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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Gini coefficiency"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 1 febbraio 2022

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1

Gsteiger, Sandro, Nicola Low, Pam Sonnenberg, Catherine H. Mercer e Christian L. Althaus. "Gini coefficients for measuring the distribution of sexually transmitted infections among individuals with different levels of sexual activity". PeerJ 8 (20 gennaio 2020): e8434. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8434.

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Objectives Gini coefficients have been used to describe the distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections among individuals with different levels of sexual activity. The objectives of this study were to investigate Gini coefficients for different sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and to determine how STI control interventions might affect the Gini coefficient over time. Methods We used population-based data for sexually experienced women from two British National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-2: 1999–2001; Natsal-3: 2010–2012) to calculate Gini coefficients for CT, Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), and human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16 and 18. We applied bootstrap methods to assess uncertainty and to compare Gini coefficients for different STIs. We then used a mathematical model of STI transmission to study how control interventions affect Gini coefficients. Results Gini coefficients for CT and MG were 0.33 (95% CI [0.18–0.49]) and 0.16 (95% CI [0.02–0.36]), respectively. The relatively small coefficient for MG suggests a longer infectious duration compared with CT. The coefficients for HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 ranged from 0.15 to 0.38. During the decade between Natsal-2 and Natsal-3, the Gini coefficient for CT did not change. The transmission model shows that higher STI treatment rates are expected to reduce prevalence and increase the Gini coefficient of STIs. In contrast, increased condom use reduces STI prevalence but does not affect the Gini coefficient. Conclusions Gini coefficients for STIs can help us to understand the distribution of STIs in the population, according to level of sexual activity, and could be used to inform STI prevention and treatment strategies.

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Everett, Theodore J., e Bruce M. Everett. "Justice and Gini coefficients". Politics, Philosophy & Economics 14, n. 2 (21 aprile 2014): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470594x14528653.

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Matsumoto, Kunichika, Kanako Seto, Shigeru Fujita, Takefumi Kitazawa e Tomonori Hasegawa. "Population aging and physician maldistribution: A longitudinal study in Japan". Journal of Hospital Administration 5, n. 1 (21 ottobre 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v5n1p29.

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Background: Over the past two decades, population aging and the introduction of the new postgraduate medical education program in 2004 have impacted on the geographic maldistribution of physicians in Japan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate recent changes in physician distribution across municipalities from 1996 to 2012 using Gini coefficients and to clarify the impact of the new medical education program on physician distribution.Methods: We extracted the number of physicians classified by type of medical institution and municipal bodies. Gini coefficients were calculated using both population and demand for medical services. We calculated the contribution ratio (CR) of maldistribution within each type of medical institution to the whole maldistribution using Rao’s method. In addition, we calculated the incremental difference in Gini coefficients between 2002 and 2010, and calculated the CR of the incremental Gini coefficient difference for each medical institution type using Seki’s method.Results: Both Gini coefficients decreased from 1996 to 2002, and increased after 2006. The CR of other hospitals increased from 2004. The incremental difference in the Gini coefficient using demand between 2002 and 2010 was 0.012, and the CR of each type of medical institution was -25.1% (university hospitals), 131.0% (other hospitals) and -5.9% (clinics).Conclusions: Our analysis showed that the geographic maldistribution of physicians has worsened since the introduction of the new postgraduate medical education program, and the CR of maldistribution in other hospitals was high. Our study suggested that new medical resource distribution policies should be discussed to improve maldistribution.

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Ghosh, Sucharita. "Computation of Spatial Gini Coefficients". Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 44, n. 22 (17 novembre 2015): 4709–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2013.823211.

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Furman, Edward, e Ričardas Zitikis. "BEYOND THE PEARSON CORRELATION: HEAVY-TAILED RISKS, WEIGHTED GINI CORRELATIONS, AND A GINI-TYPE WEIGHTED INSURANCE PRICING MODEL". ASTIN Bulletin 47, n. 3 (7 agosto 2017): 919–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2017.20.

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AbstractGini-type correlation coefficients have become increasingly important in a variety of research areas, including economics, insurance and finance, where modelling with heavy-tailed distributions is of pivotal importance. In such situations, naturally, the classical Pearson correlation coefficient is of little use. On the other hand, it has been observed that when light-tailed situations are of interest, and hence when both the Gini-type and Pearson correlation coefficients are well defined and finite, these coefficients are related and sometimes even coincide. In general, understanding how these correlation coefficients are related has been an illusive task. In this paper, we put forward arguments that establish such a connection via certain regression-type equations. This, in turn, allows us to introduce a Gini-type weighted insurance pricing model that works in heavy-tailed situations and thus provides a natural alternative to the classical capital asset pricing model. We illustrate our theoretical considerations using several bivariate distributions, such as elliptical and those with heavy-tailed Pareto margins.

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Hong, Minki. "Corrected Gini Coefficient in Korea". Korean Development Economics Association 23, n. 3 (30 settembre 2017): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20464/kdea.2017.23.3.1.

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Ryu, Hang K., Daniel J. Slottje e Hyeok Y. Kwon. "A New Logit-Based Gini Coefficient". Entropy 21, n. 5 (13 maggio 2019): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21050488.

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The Gini coefficient is generally used to measure and summarize inequality over the entire income distribution function (IDF). Unfortunately, it is widely held that the Gini does not detect changes in the tails of the IDF particularly well. This paper introduces a new inequality measure that summarizes inequality well over the middle of the IDF and the tails simultaneously. We adopt an unconventional approach to measure inequality, as will be explained below, that better captures the level of inequality across the entire empirical distribution function, including in the extreme values at the tails.

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8

Dixon, Philip M., Jacob Weiner, Thomas Mitchell-Olds e Robert Woodley. "Bootstrapping the Gini Coefficient of Inequality". Ecology 68, n. 5 (ottobre 1987): 1548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939238.

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Dixon, Philip, Jacob Weiner, Thomas Mitchell-Olds e Robert Woodley. "Bootstraping the Gini Coefficient of Inequality". Ecology 69, n. 4 (agosto 1988): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941290.

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Matsumoto, Kunichika, Kanako Seto, Eijiro Hayata, Shigeru Fujita, Yosuke Hatakeyama, Ryo Onishi e Tomonori Hasegawa. "The geographical maldistribution of obstetricians and gynecologists in Japan". PLOS ONE 16, n. 1 (12 gennaio 2021): e0245385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245385.

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Background In Japan, there is a large geographical maldistribution of obstetricians/gynecologists, with a high proportion of females. This study seeks to clarify how the increase in the proportion of female physicians affects the geographical maldistribution of obstetrics/gynecologists. Methods Governmental data of the Survey of Physicians, Dentists and Pharmacists between 1996 and 2016 were used. The Gini coefficient was used to measure the geographical maldistribution. We divided obstetricians/gynecologists into four groups based on age and gender: males under 40 years, females under 40 years, males aged 40 years and above, and females aged 40 years and above, and the time trend of the maldistribution and contribution of each group was evaluated. Results The maldistribution of obstetricians/gynecologists was found to be worse during the study period, with the Gini coefficient exceeding 0.400 in 2016. The contribution ratios of female physicians to the deterioration of geographical maldistribution have been increasing for those under 40 years and those aged 40 years and above. However, there was a continuous decrease in the Gini coefficient of the two groups. Conclusions The increase in the contribution ratio of the female physician groups to the Gini coefficient in obstetrics/gynecology may be due to the increased weight of these groups. The Gini coefficients of the female groups were also found to be on a decline. Although this may be because the working environment for female physicians improved or more female physicians established their practice in previously underserved areas, such a notion needs to be investigated in a follow-up study.

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Abuabara, Alexander, Allan Abuabara e Carin Albino Luçolli Tonchuk. "Comparative analysis of death by suicide in Brazil and in the United States: descriptive, cross-sectional time series study". Sao Paulo Medical Journal 135, n. 2 (aprile 2017): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2016.0207091216.

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ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The World Health Organization recognizes suicide as a public health priority. Increased knowledge of suicide risk factors is needed in order to be able to adopt effective prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the association between the Gini coefficient (which is used to measure inequality) and suicide death rates over a 14-year period (2000-2013) in Brazil and in the United States (US). The hypothesis put forward was that reduction of income inequality is accompanied by reduction of suicide rates. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive cross-sectional time-series study in Brazil and in the US. METHODS: Population, death and suicide death data were extracted from the DATASUS database in Brazil and from the National Center for Health Statistics in the US. Gini coefficient data were obtained from the World Development Indicators. Time series analysis was performed on Brazilian and American official data regarding the number of deaths caused by suicide between 2000 and 2013 and the Gini coefficients of the two countries. The suicide trends were examined and compared. RESULTS: Brazil and the US present converging Gini coefficients, mainly due to reduction of inequality in Brazil over the last decade. However, suicide rates are not converging as hypothesized, but are in fact rising in both countries. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis that reduction of income inequality is accompanied by reduction of suicide rates was not verified.

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Sudo, Akira, e Yoshiki Kuroda. "The Impact of Centralization of Obstetric Care Resources in Japan on the Perinatal Mortality Rate". ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013 (18 settembre 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/709616.

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Objective. We investigated the effects of the centralization of obstetricians and obstetric care facilities on the perinatal mortality rate in Japan. Methods. We used the Gini coefficient as an index to represent the centralization of obstetricians and obstetric care facilities. The Gini coefficients were calculated for the number of obstetricians and obstetric care facilities of 47 prefectures using secondary medical care zones as units. To measure the effects of the centralization of obstetricians and obstetric care facilities on the outcomes (perinatal mortality rates), we performed multiple regression analysis using the perinatal mortality rate as the dependent variable. Results. Obstetric care facilities were more evenly distributed than obstetricians. The perinatal mortality rate was found to be significantly negatively correlated with the number of obstetricians per capita and the Gini coefficient of obstetric care facilities. The latter had a slightly stronger effect on the perinatal mortality rate. Conclusion. The centralization of obstetric care facilities can improve the perinatal mortality rate, even when increasing the number of obstetricians is difficult.

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Kumor, Paweł. "Is there a growing social acceptance of earnings inequalities in Poland?" Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 21, n. 8 (14 maggio 2018): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.21.8.07.

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In our studies, we deal with the estimating of the optimal ranges of earnings – the optimal Gini indexes which are favourable to the maximisation of GDP growth in Poland. We suspect that the optimal Gini coefficients expressing the whole of society’s acceptance of earnings inequalities can increase. In the article, we formulated a hypothesis on society’s habituation to increasing earnings disparities. We verified the hypothesis on the basis of the model of economic growth using data from 1970 to 2007. We carried out econometric studies in two stages. In the first stage, we estimated the optimal Gini coefficients for short subsequent sub-periods. In the second stage, we studied the character of changes in the optimal Gini coefficients. In the studies, we proved the hypothesis on society’s habituation to increasing earnings disparities. The optimal Gini coefficients increase along with the increase of differences in earnings and the increase of the economic level per capita. The growth of the optimal Gini coefficients may be slowed down.

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Öztürk, Latif, e Nimet Varlık. "Examination of Consumption Expenditure Distribution among NUTS-2 Regions in 2007-2018 with GINI Coefficient". EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 11, n. 1 (8 settembre 2021): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2021.223.

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In this study, the distribution of 12 main expenditure categories included in the consumer price index (CPI) among NUTS-2 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics-2) regions is examined. The study covers the years 2007-2018. In the study, interregional consumption expenditure rates are identified with the Gini coefficient, which is a measure of inequality and the obtained consumption expenditure rates through the years are interpreted. The coefficients calculated for each expenditure category are important in terms of revealing the course of consumption behavior of households in Turkey over the years and reflecting the best and worst distribution at the NUTS-2 level. Findings regarding the expenditure categories show that the consumption behavior in Turkey in the relevant period is far from equal at the regional level. According to the findings, the expenditure category with the highest inequality at the NUTS-2 level is the food and non-alcoholic beverages category with an average Gini coefficient of 0.3031. The expenditure category with the highest equal distribution, on the other hand, is the education category with a Gini coefficient of 0.2307 according to the findings.

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Binay, Murat, e Ahmet Yalçın Yalçınkaya. "Gini Coefficient Analysis for Pensioners in Turkey". Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 6, n. 2 (4 novembre 2016): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v6i2.1402.

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One of the main objectives of economic policy is to make the fair distribution of income. To provide fair distribution of income, how the revenue is shared must be based on certain criteria. Products and services are not shared in any society indiscriminately. There is a mechanisms governing the distribution of income in every society. Production factors increase the value created for themselves and how to divide this value is complex phenomenon which has technical, economic, social and political dimensions. There are a lot of criterias about how to divide the created value like change interval, the relative mean absolute deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, variance, logarithmic variance, Pareto α coefficient, Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, Dalton Atkinson inequality measure, the poverty index, poverty difference, hunger threshold.Injustice of the revenue distribution among pensioners is a frequently mentioned subject in Turkey and it is thought to be sourced because of the changes at social security system and salary regulation method for old age pensioners. In this study, the Gini coefficient will be calculated for old age pensioners in Turkey and the pensioners’ income distribution will be analyzed by comparing with the Gini coefficient of Turkey. Keywords: Gini coefficient, pensioners

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Shkolnikov, Vladimir, Evgueni Andreev e Alexander Z. Begun. "Gini coefficient as a life table function". Demographic Research 8 (17 giugno 2003): 305–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2003.8.11.

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17

Gerber, Leon. "A Quintile Rule for the Gini Coefficient". Mathematics Magazine 80, n. 2 (aprile 2007): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0025570x.2007.11953468.

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18

Rycroft, Robert. "The Lorenz Curve and the Gini Coefficient". Journal of Economic Education 34, n. 3 (gennaio 2003): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220480309595224.

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Chotikapanich, Duangkamon, e William Griffiths. "On Calculation of the Extended Gini Coefficient". Review of Income and Wealth 47, n. 4 (dicembre 2001): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4991.00033.

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CHEN, CHAU-NAN, TIEN-WANG TSAUR e TONG-SHIENG RHAI. "THE GINI COEFFICIENT AND NEGATIVE INCOME: REPLY". Oxford Economic Papers 37, n. 3 (settembre 1985): 527–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041708.

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Rey, Sergio J., e Richard J. Smith. "A spatial decomposition of the Gini coefficient". Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences 6, n. 2 (22 settembre 2012): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12076-012-0086-z.

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Luptáčik, Mikuláš, e Eduard Nežinský. "Measuring income inequalities beyond the Gini coefficient". Central European Journal of Operations Research 28, n. 2 (22 novembre 2019): 561–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10100-019-00662-9.

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AbstractGrowing interest in the analysis of interrelationships between income distribution and economic growth has recently stimulated new theoretical and empirical research. Measures such as the head-count ratio for the poverty index or the widely used Gini coefficient are aggregated indicators describing the general extent of inequality without deeper insights into income distribution among households. To derive an indicator accounting for income distribution among income groups, we propose a new approach based on an output oriented DEA model where the input value is unitized to 1 for each country and weights restrictions imposed so as to favour a higher income share in the lower quantiles. We demonstrate the merits of this approach on the quintile income breakdown data of 29 European countries. Prioritizing lower income groups’ welfare, countries such as Slovenia and Slovakia can be equally favoured by the new proposed indicator while being assessed differently by the Gini index. An intertemporal analysis reveals a slight deterioration of income distribution in the majority of 29 European countries over the period of 2007–2016 in a Rawlsian sense.

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Lambert, Peter J. "Social welfare and the gini coefficient revisited". Mathematical Social Sciences 9, n. 1 (febbraio 1985): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-4896(85)90003-4.

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Sen, Pranab Kumar. "The harmonic Gini coefficient and affluence indexes". Mathematical Social Sciences 16, n. 1 (agosto 1988): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-4896(88)90005-4.

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Barrett, C. R., e Maurice Salles. "On a generalisation of the Gini coefficient". Mathematical Social Sciences 30, n. 3 (dicembre 1995): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-4896(95)00787-3.

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Barrett, C. R., e M. Salles. "On a generalisation of the Gini coefficient". Mathematical Social Sciences 31, n. 1 (febbraio 1996): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-4896(96)88677-x.

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Hay, M. J. M., V. J. Thomas e J. L. Brock. "Frequency distribution of shoot weight of plants in populations ofTrifolium repenspersisting by clonal growth in grazed pastures". Journal of Agricultural Science 115, n. 1 (agosto 1990): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600073895.

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SUMMARYOver two years (1984/85 and 1986/87), monthly sampling of shoots of white clover plants compared the populations of white clover in mixed swards at Palmerston North, New Zealand, under set stocking, rotational grazing and a combination of both systems, at a common stocking rate of 22·5 ewe equivalents/ha.The frequency distributions of shoot (or stolon) dry weight per plant in each population over the study period was described by a log-normal model, which indicated that the populations consisted of many small individuals and few large individuals. Such inequality of shoot dry weight within populations is commonly termed size hierarchy; a statistic giving a measure of such size hierarchy is the Gini coefficient. The populations under different managements had similar Gini coefficients which differed little among seasons or between years. Lack of significant correlation between the Gini coefficient and mean shoot dry weight per plant of each population indicated that, in these white clover populations, size hierarchy was independent of mean plant size.These results were considered in relation to the clonal growth of white clover in grazed swards and it is suggested that the variable nature of death of older basal stolons makes an important contribution to the variability in size of individual plants and hence to size hierarchy. As size hierarchy, as assessed by Gini coefficients, was relatively stable in these populations over 3½ years, it appears that clonal growth of white clover incorporates sufficient variability within the growth and death processes at the individual plant level to maintain the size hierarchy, irrespective of variations in mean plant size of populations.

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Zhou, Qingfeng, Xianqiang Wu, Xian Zhang e Yan Song. "Investigating the Spatiotemporal Disparity and Influencing Factors of Urban Construction Land Utilization Efficiency: Empirical Evidence from Panel Data of China". Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (23 gennaio 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1613978.

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This paper corrected the long-term misunderstanding of the land utilization efficiency concept. The Undesirable-Window-DEA model, Dagum Gini coefficient, and spatial panel autoregressive model with fixed effect were used to explore the spatial heterogeneity and influencing factors of urban construction land utilization efficiency in China from 2004 to 2016. The results show the following: (1) China’s overall utilization of urban construction land is still at a low level. It decreased first and then rose, with a “flat V-shaped” evolution pattern. (2) During the study period, the Gini coefficient of urban construction land utilization efficiency for all provinces decreased first, then rose, and decreased again. The utilization efficiency Gini coefficients within provincial grouping were eastern region (0.063), central region (0.101), and western region (0.128). The Gini coefficients within provincial grouping were central versus western (0.121), eastern versus western (0.161), and eastern versus central (0.168). For the contribution to overall inequality of land utilization efficiency, the inequality within groups contributes the most (57.57%), and the inequality between groups accounts for about 25.62%. The overall efficiency is improved, with an evolution pattern of “difference narrowed–differences expanded–difference narrowed.” (3) “economic development,” “industrial structure,” “research development investment,” and “land urbanization level” have significantly positive effect on urban construction land utilization efficiency, while other factors have a negative effect, including “urbanization level of population,” “urban population density,” “cultivated field resources level,” “government influence level,” “land urbanization level,” and “financial dependence level.” This study could provide theoretical support for the implementation of cross-provincial/regional urban construction land quotes reallocation and differential construction land management policies.

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Loffredo, Filomena, Antonio Scala, Guido Maria Adinolfi, Federica Savino e Maria Quarto. "A new geostatistical tool for the analysis of the geographical variability of the indoor radon activity". Nukleonika 65, n. 2 (1 giugno 2020): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2020-0015.

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AbstractThe population is continuously exposed to a background level of ionizing radiation due to the natural radioactivity and, in particular, with radon (222Rn). Radon gas has been classified as the second leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoke [1]. In the confined environment, radon concentration can reach harmful level and vary accordingly to many factors. Since the primary source of radon in dwellings is the subsurface, the risk assessment and reduction cannot disregard the identification of the local geology and the environmental predisposing factors. In this article, we propose a new methodology, based on the computation of the Gini coefficients at different spatial scales, to estimate the spatial correlation and the geographical variability of radon concentrations. This variability can be interpreted as a signature of the different subsurface geological conditions. The Gini coefficient computation is a statistical tool widely used to determine the degree of inhomogeneity of different kinds of distributions. We generated several simulated radon distributions, and the proposed tool has been validated by comparing the variograms based on the semi-variance computation with those ones based on the Gini coefficient. The Gini coefficient variogram is shown to be a good estimator of the inhomogeneity degree of radon concentration. Indeed, it allows to better constrain the critical distance below which the radon geological source can be considered as uniform at least for the investigated length scales of variability; it also better discriminates the fluctuations due to the environmental predisposing factors from those ones due to the random spatially uncorrelated noise.

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Baikov, I. R., S. V. Kitaev e O. V. Smorodova. "Set of indicators for dependability evaluation of gas compression units". Dependability 18, n. 4 (5 dicembre 2018): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2018-18-4-16-21.

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The paper is dedicated to the improvement of the evaluation methods of one of the most important operating characteristics of gas compression units (GCUs), i.e. dependability, under the conditions of decreasing pipeline utilization rate. Currently, the dependability of units is characterized by a set of parameters based on the identification of the time spent by a unit in certain operational state. The paper presents the primary findings regarding the dependability coefficients of GPA-Ts-18 units, 41 of which are operated in multi-yard compressor stations (CSs) of one of Gazprom’s subsidiaries. The dependability indicators (technical state coefficient, availability coefficient, operational availability coefficient) identified as part of the research are given as well. GCUs were classified into groups depending on the coefficient values. The feasibility of using integral indicators in the analysis of GCU groups’ dependability was examined. It was proposed to use confidence intervals for identification of the integral level of dependability of the operated GCU stock and the ways of maintaining the operability of units under the conditions of decreasing main gas pipeline utilization rate. The Gini index was suggested for the purpose of generalized estimation of GCU groups’ dependability. It is shown that the advantage of the Gini coefficient is that is allows taking into account the ranks of the analyzed features in groups. The graphic interpretation of the findings was executed with a Lorenz curve. The paper implements the sigma rule that characterizes the probability of the actual coefficient value being within the confidence interval, i.e. prediction limits (upper and lower), within which the actual values will fall with a given probability. The confidence intervals were identified by the type of coefficients distribution and a standard deviation, ć. A histogram of an interval range of technical utilization coefficient distribution is given as an example. Testing of the hypothesis of the distribution type at confidence level 0.95 showed that the distribution of coefficients is normal. Using the moment method, the mathematical expectation and mean square deviation for the distribution of the values of each type of dependability indicators were established. Using the sigma rule, all extreme outliers among the GCUs in terms of the level of factor attribute were excluded from the body of input data. All units whose factor attribute value does not fall in the interval were excluded. According to the three sigma rule, 3 and 2 GCUs did not fall in the confidence interval (µ±3σ) in terms of the utilization factor and availability factor respectively. The performed analysis of causes of low availability coefficients of the above GCUs showed that the systems had been long in maintenance. The paper sets forth summary data on the maximum allowable value of the Gini index of dependability coefficients (CTU, CA, COA) depending on the sample size (the complete sample of 41 units and samples with the interval of 1, 2, 3 sigma). In case of higher values of Gini index it is recommended to adopt measures to individual units in order to improve the dependability of the operated GCU stock.

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Zhou, Shenbei, Amin Du e Minghao Bai. "Application of the environmental Gini coefficient in allocating water governance responsibilities: a case study in Taihu Lake Basin, China". Water Science and Technology 71, n. 7 (13 febbraio 2015): 1047–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.069.

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The equitable allocation of water governance responsibilities is very important yet difficult to achieve, particularly for a basin which involves many stakeholders and policymakers. In this study, the environmental Gini coefficient model was applied to evaluate the inequality of water governance responsibility allocation, and an environmental Gini coefficient optimisation model was built to achieve an optimal adjustment. To illustrate the application of the environmental Gini coefficient, the heavily polluted transboundary Taihu Lake Basin in China, was chosen as a case study. The results show that the original environmental Gini coefficient of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was greater than 0.2, indicating that the allocation of water governance responsibilities in Taihu Lake Basin was unequal. Of seven decision-making units, three were found to be inequality factors and were adjusted to reduce the water pollutant emissions and to increase the water governance inputs. After the adjustment, the environmental Gini coefficient of the COD was less than 0.2 and the reduction rate was 27.63%. The adjustment process provides clear guidance for policymakers to develop appropriate policies and improve the equality of water governance responsibility allocation.

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32

BADHAM, JENNIFER M. "Commentary: Measuring the shape of degree distributions". Network Science 1, n. 2 (agosto 2013): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nws.2013.10.

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AbstractDegree distribution is a fundamental property of networks. While mean degree provides a standard measure of scale, there are several commonly used shape measures. Widespread use of a single shape measure would enable comparisons between networks and facilitate investigations about the relationship between degree distribution properties and other network features. This paper describes five candidate measures of heterogeneity and recommends the Gini coefficient. It has theoretical advantages over many of the previously proposed measures, is meaningful for the broad range of distribution shapes seen in different types of networks, and has several accessible interpretations. While this paper focuses on degree, the distribution of other node-based network properties could also be described with Gini coefficients.

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33

Genèev, Marian. "A note on a property of the Gini coefficient". Communications in Mathematics 27, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2019): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cm-2019-0008.

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AbstractThe scope of this note is a self-contained presentation of a mathematical method that enables us to give an absolute upper bound for the difference of the Gini coefficients|G(σ1, . . ., σn) − G(γ1, . . . , γn)| ,where (γ1, . . . , γn) represents the vector of the gross wages and (σ1, . . . , σn) represents the vector of the corresponding super-gross wages that is used in the Czech Republic for calculating the net wage. Since (as of June 2019) σi = 100 ⎡ 1.34 γi/100⎤, the study of the above difference seems to be somewhat inaccessible for many economists. However, our estimate based on the presented technique implies that the introduction of the super-gross wage concept does not essentially affect the value of the Gini coefficient as sometimes expected.

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Utt, Joshua, e Rodney Fort. "Pitfalls to Measuring Competitive Balance With Gini Coefficients". Journal of Sports Economics 3, n. 4 (novembre 2002): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152700250200300406.

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35

Lerman, Robert I., e Shlomo Yitzhaki. "Improving the accuracy of estimates of Gini coefficients". Journal of Econometrics 42, n. 1 (settembre 1989): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(89)90074-2.

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36

Sandström, Arne, Jan H. Wretman, Bertil Waldén, Arne Sandstrom e Bertil Walden. "Variance Estimators of the Gini Coefficient: Probability Sampling". Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 6, n. 1 (gennaio 1988): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1391424.

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37

Lambert, Peter J., e J. Richard Aronson. "Inequality Decomposition Analysis and the Gini Coefficient Revisited". Economic Journal 103, n. 420 (settembre 1993): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234247.

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38

Sandström, Arne, Jan H. Wretman e Bertil Walden. "Variance Estimators of the Gini Coefficient—Probability Sampling". Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 6, n. 1 (gennaio 1988): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07350015.1988.10509643.

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39

Sen, Pranab Kumar. "The Gini Coefficient and Poverty Indexes: Some Reconciliations". Journal of the American Statistical Association 81, n. 396 (dicembre 1986): 1050–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1986.10478372.

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40

BERREBI, Z. M., e JACQUES SILBER. "THE GINI COEFFICIENT AND NEGATIVE INCOME: A COMMENT". Oxford Economic Papers 37, n. 3 (settembre 1985): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041707.

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41

Rogerson, Peter A. "The Gini coefficient of inequality: a new interpretation". Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences 6, n. 3 (30 gennaio 2013): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12076-013-0091-x.

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42

Rodríguez, Juan Gabriel, e Rafael Salas. "The Gini coefficient: Majority voting and social welfare". Journal of Economic Theory 152 (luglio 2014): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2014.04.012.

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43

Fabrizi, Enrico, e Carlo Trivisano. "Small area estimation of the Gini concentration coefficient". Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 99 (luglio 2016): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2016.01.010.

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44

Sun, Liang, Na Zhang, Ning Li, Zhuo-ran Song e Wei-dong Li. "A Gini Coefficient-Based Impartial and Open Dispatching Model". Energies 13, n. 12 (17 giugno 2020): 3146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123146.

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Abstract (sommario):

According to the existing widely applied impartial and open dispatching models, operation fairness was mainly emphasized, which severely restricted the optimization space of the economy of the overall system operation and affected the economic benefits. To solve the above problems, a scheduling model based on Gini coefficient under impartial and open dispatching principle is proposed in this paper, which can consider the balance between the fairness and economy of system operation. In the proposed model, the Gini coefficient is introduced to describe the fairness of electric energy completion rate among different generation units in the form of constraint conditions. Because the electricity production schedule can reflect the economic income of the electric power enterprise, and the Gini coefficient is used as an economic statistical indicator to evaluate the fairness in the overall distribution of income in social statistics, it is more appropriate to be used to measure the fairness of the power generation dispatching. The objective of the proposed model is to minimize the total operation costs. In the model, the balance between the system operation economy and fairness can be realized by adjusting the Gini coefficient value. The simulation results show that the proposed model is an extension of the traditional model. Compared with the traditional economic dispatching model and normal “impartial and open dispatching” model, the proposed model can better coordinate the relationship between fairness and economy. It could provide more choices for power generation dispatchers. It could also provide a reference for regulatory departments to formulate relevant policies by adjusting the threshold value of the Gini coefficient. Case studies show that the power dispatching decisions according to the proposed model can provide a scientific and fair reference basis for dispatching schemes, and could reduce the generation costs and also achieve optimal allocation of resources on the basis of ensuring fair dispatching.

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45

HU, HAI-BO, e LIN WANG. "THE GINI COEFFICIENT'S APPLICATION TO GENERAL COMPLEX NETWORKS". Advances in Complex Systems 08, n. 01 (marzo 2005): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525905000385.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Gini coefficient, which was originally used in microeconomics to describe income inequality, is introduced into the research of general complex networks as a metric on the heterogeneity of network structure. Some parameters such as degree exponent and degree-rank exponent were already defined in the case of scale-free networks also as a metric on the heterogeneity. In scale-free networks, the Gini coefficient is proved to be equivalent to the parameters mentioned above, and moreover, a classification of infinite scale-free networks is given according to the value of the Gini coefficient.

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WEN, FENGHUA, e ZHIFENG LIU. "A COPULA-BASED CORRELATION MEASURE AND ITS APPLICATION IN CHINESE STOCK MARKET". International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 08, n. 04 (dicembre 2009): 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622009003612.

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In this paper, a copula-based correlation measure is proposed to test the interdependence among stochastic variables in terms of copula function. Based on a geometric analysis of copula function, a new derivation method is introduced to derive the Gini correlation coefficient. Meantime theoretical analysis finds that the Gini correlation coefficient tends to overestimate the tail interdependence in the case of stochastic variables clustering at the tails. For this overestimation issue, a fully new correlation coefficient called Co is developed and extended to measure the tail interdependence. Empirical study shows that the new correlation coefficient Co can effectively solve the overestimation issue, which implies that the proposed new correlation coefficient is more suitable to describe the interdependence among stochastic variables than the Gini correlation coefficient.

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Wang, Jueyu, e Greg Lindsey. "Equity of Bikeway Distribution in Minneapolis, Minnesota". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2605, n. 1 (gennaio 2017): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2605-02.

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Governments and nonprofit organizations are investing in the bicycling infrastructure. However, the benefits of the bicycling infrastructure have not always been distributed equally among neighborhoods, and the equity of the distribution has been a major concern. This study used two measures, the Gini coefficient and the loss of accessibility to jobs via bikeways, to assess both the horizontal and the vertical equity of the bicycling infrastructure's distribution in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Gini coefficients, calculated from Lorenz curves, provide a single flexible measure that allows comparisons within and between groups. Determination of accessibility to jobs via lower-stress bikeway and street networks allows the levels of connectivity via bikeways to be compared for different groups. Minneapolis is making substantial investments in the bicycling infrastructure and was used as a case study because data with which to assess changes in equity over time are available. With use of the block group as the unit of analysis, systemwide analyses of the distribution of bikeways relative to the locations of the population and total employment revealed increases in equity from 2010 to 2014. Comparison of Gini coefficients for all bicycling facilities among different subpopulations demonstrated horizontal inequities within each subgroup as well as indicators of vertical equity for various disadvantaged subgroups. The Gini coefficients revealed inequities in the distribution of urban trails for disadvantaged subpopulations. With the use of 3-mi network buffers, a bikeway penalty, calculated as the loss of job accessibility resulting from the choice to rely on a bikeway rather than on street networks, demonstrated a vertical equity for disadvantaged subgroups. These measures can be used to inform planning for and investments in bicycling facilities and to assess and compare the bicycling infrastructures of cities.

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Marriott, James J., Muhammad Mamdani, Gustavo Saposnik, Tara Gomes, Michael Manno e Paul W. O'Connor. "Multiple Sclerosis Disease-Modifying Therapy Prescribing Patterns in Ontario". Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 40, n. 1 (gennaio 2013): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s031716710001297x.

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Abstract:Background:Differences in Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying therapy (DMT) prescribing patterns between different groups of neurologists have not been explored.Objective:To examine concentrations of prescribing patterns and to assess if MS-specialists use a broader range of DMTs relative to general neurologists.Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study using administrative claims databases in Ontario, Canada to link neurologists to 2009 DMT prescription data. MS specialization was defined using both practice location and prescription patterns. Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients were constructed to examine prescribing patterns, separating neurologist characteristics dichotomously and separating Avonex from the other standard DMTs (Betaseron, Rebif and Copaxone). Gini coefficient 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived using jack-knife statistical techniques.Results:Prescriptions were highly concentrated with 12% of Ontario neurologists prescribing 80% of DMTs. There was a trend towards Avonex being more commonly prescribed relative to the other DMTs. When MS specialization was defined by DMT prescribing, high-volume prescribing neurologists showed a broader range of DMT prescribing (Gini 0.38-0.44) in comparison to low-volume prescribers (Gini 0.57-0.66).Conclusions:The majority of DMTs are prescribed by a small subset of neurologists. High-volume prescribing MS-specialists show more variability in DMT use while low-volume prescribers tend to individually focus on a narrower range of DMTs.

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49

Mirzaei, Shahryar, Gholam Reza Mohtashami Borzadaran e Mohammad Amini. "A comparative study of the Gini coefficient estimators based on the linearization and U-statistics Methods". Revista Colombiana de Estadística 40, n. 2 (1 luglio 2017): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rce.v40n2.53399.

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Abstract (sommario):

In this paper, we consider two well-known methods for analysis of the Gini index, which are U-statistics and linearization for some incomedistributions. In addition, we evaluate two different methods for some properties of their proposed estimators. Also, we compare two methods with resampling techniques in approximating some properties of the Gini index. A simulation study shows that the linearization method performs 'well' compared to the Gini estimator based on U-statistics. A brief study on real data supports our findings.

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50

Thompson, Amy E., Gary M. Feinman e Keith M. Prufer. "Assessing Classic Maya multi-scalar household inequality in southern Belize". PLOS ONE 16, n. 3 (24 marzo 2021): e0248169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248169.

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Abstract (sommario):

Inequality is present to varying degrees in all human societies, pre-modern and contemporary. For archaeological contexts, variation in house size reflects differences in labor investments and serves as a robust means to assess wealth across populations small and large. The Gini coefficient, which measures the degree of concentration in the distribution of units within a population, has been employed as a standardized metric to evaluate the extent of inequality. Here, we employ Gini coefficients to assess wealth inequality at four nested socio-spatial scales–the micro-region, the polity, the district, and the neighborhood–at two medium size, peripheral Classic Maya polities located in southern Belize. We then compare our findings to Gini coefficients for other Classic Maya polities in the Maya heartland and to contemporaneous polities across Mesoamerica. We see the patterning of wealth inequality across the polities as a consequence of variable access to networks of exchange. Different forms of governance played a role in the degree of wealth inequality in Mesoamerica. More autocratic Classic Maya polities, where principals exercised degrees of control over exclusionary exchange networks, maintained high degrees of wealth inequality compared to most other Mesoamerican states, which generally are characterized by more collective forms of governance. We examine how household wealth inequality was reproduced at peripheral Classic Maya polities, and illustrate that economic inequity trickled down to local socio-spatial units in this prehispanic context.

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