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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "HEAT VENTILATION AIR CONDITIONING"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 26 ottobre 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "HEAT VENTILATION AIR CONDITIONING"

Li, Kang, Hao Gao, Peng Jia, Lin Su, Yidong Fang, Hua Zhang e Ni Liu. "Numerical and experimental investigation on the air flow characteristics of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning module for a small electric vehicle". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, n. 6 (24 dicembre 2019): 1597–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019895148.

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In electrical vehicles, replacing positive temperature coefficient heater as heat source with an air source heat pump could improve the driving range and decrease energy consumption in cold climate. Design of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning module for heat pump system has a significant influence on its performance in each working mode. A newly designed heat pump heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning module was introduced in this paper. The air flow characteristics of the heat pump heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning module in four working modes were analyzed, and the air flow rate and wind resistance were obtained by numerical simulation. Experiments were also conducted for validating its airflow rate in each working mode. Results of these experiments show that some unfavorable phenomena such as flow maldistribution and vortex inside the heat pump heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning module exist, which could lead to insufficient utilization of the heat exchange area of heat exchangers and the generation of aerodynamic noise. Furthermore, the air flow rate of the original heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning module was also measured for comparison, and the designed heat pump heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning module shows nearly 15–20% decrease in each working mode.

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Voronuk, Andrey. "About Secondary Energy Resources, Heat Exchange Ventilation". Electronics and Control Systems 1, n. 71 (27 giugno 2022): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/1990-5548.71.16823.

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The article deals with life support systems, the main purpose of such systems is to make the building suitable for human life, or to create comfortable conditions for work. To create a favorable environment, optimal temperature and humidity in all residential and industrial premises, ventilation and air conditioning systems are used. The main goal of the work was the development of a high-tech energy-saving ventilation and air conditioning system with a modern automated control system. At the same time, the main directions of modernization of energy-saving control systems were developed, the hardware support of the energy-saving ventilation system was developed, the choice of the type of recuperator as an energy conservation subsystem was justified, the main elements of the system were calculated, the components of the ventilation and air conditioning system were modeled, a model of the supply-exhaust ventilation system was developed, and experimental tests were carried out research.

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Fan, Hong Ming, Kai Yuan He, Zhi Fang Yin e Dan Zhang. "Transient Numerical Simulation for Air Distribution of Air Conditioning and Ventilation in Subway Island-Platform". Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (maggio 2011): 3107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3107.

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The typical subway island-platform of Beijing as research object was present in the article. Taking two-equation turbulence model and giving boundary conditions of piston wind and train heat load change with the time, adopting numerical method simulates air distribution of air-conditioning and ventilation system in subway. The results indicate that piston wind effect has significant impact on the area of platform entrance and staircase entrance while station with safety doors can obstruct piston effect at a certain degree. Simultaneity, the supply- exhaust air system offers relatively uniform temperature and velocity field, which meets requirements of transitory comfort for passengers. It is found that numerical simulation method can simulate and forecast air distribution of air conditioning and ventilating system in subway station. In conclusion, it can provide the reference for optimizing air-conditioning and ventilation system, improving thermal environment designing of subway station.

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Zhao, Jing Bo. "Heat Storage Composite Wall, Ventilation Application". Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (dicembre 2012): 1737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1737.

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The article mainly describes the complex wall in the building structure design and thermal storage wall is arranged on the application; composite wall laid in phase change heat storage module technology; heat storage composite wall summer application characteristics and feasibility; soil air exchanger application and building air conditioning system energy saving effect. Full description of composite wall in different seasons of the feasibility and effect of energy saving.

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Bezrodny, M. K. "THE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM FOR VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING INSIDE THE PRODUCTION AREA WITH AN EXCESSIVE INTERNAL MOISTURE GENERATION". Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 17, n. 2 (24 dicembre 2020): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020no2/78-86.

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The paper studies application feasibility and energy efficiency of the ventilation and air conditioning heat pump system for maintaining comfort conditions inside the production area with an excessive internal moisture generation during the warm season. In this regard, a thermodynamic analysis of a heat pump system with a partial exhaust air recirculation and a variable ratio of fresh outside air was carried out. Numerical analysis was then done to estimate the influence of changes in the environment temperature and relative humidity and the characteristics of the ventilation and air conditioning object on the system parameters. This allowed to determine potential capabilities of this system to maintain comfortable conditions in the production area. It was also shown that the required additional cooling of the supply air at the entrance to the premise for air conditioning demands can be determined by a simple coefficient and its calculation method is provided in the article. The heat pump system of temperature and humidity maintenance has the highest energy efficiency in the zone of relatively low environment temperatures and largely depends on the relative humidity of the outside air. This suggests that the studied system is suitable for application in countries with temperate continental climate.

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Fisher, G., B. Ligman, T. Brennan, R. Shaughnessy, B. H. Turk e B. Snead. "Radon Mitigation in Schools Utilising Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 56, n. 1-4 (1 dicembre 1994): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082421.

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Abstract As part of a continuing radon in schools technology development effort, EPA's School Evaluation Team has performed radon mitigation in schools by the method of ventilation/pressurisation control technology. Ventilation rates were increased, at a minimum, to meet the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standard Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ASHRAE 62-1989). This paper presents the results and the preliminary evaluations which led to the team's decision to implement this technology. Factors considered include energy penalties, comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), building shell tightness, and equipment costs. Cost benefit of heat recovery ventilation was also considered. Earlier results of the SEP team's efforts have indicated a severe ventilation problem within the schools of the United States. An integrated approach to radon mitigation in schools and other large buildings which control radon as well as improve overall IAQ should be the goal of radon remediation where practical. Two case studies are presented where HVAC technology was implemented for controlling radon concentrations. One involved the installation of a heat recovery ventilator to depressurise a crawl space and provide ventilation to the classrooms which previously had no mechanical ventilation. The other involved the restoration of a variable air volume system in a two-storey building. The HVAC system's controls were restored and modified to provide a constant building pressure differential to control the entry of radon. Pre-mitigation and post-mitigation indoor air pollutant measurements were taken, including radon, carbon dioxide (CO2), particulates, and bio-aerosols. Long-term monitoring of radon, CO2 building pressure differentials, and indoor/outdoor temperature and relative humidity is presented.

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DOVLATOV, IGOR M. "Indoor air-conditioning system for cattle houses". Agricultural Engineering, n. 3 (2023): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2023-3-5-12.

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Creating comfortable conditions for animals ensures their longevity and high productivity. Artificial ventilation, which includes supply and exhaust systems and a control system, minimizes the influence of the human factor on maintaining the indoor air parameters. The proposed system of indoor air-conditioning for the loose cattle housing layout was developed based on the analysis of ventilation systems of livestock premises and studies proving the effectiveness of dehumidification in winter using a regenerative heat exchanger. The system for providing indoor air parameters was developed using the computer-aided design program “Compass” (CAD) of the “Askon” company. The developed system for providing indoor air parameters for keeping cattle includes an electrofilter and a coarse filter, fans, a plate heat exchanger, a turbodefector; temperature, humidity, and air flow velocity sensors, dust collectors, a pump, a tank with a disinfectant, and a mechanism for shutting down supply air and recirculated air. The use of a recuperative dehumidification system at low outdoor temperatures helps maintain the relative indoor humidity within the regulatory limits (75…40%) and reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide by 20…45%. To ensure these indoor air parameters without dehumidification, 200 kW of thermal power is needed to heat the supply air. The proposed combined energy-saving all-season climate control system provides monitoring of indoor air parameters and energy saving through the use of a turbo deflector, disinfects the ventilation air, dehumidifies the air in the cowshed in winter and cools in summer, and also partially removes dust from the air with an electromagnetic filter.

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Łuczak, Rafał, Bogusław Ptaszyński, Zbigniew Kuczera e Piotr Życzkowski. "Energy efficiency of ground-air heat exchanger in the ventilation and airconditioning systems". E3S Web of Conferences 46 (2018): 00015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184600015.

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In the article, analysis of heat exchangers, working together with air-conditioning system, are presented. For an object with known requirement to hot and cold, air heat exchanger (ground type) is designed. For that defined system, the energy analysis of heat exchanger’s energy work in yearly cycle, including a work of air treatment with full (cooling - desiccation and heating of air in the summer, heating and moisturizing in the winter) and not quite full (cooling of air in the summer, heating of air in the winter) air-conditioning are examined. Effects connected with a reduction of energy costs needed for heat treatment of air blown to the room are specified included the climatic conditions like air heating and cooling degree-hours.

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Il'ina, T., M. Kolesnikov e I. Kryukov. "ON INTEGRATED HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS IN ROOMS OF SHOPPING CENTERS". Construction Materials and Products 3, n. 4 (2 novembre 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2020-3-4-39-47.

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the paper considers a method for creating microclimate parameters in the rooms of shopping centers, sports complexes, etc. The possibility of using a complex system including air heating, ventilation and air conditioning is shown on the example of a shopping hall. To improve the efficiency of the system, it is proposed to replace traditional water heating with air heating, which works by using a gas burner-heat exchanger. For the rooms of a shopping center in the city of Saint Petersburg, the thermal engineering calculation of external fences was performed, and the heat capacity of the heating system was determined. Based on the results of the heat and air balance of the grocery shopping area, the performance of the ventilation and air conditioning system is calculated. An autonomous monoblock unit for air treatment was selected. During the cold period, the unit performs the functions of air heating and ventilation. Air recirculation is provided to save heat energy. The amount of outdoor and recirculating air is calculated. During the warm period, air is cooled and dehumidified by using a compression refrigeration cycle. The proposed integrated system for creating the required parameters of the microclimate allows reducing material costs by using a gas burner-heat exchanger instead of a heat point for water heating, as well as using a cheaper energy source and heat recovery through a heat pump.

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Bravo-Hidalgo, Debrayan. "Night air conditioning of buildings by external air ventilation". Revista Facultad de Ingeniería 27, n. 48 (5 maggio 2018): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v27.n48.2018.8462.

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Buildings contain the environment in which almost all human activities take place, and therefore, nowadays, they represent a great sink of energy. Establishing thermal comfort conditions within these buildings is responsible for a large portion of their energy demand. This paper aims at providing a theoretical framework of the performance and the trends in research and implementation of night air conditioning by outside air ventilation. The bibliographic search was conducted in the academic directory Scopus, and the information extracted was processed in the VOSviewer software, through which text mining, map of terms and networks of investigative action were carried out. The literature showed that direct ventilation has a more significant cooling potential in regions characterized by a high difference between day and night air temperatures. The effectiveness of night cooling and the reliable prediction of thermal behavior are strongly related to the model adopted for the convection algorithm. A reliable prediction of heat transfer by convection requires an approach based on computational simulations of fluid dynamics, which are much more demanding in terms of computational power, compared to simulations of the variation of energy flows as a function of time. Most studies showed that the position of the thermal mass is not significant, while the amount of ventilation air is of great importance. In particular, the energy demand for cooling a building decreases sharply if the air flow rates increase.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "HEAT VENTILATION AIR CONDITIONING"

Gillott, Mark C. "A novel mechanical ventilation heat recovery/heat pump system". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12148/.

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The trend towards improving building airtightness to save energy has increased the incidence of poor indoor air quality and associated problems, such as condensation on windows, mould, rot and fungus on window frames. Mechanical ventilation/heat recovery systems, combined with heat pumps, offer a means of significantly improving indoor air quality, as well as providing energy efficient heating and cooling required in buildings. This thesis is concerned with the development of a novel mechanical ventilation heat recovery/heat pump system for the domestic market. Several prototypes have been developed to provide mechanical ventilation with heat recovery. These systems utilise an annular array of revolving heat pipes which simultaneously transfer heat and impel air. The devices, therefore, act as fans as well as heat exchangers. The heat pipes have wire finned extended surfaces to enhance the heat transfer and fan effect. The systems use environmentally friendly refrigerants with no ozone depletion potential and very low global warming potential. A hybrid system was developed which incorporated a heat pump to provide winter heating and summer cooling. Tests were carried out on different prototype designs. The type of tinning, the working fluid charge and the number and geometry of heat pipes was varied. The prototypes provide up to 1000m3/hr airflow, have a maximum static pressure of 220Pa and have heat exchanger efficiencies of up to 65%. At an operating supply rate of 200m3/hr and static pressure 100Pa, the best performing prototype has a heat exchanger efficiency of 53%. The heat pump system used the hydrocarbon isobutane as the refrigerant. Heating COPs of up to 5 were measured. Typically the system can heat air from 0°C to 26°C at 200m3/hr with a whole system COP of 2. The contribution to knowledge from this research work is the development of a novel MVHR system and a novel MVHR heat pump system and the establishment of the performances of these systems.

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Rolston, R. M. "The transfer of heat to a ground-source heat pump". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373542.

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Böttcher, Christof. "An automotive carbon dioxide air-conditioning system with heat pump". Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/206.

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The refrigerant circuits of car air-conditioning systems are fitted with so-called open type compressors, because there is only a lip seal preventing the refrigerant from leaking from the compressor housing to the atmosphere. In addition, the cycle uses damping elements between the compressor and the other components on the suction and pressure lines to reduce vibration and noise transfer from the engine to the car body. Both the lip seal and damping elements result in loss of refrigerant as they are made from elastomers and leak with age, and, under high temperature conditions inside the engine room, these elements also allow a relatively high permeation of the refrigerant gas to the atmosphere. With very high refrigerant losses in the older R12 -cooling cycles and the damage caused by this gas to the ozone layer in the stratosphere, the Montreal protocol phased out this refrigerant and the car industry was forced to revert completely to R134a until 1994/95. R134a has no ozone depletion potential, but it has a direct global warming potential, and, therefore, leakages also have to be minimised. R134a has, because of its molecular size, a high permeation potential and, hence, all the refrigerant hoses are lined internally. Unfortunately, these hoses also leak with age and significant refrigerant loss will occur [1] R134a can therefore only be viewed as a solution until an alternative refrigerant with no direct global warming potential has been developed. Candidates for new refrigerants are natural substances such as hydrocarbons or carbon dioxide [2]. Unfortunately, both substances have disadvantages and their use is restricted to special cases, for e.g. hydrocarbons are flammable and are not used in car air-conditioners, but in Germany it is used as a refrigerant in household refrigerators with hermetic cycles. What makes the implementation of carbon dioxide (CO2) difficult are the high system pressures and the low critical point [3].

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Tough, M. C. "A heat transfer model of forced convection, cross flow heat exchangers used in space heating". Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259171.

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PERONE, CLAUDIO. "Controlled mechanical ventilation to reduce primary energy consumption in air conditioning of greenhouses". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11695/83654.

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Per garantire condizioni di crescita ottimali di una serra è necessario un controllo molto accurato delle condizioni climatiche interne. Nella prima parte di questo lavoro sono descritte le principali soluzioni impiantistiche attualmente disponibili per il condizionamento delle serre. Tuttavia, questi sistemi richiedono generalmente elevati costi di investimento. Inoltre, anche i costi operativi risultano elevati affinché una soluzione sia efficiente senza ridurre la resa e la qualità del raccolto. Pertanto il condizionamento invernale dell’aria all’interno di una serra avviene per mezzo di combustibili fossili. L’uso di un sistema di ventilazione meccanica contribuisce a un corretto controllo della temperatura, dell’umidità relativa e della velocità di CO2. Tuttavia, la letteratura riguardante l’applicazione della ventilazione meccanica con recupero di calore per il condizionamento delle serre è molto povera. Nella sezione 2 vengono descritti il prototipo di ventilazione meccanica e le due camere climatiche, per la riproduzione delle condizioni esterne e interne (costruite in laboratorio). L’unità di recupero è dotata di una pompa di calore ed è in grado di aumentare l’energia termica recuperata dall’aria espulsa attraverso uno scambiatore di calore ad alta efficienza. Un primo studio è stato condotto per valutare le prestazioni energetiche durante il controllo della temperatura nella stagione invernale. Le prove riportate nella sezione 3 sono state eseguite a diversi valori simulati dell’aria esterna TO (-5 °C, 0 °C, 5 °C e 10 °C) e interna (20 °C di riferimento). Ogni prova è stata eseguita con una portata di ventilazione di 535 m3/h. Il coefficiente di prestazione di sistema (COPs) è di 9.50 a 0 °C, 8.86 a 5 °C e 6.62 a 10 °C. Durante le prove effettuate a -5 °C il compressore si è comportato come uno on-off. Ciò è dovuto a un meccanismo di sicurezza per lo sbrinamento dell’evaporatore. Inoltre, la portata di ventilazione si è ridotta per evitare temperatura di mandata troppo bassa. Durante le altre prove, i COPs totali diminuiscono quando la temperatura esterna aumenta, a causa di una minore differenza tra entalpia dell’aria interna ed esterna. Per studiare un caso reale il prototipo è stato installato in serra presso Vivaio Verde Molise, Termoli - Italia. L’apparato sperimentale, descritto in dettaglio nella sezione 4, è costituito dal sistema di ventilazione meccanica, un condotto forato per la distribuzione dell’aria, un sistema di nebulizzazione per regolare l’umidità e un sistema di supervisione per acquisire i dati dal campo. Un altro sistema di supervisione dedicato consente di misurare e raccogliere tutti i parametri del prototipo, come i parametri termofisici del flusso d’aria, i parametri termofisici del circuito frigorifero, lo stato e gli allarmi dell’unità. I primi test, effettuati sul controllo della temperatura nella stagione invernale, sono analizzati nella sezione 5. I dati rilevati mostrano che la temperatura dell’aria interna (impostata a 27 °C) è opportunamente regolata gestendo l’unità con la sonda di riferimento installata sulla ripresa. Si evidenzia solo un piccolo offset dovuto aella perdita di calore nel condotto e al posizionamento della griglia di ripresa (su un lato). Inoltre, il sistema ha mostrato prestazioni energetiche notevoli: COPs (medio) di 5.4 e 5.7 alla temperatura dell’aria esterna di 18.0 °C e 15.7 °C rispettivamente. Infine, nella sezione 6 vengono illustrate le principali conclusioni del lavoro.
In order to ensure optimal growing conditions inside greenhouse it becomes necessary a very close control of the internal climate conditions. In the first section, the available conditioning plant solutions are described. However, these systems generally require high investment costs. In addition, also high operational costs are required for an efficient solution without reducing yield crop or quality. Therefore, the winter conditioning of the internal air of a greenhouse occurs by means of fossil fuels. The use of a mechanical ventilation system contributes to a proper control of temperature, relative humidity and CO2 rate. However, the literature about the application of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery applied in greenhouses conditioning is very poor. For this purpose a research is being carried out. In section 2 a prototype of a mechanical ventilation unit and two climate rooms, for the reproduction of external and internal (built in laboratory) conditions, are described. The recovery unit is equipped with a heat pump and is able to increase the thermal energy recovered by the flow of exhaust air and through a high efficiency heat exchanger. A first study was carried on to evaluate the energy performances of the system during the control of temperature in winter season. Tests reported in section 3 were performed at different temperature values of simulated outdoor air TO (-5 °C, 0 °C, 5 °C and 10 °C) and a fixed (reference) internal simulated greenhouse temperature (20 °C). Each trial was performed with a ventilation flow rate of 535 m3/h. The resulting Coefficient Of Performance of the overall system (COPs) is 9.50 at 0 °C, 8.86 at 5 °C and 6.62 at 10 °C respectively. It has to be highlighted that during the trials carried out at -5°C the compressor behaved as an on-off type. This is due to a safety mechanism for the defrost of the evaporator. In addition, the ventilation flow rate was reduced to avoid a too low value of the supply air temperature. For the other trials (TO = 0 °C or 5 °C), the overall COPs decreases when the external temperature increases, due to a lower difference between external and indoor air enthalpy. To study a real case the mechanical ventilation unit was also installed at service of a greenhouse at Vivaio Verde Molise, Termoli – Italy. The experimental apparatus, described in detail in section 4, consists of the mechanical ventilation system, a perforated duct for air distribution, a fog system to adjust humidity and a supervision system to acquire the field data. Another dedicated supervision system allows measuring and collecting all the parameters of the prototype, such as thermophysical parameters of the airflow, thermophysical parameters of the refrigerant circuit of the heat pump, status and alarms of the unit. First tests, carried out on temperature control in winter season, are analysed in section 5. They show that the indoor air temperature (set at 27 °C) is suitable regulated by driving the unit with the reference probe installed on the recovery side. Only an offset of few Celsius degree is observed due to duct heat loss and the recovery grid placed on one side. Moreover, the mechanical ventilation system had also shown notable energy performance: COPs (mean value) of 5.4 and 5.7 at outdoor air temperature of 18.0 °C and 15.7 °C respectively. Finally, section 6 displays the main conclusions of the present work.

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Ahmad, Mardiana Idayu. "Novel heat recovery systems for building applications". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13852/.

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The work presented in this thesis will explore the development of novel heat recovery systems coupled with low carbon technologies, and its integration to become one device with multifunction (building integrated heat recovery/cooling/air dehumidifier. In the first part of this thesis, an experimental performance of an individual heat recovery unit using Micro Heat and Mass Cycle Core (MHM3C) made of fibre papers with cross flow arrangement has been carried out. The unit was tested in an environmental control chamber to investigate the effects of various parameters on the performance of heat/energy recovery unit. The results showed that as the airflow rate and temperature change increase, the efficiency decreases whilst recovered energy increases. Integrating heat recovery system in energy-efficient system represents significant progress for building applications. As part of the research, the integration of heat recovery using a cross-flow fixed-plate with wind-catcher and cellulose fibre papers of evaporative cooling units have allowed part of the energy to be recovered with the efficiency of heat recovery unit ranged from 50 to 70%, cooling efficiency ranged from 31 to 54%. In another case, the integration of heat recovery system with building part so called building integrated heat recovery (BIHR) was explored using polycarbonate plate with counter-flow arrangement. It introduces a new approach to MVHR system, an established technology that uses a modified insulation panel, linking the inside and outside of a building, to recover heat while extracting waste air and supplying fresh air. In this configuration it is not only acts a heat recovery, but also as a contribution to building thermal insulation. From the experiments conducted, it was found that through an energy balance on the structure, the efficiency of BIHR prototype was found to be 50 to 61.1 % depending on the airflow rate. This efficiency increases to the highest value of 83.3% in a full-scale measurement on a real building in Ashford, Kent as the area of heat transfer surface increases. The increasing of heat surface area again proved a better performance in terms of efficiency as the results on another full scale measurement on a real house in Hastings, Sussex showed to be 86.2 to 91.7%. With the aiming to have a high performance system, a new improvement design of BIHR' corrugated polycarbonate channels with four airstreams has significant advantages over the previous prototype BIHR with two airstreams. The recovered heat is increased by more than 50%. With the issue of thermal comfort in hot region area and problems with conventional air conditioning system, a study of BIHR system with fibre wick structure for different hot (summer) air conditions using different working fluids was carried out. For the first case, water was used to give a direct evaporative cooling effect which is suitable to evaluate the system performance under hot and dry climatic conditions and the second case, potassium formate (HCOOK) solution was used as liquid desiccant for dehumidification under hot and humid climate conditions. By supplying the water over the fibre wick structure, with a constant airflow rate of 0.0157m3/s, the efficiency increased with increasing intake air temperature. The efficiency ranged from 20 to 42.4% corresponding to the minimum and maximum of intake air temperature of 25°C and 38.2°C, respectively. With the variation of airflow rate, the efficiency of the system was found to be 53.2 to 60%. In second case, the HCOOK solution with concentration of 68.6% has been selected as the desiccant and for a defined airflow rate of 0.0157m3/s, heat recovery efficiency of about 54%, a lower desiccant temperature of 20°C, with higher intake air temperature and relative humidity produces a better dehumidification performance with a good moisture absorption capacity. Therefore, this system is expected to be used efficiently in hot and humid regions. The research is novel in the following ways: • The development of multifunction device in one system; building integrated, heat recovery, cooling, desiccant dehumidification. • The design and development of BIHR is an advanced technology of building thermal insulation and heat recovery. The novel BIHR -fibre wick cooling/dehumidification system has the potential to compete with conventional air conditioning systems under conditions involving high temperature and high moisture load.

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Liu, Shuli. "A novel heat recovery/desiccant cooling system". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11602/.

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The global air temperature has increased by 0.74± 0.18 °C since 1905 and scientists have shown that CO2 accounts for 55 percentages of the greenhouse gases. Global atmospheric CO2 has been sharply increased since 1751, however the trend has slowed down in last fifty years in the Western Europe. UK and EU countries have singed the Kyoto agreement to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by a collective average of 12.5% below their 1990 levels by 2020. In the EU, 40% of CO2 emission comes from the residential energy consumption, in which the HVAC system accounts for 50%, lighting accounts for 15% and appliances 10%. Hence, reducing the fossil-fuel consumption in residential energy by utilizing renewable energy is an effective method to achieve the Kyoto target. However, in the UK renewable energy only accounts for 2% of the total energy consumption in 2005. A novel heat recovery/desiccant cooling system is driven by the solar collector and cooling tower to achieve low energy cooling with low CO2 emission. This system is novel in the following ways: • Uses cheap fibre materials as the air-to-air heat exchanger, dehumidifier and regenerator core • Heat/mass fibre exchanger saves both sensible and latent heat from the exhaust air • The dehumidifier core with hexagonal surface could be integrated with windcowls/catchers draught • Utilises low electrical energy and therefore low CO2 is released to the environment The cooling system consists of three main parts: heat/mass transfer exchanger, desiccant dehumidifier and regenerator. The fibre exchanger, dehumidifier and regenerator cores are the key parts of the technology. Owing to its proper pore size and porosity, fibre is selected out as the exchanger membrane to execute the heat/mass transfer process. Although the fibre is soft and difficult to keep the shape for long term running, its low price makes its frequent replacement feasible, which can counteract its disadvantages. A counter-flow air-to-air heat /mass exchanger was investigated and simulation and experimental results indicated that the fibre membranes soaked by desiccant solution showed the best heat and mass recovery effectiveness at about 89.59% and 78.09%, respectively. LiCl solution was selected as the working fluid in the dehumidifier and regenerator due to its advisable absorption capacity and low regeneration temperature. Numerical simulations and experimental testing were carried out to work out the optimal dehumidifier/regenerator structure, size and running conditions. Furthermore, the simulation results proved that the cooling tower was capable to service the required low temperature cooling water and the solar collector had the ability to offer the heating energy no lower than the regeneration temperature 60℃. The coefficient-of-performance of this novel heat recovery/desiccant cooling system is proved to be as high as 13.0, with a cooling capacity of 5.6kW when the system is powered by renewable energy. This case is under the pre-set conditions that the environment air temperature is 36℃ and relative humidity is 50% (cities such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Spain and Thailand, etc). Hence, this system is very useful for a hot/humid climate with plenty of solar energy. The theoretical modelling consisted of four numerical models is proved by experiments to predict the performance of the system within acceptable errors. Economic analysis based on a case (200m2 working office in London) indicated that the novel heat recovery/desiccant cooling system could save 5134kWh energy as well as prevent 3123kg CO2 emission per year compared to the traditional HVAC system. Due to the flexible nature of the fibre, the capital and maintenance cost of the novel cooling system is higher than the traditional HVAC system, but its running cost are much lower than the latter. Hence, the novel heat recovery/desiccant cooling system is cost effective and environment friendly technology.

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Chen, Xiangjie. "Investigations of heat powered ejector cooling systems". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29721/.

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In this thesis, heat powered ejector cooling systems was investigated in two ways: to store the cold energy with energy storage system and to utilize low grade energy to provide both electricity and cooling effect. A basic ejector prototype was constructed and tested in the laboratory. Water was selected as the working fluid due to its suitable physical properties, environmental friendly and economically available features. The computer simulations based on a 1-0 ejector model was carried out to investigate the effects of various working conditions on the ejector performance. The coefficients of performance from experimental results were above 0.25 for generator temperature of lI5°C-130 °C, showing good agreements with theoretical analysis. Experimental investigations on the operating characteristics of PCM cold storage system integrated with ejector cooling system were conducted. The experimental results demonstrated that the PCM cold storage combined with ejector cooling system was practically applicable. The effectiveness-NTU method was applied for characterizing the tube-in-container PCM storage system. The correlation of effectiveness as the function of mass flow rate was derived from experimental data, and was used as a design parameter for the PCM cold storage system. In order to explore the possibility of providing cooling effect and electricity simultaneously, various configurations of combined power and ejector cooling system were studied experimentally and theoretically. The thermal performance of the combined system in the range of 0.15-0.25 and the turbine output between 1200W -1400W were obtained under various heat source temperatures, turbine expansion ratios and condenser temperatures. Such combined system was further simulated with solar energy as driving force under Shanghai climates, achieving a predicted maximum thermal efficiency of 0.2. By using the methods of Life Saving Analysis, the optimized solar collector area was 30m2 and 90m2 respectively for the system without and with power generation. The environmental impacts and the carbon reductions of these two systems were discussed.

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Chen, Jiu Fa. "Optimization of vapour compression air conditioner/heat pumps using refrigerant mixtures". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343629.

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Boswell, Michael John. "Gas engines for domestic engine-driven heat pumps". Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1992. http://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/37f7ed18-4b86-6ab3-8ba6-1c27947fb1ce/1.

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An experimental and theoretical investigation has been undertaken into the performance of a small prototype, water-cooled, gas-fuelled engine designed for use as a domestic heat pump prime mover. In light of the application, fuel type and capacity, both experimental and theoretical study of similar engines is at best poorly documented in the literature. A comprehensive engine test facility has been set up, incorporating extensive calorimetry, a separate lubrication system, emissions monitoring and high speed data acquisition for in-cylinder pressure measurement and analysis. Two new experimental cylinder heads have been designed together with new induction and exhaust systems, both to improve performance and to enable further investigation of the combustion process. A preliminary parametric study of the combustion process established that the thermal efficiency and emission levels are strongly dependent on operational and design variables and that a lean, fast-burning combustion process in a slow speed engine coupled with careful control of other operating variables had the potential for improving efficiency, reducing emissions, and lowering frictional losses and noise levels with enhanced durability. Accordingly, new information has been obtained relating to rates of heat release, energy flows and emission levels over a wide range of design and operating conditions with utility for and consistent with an envelope of conditions appropriate to such a lean burn strategy. Modelling techniques have been developed and used as diagnostic tools in conjunction with the experimental data to investigate the influence of operating and design variables on rates of heat release and energy flows. The models have been validated using the experimental data over a wide range of operating conditions and incorporated into a thermodynamic engine model for use as a sub-model in an overall heat pump model. The experimental and theoretical programme has provided a valuable insight into the lean burn strategy and realised a considerable improvement in the performance of the prototype engine. The theoretical study benefits from a new approach to small gas engine design and development.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "HEAT VENTILATION AIR CONDITIONING"

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy: An American national standard. Atlanta, GA: The Society, 1992.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, e SAE International Congress & Exposition (1997 : Detroit, Mich.), a cura di. New developments in heat exchangers for automotive design. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1997.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, a cura di. New developments in heat-exchanges for automotive design. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1997.

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Residential heat pumps: Installation and troubleshooting. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1987.

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American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE pocket guide for air conditioning, heating, ventilation refrigeration: (inch-pound edition). Atlanta, Ga: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Condition Engineers, Inc., 1993.

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Martin, P. L. Faber and Kell's heating and air-conditioning of buildings: With some notes on combined heat and power. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1995.

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Brumbaugh, James E. Audel HVAC fundamentals: Volume 3: air-conditioning, heat pumps, and distribution systems. 4^a ed. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub.. Inc., 2004.

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United States. Department of Energy. Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy. Office of Small Scale Technology. Using the earth to heat and cool homes. Helena, MT (Capitol Station, Helena 59620): [Available] from Energy Division, Montana Dept. of Natural Resources and Conservation, 1985.

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Canada. Office of Energy Efficiency., a cura di. Heating and cooling with a heat pump. 2^a ed. [Ottawa]: Office of Energy Efficiency, 2004.

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Geothermal heat pumps: A guide for planning and installing. London: Earthscan, 2008.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "HEAT VENTILATION AIR CONDITIONING"

Villafáfila-Robles, Roberto, e Jaume Salom. "Heat, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)". In Electrical Energy Efficiency, 335–55. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119990048.ch11.

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Yildirim, Kemal-Edip, Matthias Finkenrath, Mehmet Gökoglu e Frank Seidel. "Monitoring the Fresh-Air Flow Rate for Energy-Efficient Bus Ventilation". In Energy and Thermal Management, Air Conditioning, Waste Heat Recovery, 147–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47196-9_12.

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Zhang, Tao, Rang Tu e Xiaohua Liu. "Desiccant Air Handling Processors Driven by Heat Pump". In Desiccant Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems, 197–227. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3047-5_8.

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Yin, Yonggao, Tingting Chen e Xiaosong Zhang. "Heat and Mass Transfer Performance Evaluation and Advanced Liquid Desiccant Air-Conditioning Systems". In Desiccant Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems, 133–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3047-5_6.

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Aristov, Yuri I. "VENTIREG—A New Approach to Regenerating Heat and Moisture in Dwellings in Cold Countries". In Desiccant Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems, 87–107. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3047-5_4.

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Storm, David R. "Refrigeration, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning". In Winery Utilities, 86–111. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-5282-4_5.

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Rydzewski, Roland. "Ventilation and Air Conditioning Technology". In The Sustainable Laboratory Handbook, 95–118. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527337095.ch10.

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Storm, David R. "Refrigeration, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning". In Winery Utilities, 86–111. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6973-9_5.

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Roth, Lawrence O., e Harry L. Field. "Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning". In An Introduction to Agricultural Engineering: A Problem-Solving Approach, 272–90. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1425-7_23.

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Field, Harry L., e John M. Long. "Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning". In Introduction to Agricultural Engineering Technology, 333–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69679-9_23.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "HEAT VENTILATION AIR CONDITIONING"

Subramani, C., Hayagrish Balaji, Vishnu Vardhan, Nimal Ananth, Ishwaar Seshadri, Pranjal Tyagi e R. Manish Padmanabhan. "Automated heat ventilation and air conditioning using regression algorithms". In THE 11TH NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5112297.

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Gao, Jun, Xiao-Dong Li, Jia-Ning Zhao e Fu-Sheng Gao. "Prediction of the Vertical Temperature Distribution in a Large Enclosure Under Combined Air Conditioning and Natural Ventilation". In ASME 2004 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2004-65148.

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This paper describes a combined system of air conditioning and natural ventilation for large enclosures. A multi-zonal model to simulate the vertical temperature distribution is established. This model describes airflow and heat transfer on a ‘macro’ scale compared to CFD model, but it appears very efficient for engineering application. In this model, air density is considered to change with air temperature. Multiple air jets, buoyancy driven natural ventilation and coupled heat transfer are taken into consideration. It is governed by non-linear equations and is resolved by an iterative solution. A program is compiled to calculate the mass flow and temperature distributions. It shows that the combined system of air conditioning and natural ventilation cut considerably down heat gain in occupied zone. By comparison, the combined system can be expected to give lower temperature both in the enclosure and on interior surfaces. Some cases are calculated, and the results suggest that it depends on many factors such as the height of ventilating opening, the effective opening area, and outdoor air temperature to effectively make use of natural ventilation in the combined system. To sum up, this paper presents an energy efficient system for large spaces and also a theoretical model to design the system and predict the vertical temperature distribution.

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A. FEBRES PASCUAL, Jesus, Raymond STERLING GARAY, J. Ignacio TORRENS GALDIZ e Marcus M. KEANE. "Heat Ventilation And Air Conditioning Modelling For Model Based Fault Detection And Diagnosis". In 2017 Building Simulation Conference. IBPSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2013.1488.

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Yang, Hui, Li Jia e Lixin Yang. "Numerical Simulation of the Impact of Both Air Conditioning System and Train’s Movement on Platform Air Temperature Distribution". In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56201.

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The three dimensional air temperature distributions on subway platform under both natural ventilation mode and over-platform supply/ under-platform exhaust (OSUE) air conditioning system were simulated during a single train entering, staying and departing processes by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. On basis of the simulation, the comprehensive influences of both the train’s piston effect and the air conditioning mode on the air environment in different part of the platform were analyzed.

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Güngör, Sahin, e Veli Sabancı. "Experimental Investigations on the Thermal Performance of an Office-Type Heat Recovery Ventilation System". In 7th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International guest Students Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2023.037.

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Considering the global energy crises and climate change, the importance of energy recovery grows day by day. At this point, heat recovery ventilation (HRV) systems contribute energy saving by the help of heat exchange in between the cold and hot air streams. Furthermore, the Covid-19 pandemic shows us that ventilation is an inevitable part of heating, ventilation, air-conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC-R) systems to satisfy indoor air quality within the subregions of human-living constructions. In this experimental work, we use an industrial HRV system to examine the thermal performance under various air flow rates. The HRV unit mainly contains cold and hot stream fans, crossflow heat exchanger, air filter, and flow rate controller. The thermal scenarios are considered under winter climate conditions; therefore, temperature levels of the fresh and exhaust air streams are determined about 280K and 300K, respectively. In addition, thermal investigations are conducted with different mass flow rates. The temperatures are measured via thermocouples and collected by a precise multi-channel data logger. The results indicate that the investigated HRV system contribute both indoor air quality (complies with ASHRAE 62.1 standard) and reduction of air conditioning energy consumption.

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Harrouz, Jean Paul, Kamel Ghali e Nesreen Ghaddar. "A Passive Ventilation and Air Conditioning System for an Office Space In Hot Climate". In ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2021-62520.

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Abstract Office spaces are characterized by strict constraints of thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) levels crucial for the occupants’ wellbeing and decision-making abilities. For these reasons, office spaces have large cooling loads especially in hot climates. Conventional vapor compression air conditioning systems are known to be energy intensive systems that rely mainly on electrical energy. Thus, there is a pressing need to decrease the reliance on active cooling systems by the introduction of passive cooling strategies and efficient sustainable buildings. This study proposes an effective passive cooling system that integrates a cross-flow dew point indirect evaporative cooler (DP-IEC) supplying cool clean air to an office space. Validated mathematical models were used to assess the integrated system’s ability in maintaining acceptable thermal comfort and IAQ levels at minimal energy and water consumption. The simulations were carried out for the peak load month for a case study of an occupied office located in the semi-arid and hot Lebanese inland region. The proposed system was able to meet the space thermal and IAQ constraints (average indoor temperature of 25.6 °C, CO2 concentration below 600 ppm). The optimized system operation yielded a daily energy and water consumption of 0.65 kWh and 52 L with a reduction of 80 % in the running cost as compared to the conventional mechanical system.

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Babenkov, U. I., V. V. Romanov, G. A. Galka e E. S. Zhelonkina. "DESIGN OF THE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM OF THE ROOM FOR MUSHROOM GROWING". In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.437-441.

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Based on the analysis of the technological process and the requirements for the growth of oyster mushrooms, the article examined: the main errors in the design of the mushroom farm, calculated the heat influx and heat sink of the production room, selected an air conditioning scheme for summer and winter modes, developed cabinets for placing mushroom blocks, designed and the lighting system was designed, the design and calculation of the ventilation system was performed. Based on the calculated data, the main additional refrigeration equipment, air conditioning system was selected, equipment for the lighting system was selected. The aim of this work is to design an air conditioning system for a room with a year-round cycle of growth of oyster mushrooms.

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Arias-Salazar, Pablo Santiago, Marina Vidaurre-Arbizu, José Antonio Sacristán-Fernández, César Martín-Gómez, José Ramón Couso-San Martín, Jorge Fernández-Heras e Amaia Zuazua-Ros. "Active aluminum window-frame integrated prototype with a thermoelectric heat recovery system for ventilation and air conditioning". In 3rd Valencia International Biennial of Research in Architecture, VIBRArch. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vibrarch2022.2022.15248.

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Research interest in the integration of thermoelectric systems in the building envelope have increased during the last years. Studies show that regardless of a low COP compared to vapor compression systems; thermoelectric systems present other remarkable features for heating, cooling and ventilation on buildings. Among those studies, a few prototype experiences incorporate thermoelectric systems on windows.Alternatively, standard air conditioning systems often require additional equipment installed on façade or wall surfaces that compromise the use of space in the case of building refurbishment. Thus, the integration of thermoelectric systems on window framing is presented here as a decentralized alternative for air conditioning support, whose performance aims at balancing out the heat losses in windows. The purpose of this communication is to present the development of an active aluminum window-framing prototype with a thermoelectric heat recovery system for heating and cooling. In a typical single-floor house scenario, the active window-frame works in two different modes: pre heating/cooling mode applying forced convection through a mechanical fan and pre heating/cooling mode with natural convection. The impulsion airflow rate meets ventilation requirements according to Spanish Technical Building Code (CTE) for indoor air quality.

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Katramiz, Elvire, Nesreen Ghaddar e Kamel Ghali. "Effective Mixed-Mode Ventilation System With Intermittent Personalized Ventilation for Improving Thermal Comfort in an Office Space". In ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2020-8915.

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Abstract The mixed-mode ventilation (MMV) system is an energy-friendly ventilation technique that combines natural ventilation (NV) with mechanical air conditioning (AC). It draws in fresh air when the outdoor conditions are favorable or activates otherwise the AC system during occupancy hours. To improve performance of the MMV system, it is proposed to integrate it with an intermittent personalized ventilation (IPV) system. IPV delivers cool clean air intermittently to the occupant and enhances occupant thermal comfort. With the proper ventilation control strategy, IPV can aid MMV by increasing NV mode operational hours, and improve the energy performance of the AC system by relaxing the required macroclimate set point temperature. The aim of this work is to study the IPV+MMV system performance for an office space application in terms of thermal comfort and energy savings through the implementation of an appropriate control strategy. A validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of an office space equipped with IPV is used to assess the thermal fields in the vicinity of an occupant. It is then coupled with a transient bio-heat and comfort models to find the overall thermal comfort levels. Subsequently, a building-performance simulation study is performed using Integrated Environmental Solutions-Virtual Environment (IES-VE) for an office in Beirut, Lebanon for the typical summer month of July. An energy analysis is conducted to predict the savings of the suggested design in comparison to the conventional AC system. Results showed that the use of IPV units and MMV significantly reduced the number of AC operation hours while providing thermal comfort.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "HEAT VENTILATION AIR CONDITIONING"

Mei, V. C., e E. A. Nephew. Life-cycle cost analysis of residential heat pumps and alternative HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning) systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5854881.

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Hane, G. J. HVAC (heating, ventilation, air conditioning) literature in Japan: A critical review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febbraio 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5425603.

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DeGraw, Jason. Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning: Literature Review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1885363.

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Fujita, Akihiro. A Study of Air Conditioning Heat Load in Cabin. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, maggio 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0322.

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Kerrigan, P. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Design Strategy for a Hot-Humid Production Builder. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1126844.

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Chiu, S. A., e F. R. Zaloudek. R and D opportunities for commercial HVAC (heating, air conditioning, and ventilation) equipment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6662710.

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Goetzler, William, Robert Zogg, Jim Young e Youssef Bargach. Residential Central Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Installation – Workshop Outcomes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), novembre 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1420232.

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Clark, J. Energy-Efficient Supermarket Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning in Humid Climates in the United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1215137.

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Anderson, B. Development and Design of a User Interface for a Computer Automated Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1032091.

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