Articoli di riviste: "Graziani, Augusto"

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Costabile, Lilia. "Augusto Graziani (1933-2014)". HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, n. 1 (maggio 2014): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2014-001008.

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Fausto, Domenicantonio. "Augusto Graziani: a profile". STUDI ECONOMICI, n. 112 (giugno 2015): 10–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ste2014-112002.

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Fausto, Domenicantonio. "Writings of augusto Graziani". STUDI ECONOMICI, n. 112 (giugno 2015): 185–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ste2014-112014.

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De Benedictis, Michele. "In ricordo di Augusto Graziani". QA Rivista dell'Associazione Rossi-Doria, n. 1 (aprile 2014): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qu2014-001006.

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Bellofiore, Riccardo. "A heterodox structural Keynesian: honouring Augusto Graziani". Review of Keynesian Economics 1, n. 4 (ottobre 2013): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2013.04.04.

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Costa, Giacomo. "Augusto Graziani on the walrasian capital formation model". STUDI ECONOMICI, n. 112 (giugno 2015): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ste2014-112003.

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Pomini, Mario. "Augusto Graziani and general economic equilibrium: from statics to dynamics". Review of Keynesian Economics 4, n. 3 (luglio 2016): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2016.03.02.

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Marani, Ugo. "Economic monetary union and regional divergences: the legacy of Augusto Graziani". STUDI ECONOMICI, n. 112 (giugno 2015): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ste2014-112012.

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Fontana, Giuseppe, e Riccardo Realfonzo. "Augusto Graziani and recent advances in the monetary theory of production". Metroeconomica 68, n. 2 (2 aprile 2017): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/meca.12167.

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10

Costabile, Lilia. "Augusto Graziani: Theoretician, Applied Economist, Historian of Economic Thought—An Appraisal". Italian Economic Journal 1, n. 2 (14 febbraio 2015): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40797-015-0008-5.

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Davanzati, Guglielmo Forges. "Credit supply, credit demand and unemployment in the mode of Augusto Graziani". Review of Keynesian Economics 4, n. 3 (luglio 2016): 264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2016.03.03.

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Bellofiore, Riccardo, e Marco Veronese Passarella. "You do not have access to this content Introduction: the theoretical legacy of Augusto Graziani". Review of Keynesian Economics 4, n. 3 (luglio 2016): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2016.03.01.

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Mosca, Manuela. "Emil Sax and Italy. Three episodes". HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, n. 2 (marzo 2011): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2010-002003.

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The paper deals with the historical reconstruction of the relation between the Austrian economist Emil Sax and the Italian economists of his generation. It is focused on three episodes. The first concerns the introduction of marginal analysis in public finance, seeing the works of Maffeo Pantaleoni (1883) and Sax (1887) as of primary significance. The second is about the reception accorded to the 1887 Sax's work in Italy by Giuseppe Ricca-Salerno (1887), and by Augusto Graziani (1887). The third relates to the development of a pure theory of public finance, and concerns the works of Sax (1887) and Antonio De Viti De Marco (1888). This analysis indicates that school rivalries were responsible for the different reactions of Italian economists to Sax's work.

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Bellofiore, Riccardo. "Augusto Graziani and the Marx-Schumpeter-Keynes ‘Cycle of Money Capital’: A Personal Look at the Early Italian Circuitism from an Insider". Review of Political Economy 31, n. 4 (2 ottobre 2019): 528–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2020.1748306.

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Pedone, Antonio. "Economic stabilization and growth policies in Augusto Graziani's approach". STUDI ECONOMICI, n. 112 (giugno 2015): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ste2014-112013.

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Davies, Kirk W., Amanda Gearhart, Chad S. Boyd e Jon D. Bates. "Fall and spring grazing influence fire ignitability and initial spread in shrub steppe communities". International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, n. 6 (2017): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17065.

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The interaction between grazing and fire influences ecosystems around the world. However, little is known about the influence of grazing on fire, in particular ignition and initial spread and how it varies by grazing management differences. We investigated effects of fall (autumn) grazing, spring grazing and not grazing on fuel characteristics, fire ignition and initial spread during the wildfire season (July and August) at five shrub steppe sites in Oregon, USA. Both grazing treatments decreased fine fuel biomass, cover and height, and increased fuel moisture, and thereby decreased ignition and initial spread compared with the ungrazed treatment. However, effects differed between fall and spring grazing. The probability of initial spread was 6-fold greater in the fall-grazed compared with the spring-grazed treatment in August. This suggests that spring grazing may have a greater effect on fires than fall grazing, likely because fall grazing does not influence the current year’s plant growth. Results of this study also highlight that the grazing–fire interaction will vary by grazing management. Grazing either the fall or spring before the wildfire season reduces the probability of fire propagation and, thus, grazing is a potential fuel management tool.

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Esqueda-Escárcega, Gabriela María, Sergio Hernández-Trujillo, Gerardo Aceves-Medina, Sonia Futema-Jiménez e José Reyes Hernández-Alfonso. "Microzooplankton grazing rate in Ensenada of La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 41, n. 3 (8 marzo 2017): 545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol41-issue3-fulltext-16.

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Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates in situ, were studied in a fixed sampling station from October 2007 to August 2008, at the Ensenada de La Paz, Mexico, using the dilution method. The apparent growth rate of phytoplankton was higher in December (1.33 d-1) and lower in October (0.35 d-1). The grazing rate was highest in April (0.86 d-1) and minimum in February and August (0.38 d-1). Grazing pressure, measured as the percentage of potential production removed (% PPR) varied between 28 and 76%. The relationship between phytoplankton growth and grazing rate indicates that chlorophyll-a production is consumed by approximately 50%, involving other processes that cause mortality of phytoplankton, as sedimentation rate and mesozooplankton grazing. The finding of moderate grazing in autumn and a clear growth and consumption in the winter are features that require monitoring in larger temporal and spatial scales.

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Margaret, Griffiths S., e C. James. "Safe grazing for weaned lambs". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1987 (marzo 1987): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600035169.

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'Clean’ grazing is accepted as a successful method of overcoming poor performance in lambs and young cattle caused by nematode parasites of the alimentary tract and would virtually eliminate the need for regular anthelmintic treatment. However,it is impracticable on many grass farms and especially where sheep predominate. ‘Safe’ grazing offers a realistic alternative but has not been fully tested under field conditions. Two 2.8 ha paddocks of a predominantly perennial ryegrass sward were managed during the spring and summer of 1985 to produce two different levels of pasture nematode infestation for weaned lamb grazing during the Autumn of that year. Both areas were grazed by non-lactating mature ewes until 5 February 1985. The safe area(S) was then closed for two silage cuts and grazed for 11 days during early August by replacement dairy heifers. The contaminated area(C) was set stocked with 21 cross-bred ewes and their May born Suffolk x lambs per ha between 29 April and 28 August. Dung samples were collected from lambs grazing C at 8,12 and 16 weeks of age. Herbage and dung samples were collected from S and C at weaning (28 August) and 14 day intervals until lambs were removed from trial on 31 October. 138 lambs were divided into two groups by weight and condition at weaning and set stocked at 25/ha on S and C following an anthelmintic treatment. Lambs were selected for slaughter to produce carcasses of MLC fat class 2 or 3.

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Mosley, Jeffrey C., Rachel A. Frost, Brent L. Roeder, Tracy K. Mosley e Gerald Marks. "Combined Herbivory by Targeted Sheep Grazing and Biological Control Insects to Suppress Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe)". Invasive Plant Science and Management 9, n. 1 (marzo 2016): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-15-00034.1.

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AbstractThe use of biological control insects is a promising option for suppressing spotted knapweed, a nonindigenous perennial forb that infests more than 3 million hectares of North American rangeland. Efficacy increases when spotted knapweed is attacked by more than one phytophagous insect; however, combined herbivory by biological control insects has not achieved widespread suppression of spotted knapweed in North America. Here we expand the concept of combined herbivory beyond two or more species of biological control insects to include a vertebrate herbivore, specifically targeted grazing by domestic sheep. Our experiment on foothill rangeland in northwestern Montana evaluated spotted knapweed response to three treatments: (1) biological control insects only, (2) biological control insects + targeted sheep grazing applied in late July (spotted knapweed in late bud–early flower stage), and (3) biological control insects + targeted sheep grazing applied in mid-August (spotted knapweed in full-flower stage). We combined targeted sheep grazing with herbivory by three species of biological control insects: knapweed flower weevil, knapweed root weevil, and sulfur knapweed root moth. Treatments were applied during four consecutive years (2009 to 2012). Spotted knapweed fitness was suppressed more where targeted sheep grazing and biological control insects were combined vs. areas treated with biological control insects alone. Combined herbivory was effective when targeted sheep grazing was applied during either late July or mid-August, but July grazing was more effective. Spotted knapweed produced 96 to 99% fewer viable seeds in sheep-grazed areas. After 4 yr of treatment, total spotted knapweed plant density (seedlings, juvenile, and adult plants) was 86% less in July-grazed areas and 61% less in August-grazed areas than in areas treated with biological control insects alone. Combined herbivory by targeted sheep grazing and biological control insects reduced adult plant density and prevented compensatory recruitment of spotted knapweed, but treatment with biological control insects alone did not.

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Wolstrup, J., J. Grønvold, S. A. Henriksen, P. Nansen, M. Larsen, H. O. Bøgh e B. Ilsøe. "An attempt to implement the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans in biological control of trichostrongyle infections of first year grazing calves". Journal of Helminthology 68, n. 2 (giugno 1994): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00013729.

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AbstractAn attempt was made to control Ostertagia ostertagi by feeding the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (DSM 6703) to grazing calves. One group of calves (group E) was fed the fungal material in the first two months of the grazing season while another group was a non-treated control group (group C). Group E showed significantly lower faecal egg count in August and September. On four occasions in July and September, the herbage larval counts were significantly lower on the plot with the fungal-treated group than those recorded on the control plot. The average abomasal larval and adult worm counts were significantly reduced in August in group E and the average total worm count in the abomasum of group E was reduced by 87% in August compared to the non-treated group C. In October, the difference in average abomasal worm counts between group E and C was insignificant. Due to weight loss at the end of the grazing season, the control group showed a significantly lower average weight increase.

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Brown, G., e D. O'Hara. "Enhanced Mapping of C Kα with a Grazing-incidence X-ray Optic". Microscopy and Microanalysis 14, S2 (agosto 2008): 786–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927608084973.

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McKenzie, F. R., J. L. Jacobs e G. Kearney. "Effects of spring grazing on dryland perennial ryegrass/white clover dairy pastures. 1. Pasture accumulation rates, dry matter consumed yield, and nutritive characteristics". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, n. 5 (2006): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05023.

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A 3-year experiment (September 1999–August 2002) was conducted in south-western Victoria to determine the impact of spring grazing on pasture accumulation rates, dry matter (DM) consumed yield (estimate of DM yield), and pasture nutritive characteristics [metabolisable energy (ME), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC)] of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture. Spring grazing treatments, applied annually from September to November, were based on ryegrass leaf development stage with high (HF), medium (MF), and low (LF) grazing frequency being 2-, 3-, and 4-leaf stage, respectively, and post-grazing height as the grazing intensity with high (HI), medium (MI), and low (LI) grazing intensity being 3, 5, and 8 cm, respectively. Five combinations were used: HFHI, LFHI, MFMI, HFLI, and LFLI. A sixth treatment, rapid grazing (RG), maintained pasture between 1500 and 1800 kg DM/ha by grazing weekly during spring, and a seventh and eighth treatment, simulating forage conservation for early-cut silage (lock-up for 6–7 weeks; SIL) and late-cut hay (lock-up for 11–12 weeks; HAY), were also included. For the remainder of the year, all plots were grazed at the perennial ryegrass 3-leaf stage of growth, or when pasture mass had reached 2800 kg DM/ha, and grazed to a residual height of 5 cm. On average, pasture accumulation rates ranged from <5 (February–March) to 100–110 kg DM/ha.day (September–October). Overall, SIL resulted in a lower accumulation rate than all other treatments. High spring grazing frequency (including RG) treatments led to more grazing events than medium and low spring grazing frequency treatments. In Years 1, 2, and 3, DM consumed ranged from 9.7 (HAY) to 16.3 (RG), 4.2 (HAY) to 10.1 (HFHI), and 7.3 (SIL) to 10.9 t DM/ha.year (HAY), respectively. HAY resulted in a lower pasture ME content than SIL, HFHI, and LFHI spring grazing, and LFLI spring grazing resulted in a lower pasture ME content than all other treatments except HAY. HFHI grazing resulted in an increase in ME content over time, whereas the rate of increase in ME content over time was higher for LFLI spring grazing than for HAY, RG, and HFLI spring grazing. For all treatments, average pasture ME content ranged from 9.4 (January–February) to 11.4 MJ/kg DM (September). HAY resulted in a lower CP content than all treatments except LFLI grazing. RG resulted in no change in CP content over time. For all treatments, average pasture CP content ranged from a low of 11–14 (January–February) to a high of 24–28% DM (August–September). LFLI grazing resulted in a higher NDF content than HFHI, LFHI, MFMI, and HFLI grazing, while RG resulted in a lower NDF content than LFHI, MFMI, and HFLI. For all treatments, average pasture NDF content ranged from a low of 48–55 (August–September) to a high of 58–62% DM (January–February). All treatments resulted in an increase in pasture WSC content over time. The results demonstrate that frequent and intense grazing management (e.g. HFHI and RG) during spring is important in maintaining high pasture DM yields. Results also indicate positive pasture nutritive characteristic (ME, CP, and NDF) gains with more frequent spring grazing than with infrequent spring grazing. No treatment effect was observed for WSC content.

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Greathead, KD, e DJ Barker. "Effect of conserving annual pastures for hay on serum magnesium levels of lactating beef cows in a Mediterranean environment". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, n. 3 (1985): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850497.

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Mature Friesian crossbred cows calving in April-May either continuously grazed annual pasture and received a small hay supplement in May and June, solely to prevent starvation ketosis, or had the pasture from one-third of their area conserved as hay in spring and fed back ad libitum in April, May and June. In May, deaths of cows from hypomagnesaemia occurred on the continuous grazing treatment but not on the fodder conservation treatment. Liveweight and serum magnesium levels of cows and the availability, botanical and mineral composition of the pasture on offer were therefore monitored during June, July and August. The cows on the fodder conservation treatment had higher serum magnesium levels through June, July and August. One cow on the continuous grazing treatment died of hypomagnesaemia in July, but none died on the fodder conservation treatment. After a supplement of 30 g MgSO4.7H2O and 4 kg of hay/cow.day was provided for 3 weeks in July, serum magnesium levels increased on both treatments and no further clinical cases of hypomagnesaemia occurred. Serum magnesium levels continued to increase on the continuous grazing treatment, and remained at a satisfactory level on the fodder conservation treatment and through August on pasture alone. Cation ratios (K:[Mg + Ca]) of clovers, weeds and hay at all samplings were less than 2.2, but grass sampled in July and August had cation ratios of 2.59 and 2.95, respectively. There was always a higher percentage of grass on the continuous grazing treatment. It was concluded that conservation of fodder as hay increased the serum magnesium levels of beef cows suckling calves in early winter by providing more energy and more magnesium during the period of pasture shortage in autumn-winter. Fodder conservation also appeared to contribute to increased serum magnesium levels in winter by reducing the proportion of grass in the sward.

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Landry, Michael R., John Constantinou e Julie Kirshtein. "Microzooplankton grazing in the central equatorial Pacific during February and August, 1992". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 42, n. 2-3 (gennaio 1995): 657–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0645(95)00024-k.

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Surber, Lisa M. M., Mark E. Rude, Brent L. Roeder, Tracy K. Mosley, Allison V. Grove, John W. Walker e Rodney W. Kott. "Percent Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) in the Diets of Grazing Sheep". Invasive Plant Science and Management 4, n. 1 (marzo 2011): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-09-00057.1.

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AbstractThe objective of this study was to use fecal near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate the percent spotted knapweed in the diet of grazing ewes to fine tune grazing prescriptions. In trial 1, five ewes were randomly selected from a band of 900 ewes to estimate weekly variation in percent spotted knapweed in the diet. Fecal samples from these ewes were collected weekly from June 22 through August 17 (nine collections per ewe for a total of 45 observations). In trial 2, fecal samples were collected from 89 ewes in the band to estimate variability in percent spotted knapweed in the diet among sheep at two sampling dates corresponding to the bud (July 13) and postflowering (August 15) stages of spotted knapweed phenology. In trial 1, the percent spotted knapweed in the diet was similar (P > 0.05) on June 22, June 29, July 13, and July 20 but was greater (P < 0.05) on July 6 than June 22 and 29. Percent spotted knapweed in the diet was also greater (P < 0.05) from July 27 through August 17 than from June 22 through July 20. On July 13 in trial 2, 55% of ewes had 0 to 5% spotted knapweed in their diets, whereas 44% of ewes had 5 to 20% spotted knapweed in their diets. On August 15, only 1% of ewes had < 10% spotted knapweed in their diets, whereas 44% of ewes had 20 to 25% spotted knapweed in their diets. The estimated percent spotted knapweed in the diet of the 89 ewes in trial 2 was similar to that of the five ewes during the same time period in sampling trial 1 (5.3% compared with 5.0% for sampling trials 1 and 2, respectively, on July 13 and 22.0% compared with 20.7% on August 15 and 17 for trials 1 and 2, respectively). This is the first study to estimate percent spotted knapweed in the diet of individual grazing ewes. These data suggest that the best time to graze spotted knapweed–infested pastures would be in late July or early August, when spotted knapweed is flowering, but before viable seed production.

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McKenzie, F. R., J. L. Jacobs e G. Kearney. "Effects of spring grazing on dryland perennial ryegrass/white clover dairy pastures. 2. Botanical composition, tiller, and plant densities". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, n. 5 (2006): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05024.

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A 3-year experiment (September 1999–August 2002) in south-western Victoria investigated spring grazing impacts on botanical composition, tiller densities (perennial ryegrass, other-grasses, clover growing points, and broad-leaved weeds), and perennial ryegrass plant frequencies of a pasture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture. Spring grazing treatments, applied annually from September to November were based on ryegrass leaf development stage with high (HF), medium (MF), and low (LF) grazing frequency being 2-, 3-, and 4-leaf stage, respectively, and post-grazing height as the grazing intensity with high (HI), medium (MI), and low grazing intensity being 3, 5, and 8 cm, respectively. Five combinations were used: HFHI, LFHI, MFMI, HFLI, and LFLI. A sixth treatment, rapid grazing (RG), maintained pasture between 1500 and 1800 kg DM/ha by grazing weekly during spring and a seventh and eighth treatment, simulating forage conservation for early-cut silage (lock-up for 6–7 weeks; SIL) and late-cut hay (lock up for 11–12 weeks; HAY), were also included. Perennial ryegrass content remained stable in the RG and HFHI treatments, averaging 78 and 75% DM, respectively, and declined in all other treatments. For example, perennial ryegrass content in LFLI declined from 75% (September 1999) to 50% DM (August 2002). RG and HFHI resulted in a slight increase in other grass (e.g. Holcus lanatus and Poa annua) content over time. SIL, LFLI, LFHI, and MFMI resulted in a higher other-grass content than RG and HFHI. LFLI, LFHI, and HFLI resulted in a stable dead (litter) pasture content over time, while SIL, HAY, HFHI, and RG resulted in a decline in dead pasture content over time. For RG and HFHI spring treatments the decline in dead pasture content was greater than LFLI, LFHI, and HFLI spring grazing. Data for white clover and broad-leaved weeds (e.g. Rumex dumosus and Taraxacum officinale) were inconsistent and could not be statistically analysed. While perennial ryegrass tiller density declined over time, RG and HFHI spring grazing resulted in a higher perennial ryegrass tiller density than low and medium grazing frequency treatments, and forage conservation treatments. Over time, tiller density of other grass increased, with MFMI, SIL, and HAY resulting in a greater increase than HFHI and RG treatments. During the experiment, white clover growing point density declined, while broad-leaved weed tiller data were inconsistent and not analysed. In October 2001, perennial ryegrass plant frequencies ranged from 12 (HAY) to 27 (RG) plants/m2. RG resulted in a higher perennial ryegrass plant frequency than medium and low spring grazing frequencies, and forage conservation (HAY). At the end of the experiment (August 2002), perennial ryegrass frequencies ranged from 15 (HAY) to 45 (RG) plants/m2 with RG resulting in a higher perennial ryegrass plant density than all other treatments. HFHI grazing resulted in a higher plant frequency than LFLI, SIL, and HAY, and HFLI a higher plant frequency than SIL and HAY. RG and HFHI spring grazing favoured perennial ryegrass persistence as it maintained botanical composition and perennial ryegrass tiller and plant frequencies relative to low and medium spring grazing frequency or high spring grazing frequency coupled with low intensity grazing and pasture locked up for forage conservation.

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Roux, M., S. K. Leask e D. J. Moot. "Yield and composition of lucerne stands in Central Otago after different winter grazing and weed control treatments". Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 76 (1 gennaio 2014): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2014.76.2965.

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Abstract The effect of grazing date and time of spraying with a glyphosate/atrazine herbicide combination on a threeyear- old lucerne stand was studied on-farm in Central Otago. Total annual dry matter (DM) yield was highest in the weedy unsprayed control (14.8 t DM/ha) and lowest in the crop sprayed on 18 September (10.1 t DM/ ha). However, lucerne DM yield was highest from the 3 July and 22 August spray treatments (11.4 ± 0.39 t DM/ ha) and lowest in the unsprayed control at 7.7 t DM/ha. Phytotoxicity symptoms of glyphosate on the lucerne tended to be limited to crops sprayed on 18 September. To maximise yield, a winter clean-up grazing (June) followed by a winter herbicide application (July/August) when lucerne was approximately 3 cm high and with

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Bradley, Kailey, Brooke Boyd, Lindsay Garrison, Morgan Higgins, Robert Newton, Miranda Vega, Roger Gates e Jay Daniel. "200 Comparison of daily rotation and slow rotational grazing on ewe performance, parasite infestation, and soil". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (luglio 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.170.

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Abstract Impact of grazing method on ewe performance, parasite infestation, and soil was examined using mature, non-lactating ewes divided into slow rotation (SR; n = 20) or daily rotation (DR; n = 20) groups. Pastures previously grazed by sheep were divided and soil sampled. Temporary electric fence provided daily pasture allocation for DR. Ewes had been adapted to temporary electric fence for two weeks. Both DR and SR were moved to new pasture at the same time. Ewes were weighed and fecal egg counts were conducted biweekly. On alternate weeks, ewes were body condition scored (BCS), FAMACHA scored, and dewormed if FAMACHA score was 4 or greater. After 10 weeks of grazing (June 1-August 10, 2018), final ewe weights and soil samples were collected. Body condition score, FAMACHA, fecal egg count, body weight, and soil test results were tested for effect of grazing group, date, and group by date interaction using procedures for repeated measures with JMP software (version 10, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). The FAMACHA scores were greatest on July 6 (P < 0.0001). BCS were greater on June 8 and 22 than July 6 and August 3 (P < 0.0001). Ewes were heaviest on June 1 and 15, lightest on July 27 and August 10 (P < 0.0001), and DR ewes were lighter than SR ewes on July 27 and August 10 (P < 0.0001). No effect of treatment, date, or treatment by date interaction on fecal egg count (P > 0.23) was detected. Soil organic matter decreased over the study (P = 0.0024), but organic matter change was less in DR than SR (P = 0.0092). DR did not influence parasitism, but may enhance soil organic matter.

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Yocupicio-Villegas, I., H. Esparza-Ponce e JA Duarte-Moller. "XAS and grazing angle XRD of the CoTi2 thin films grown by DC co-sputtering technique". Microscopy and Microanalysis 14, S2 (agosto 2008): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927608088053.

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Holt, N. W. "Forage intake and grazing times of yearling beef steers grazing nitrogen-fertilized Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys junceus)". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, n. 2 (1 giugno 1992): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-045.

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Forage dry matter intake of yearling steers from nitrogen- (N) fertilized Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys junceus) pastures was determined by an external indicator technique on five occasions during the summers of 1986 and 1987 at Swift Current, Saskatachewan. The N fertility levels were: 55 kg ha−1 N and 110 kg ha−1 N (the sum of available N and annually applied N fertilizer) and an unfertilized control (15 kg ha−1 available nitrate-N). Forage dry matter intake by steers (290 kg at turn out in May) was 1.5% of steer body weight (BW) when forage dry matter digestibility (DMD) was 48% and averaged 2.3% of steer BW when DMD was 54–62%. Forage dry matter intake was indirectly related to the N fertility level of the pasture by the positive effect of N fertilizer level on forage DMD. Fecal output, as determined by chromic oxide dilution, varied from 0.86% of BW in August 1986 to 1.12% of BW in July 1987. There was no relationship of fecal output to the N fertility of the grazed pasture. Time spent grazing during a 1-d period was determined in each of June, July and August of 1986 and 1987. Grazing time averaged 8.0 h d−1 and was not affected by season or fertility treatment. Forage and fecal contents of acid detergent lignin, ash and N were significantly correlated with the N fertility level of the pasture from which they came. It was concluded that forage intake of animals grazing N-fertilized pastures may be affected indirectly by the effect of soil N fertility on DMD. Key words: Psathyrostachys juncea, fecal output, feces composition, forage digestibility

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31

Henkin, Z., E. D. Ungar e A. Dolev. "Foraging behaviour of beef cattle in the hilly terrain of a Mediterranean grassland". Rangeland Journal 34, n. 2 (2012): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj11096.

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The objective of this study was to determine the role of terrain in the foraging behaviour of beef cows grazing hilly Mediterranean grasslands. The study was conducted in eastern Galilee, Israel, during 2002 and 2003 on two similar 28-ha paddocks encompassing distinct terrain types in terms of slope and rock cover. The paddocks were continuously grazed by cows from mid winter (January–February) to autumn (September) at two different stocking rates (1.1 and 0.56 cows per ha). From early June to the end of September the cows were offered poultry litter ad libitum as a supplementary feed. The location and activity of cows were monitored with GPS collars during four periods in each year: early spring (February–March), late spring (April), early summer (June) and late summer (August). Herbage mass was measured at the beginning of each of these periods. During early and late spring, when the herbage mass and nutritive value of herbage were high, the cows spent 40–50% of the day grazing, with peaks in the morning and afternoon. In the dry, late summer period (August), grazing of the herbage was 20–22% of the day, occurring only in the early morning and late afternoon with sporadic bouts of grazing until midnight. In all periods the cows tended to prefer the flattest terrain sites. As the herbage mass declined to 1000–1500 kg ha–1, the exploitation of the pasture during grazing became increasingly similar among the different terrains. Even on relatively small paddocks, where grazing pressure was close to the full potential of the site, free-ranging cows tended to prefer less sloping and rocky sites. It is concluded that the grazing strategy of beef cows is determined by the interaction between terrain, the distribution of the herbage mass and the nutritive value of the herbage. As herbage mass declines during the growing season, the distribution of grazing becomes uniform and all terrain types are exploited.

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32

Diaz, Jose M., Douglas R. Tolleson, Jay P. Angerer, Amelia Christian, William E. Fox e William E. Pinchak. "176 Application of growing degree day to predict diet crude protein in rangeland beef cows". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (3 novembre 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.242.

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Abstract We used a fecal near infrared spectroscopy (FNIRS) calibration for cattle diet crude protein (CP) to evaluate the efficacy of growing degree day (GDD) as a remotely-sensed method to monitor grazing animal nutrition. Composite fecal samples representing a herd of 24 cross bred beef cows grazing native range pastures in southwest Texas were collected along with GDD and precipitation data from April 2018 to September 2019. Regression analyses were performed to determine relationships between FNIRS-predicted diet CP and GDD within year and growing season. In 2018, FNIRS-predicted diet CP ranged from a minimum of 7.05% in August to a maximum of 9.69% in July. 2018 cumulative precipitation was 28% and 94% of the 20-year average for January-April and May-August, respectively. In 2019, FNIRS-predicted diet CP ranged from a minimum of 6.85% in September to a maximum of 12.01% in May. 2019 cumulative precipitation was 74% and 102% of the 20-year average for January-April and May-August, respectively. There were no significant (P > 0.1) simple linear relationships identified between FNIRS-predicted diet CP and GDD. There were, however, cubic exponential relationships identified in both 2018 (y = 7E-10x3 - 5E-06x2 + 0.0106x + 2.9603; R² = 0.7261; P = 0.1271) and 2019 (y = 1E-09x3 - 6E-06x2 + 0.0062x + 9.2923; R² = 0.7659; P = 0.0493). As expected, perennial range grass phenology/nutritive value (i.e. cattle diet CP) was influenced by accumulation of heat units (i.e. GDD) and precipitation. Although FNIRS is an established non-invasive method to monitor grazing animal nutrition, a remotely-sensed method to accomplish this task, such as GDD, has the potential to facilitate large-scale monitoring of grazing animal nutritional status. Our results indicate that complementary research using data from multiple locations and for more than 2 years is needed to fully evaluate these techniques.

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33

WELTEN, B. G., S. F. LEDGARD e J. LUO. "Administration of dicyandiamide to dairy cows via drinking water reduces nitrogen losses from grazed pastures". Journal of Agricultural Science 152, S1 (19 settembre 2013): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000634.

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SUMMARYOral administration of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) to ruminants for excretion in urine represents a targeted mitigation strategy to reduce nitrogen (N) losses from grazed pasture. A farmlet grazing study was undertaken to examine the environmental benefits of administering DCD in trough water to non-lactating Friesian dairy cows that consecutively grazed 12 replicated plots (each 627 m2with a grazing intensity of up to 319 cows/ha/day) during two grazing rotations in the winter of 2007 in the Waikato region, New Zealand. Nitrate-N (NO3−-N) leaching losses were measured using ceramic cup samplers (600 mm soil depth) and gaseous emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) were quantified using a static chamber technique in the DCD and control treatments. Administration of DCD in trough water had no effect on daily water intake by dairy cows, which averaged 15 and 18 l/cow/day for the June and August grazing rotations, respectively. This resulted in a mean daily DCD intake of 46 and 110 g/cow/day, respectively. The DCD farmlet had significantly lower NO3−-N concentrations in leachate at the last three samplings, which reduced total NO3−-N leaching losses by 40% (from 32·0 to 19·2 kg N/ha). The DCD treatment reduced N2O emission rates compared to the control treatment following the August grazing, resulting in a 45% reduction in total N2O emissions relative to the control treatment (from 0·49 to 0·27 kg N2O-N/ha). This preliminary study highlights the potential for administering ruminants with DCD as an effective mitigation option for reducing N losses from agricultural systems.

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34

Duncan, A. J., S. E. Hartley e G. R. Iason. "Fine-scale discrimination of forage quality by sheep offered a soyabean meal or barley supplement while grazing a nitrogen-fertilized heather (Calluna vulgaris) mosaic". Journal of Agricultural Science 123, n. 3 (dicembre 1994): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600070374.

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SUMMARYThe ability of 12 Scottish Blackface ewes to discriminate and concentrate grazing activity in nitrogenfertilized heather patches was determined. The nitrogen content of a stand of heather (Calluna vulgaris) was increased and the fibre content decreased by adding ammonium nitrate fertilizer (7·5 g N/m2) 3 months prior to grazing, in Scotland during August 1991, to selected areas within a patchwork array. The sheep were offered either a high protein (300 g soyabean meal) or low protein (285 g ground barley) supplement daily before being allowed to graze within the heather mosaic during November 1991. The proportion of time spent grazing in fertilized and control patches (patch selection) and the proportion of daylight hours spent grazing (proportion of time spent grazing) was estimated for individual sheep for 6 days. Rumen ammonia concentrations were determined at the end of the grazing period. All animals spent approximately twice as much time grazing in fertilized as in control patches. About half of the daylight hours were spent grazing. The nature of the supplement did not influence patch selection, the proportion of time spent grazing or rumen ammonia concentrations. It was concluded that sheep are able to discern differences in the chemical composition of heather on a fine scale and that their foraging behaviour is not influenced by the type of supplement offered.

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35

Bellofiore, Riccardo. "In memoriam: Augusto Graziani (1933-2014)**Este obituario fue elaborado para publicarse originalmente en el boletín trimestral núm. 165, abril de 2014 de la Royal Economic Society. Expresamos nuestra gratitud a dicha Institución por autorizar su traducción para reproducir este trabajo en la revista Economía Informa.Traducido por la Mtra Nitzia Vázquez Carrillo, profesora de la Facultad de Economía y estudiante del doctorado y revisado por la Dra. Noemi Levy Orlik, profesora de tiempo completo de la Facultad de Economía, unam y tutora del posgrado. unam." Economía Informa 385 (marzo 2014): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0185-0849(14)70421-9.

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36

Kibon, A., e W. Holmes. "Supplementary feeding of forages or concentrates to dairy cows at pasture". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (marzo 1986): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600016081.

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Abstract (sommario):

Two experiments have compared the effects of forages or concentrates offered to dairy cows, continuously stocked in late Summer at a low stocking rate in Experiment 1 or a higher stocking rate in Experiment 2.In Experiment 1 (July - October 1984) 20 Spring calving British Friesian cows were allocated to a Latin square design with four, three week periods and four treatments, a control group, grazing only (TO), grazing with 5 kg dry matter fresh lucerne per day (TL), grazing with 5 kg dry matter hay per day (TH) and grazing with 4 kg DM concentrate per day (TC). In Experiment 2 (August -October 1985) 24 cows of similar calving dates were used in an incomplete Latin square design lasting eight weeks to compare treatments TO, TL, TS and TC where silage (TS) replaced hay. All supplements were offered for 1 hour after each of two milkings per day.

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37

Davies, Kirk W., Chad S. Boyd, Jon D. Bates e April Hulet. "Dormant season grazing may decrease wildfire probability by increasing fuel moisture and reducing fuel amount and continuity". International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, n. 6 (2015): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14209.

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Mega-fires and unprecedented expenditures on fire suppression over the past decade have resulted in a renewed focus on presuppression management. Dormant season grazing may be a treatment to reduce fuels in rangeland, but its effects have not been evaluated. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of dormant season grazing (winter grazing in this ecosystem) by cattle on fuel characteristics in sagebrush (Artemisia L.) communities at five sites in south-eastern Oregon. Winter grazing reduced herbaceous fuel cover, continuity, height and biomass without increasing exotic annual grass biomass or reducing bunchgrass basal area or production. Fuel moisture in winter-grazed areas was high enough that burning was unlikely until late August; in contrast, fuels in ungrazed areas were dry enough to burn in late June. Fuel biomass on perennial bunchgrasses was decreased by 60% with winter grazing, which may reduce the potential for fire-induced mortality. The cumulative effect of winter grazing from altering multiple fuel characteristics may reduce the likelihood of fire and the potential severity in sagebrush communities with an understorey dominated by herbaceous perennials. Dormant season grazing has the potential to reduce wildfire suppression expenditures in many rangelands where herbaceous fuels are an issue; however, increasing woody vegetation and extreme fire weather may limit its influence.

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38

Fielding, Dennis J., M. A. Brusven, Bahman Shafii e William J. Price. "Spatial heterogeneity of low-density populations of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae) associated with grazing and vegetation treatments". Canadian Entomologist 133, n. 6 (dicembre 2001): 843–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent133843-6.

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AbstractThe objectives of this study were to determine whether the spatial distribution of Melanoplus sanguinipes F., the most abundant species of grasshopper on rangeland in southern Idaho, varied annually in response to changing patterns of grazing and to investigate how vegetation affects the spatial distribution of low-density populations of M. sanguinipes at scales relevant to most rangeland-management activities. A lattice of 72 sites was established across nine pastures, covering approximately 5000 ha. At each site, densities of M. sanguinipes, percent canopy coverage by plant species, and percent forage utilization by livestock were estimated twice per year, in June when M. sanguinipes was in the nymphal stage and in August during the adult stage, for 4 years, 1991–1994. Spatial analyses of variance were used to evaluate the influence of grazing and vegetation type on densities of M. sanguinipes. In August of each year, densities of M. sanguinipes were lower on heavily grazed sites than on lightly grazed sites, except in 1993, when the opposite trend was observed. Above-normal precipitation in 1993 resulted in abundant growth of annual forbs and regrowth of grazed plants. The distribution of nymphs in June of 1993 and 1994 reflected the grazing patterns of the previous summer. Densities of M. sanguinipes were lower on crested wheatgrass habitats than on annual grasslands for every sampling period from June 1991 to June 1993, after which no differences were observed. We interpret the results to suggest that grazing effects on low-density populations of M. sanguinipes were contingent on weather conditions; under dry conditions, grazed habitats were less favorable to M. sanguinipes but, during relatively cool wet summers, grazing created conditions that were more favorable to M. sanguinipes.

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39

Chappell, Caroline, Landon Marks, Katie Mason, Mary K. Mullenix, Sandra L. Dillard e Russ B. Muntifering. "115 Nitrogen fertilizer effects on above ground sward characteristics and beef heifer performance from native warm-season grass blends". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (1 novembre 2020): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.060.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract A 2-yr study was conducted at Black Belt Research and Extension Center in Marion Junction, AL, to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rate on forage production characteristics, nutritive value, and animal performance of beef heifers grazing a mixture of native warm-season grasses (NWSG) including big bluestem, little bluestem, and indiangrass. Six, two-hectare plots were randomly assigned to one of two treatments (0 or 67 kg N ha-1 applied in early April; n = 3 replications per treatment). Paddocks were continuously stocked with four weaned Angus × Simmental beef heifers (initial BW 288 ± 7 kg) from late May/early June through mid-to-late August during 2018 (73 grazing d) and 2019 (70 grazing d), respectively. Put-and-take cattle were used to manage forage to a target of 38 cm. Forage mass and canopy heights were collected every two weeks during the trial. Visual ground cover ratings, canopy light interception, and botanical composition were measured at the beginning and end of the trial in each year. Hand-plucked samples were collected every two weeks during the grazing trial to determine forage nutritional value. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4, and differences were declared significant when P ≤ 0.05. Nitrogen fertilized NWSG had greater crude protein (P < 0.0001), sward heights (P = 0.0003), and canopy light interception at the beginning of the season (P = 0.0049) compared to non-fertilized paddocks. However, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.05) among N-fertility treatments for mean forage mass, heifer ADG, or BCS across the 2-yr study. Botanical composition data indicated that indiangrass decreased from 64% to 61% (P = 0.0022) and weed pressure increased from 11% to 15% (P = 0.0064) across the summer grazing season. Canopy light interception decreased by 51% from early June to August in fertilized NWSG and 26% in unfertilized paddocks, respectively. These data illustrate that NWSG systems may provide a viable grazing system in the summer months under reduced N inputs.

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40

Diamond, Joel M., Christopher A. Call e Nora Devoe. "Effects of targeted cattle grazing on fire behavior of cheatgrass-dominated rangeland in the northern Great Basin, USA". International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, n. 8 (2009): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08075.

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Abstract (sommario):

We evaluated the effectiveness of using targeted, or prescribed, cattle grazing to reduce the flame length and rate of spread of fires on cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)-dominated rangeland in northern Nevada. Cattle removed 80–90% of B. tectorum biomass during the boot (phenological) stage in grazed plots in May 2005. Grazed and ungrazed plots were burned in October 2005 to assess fire behavior characteristics. Targeted grazing reduced B. tectorum biomass and cover, which resulted in reductions in flame length and rate of spread. When the grazing treatments were repeated on the same plots in May 2006, B. tectorum biomass and cover were reduced to the point that fires did not carry in the grazed plots in October 2006. Fuel characteristics of the 2005 burns were used to parameterize dry-climate grass models in BEHAVE Plus, and simulation modeling indicates that targeted grazing in spring (May) will reduce the potential for catastrophic fires during the peak fire season (July–August) in the northern Great Basin.

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41

Avery, A. L., D. L. Michalk, R. P. Thompson, P. Ball, T. Prance, C. A. Harris, D. W. FitzGerald, J. F. Ayres e B. A. Orchard. "Effects of sheep grazing management on cocksfoot herbage mass and persistence in temperate environments". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, n. 2 (2000): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98008.

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Abstract (sommario):

Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) is among the most important perennial grass species sown in temperate Australia. Newly sown cocksfoot pastures were established on 5 commercial farms (sites), in the temperate high-rainfall (>600 mm annual rainfall) zone of eastern Australia. Experiments were located on these commercial farms, and were measured from September 1993 to August 1996, to compare the effect of seasonal sheep grazing management strategies with continuous grazing (control treatment) on cocksfoot herbage mass and plant frequencies. Each experiment had 8 common grazing treatments and up to 5 local treatments, with 2 replicates and 2 years of start for treatments. Cocksfoot herbage mass under continuous grazing declined at 2 sites, remained stable at 2 sites and increased at 1 site. No single grazing strategy had a significant linear (time) effect on cocksfoot herbage mass across sites and at the completion of monitoring in 1996 there were few treatments with a significant increase in fitted values for cocksfoot herbage mass compared to the continuously grazed control. Under moderate grazing pressure (8–10 dry sheep equivalents) cocksfoot pastures appeared to be relatively stable and unresponsive to grazing management and therefore continuous grazing seems to be appropriate. High grazing pressure in summer (herbage mass below 1000 kg/ha) can reduce cocksfoot persistence and in drought stock should be removed from cocksfoot pastures. Summer seasonal closure increased cocksfoot frequency at all sites, except Four Mile Creek and Dundee. These studies have shown it is possible to improve cocksfoot herbage mass through the implementation of strategic grazing practices, particularly over summer and early autumn.

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42

Petty, S. R., e D. P. Poppi. "Effect of muddy conditions in the field on the liveweight gain of cattle consuming Leucaena leucocephala - Digitaria eriantha pastures in north-west Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, n. 7 (2008): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07416.

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Abstract (sommario):

Cattle grazing leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham)–pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha cv. Steudel) pastures in the Ord River Irrigation Area in north-west Western Australia, sometimes exhibit higher liveweight gains in the dry season when temperature and humidity are lower. Two factors have been suggested as causing this seasonal difference: the combined effect of the temperature and humidity, and the effect of the muddy conditions in the field associated with rainfall in the wet summer season. An experiment over 81 days, from August to October 1995, was conducted to evaluate the effect of muddy conditions on the liveweight gain of cattle grazing a leucaena–pangola grass pasture. Replicated paddocks were grazed in a normal irrigated system during this dry season whereas other paddocks were flood irrigated twice weekly to create muddy conditions. Cattle grazing the muddy paddocks had a liveweight gain of 0.29 kg/steer.day, which was lower (P < 0.001) than the animals in the dry paddocks (0.57 kg/steer.day). These cattle spent less time grazing (41.9 v. 67.6% of animals grazing at three observation times, 0600, 1100 and 1500 hours, on each day over the whole 81 days; P ≤ 0.001). It was suggested that the muddy condition of the paddock was the primary factor causing this difference in liveweight gain and grazing behaviour.

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43

Tudisco, Raffaella, Valeria Maria Morittu, Laura Addi, Giuseppe Moniello, Micaela Grossi, Nadia Musco, Raffaella Grazioli et al. "Influence of Pasture on Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase and miRNA 103 Expression in Goat Milk: Preliminary Results". Animals 9, n. 9 (26 agosto 2019): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090606.

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Abstract (sommario):

The effect of pasture on the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and miRNA 103 expression was evaluated on dairy goats divided into two homogeneous groups (G, grazing, and S, stable). Group S was housed in a stall and received alfalfa hay as forage, while group G was led to pasture. The goats of both the groups received the same amount of concentrate. Milk yield did not differ statistically between the groups. Group G showed significantly higher fat (4.10% vs. 2.94%, p < 0.01) and protein percentage (3.43% vs. 3.25%; p < 0.05) than group S. Among milk fatty acids, group S showed significantly higher levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and lower values of mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). The percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) were not different between groups even if pasture significantly affected the percentages of C18:3 and total omega 3. In group G, total CLAs were twice than in group S (0.646% vs. 0.311%; p < 0.01) mainly due to the differences in CLA cis9 trans 11 (0.623% vs. 0.304%; p < 0.01). Milk total CLA in grazing group was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in August according to the highest value of both linoleic and α-linolenic acids in the pasture. In grazing animals, SCD expression decreased from April to June, increased in July and decreased again in August, while it was almost unvaried along the trial in group S. By contrast, the expression of miRNA 103 showed a similar trend for both groups, decreasing from April to June, increasing in July and falling down in August. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of the effects of pasture on miRNA expression in milk from ruminant species.

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44

Morris, ST, WJ Parker, HT Blair e SN McCutcheon. "Effect of sward height during late pregnancy on intake and performance of continuously stocked June- and August-lambing ewes". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, n. 7 (1993): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931635.

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Abstract (sommario):

Herbage organic matter intake (OMI), grazing behaviour and ewe and lamb production were measured during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy in 2-year-old and mixed-age Border LeicesterxRomney ewes due to lamb in June (winter) or August (spring). The intake of herbage (averaged across lambing date groups) was 1.4�0.1, 1.71�0.1, 1.7�0.1 and 1.9 9�0.1 kg OM ewe-1 day-1 (mean � s.e.m., P < 0.01) for ewes continuously stocked on 10-year-old ryegrass (L. perenne) and white clover (T. repens) pastures maintained at sward surface heights (SSH) of 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 cm respectively. Ewes that were in a good body condition score achieved their required daily intake of energy at a SSH of 2.0 cm. Relative to ewes on the 8.0 cm SSH treatment, those on the 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 cm SSH treatments attempted to increase intake by increasing grazing duration rather than biting rate. Ewe liveweight, condition score, midside wool growth rate and mean fibre diameter were not affected by sward surface height in either lambing group. There was no within season effect of SSH on lamb birthweight, but lambs born in June were lighter than lambs born in August (4.4k0.2 v. 5.3�0.2 kg, P < 0.001). This trial has shown that, at the same SSH, June-lambing pregnant ewes achieve a similar daily herbage intake to that of August-lambing ewes. A target SSH of 2.0 cm during the last month of pregnancy was shown to be appropriate for both August- and June-lambing ewes in good condition. However, for August-lambing ewes in poor condition, a SSH of 2.0 cm at this stage of pregnancy would be detrimental to overall production, particularly in terms of ewe liveweight loss.

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45

Karasabbidis, Konstantinos, Maria Yiakoulaki, Agapi Papazafeiriou, Ioannis Mountousis e Konstantinos Papanikolaou. "A behavioural study of the Greek »Thrakian« sheep breed grazing on the rangelands of Rhodope, Greece". Archives Animal Breeding 57, n. 1 (23 maggio 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-57-009.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract. The Greek Thrakian sheep breed is under extinction and information about their grazing behaviour is important to both welfare and performances. The grazing behaviour of the Thrakian sheep breed was investigated in the mountainous rangelands of North-Eastern Thrace, Greece from April to October 2012. Direct observations were carried out on six female sheep for two consecutive days at each month and the time spent on grazing, resting and rumination was recorded. Also, the daily distance travel by sheep flock was recorded with a handheld Global Positioning System. Sheep travelled on average 4.5 km/day and they walked their shortest distances during the summer months (July and August). Sheep spent 324.3 min/day (64.2 % of their grazing activities) on feeding while they devoted less time (P<0.05) to resting and ruminating (134.4 and 46.4 min/day, respectively). The higher values of resting and ruminating were recorded during summer (163.2 min/day and 54.2 min/day, respectively). Time spent on grazing by sheep had significant (P<0.05) negative relationship to air temperature (r=−0 .966) while the resting and ruminating time had a positive one (r=0.935; P<0.01 and r=0.815; P<0.05, respectively).

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46

Kahn, Lewis P., Judi M. Earl e Millie Nicholls. "Herbage mass thresholds rather than plant phenology are a more useful cue for grazing management decisions in the mid-north region of South Australia". Rangeland Journal 32, n. 4 (2010): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj10003.

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Abstract (sommario):

Research was conducted in the mid-north of South Australia over the period 2000–05 to evaluate the effects of different grazing management cues on composition and production of a grassland. The management cues were based on calendar, plant phenology or herbage mass thresholds using grazing exclusion as a control. There were five grazing treatments: (i) regional practice (RP), where sheep grazed continuously for the period April–December; (ii) autumn rest, where sheep grazing was restricted to June–December; (iii) spring rest, where sheep grazing was restricted to April–August; (iv) high density and short duration (HDSD), where herbage mass thresholds determined when grazing occurred and for what duration; and (v) nil (NIL) grazing by domestic herbivores. Mean annual estimates of herbage mass were highest for NIL and HDSD and inclusion of the estimate of herbage consumption by sheep resulted in greatest primary plant production in HDSD. The contribution of perennial grasses to herbage mass declined with RP and seasonal grazing treatments. Frequency of perennial grasses was unaffected by grazing treatment but the number of perennial grass plants increased over time in RP and seasonal treatments. HDSD allowed maintenance of basal cover whereas bare ground increased with RP and seasonal treatments. Litter accumulated in NIL but this was associated with a decline in perennial basal cover. Seasonal grazing treatments did not provide an advantage over RP and there appeared to be no benefit from including phenology in management decisions. In contrast, HDSD resulted in a stable and productive grassland ecosystem, with stocking rate estimated at 78% greater than other treatments. These features offer a desirable mix for future industry adoption in the mid-north of South Australia.

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47

Nikonorova e Kryuchkova. "CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS OF HELMINTH INFECTIONS IN GRAZING RUMINANT ANIMALS ON LOWLY, FILLING PASTURES". THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, n. 20 (14 maggio 2019): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.416-420.

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Studies were carried out on cattle gobies in one of the farms of the Ivanovo region from May to October. We selected two groups of agelmint animals of 15 heads 11.5–12 months of age. Both groups of animals were grazed on lowland (flood) pastures. The first (control) group of gobies did not receive anthelmintics during the pasture season. Animals of the second (experimental) group were dewormed three times with fenbendazole at a dose of 20 mg / kg in the DV, individually, twice. In the gobies of the control group, for the first time, helminth eggs in the faeces were found in July. During this period, eggs were found to be strangulated, trichocephalic, and moniesia. In August and September, the infection of animals with helminths gradually increased. In October, all the livestock of calves was invaded by nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes. In the animals of the experimental group, by the end of July, moderate invasion by strongylats, trichocephalus and moniesia was registered, so they were subjected to double deworming with fenbendazole. In August, they were free from helminths, and in September, fasciola eggs, nematodes from the strongylata and trichocephalata and moniesia suborders were found in their feces. In September, the animals again dewormed with fenbendazole twice. In October, only trichocephalus eggs were found in the calves' feces. In calves that underwent chemoprophylaxis during the pasture season, average daily gains increased by 53.9 g. (9.47%). In order to reduce losses from helminth infections, young cattle should be dewormed three times while grazing them on lowland, flowing pastures. The first time – in July, the second time – in late August, the third – in September.

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48

Wildeus, Stephan, e Dahlia O’Brien. "196 Performance of landrace hair sheep lambs in a forage-based, semi-continuous production system". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (luglio 2019): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.176.

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Abstract Developing a system of year-round lamb production can address issues of continuous supply and product uniformity. In this project, Barbados Blackbelly (BB) and St. Croix (STX) Landrace hair sheep were used to produce cohorts of lambs in 4 mo intervals. Lambs were born on pasture, weaned at approximately 9 weeks, and returned to pasture after a period of post-weaning transition in pens. Ram lambs were rendered short-scrotum at weaning and grazed with ewe lambs as a single group in a rotational grazing system using cool season perennial grasses, warm and cool season annual forages, hay, and soy hull supplementation based on season and forage availability. Lambs were removed as they reached 35–40 kg or 12 mo of age. Data from two lamb cohorts born in April (n = 45) and August (n = 39), respectively, were analyzed for the effect of breed and sex on BW and ADG at different production stages. Birth weights of the April and August cohorts were similar (3.36 kg), but pre-weaning ADG and weaning weights were higher (P < 0.001) in the April (400 g/d and 15.6 kg) than August cohort (304 g/d and 12.1 kg). In contrast, pasture ADG (to 9 mo of age) was higher (P < 0.001) in the August (114 g/d) than April (73 g/d) cohort. Pasture ADG was higher (P < 0.05) in STX (100 g/d) than BB (88 g/d), and higher males (106 g/d) than females (81 g/d). During joint grazing of the two cohorts (December through March) ADG was initially higher (P < 0.001) in the older April (76 g/d) than August (16 g/d) lambs, but similar as they transitioned to annual forage (310 g/d). Pasture ADG fluctuated greatly in relation to forage quality, and to a lesser degree with breed and sex, and 79% of April and 84% of August cohort lambs reached target weights as yearlings.

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49

Cingolani, Massimo. "Augusto Graziani's Equilibrio generale ed equilibrio macroeconomico: a key milestone in a long journey out of the neoclassical mainstream". Review of Keynesian Economics 4, n. 3 (luglio 2016): 279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2016.03.04.

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50

Dove, H., J. A. Kirkegaard, W. M. Kelman, S. J. Sprague, S. E. McDonald e J. M. Graham. "Integrating dual-purpose wheat and canola into high-rainfall livestock systems in south-eastern Australia. 2. Pasture and livestock production". Crop and Pasture Science 66, n. 4 (2015): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14201.

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In south-eastern Australia, low winter temperatures often reduce pasture growth and thus winter herbage supply relative to livestock requirements. Grazing of vegetative grain crops in winter is one strategy that might overcome this feed gap. In a study with young sheep over two seasons near Canberra, ACT, we compared pasture-only grazing with three separate crop–livestock systems in which the sheep grazed long-season wheat, winter canola or a combination of these, for intervals over the period May–August. We measured forage biomass, sheep grazing days (SGD) and liveweight accumulated per ha. Crop-grazing treatments resulted in much more winter forage for grazing sheep (t DM ha–1): in 2010, one crop 2.5–3.0, two crops 3.5 v. pasture only 1; in 2011, one crop 2, two crops 3 v. pasture only 1.4. In the first season, grazing one crop resulted in ~2000 extra SGD ha–1 and the accumulation of more liveweight per ha than in the pasture-only treatment; grazing of two crops resulted in >3500 extra SGD ha–1. Equivalent values in the second, drier season were: one crop, ~1000 extra SGD ha–1; two crops, 2600 extra SGD ha–1. Spelling of pastures during crop grazing led to extra pasture growth, such that in each of the two seasons, 40% of the total benefit in extra SGD per ha came from the extra pasture. The results indicate that, like grazed wheat, grazed canola can provide valuable winter forage, especially when used together with wheat. The data also provide the first quantification of the effect of crop grazing on pasture spelling and subsequent pasture supply, and suggest value in the incorporation of grazing wheat and canola into grazing systems in the high-rainfall zone.

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