actual inequality. Thus, despite the empirically supported relationship between income inequality and economic growth, it would appear that unexpected growth tends to favor a more equal distribution of income.
22
Lien, Oskarsson Mathias. "A game of wealth inequality : A Monte Carlo simulation of wealth inequality using Monopoly". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385498.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The debate of economic inequality is long-lived and have in the recent years come to be reignited. Although there is little research that supports fully eradicating wealth inequality, the subject of appropriate levels of inequality is an extensively discussed matter. This paper uses a model based upon the board game Monopoly to discuss the drivers of wealth inequality, and study the effect of introducing georgistic, income and wealth taxation respectively in the game. Using iterated simulations the results yielded display evidence of wealth and georgistic taxation having a noteworthy impact on wealth inequality at certain stages of the game. Additionally, correctly specified income taxation yields notable results. Despite the model’s simplicity, the results found share interesting similarities with empirical evidence.
23
Beldíková, Michaela. "Redistribuce příjmů a měření příjmové nerovnosti v České republice". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76775.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis is focused on questions of state redistribution and income inequality in the Czech republic. It explains the main ideas of state redistribution, income inequality and relation between them. It anlyzes the particular instruments of state redistribution such as tax systems and systems of social transfers which the government uses to achiave more equal distribution of incomes in society. The object of the thesis is to find out how the particular instruments contribute to filling the essentials goal - lower the income inequality in society. It is based on the data from years 2006 until 2008 from the statistics of household accounts published on the web site of the Czech statistical office. Finally, it is devoted to the trends of state redistribution and income inequality in OECD countries.
24
Krčma, Matěj. "Trade openness and income inequality in Eastern Europe". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-196991.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The goal of the master thesis titled "Trade openness and income inequality in Eastern Europe" is to analyze the effects on income inequality changes in the population in the period of transformation from centrally planned economies to market economies in the last decade of the twentieth century. The first part of the thesis focuses on the development before the individual countries started to join the European Union. The subsequent liberalization in the early 21st century is evaluated in the second part of the thesis. The multiple regression analysis is used to estimate the effects. The data were provided by the World Bank for the period of from 1989 to 2014. The objective of the thesis is to enlighten the factors which are influencing the changes in income inequality.
25
Sjölin, Carin. "The impact of governance on inequality : An empirical study". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-31304.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper examines the effect of governance on inequality, specifically if improvements in the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators affect inequality as measured by two Gini coefficients: Market Gini, before taxes and redistribution, and Net Gini, after taxes and redistribution. The data for the Gini measurements was taken from the Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID) and the data for the Worldwide Governance Indicators was taken from the World Bank. Data for fifteen (15) years, from the start of the Worldwide Governance Indicators until 2013, was combined with data from SWIID for the same years. In all, data from one hundred fifty-six (156) countries with a full set of six (6) indicators for the years that had at least one corresponding Gini measurements were used in this study: in total one thousand seven hundred and forty-seven (1747) observations. In a pooled OLS regression, controlling for growth with the variable GDP per Capita expressed as a per cent (%) change on an annual basis, the individual indicators gave the following results, where a positive sign indicates increased inequality and vice versa: Control of Corruption and Regulatory Quality showed a positive sign for both Gini measurements. Rule of Law, Government Effectiveness, Political Stability and the Absence of Violence/Terrorism, gave a negative sign for both Gini measurements. Voice and Accountability showed a positive sign for Market Gini and a negative sign for Net Gini. The fact that an improvement in Control of Corruption increased inequality both before and after taxes and redistribution was unexpected and should be further researched.
26
Fernandes, Ivan Filipe de Almeida Lopes. "A democracia reduz a desigualdade econômica?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-18032015-113901/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
O objetivo primordial deste trabalho é analisar se a democracia é uma instituição política que produz resultados econômicos menos desiguais do que os regimes autoritários. A importância deste tema reside no fato que a própria promoção da democracia na agenda da política internacional tornou-se fundamental por inúmeras razões entre as quais sua suposta propensão em reduzir estas disparidades econômicas. Em primeiro lugar apresentamos no Capítulo 1 um balanço da discussão teórica e empírica a partir da qual constatamos que, a despeito do senso comum de que a democracia está relacionada a uma cidadania mais igualitária, os seus efeitos sobre a desigualdade ainda são discutíveis. Mesmo existindo um razoável consenso teórico de que os regimes democráticos devem, de alguma forma, produzir uma melhor distribuição de bens, os resultados empíricos são inconclusivos e contraditórios. Em seguida, diante de tal impasse empírico, propomos no Capítulo 2 uma reformulação da argumentação na qual entendemos que os efeitos da democracia sobre a desigualdade devem ser reinterpretados. A principal contribuição da tese reside na constatação, tanto teórica quanto empírica, de que estes efeitos são heterogêneos e interagem com o próprio nível de desigualdade, e, por conseguinte, é equivocado o suposto de que esses efeitos são homogêneos e independentes do contexto sócio-econômico da desigualdade. No Capítulo 3 apresentamos os dados e os conceitos de democracia e desigualdade. Assumimos que democracia se caracteriza como o regime político no qual os líderes competem entre si por meio de eleições e verificamos se os seus efeitos variam ao longo da própria distribuição de desigualdade econômica mensurada pelo coeficiente de GINI. Para tal análise, realizamos uma série de modelos de regressão quantílica, a metodologia adequada para avaliar o debate sobre a heterogeneidade versus homogeneidade dos efeitos. O argumento teórico, a partir do qual elabora-se a hipótese dos efeitos heterogêneos, refere-se à necessidade de uma convergência entre os interesses eleitorais dos partidos o lado da oferta e as clivagens sobre as quais uma potencial maioria dos eleitores tem interesse em ser atendido o lado da demanda por políticas públicas e plataformas. Isto posto, é 9 necessário discutir as condições que estimulam as lideranças políticas a utilizarem o problema da desigualdade econômica como argumento eleitoral e as condições nas quais surge uma demanda dos cidadãos por redistribuição via ação estatal. Somente nas sociedades mais desiguais tanto os partidos políticos têm interesse em ofertar políticas redistributivas, quanto tende a surgir no seio da cidadania uma demanda por redistribuição por parte de uma maioria de eleitores. No Capítulo 4 comprovamos empiricamente que os efeitos da competição democrática em sociedades mais desiguais são diferentes seus efeitos em sociedades mais iguais; e estes efeitos estão em direção à maior redução da desigualdade apenas nas sociedades mais desiguais. Os resultados são robustos às mais diferentes especificações dos modelos estatísticos, dados e formas de mensuração, tanto de democracia quanto de desigualdade, em diferentes cortes temporais e horizontes históricos de análise. Inclusive quando estendemos o recorte temporal para antes do pós-2ª Guerra Mundial utilizando dados que abrangem o período de surgimento dos primeiros regimes representativos democráticos no século XIX, a veracidade das hipóteses dos efeitos heterogêneos e de que há maior contundência da democracia em direção à redução da desigualdade nas sociedades mais desiguais permanece. Por fim, além deste problema teórico e empírico de crucial importância, também controlamos a análise para a potencial relação recíproca entre democracia e desigualdade. Enquanto parte da literatura discute os potenciais efeitos igualitários da democracia, outra importante literatura debate se o aumento da desigualdade aumenta ou reduz a probabilidade de um país tornar-se ou manter-se democrático. Posto isto, apresentamos uma lista de variáveis instrumentais para estimar validamente os efeitos da democracia sobre a desigualdade independente da relação entre desigualdade e democraciaThe primary aim of this study is to analyze whether democracy is a political institution that produces less unequal economic outcomes than authoritarian regimes. The importance of this issue lies in the fact that the very promotion of democracy in the international political agenda has become essential for many reasons, including its supposed propensity to reduce economic disparities. First, at Chapter 1 we overview the theoretical and empirical discussion from which we find that despite the common sense that democracy must be related to a more egalitarian citizenship, its effects on inequality is still debatable. Even with a reasonable theoretical consensus that democracies must somehow produce a better distribution of goods; the empirical results are inconclusive and contradictory. After that, facing such empirical impasse, we propose at Chapter 2 a reformulation about the rationale to explain and analyze the effects of democracy on inequality. The main contribution of this thesis lies in both the theoretical and the empirical claim that these effects are heterogeneous and should interact with the level of inequality and, therefore, the assumption that these effects are homogeneous and independent of the socio-economic context of inequality is wrong. In Chapter 3, we present the data and concepts of democracy and inequality. We assume that democracy is characterized as a political regime in which leaders compete through elections and we test whether the effects vary along the distribution of economic inequality measured by the Gini coefficient. To do that, we conducted a series of quantile regression models, appropriate to evaluate the alternative hypothesis whether the effects are heterogeneous or homogenous. The theoretical argument, from which we elaborate the hypothesis of heterogeneous effects, refers to the need for a convergence between the electoral interests of the parties - the supply side - and the political cleavages on which a majority of voters have potential interest being played - the demand side for other public policies and platforms. Hence, it is necessary to discuss the conditions that lead the political leadership to use the problem of economic 11 inequality as an electoral argument and the conditions under which a demand by citizens for redistribution via state action rises. Only at the most unequal societies the political parties have an interest in offering redistributive policies, as well as there is a higher propensity for a redistribution demand by a majority of voters. In Chapter 4, we proved empirically that the effects of democratic competition at more unequal societies are different from the effects of democracy in more equal societies; and these effects tend to be greater toward inequality reduction only at more unequal societies. These results are robust to different statistical model specifications, data and measurement methods, about both democracy and inequality, and to the use of different time horizons. Even when we extend the time frame of the analysis to the period before World War II - using new data that covers XIX century, the veracity of the hypotheses about the heterogeneous effects and that these effects of democracy toward the reduction of inequality are larger at the most unequal societies remains intact. Finally, beyond this theoretical and empirical issue of crucial importance, we also control the analysis for potential reciprocal relationship between democracy and inequality. This is because while much of the literature discusses the potential effects of egalitarian democracy, another important literature debate discusses whether greater inequality increases or reduces the probability of a country become or remain democratic. Hence, we present a list of valid instrumental variables to estimate the effects of democracy on inequality independent of the relationship between inequality and democracy
27
Krozer, Alice. "Inequality in perspective : rethinking inequality measurement, minimum wages and elites in Mexico". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290078.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The role of inequality in development has been the subject of long-standing debates in academic and policy circles. Notwithstanding disagreements about exactly how the two are linked, conventional wisdom agrees that inequality is an objective 'fact' that can be measured free from ideological considerations. New data detect trends towards higher inequality, weaker economic positions for those at the bottom, and a concentration of wealth at the very top of the distribution in most regions. Inequality studies as currently practiced are ill-equipped to accommodate the empirical changes and the resulting theoretical implications. Putting an end to over half a century of mainstream consensus assuming that inequality would automatically recede with developmental progress, the discipline needs rethinking. My thesis proposes a new research agenda for studying inequality that is not only able to integrate these empirical developments, but which also challenges what has been taken for granted: that inequality just is, independently of context, time and observer. Instead, it proposes that along with its objective existence, inequality is a relational phenomenon subjectively experienced relative to a particular context. In five interconnected Sections, my dissertation challenges conventional views of how inequality looks, how it is seen, and what can be done about it, especially in developing countries. The study focuses on the ways in which inequality is perceived, and how it is perpetuated. After an introduction to the subject in Section I, Section II investigates how inadequate measurement perpetuates inequality, proposing a new indicator that shows that inequality is largely defined in the extreme ends of the income distribution. Section III examines the reproduction of inequality at the bottom, contrasting minimum wage policies over recent decades in Mexico with those of other countries in Latin America. In light of a political economy resistant to change, Section IV scrutinizes Mexican elites, exploring how inequality is perceived from the very top of the income distribution, how this affects policy-making and, subsequently, measured inequality levels. Section V concludes by outlining the theoretical and practical implications of my findings.
28
Forslind, Fanni. "The Effect of Immigration on Income Distribution : A Comparative Study of Ordinary Least Squares and Beta Regression". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-433098.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this study is to estimate the relationship between income inequality and immigration in Sweden. To do so, data from the data base Kolada with observations from all 290 municipalities in Sweden is used. As a proxy for income distribution the Gini coefficient is used and as a proxy for immigration the share of foreign born of working age is used. The model also controls for income tax, education level and unemployment level. The dependent variable the Gini coefficient is bounded by a unit interval and it is therefore not possible to simply run a linear regression. Such a model could potentially predict outside the interval. To properly estimate the relationship two approaches are made. Firstly a model is estimated with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) after the dependent variable is transformed on to the real line through log-odds. Then a model is estimated using beta regression. The study concludes that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between income inequality and immigration in Sweden. The OLS estimated model shows that a 1 unit increase in immigration, on average increases the log-odds of 0.28336 units, ceteris paribus. Beta regression provides perhaps more intuitive results. If immigration increases with 1% the income inequality increases with on average 0.1046%, ceteris paribus. Because of the easier interpretation, among other things, beta regression is determined to be a better estimation method in this study.
29
Pereira, Marcelo Alves. "Dilema do prisioneiro contínuo com agentes racionais e classificadores de cooperação". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-08012013-222525/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
O dilema do prisioneiro (DP) é um dos principais jogos da teoria dos jogos. No dilema do prisioneiro discreto (DPD), dois prisioneiros têm as opções de cooperar ou desertar. Um jogador cooperador não delata seu comparsa, já um desertor delata. Se um cooperar e o outro desertar, o cooperador fica preso por cinco anos e o desertor fica livre. Se ambos cooperarem, ficam presos por um ano e, se ambos desertarem, ficam presos por três anos. Quando o DP é repetido, a cooperação pode emergir entre agentes egoístas. Realizamos um estudo analítico para o DPD, que produziu uma formulação da evolução do nível médio de cooperação e da tentação crítica (valor de tentação que causa mudança abrupta do nível de cooperação). No dilema do prisioneiro contínuo (DPC), cada jogador apresenta um nível de cooperação que define o grau de cooperação. Utilizamos o DPC para estudar o efeito da personalidade dos jogadores sobre a emergência da cooperação. Para isso, propusemos novas estratégias: uma baseada na personalidade dos jogadores e outras duas baseadas na comparação entre o ganho obtido e a aspiração do jogador. Todas as estratégias apresentavam algum mecanismo de cópia do estado do vizinho com maior ganho na vizinhança, mecanismo este, herdado da estratégia darwiniana. Os resultados mostraram que o DPC aumenta o nível médio de cooperação do sistema, quando comparado ao DPD. No entanto, as diferentes estratégias não aumentaram a cooperação comparado à cooperação obtida com a estratégia darwiniana. Então propusemos o uso do coeficiente de agrupamentos, coeficiente de Gini e entropias de Shannon, Tsallis e Kullback-Leibler para classificar os sistemas, em que os agentes jogam o DPD com a estratégia darwiniana, quanto ao nível de cooperação. Como analisamos valores de médias configuracionais, tais classificadores não foram eficientes ao classificar os sistemas. Isso é consequência da existência de distribuições de extremos nos resultados que compõem as médias. As distribuições de extremos suscitaram uma discussão acerca da definição do regime de cooperação no dilema do prisioneiro. Discutimos também as consequências de utilizar apenas valores médios nos resultados ignorando seus desvios e as distribuições.Prisoner\'s dilemma (PD) is one of the main games of game theory. In discrete prisoner\'s dilemma (DPD), two prisoners have the options to cooperate or to defect. A cooperator player does not defect his accomplice, while a defector does. If one player cooperates and the other defects, the cooperator gets jailed for five years and the defector goes free. If both cooperate, they get jailed during one year and if both defect, they get jailed during three years. When this game is repeated, cooperation may emerge among selfish individuals. We perform an analytical study for the DPD, that produced a formulation for the evolution of the mean cooperation level and for the critical temptation values (temptation values that promote abrupt modifications in the cooperation level). In continuous prisoner\'s dilemma (CPD), each player has a level of cooperation that defines his/her degree of cooperation. We used the CPD to study the effect of the players\' personality on the emergence of cooperation. For this, we propose new strategies: one based on the players\' personality and two others based on the comparison between the player\'s obtained payoff and the desire one. All strategies present some mechanism that copies the state of the neighbor with the highest payoff in the neighborhood, mechanism inherited from the Darwinian strategy. The results showed that the CPD increases the average cooperation level of the system when compared to DPD. However, different strategies do not increased the cooperation compared to cooperation obtained with the Darwinian strategy. So, we propose the use of cluster coefficient, Gini coefficient and entropy of Shannon, Tsallis and Kullback-Leibler as classifiers to classify systems, in which the individuals play DPD with Darwinian strategy, by the cooperation level. As configurational averages were analyzed, such classifiers were not efficient in classifying the systems. This is due to the existence of distributions with extreme values of the results that compose the means. Distributions with extremes values emerged a discussion about the definition of the cooperation state in the prisoner\'s dilemma. We also discussed the consequences of using only average results in the analysis ignoring their deviations and distributions.
30
Makalima, Babalwa. "A critical assessment of the role of women in the implementation of the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) exercise in Western Cape 2007". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5351_1307525332.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study seeks to assess the level of women&rsquo
s participation and involvement in the promotion of effective governance during the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) implementation exercise in 2007, which was endorsed by the APRM Western Cape Province. The interest of the study arises from the concept of &lsquo
good governance&rsquo
and how the implementation of such a concept is carried out in the rendering of public services, specifically the role of women in rendering public service in the Western Cape Province, South Africa.
31
Trávníčková, Jana. "Komparace redistribuce příjmů prostřednictvím dávek státní sociální podpory v České republice a Velké Británii". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72724.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The thesis is focused on the exploration of income inequality among citizens of the Czech Republic and Great Britain. It is a comparison that evaluates the state income redistribution through state social support benefits. It provides information, in which country exists greater income inequality in income distribution among households and whether the income inequality among the citizens decreased due to the payment of these benefits or not. The theoretical parts of the work are devoted to explanation of basic terms (such as income redistribution, instruments of redistribution, relationship between social policy and redistribution) and tools for measuring income inequality (Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, Robin Hood index, Interquintile share ratio S80/S20). The text also describes the various state social support benefits of both countries. The main research section contains calculations and graphical representations of all the above mentioned indicators. The final values are compared and the results are summarized.
32
Hanusek, Lubomír. "Míry kvality klasifikačních modelů a jejich převod". Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2003. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77091.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Predictive power of classification models can be evaluated by various measures. The most popular measures in data mining (DM) are Gini coefficient, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic and lift. These measures are each based on a completely different way of calculation. If an analyst is used to one of these measures it can be difficult for him to asses the predictive power of a model evaluated by another measure. The aim of this thesis is to develop a method how to convert one performance measure into another. Even though this thesis focuses mainly on the above-mentioned measures, it deals also with other measures like sensitivity, specificity, total accuracy and area under ROC curve. During development of DM models you may need to work with a sample that is stratified by values of the target variable Y instead of working with the whole population containing millions of observations. If you evaluate a model developed on a stratified data you may need to convert these measures to the whole population. This thesis describes a way, how to carry out this conversion. A software application (CPM) enabling all these conversions makes part of this thesis. With this application you can not only convert one performance measure to another, but you can also convert measures calculated on a stratified sample to the whole population. Besides the above mentioned performance measures (sensitivity, specificity, total accuracy, Gini coefficient, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic), CPM will also generate confusion matrix and performance charts (lift chart, gains chart, ROC chart and KS chart). This thesis comprises the user manual to this application as well as the web address where the application can be downloaded. The theory described in this thesis was verified on the real data.
33
Hrubanová, Adéla. "Komparace daňové zátěže zaměstnanců v ČR a v Belgii". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-263834.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The thesis analyzes and compares tax burden on employees in the Czech Republic and Belgium. The first part summarizes the tax systems of the two countries, and describes how to proceed in the calculation of their tax burden. The second part deals with the comparison of effective tax rates for different types of taxpayers. The third part discusses the tax progressivity in terms of local progressivity, which is measured by using provided intervals and determines for which income categories is the progressivity most important. Lorenz curve in the last part shows graphically global tax progressivity and redistribution of income in society. The Gini coefficient measures it. Final evaluation highlights the important ties between the two countries, compares with other countries of the European Union and its future development especially in the area of taxation of wages.
34
Krčmářová, Simona. "Komparace daňové zátěže zaměstnanců v ČR a v Rakousku". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201848.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This master´s thesis compares a taxation of employment in the Czech Republic and in Austria. The effective tax rate and the effective rate of the total burden employee analyzes the tax burden on emplyee for various types of taxpayers. The next chapter examines the interval progressivity of taxes in both states and it evaluates, for which taxpayers a degree of progressivity of the income tax is the most sensitive. Lorenz curve before and after taxation in the last chapter shows the distribution of income between employees and the impact of taxation in order to redistribute the income in society. Coefficients compiled from the Lorenz curve for the Czech Republic and Austria quantify the degree of income redistribution through a progressive income tax.
35
Buček, Jan. "Komparace daňové zátěže zaměstnanců v ČR a v USA". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-263884.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of the master thesis is to compare the tax burden of employees in the Czech Republic and in the United States of America according to the legislation in 2016. The theoretical part is devoted to the description of tax systems, focusing on the taxation of income from employment. In the part United States I briefly mention the development of the tax system. The practical part consists of two chapters. The first one is focused on the calculation of the effective tax rate for taxpayers from selected types of households. The second one deals with global progressivity of the income tax. Equal income distribution in society is analyzed using the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient. The calculations indicate progressive tax effects both in the Czech Republic and in the United States with higher rate of tax progression and also higher inequality of income distribution in the United States. In the issue of effective rates of income tax is evident higher tax burden in the United States. Differences of total effective rates are decreasing between both countries.
36
Mokoena, Temeki Daniel. "A critical analysis of community-driven development projects aimed at poverty alleviation in Evaton West / by Temeki Daniel Mokoena". Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2416.
Testo completo
37
Křivanová, Jana. "Komparace daňové zátěže zaměstnanců v ČR a v Irsku". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201871.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of the thesis is to compare the taxation of the employee income in the Czech Republic and in Ireland with appropriate legislation of 2015. In theoretical part, I describe tax system of both states with an emphasis on taxation of income from employment. The theoretical part contains also a short summary of tax systems development. Practical part is divided into two different sections. First of them is focused on the calculation of effective tax rate for taxpayers in different types of households and the second one deals with the calculation of interval and global progressivity of tax in both countries, together with an analysis of income equality or inequality in society by using the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient. The calculations showed a progressive tax effects in both the Czech Republic and Ireland, with higher rate of tax progression and higher degree of income inequality in Ireland. From the perspective of effective income tax rates, higher tax burden is imposed in Ireland. The effective tax rate is on average 13.5 of percentage points higher than in the Czech Republic. This is also confirmed by the legal provision of the relevant tax legislation.
38
Metzger-Schuhäker, Heidi. "Tasks for tests and A-levels using CAS". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-80669.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Tasks for different years of the secondary level II are presented on the basis of long lasting experience with computer-assisted mathematics instruction. They include applications of mathematical skills as well as the testing of theoretical knowledge. Finally relevant A-levels tasks are presented that integrate different mathematical contents into every day connections from economy, medical science, sports asf.
39
Číž, Bronislav. "Progresivita daně z příjmů". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-5231.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The diploma thesis is focused on the distribution of non-taxable items, respectively their impact on the distribution of the income or tax base between diverse income groups in the Czech Republic. The aim of the empirical research was to measure redistributional effects of total and particular non-taxable items by various income inequality metrics.
40
Malá, Hana. "Zdanění příjmů ze závislé činnosti v České republice a v Německu". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262337.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this master thesis is comparing the taxation of income of employees in the Czech Republic and Germany. The theoretical part is focused on describing the taxation of income of employees in both analyzed states. This part also includes an explanation of the social insurance system in both countries. The empirical part of thesis oncentrates on a comparison between the tax burden of Czech and German employees among various income groups and various taxpayer. The tax burden is then compared with the effective tax rate. The final section of this thesis compares values of redistribution indicators, such as indicators of interval and global progressivity (Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient.
41
Kohoutová, Kateřina. "Efektivní zdanění práce v ČR a na Slovensku". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197797.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this thesis is to compare effective income tax rate in Czech and Slovak republic. After introduction follows chapter which describes the tax systems in both countries with focus on personal income tax and social insurance. The third chapter defines indicators of effective labour taxation which are used for international comparison. Chapter four is comparing effective labour taxation in Czech and Slovak republic based on indicators defined in previous chapter. The fifth chapter is analysing inequality of income distribution and influence of income tax on redistribution. The progressivity of personal income tax in Czech and Slovak republic is measured by interval and global progressivity method. The conclusion is summarizing the outcomes of the thesis and suggests improvements for Czech tax system.
42
Štáhl, Jiří. "Komparace daňové zátěže zaměstnanců v ČR a ve Švédsku". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264184.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this master thesis is comparison of the tax burden of Czech a Swedish employees. The first part describes tax systems of both analyzed states focusing on the taxation of income from employment according to the 2016 legislation in order to successfully perform the calculations in the following sections. The second, practical part is dedicated to the comparison of selected indicators. It consists of two parts. The first is focused on the calculation of average effective tax rate for various income groups and various types of taxpayers. The next part compares values of redistribution indicators, which are interval and global progressivity indicators (Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient). The final section is devoted to the comparison of conclusions of this thesis with conclusions of thesis with similar subject, that have been successfully defended.
43
Harmse, Liana. "South Africa’s Gini coefficient: causes, consequences and possible responses". Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40181.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
South Africa is acknowledged as having the highest Gini coefficient in the world. The Gini coefficient is a measure of income inequality in a country. The eradication of all forms of inequality was probably the most important aspiration for people pre-democracy. After two decades of democracy, not only has the eradication of inequality not materialised, but inequality has worsened. The aim of the research is threefold. Firstly, to understand the origins and the ensuing reasons for inequality as it is experienced in South Africa in 2013 and secondly, to investigate what the effects of this inequality are on the lives of South Africans, socially, politically and economically. Lastly, the research aims to find what, if anything, South Africans can do to address the issue, in order to determine if the aspiration is indeed attainable. Qualitative exploratory research was conducted by interviewing 16 prominent South Africans with the requisite knowledge of the topic and experience in their respective fields. Semi-structured, in-depth face-to-face interviews were performed. Content and theme analysis were carried out on the transcripts, followed by the recording of the responses in logically ordered tables. The literature informed the interpretation of the results in the tables.
The reasons for and causes of South Africa’s high Gini coefficient were identified, with the apartheid legacy and the present government’s governance style as the two greatest contributors. The effects of the high inequality in the South African context were considered far more detrimental to society, than to the politics and the economy of the country. The research yielded a number of actions that could be considered to reduce inequality, thereby improving the Gini coefficient. The two most important proposals were addressing the current poor education system and finding a solution for unemployment.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
pagibs2014
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
44
Harmse, Liana. "South Africa’s Gini coefficient : causes, consequences and possible responses". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/39739.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
South Africa is acknowledged as having the highest Gini coefficient in the world. The Gini coefficient is a measure of income inequality in a country. The eradication of all forms of inequality was probably the most important aspiration for people pre-democracy. After two decades of democracy, not only has the eradication of inequality not materialised, but inequality has worsened. The aim of the research is threefold. Firstly, to understand the origins and the ensuing reasons for inequality as it is experienced in South Africa in 2013 and secondly, to investigate what the effects of this inequality are on the lives of South Africans, socially, politically and economically. Lastly, the research aims to find what, if anything, South Africans can do to address the issue, in order to determine if the aspiration is indeed attainable.
Qualitative exploratory research was conducted by interviewing 16 prominent South Africans with the requisite knowledge of the topic and experience in their respective fields. Semi-structured, in-depth face-to-face interviews were performed. Content and theme analysis were carried out on the transcripts, followed by the recording of the responses in logically ordered tables. The literature informed the interpretation of the results in the tables.
The reasons for and causes of South Africa’s high Gini coefficient were identified, with the apartheid legacy and the present government’s governance style as the two greatest contributors. The effects of the high inequality in the South African context were considered far more detrimental to society, than to the politics and the economy of the country. The research yielded a number of actions that could be considered to reduce inequality, thereby improving the Gini coefficient. The two most important proposals were addressing the current poor education system and finding a solution for unemployment.Dissertation (MBA)--Gordon Institute of Business Science, 2013
mn2014
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
45
Hoque, Ahmed. "On estimating variances for Gini coefficients with complex surveys: theory and application". Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7582.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Obtaining variances for the plug-in estimator of the Gini coefficient for inequality has preoccupied researchers for decades with the proposed analytic formulae often being regarded as being too cumbersome to apply, as well as usually based on the assumption of an iid structure. We examine several variance estimation techniques for a Gini coefficient estimator obtained from a complex survey, a sampling design often used to obtain sample data in inequality studies. In the first part of the dissertation, we prove that Bhattacharya’s (2007) asymptotic variance estimator when data arise from a complex survey is equivalent to an asymptotic variance estimator derived by Binder and Kovačević (1995) nearly twenty years earlier. In addition, to aid applied researchers, we also show how auxiliary regressions can be used to generate the plug-in Gini estimator and its asymptotic variance, irrespective of the sampling design.
In the second part of the dissertation, using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with 36 data generating processes under the beta, lognormal, chi-square, and the Pareto distributional assumptions with sample data obtained under various complex survey designs, we explore two finite sample properties of the Gini coefficient estimator: bias of the estimator and empirical coverage probabilities of interval estimators for the Gini coefficient. We find high sensitivity to the number of strata and the underlying distribution of the population data. We compare the performance of two standard normal (SN) approximation interval estimators using the asymptotic variance estimators of Binder and Kovačević (1995) and Bhattacharya (2007), another SN approximation interval estimator using a traditional bootstrap variance estimator, and a standard MC bootstrap percentile interval estimator under a complex survey design. With few exceptions, namely with small samples and/or highly skewed distributions of the underlying population data where the bootstrap methods work relatively better, the SN approximation interval estimators using asymptotic variances perform quite well.
Finally, health data on the body mass index and hemoglobin levels for Bangladeshi women and children, respectively, are used as illustrations. Inequality analysis of these two important indicators provides a better understanding about the health status of women and children. Our empirical results show that statistical inferences regarding inequality in these well-being variables, measured by the Gini coefficients, based on Binder and Kovačević’s and Bhattacharya’s asymptotic variance estimators, give equivalent outcomes. Although the bootstrap approach often generates slightly smaller variance estimates in small samples, the hypotheses test results or widths of interval estimates using this method are practically similar to those using the asymptotic variance estimators.
Our results are useful, both theoretically and practically, as the asymptotic variance estimators are simpler and require less time to calculate compared to those generated by bootstrap methods, as often previously advocated by researchers. These findings suggest that applied researchers can often be comfortable in undertaking inferences about the inequality of a well-being variable using the Gini coefficient employing asymptotic variance estimators that are not difficult to calculate, irrespective of whether the sample data are obtained under a complex survey or a simple random sample design.Graduate
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YI, WU PEI, e 吳佩宜. "Measuring the Extent toward Ward Specialization for hospitals Using Gini Coefficient Calculation Method". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/nusxq2.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
碩士嘉南藥理大學
醫務管理系
104
Objective: The aim of this study is using Gini coefficient to calculate the Extent Toward Ward Specialization (ETWS) in hospitals for improving nursing care quality and reducing nurse’s work loadings and depression. Methods: We collected data of the inpatient healthcare reimbursement claim from July to December, 2015 in four southern Taiwan hospitals. Extreme data in terms of days of stay length less than 3 days and over 30 days were excluded in this study. The eligible sample (case) size was 32,320 hospitalized in 53 hospital wards. The Gini coefficient was applied to calculate the ETWS. One way ANOVA statistical method was used to investigate differences among different level hospitals and different wards. Results: We found that the following results: 1. the special wards earn significantly higher ETWS than those regular wards（F=31.65, p< 0.001）, 2. no significant difference was found（F=2.63,p=0.061）regarding in ETWS among different level hospitals, and 3.The ETWS is negatively associated with the occupancy rate of hospital beds with a significant correlation coefficient at -0.40 (t=-2.31, p<0.05). Conclusion: An objective assessment tool in use for ETWS is required to guarantee the nursing care quality in healthcare sectors through continuous evaluation and improvement in hospital management.
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LIN, CHANG-YAO, e 林昌燿. "Applying Gini Coefficient to Measure Stock Concentration：Construction of Taiwan Securities Market Trading Strategy". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92rv4t.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
財務金融研究所
105
Gini coefficient is a way to measure the degree of stock concentration. In economics, it is usually used to measure the dispersion of income distribution. This thesis uses Gini coefficient to calculate stock concentration from all the transactions in Taiwan stock market. Analyses of basic regression model and more advanced vector auto-regression (VAR) model were carried out to capture the relation between stock concentration and stock price for the sample stocks. Through the co-integration analysis, we explore whether there is a connection between the stock price movement and its cumulative Gini coefficient. Based on the relations observed from preceding analysis, we develop our trading models for the individual constituent stocks from popular ETFs in Taiwan stock market. The back testing results show that the trading strategies based on our models perform better than the Taiwan stock market index as well as the related ETFs.
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Wu, Chen-Yu, e 吳承育. "Apply Gini Coefficient to Analyze the Deviation of Test Scorefor Specialist Subject in Electrical Engineering". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jrk5n7.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
碩士建國科技大學
電機工程系暨研究所
107
Evaluation of student learning effect has tended to focus on test score. Statistical analysis is based mainly on mean value and standard deviation. Such analysis, however, is likely to generate different result, thus leading to different decision and leaving room for criticism. This fact can cause a lot of trouble to teaching strategy. According to empirical observations, student test score is subject to a variety of affecting factors. A better in-depth understanding and quantification method of test score can produce different result and therefore benefit teachers’ instructional method. The present study implements the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient to analysis of student test score. It aims to understand instructional deviation based on relative values obtained from teachers’ actual mathematical analysis. The data analysis is based on the test scores of two courses including engineering mathematics and cosmetics physics. The Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient are employed for mathematical computing. An analysis model related to engineering is thus generated. Teachers can refer to this study in their adjustment of instructional strategy.
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Santos, Joyce Oliveira. "A desigualdade de rendimentos na União Europeia (2007-2017)". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/94558.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Trabalho de Projeto do Mestrado em Economia apresentado à Faculdade de EconomiaO estudo da desigualdade esteve durante décadas arredado das principais preocupações da economia e dos economistas. Até aos anos oitenta, as desigualdades eram assumidas como naturais nos países ricos, muito por influência dos estudos empíricos de Simon Kuznets. Porém, as últimas três décadas e a crise financeira de 2007 parecem provar que a teoria de Kuznets não estava certa e a desigualdade de rendimento nos países ricos tem vindo a aumentar. Se esta desigualdade na Europa já era um problema antes da crise, tornou-se ainda mais central depois de 2007, sobretudo com as políticas de austeridade e de equilíbrio orçamental que se seguiram. Neste contexto, o principal desiderato do nosso trabalho para por analisar, no período 2007-2017, como evoluíram as desigualdades nos países que integram a União Europeia no pós-crise de 2007. Para tal foi analisado o Produto Interno Bruto per capita (pps), a proporção da população que possuí ensino secundário ou pós-secundário, as despesas em proteção social, o grau de abertura da economia (globalização) e foi criada uma variável dummy para representar a crise financeira e seu impacto direto na desigualdade. Para uma melhor compreensão da evolução das desigualdades neste período, comparámos a tendência deste fenómeno no período imediatamente anterior à crise (2000-2007) e dividimos o painel de países em grupos, utilizando a metodologia de quartis, tendo por base o PIB per capita em paridade poder de compra padrão (pps). As conclusões retiradas, através das análises empíricas e das estimações realizadas com o modelo de dados em painel com efeito fixo, é que de facto a crise de 2007/08 teve efeitos sobre a desigualdade na União Europeia, mostrando também que os seus efeitos foram diferentes entre os países que a integram.
The study of inequality has for decades been far away from the main concerns of economics and economists. Until the 80’s, inequalities were assumed to be natural in rich countries, mainly influenced by Simon Kuznets' empirical studies. However, the last three decades and the financial crisis of 2007 seem to prove that Kuznets's theory was not right and income inequality in rich countries has been increasing. If this inequality in Europe had already been a problem before the crisis, it became even more fundamental after 2007, especially with the austerity and budgetary balance policies that followed. In this context, the main objective of our work is to analyse, in the period 2007-2017, how the inequalities in the countries that belong to the European Union evolved after the 2007 crisis. For this purpose, the following themes were analysed: Gross Domestic Product per capita (pps); proportion of the population with secondary or post-secondary education; social protection expenditure; degree of openness of the economy (globalization) and a dummy variable was created to represent the financial crisis and its direct impact on inequality. For a better understanding of the evolution of inequalities in this period, we compared this phenomenon’s trend in the period immediately before the crisis (2000-2007) and divided the panel of countries into groups, using the quartiles methodology, based on GDP per capita in parity with the purchasing power standard (pps). The conclusions that were drawn from the empirical analyses and from estimations made using the fixed-effect panel data model indicated that in fact the crisis of 2007/08 had an impact on inequality in the European Union, and it has also shown that its effects were different among its member states.
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"A Change Is Going to Come: A Complex Systems Approach to the Emergence of Social Complexity on Cyprus". Doctoral diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.46356.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
abstract: This dissertation explores how practices and interactions of actors at different scales structure social networks and lead to the emergence of social complexity in middle range societies. To investigate this process, I apply a complex adaptive systems approach and a methodology that combines network science with analytical tools from economics to the three sub-periods of the Prehistoric Bronze Age (The Philia Phase, PreBA 1 and PreBA 2) on Cyprus, a transformational period marked by social and economic changes evident in the material record. Using proxy data representative of three kinds of social interactions or facets of social complexity, the control of labor, participation in trade networks, and access to resources, at three scales, the community, region and whole island, my analysis demonstrates the variability in and non-linear trajectory for the emergence of social complexity in middle range society. The results of this research indicate that complexity emerges at different scales, and times in different places, and only in some facets of complexity. Cycles of emergence are apparent within the sub-periods of the PreBA, but a linear trajectory of increasing social complexity is not evident through the period. Further, this research challenges the long-held notion that Cyprus' involvement in the international metal trade lead to the emergence of complexity. Instead, I argue based on the results presented here, that the emergence of complexity is heavily influenced by endogenous processes, particularly the social interactions that limited participation in an on-island exchange system that flourished on the island during the Philia Phase, disintegrated along the North Coast during the PreBA 1 and was rebuilt across the island by the end of the period. Thus, the variation seen in the emergence of social complexity on Cyprus during the PreBA occurred as the result of a bottom-up process in which the complex and unequal interactions and relationships between social actors structured and restructured social networks across scales differently over time and space. These results speak more broadly about the variability of middle range societies and the varying conditions under which social complexity can emerge and add to our understanding of this phenomenon.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2017