Tesi sul tema "High frequency probe tone"

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Introduction. Early identification and diagnosis of hearing impairment in newborns aim at establishing adequate amplification and intervention, as early as possible, in order to reduce negative consequences in language, individual and social development of the child. Tympanometry is part of a test battery for the diagnosis of hearing losses and is used to differentiate between conductive and sensorineural hearing losses. Before six months of age the results obtained using a probe tone of 226 Hz can be misleading. Therefore many studies have been done assessing the use of a high frequency probe tone of 678 and 1000 Hz aiming at a more valid procedure. Goal. The goal of the present study was to describe and discuss interpretations and measurements obtained in timpanometry of normal hearing neonates, using tone probes of 226, 678 and 1000 Hz. The following aspects were described: tympanometric curve type, Peak Compensated Static Acoustic Admittance (Ytm), Tympanometric Width (TW), Tympanometric Peak Pressure (PPT) and Equivalent Ear Canal Volume (Vea). Method. All subjects had normal otoacoustic emissions and no risk for hearing impairment. The curves were obtained in a quiet room using a middle ear analyzer GSI 33 II with tone probes of 226, 678 and 1000 Hz. All babies were calm or sleeping during the test. Results. 110 neonates were tested with the three tone probes therefore 660 curves were obtained. Age range was 6 to 30 days (58 boys and 52 girls). When a probe tone of 226 Hz was used, single peak curve was observed in 105 (47,7%) ears and double peak was found in 115 (52,3%) ears. Results with a probe tone of 678 Hz, revealed 56 (25,4%) single peak curves, 16 (7,3%) inverted curves (I) and 148 (67,3%) asymmetric (AS). Results with a probe tone of 1000 Hz showed 156 (70,9%) single peak tympanograms, 62 (28,2%) asymmetric and 2 (0,9%) inverted. Among the quantitative measurements analyzed, Vea demonstrated a significant difference in gender with probe tones of 226 Hz. Ytm, was also significantly different by gender with the probe tone of 1000 Hz, larger for the boys. For all the other variables no significant difference was found for ear or gender. When the curves were analyzed using the protocol proposed by Sutton et al (2002), 208 (94,5%) ears were considered normal and 12 (5,5%) abnormal with the probe tone of 678 Hz. For the probe tone of 1000 Hz, 217 (98,6%) ears were considered normal, and just 3 (1,4%) of the tympanograms were classified as abnormal. Conclusion. The tympanometric findings in this study were similar to those described in the literature with prevalence of single peaked curves for the probe tone of 1000 Hz and a similar number of single and double peaked curves with the probe tone of 226 Hz. The quantitative measurements were, in general, in agreement with the literature reviewed. The interpretation of the results with the probe tone of 1000 Hz using the protocol suggested by Sutton et al (2002) was the method that allowed the classification of normal for the greatest percentage of the ears tested suggesting that it can be very useful when neonates are evaluated. Further research with this protocol is suggested.
Introdução. A identificação e a caracterização precoce da perda auditiva em neonatos visam estabelecer condições para uma intervenção adequada, tão cedo quanto possível, a fim de reduzir as conseqüências negativas no desenvolvimento pessoal e social da criança. A timpanometria faz parte da bateria de testes do diagnóstico da perda auditiva e é utilizada para avaliação da orelha média, para diferenciar perdas condutivas de neurossensoriais. A timpanometria realizada em neonatos com menos de seis meses, quando executadas com tom sonda de baixa freqüência (226 Hz), pode gerar dúvidas, pois nesse tipo de sonda, neonatos com otite média podem revelar timpanograma aparentemente normal. Com isso, tem-se investigado o uso de tom sonda de alta freqüência (678 e 1000 Hz) em busca de resultados mais confiáveis. Objetivo. Descrever e analisar interpretações de características e medidas obtidas na timpanometria de neonatos ouvintes com sonda de tom prova de 226, 678 e 1000 Hz. São descritos os seguintes aspectos do timpanograma: características da curva timpanométrica, Admitância Acústica Estática de Pico Compensado na Altura da Membrana Timpânica (Ymt), Largura Timpanométrica (LT), Pressão do Pico Timpanométrico (PPT) e Volume Equivalente do Meato Acústico Externo (Vea). Metodologia. Os sujeitos analisados passaram por uma triagem que incluiu anamnese e teste de emissões otoacústicas. Para a realização das timpanometrias foi utilizado o analisador de orelha média GSI-33-II, com tons sonda de 226, 678 e 1000 Hz, em sala silenciosa e com a criança em estado tranqüilo. Resultados. Foram obtidos timpanogramas de 110 neonatos ouvintes com 6 a 30 dias de idade (58 meninos e 52 meninas), perfazendo um total de 660 timpanogramas. No tom sonda de 226 Hz, o tipo de curva pico único (A) apareceu em 105 (47,7%) orelhas e o tipo pico duplo (PD) em 115 (52,3%) orelhas. Os resultados na freqüência de 678 Hz indicaram 56 (25,5%) ocorrências de curva tipo A, 16 (7,3%) do tipo invertida (I) e 148 (67,3%) curvas do tipo assimétrica (AS). Na sonda de 1000 Hz foram registradas 156 (70,9%) curvas do tipo A, 62 (28,2%) do tipo AS e 2 (0,9%) do tipo I. Dentre as variáveis quantitativas analisadas, apenas o Vea apresentou efeito de significância por orelha na sonda de tom prova de 1000 Hz. O Vea apresentou efeito de significância em relação ao gênero nas freqüências de 226 e 1000 Hz. A Ymt, também, apresentou efeito de significância por gênero, na sonda de 1000 Hz, sendo maior nos meninos. Nas demais variáveis não foi encontrado efeito de significância nem por orelha e nem por gênero. Quando interpretados de acordo com o protocolo recomendado por Sutton et al (2002), obteve-se, em 678 Hz, 208 (94,5%) orelhas com resultado normal, enquanto 12 (5,5%) foram interpretadas como anormais. Na sonda de tom prova de 1000 Hz, 217 (98,6%) das orelhas foram normais, e apenas 3 (1,4%) dos timpanogramas foram classificados como anormais. Conclusão. Os achados timpanométricos, tanto em 226 Hz quanto em 1000 Hz, foram compatíveis com os resultados presentes na literatura, que descrevem alta ocorrência de curvas do tipo A em sonda de 1000 Hz e equilíbrio entre os tipos de curva A e PD em sonda de 226 Hz. Os dados registrados para as medidas quantitativas, também, estiveram de acordo com o indicado na literatura. A interpretação das curvas timpanométricas com sonda de 1000 Hz utilizando o protocolo proposto por Sutton et al (2002) foi a que possibilitou a classificação de normal na maior porcentagem das orelhas avaliadas, sugerindo que este pode ser um método de grande utilidade na avaliação de bebês. Recomenda-se que pesquisas futuras com esse protocolo sejam realizadas.

Previous studies show that pure tone thresholds are strongly correlated with distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitudes when evaluating the frequency range from 1 to 8 kHz (Avan & Bonfils, 1993). Little is known about correlations between these two measures at higher frequencies from 9-16 kHz. This study compared pure tone thresholds and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in this high frequency range for 29 normal hearing subjects ages 18-30. Pure tone thresholds were obtained at 250-16 kHz and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) 2,211-17,675 were measured in the same ears. DPOAE amplitudes were measured using a constant F1/F2 ratio of 1.2, with F2 values ranging from 2,211-17,675 Hz. Data obtained from 50 ears showed a decline in DPOAE amplitude with increasing frequency of the F1 and F2 primary stimulus tones. Behavioral thresholds demonstrated an increase with increasing frequency of the pure tone stimulus. Pearson r-correlation analysis demonstrated a weak relationship between measures. Further investigation revealed that equipment variables prevented accurate readings.

A high-frequency surge and stall sensing fore-aft probe was developed at the Turbomachinery Research Laboratory at Virginia Tech. The probe was designed to detect surge and stall based on changes in large regions of flow behind a turbofan engine compressor fan. The probe exhibited excellent frequency response capabilities and can accurately measure data with response well above anticipated surge frequencies. A CFD analysis was performed in order to gain more understanding about the flow around the probe. The results of the CFD analysis and the experimental testing were analyzed and presented. The probe worked as expected when the flow was aligned with the upstream pressure transducer. Thus, it can be used to determine the onset of surge and stall. However, the probe was found to be extremely sensitive to off-axis flows. Design improvements are suggested in order to increase its capabilities.
Master of Science

A data reduction method has been developed and tested for a high frequency angle probe. The angle probe is designed for unsteady aerodynamic measurements in transonic cryogenic wind tunnels. The probe measures time-resolved total pressure, static pressure, angle of attack, and yaw angle from readings of four pressure transducers. The unique feature of this probe, as compared to a conventional multi-hole directional probe, is that the four high frequency response silicon pressure transducers are mounted flush on the probe tip. The data reduction method is basically an interpolation routine of calibration curves. The calibration curves consist of experimentally determined non-dimensional flow coefficients.

Two experiments were conducted to test the probe and the data reduction method. The first experiment tested the angle probe in a Karman vortex street shed from a cylinder. In the second experiment, the angle probe was placed in an open air jet with an exit Mach number of 0.42. Plots of the time-resolved measurements and the Fast Fourier Transform analysis were made for each test.
Master of Science

This research looks at the feasibility of colonoscopic high frequency ultrasound in the colon using mini probe technology. The objectives are across four different areas with assessment of colonic cancer, malignant colorectal polyps, rectal polyps and diverticular disease. High frequency 12 and 20 MHz ultrasound were used to locally stage colonic cancer and compare this to conventional CT in patients undergoing elective colonic resection. In addition, depth of infiltration of rectal polyps was determined by 20 MHz ultrasound and these findings compared with MRI in patients undergoing TEMS procedure. Malignant colorectal polyps were assessed after endoscopic removal to assess for the presence of residual or recurrent disease in the colonic wall and also to stage the local lymph nodes. Finally, the thickness of colonic wall in patients with diverticular disease was measured using 20 MHz ultrasound and this was compared with normal controls. The research has clearly shown that colonoscopic high frequency mini probe ultrasound is feasible in the colon with reproducible results. Overall, 12 and 20 MHz colonoscopic ultrasound are superior to CT for local staging of colonic cancer. 20 MHz ultrasound offers greater accuracy for assessment of depth of infiltration of rectal polyps compared with MRI. This probe may also be utilised to assess the colonic wall for residual disease in the polypectomy scar of malignant polyps but larger numbers are needed with longer follow up in order to draw firm conclusions. Finally, it was feasible to measure the thickness of colonic wall in patients with diverticular disease and this was greater than that seen in normal patients. In conclusion, this research has been promising in that colonoscopic high frequency mini probe ultrasound is feasible in the colon and can be used to assess colorectal polyps and cancer and diverticular disease. In order to draw firm conclusions, this pilot research needs to be taken further with larger scale studies.

This work presents the development of an in-plane vertical micro-coaxial probe using bulk micromachining technique for high frequency material characterization. The coaxial probe was fabricated in a silicon substrate by standard photolithography and a deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) technique. The through-hole structure in the form of a coaxial probe was etched and metalized with a diluted silver paste. A co-planar waveguide configuration was integrated with the design to characterize the probe. The electrical and RF characteristics of the coaxial probe were determined by simulating the probe design in Ansoft’s High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The reflection coefficient and transducer gain performance of the probe was measured up to 65 GHz using a vector network analyzer (VNA). The probe demonstrated excellent results over a wide frequency band, indicating its ability to integrate with millimeter wave packaging systems as well as characterize unknown materials at high frequencies. The probe was then placed in contact with 3 materials where their unknown permittivities were determined. To accomplish this, the coaxial probe was placed in contact with the material under test and electromagnetic waves were directed to the surface using the VNA, where its reflection coefficient was then determined over a wide frequency band from dc-to -65GHz. Next, the permittivity of each material was deduced from its measured reflection coefficients using a cross ratio invariance coding technique. The permittivity results obtained when measuring the reflection coefficient data were compared to simulated permittivity results and agreed well. These results validate the use of the micro-coaxial probe to characterize the permittivity of unknown materials at high frequencies up to 65GHz.

Magister Public Health - MPH
Ototoxic induced hearing loss is a common adverse event related to aminoglycosides used in Multi Drug Resistant -Tuberculosis treatment. Exposure to ototoxic drugs damages the structures of the inner ear. Symptomatic hearing loss presents as tinnitus, decreased hearing, a blocked sensation, difficulty understanding speech, and perception of fluctuating hearing, dizziness and hyperacusis/recruitment. The World Health Organization (1995) indicated that most cases of ototoxic hearing loss globally could be attributed to treatment with aminoglycosides. The aim of the study was to determine the proportion of DR-TB patients initiated on treatment at three decentralized sites during a defined period (1st October to 31st December 2015) who developed ototoxic induced hearing loss and the corresponding risk factors, whilst receiving audiological monitoring with an extended high frequency audiometer (KUDUwave). A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Cumulatively across the three decentralized sites, 69 patient records were reviewed that met the inclusion criteria of the study. The mean age of the patients was 36.1, with a standard deviation (SD) of 10.7 years; more than half (37) were female. Ototoxicity , a threshold shift, placing patients at risk of developing a hearing loss was detected in 56.5% (n=39)of patients and not detected in 30.4%(n=21).The remaining 13,1% (n=9)is missing data. As a result, the regimen was adjusted in 36.2% of patients. . From the 53 patients who were tested for hearing loss post completion of the injectable phase of treatment, 22.6% (n=12) had normal hearing, 17.0 % (n=9) had unilateral hearing loss, and 60.4% (n=32) had bilateral hearing loss. Therefore, a total of 41 patients had a degree of hearing loss: over 30% (n=22)had mild to moderate hearing loss, and only about 15% (n=11)had severe to profound hearing loss. Analysis of risk factors showed that having ototoxicity detected and not adjusting regimen significantly increases the risk of patients developing a hearing loss. The key findings of the study have shown that a significant proportion of DR-TB patients receiving an aminoglycoside based regimen are at risk of developing ototoxic induced hearing loss, despite receiving audiological monitoring with an extended high frequency audiometer that allows for early detection of ototoxicity (threshold shift).

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Flanged coaxial probes are widely used to conduct accurate, broadband permittivity measurements of various dielectric materials. A metrology study, discussed in [1], revealed that small perturbations in measured permittivity data, are due to escaping common-mode (CM) current that propagates onto exposed VNA feed cabling. This is not considered in published permittivity extraction algorithms, like the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) full-wave code that assumes an infinite flange radius. To characterise this effect we validate a finite volume time domain (FVTD) CST simulation model of an SMA coaxial probe, by probing sensitive E-fields in a metallic shielding cylinder, placed around it. For this process, electro-optic (EO) E-field sensors are considered and a Mach-Zehnder type sensor is designed. Manufacturing difficulties discontinues this approach, but the revisited extended centre conductor E-field probing technique proves successful. The technique entails a high dynamic range, two-port VNA measurement. Through CST we gain knowledge of the physics behind the CM-problem and the behaviour of fields around the coaxial probe. Different shielding environments are simulated to establish their ability to impede CM-current coupling onto measurement cabling. To study the CM-effect on extracted permittivity results, the investigation is extended to Short-Open-Load (SOL) calibrated face-plane measurements of dielectric solids. A CST model, which considers escaping CM-energy, is used to generate open circuit (OC) calibration coefficients and to serve as an independent extraction method. We inspect the effect of different shielding environments and through CST, extract accurate permittivity results for e00, to a degree not previously achieved for such systems. This allows comment on the infinite-flange-radius assumption of the NIST method and proves the significance of the CM-effect.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geflensde koaksiale probes word algemeen in die praktyk gebruik om akkurate, wyeband permitiwiteitmetings van diëlektriese materiale te verrig. ’n Studie wat in [1] bespreek word, dui aan dat klein verskynsels in gemete resultate, verband hou met gemene-modus (GM) stroom, wat ontsnap en teenwoording is aan die buitekant van onbeskermde voerkabels. Hierdie verkynsel word nie deur huidige volgolf ekstraksie-algoaritmes, soos die van NIST wat ’n onëindige flensradius aanvaar, in ag geneem nie. Om die GM-effek te karakteriseer, verifieer ons ’n eindige-volume tyd-gebied CST simulasiemodel, deur sensitiewe metings binne ’n silidriese metaalskerm, wat om so ’n probe geplaas word. Vir hierdie meting word elektro-optiese E-veld probes eers oorweeg. In gevolg word ’n Mach-Zehnder-tipe probe ontwerp, maar vervaardigingsprobleme en tyd-oorwegings kniehalter hierdie benadering. Heroorweging van die verlengde koaksiale sentraalgeleier, E-veld-probe tegniek, wat hoë dinamiese bereik twee-poort netwerkanaliseerder metings behels, slaag uiteindelik in hierdie doel. CST maak dit nou moontlik om die GM stroomprobleem te simuleer en spesefieke veldgedrag te kan waarneem. Verskillende afskermingsmetodes se vermoë om GM-koppeling na kabels te beperk word ondersoek. Die GM studie word uitgebrei na SOL-gekalibreerde, flensvlakverwysde permitwiteitmetings van diëlektriese vastestowwe. ’n CST model, wat GM stroom in ag neem, word gebruik om oopgeslote kalibrasiekofisiënte te genereer en dien ook as ‘n alternatiewe permitiwiteit ekstraksiemetode. Die effek van die verskillende afskermingstegnieke word ondersoek en deur die CST metode te gebruik, word ’n aansienlike verbetering in akkuraatheid van e00 waardes verkry. Dit regverdig kommentaar oor die aannames wat in die NIST metode gemaak word en beklemtoon die belangrikheid om GM stroom in ag te neem.

Doctor Educationis
Ototoxic induced hearing loss is a common adverse event related to aminoglycosides used in Multi Drug Resistant -Tuberculosis treatment. Exposure to ototoxic drugs damages the structures of the inner ear. Symptomatic hearing loss presents as tinnitus, decreased hearing, a blocked sensation, difficulty understanding speech, and perception of fluctuating hearing, dizziness and hyperacusis/recruitment. The World Health Organization (1995) indicated that most cases of ototoxic hearing loss globally could be attributed to treatment with aminoglycosides. The aim of the study was to determine the proportion of DR-TB patients initiated on treatment at three decentralized sites during a defined period (1st October to 31st December 2015) who developed ototoxic induced hearing loss and the corresponding risk factors, whilst receiving audiological monitoring with an extended high frequency audiometer (KUDUwave). A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Cumulatively across the three decentralized sites, 69 patient records were reviewed that met the inclusion criteria of the study. The mean age of the patients was 36.1, with a standard deviation (SD) of 10.7 years; more than half (37) were female. Ototoxicity , a threshold shift, placing patients at risk of developing a hearing loss was detected in 56.5% (n=39)of patients and not detected in 30.4%(n=21).The remaining 13,1% (n=9)is missing data. As a result, the regimen was adjusted in 36.2% of patients. . From the 53 patients who were tested for hearing loss post completion of the injectable phase of treatment, 22.6% (n=12) had normal hearing, 17.0 % (n=9) had unilateral hearing loss, and 60.4% (n=32) had bilateral hearing loss. Therefore, a total of 41 patients had a degree of hearing loss: over 30% (n=22)had mild to moderate hearing loss, and only about 15% (n=11)had severe to profound hearing loss. Analysis of risk factors showed that having ototoxicity detected and not adjusting regimen significantly increases the risk of patients developing a hearing loss. The key findings of the study have shown that a significant proportion of DR-TB patients receiving an aminoglycoside based regimen are at risk of developing ototoxic induced hearing loss, despite receiving audiological monitoring with an extended high frequency audiometer that allows for early detection of ototoxicity (threshold shift).

Ce travail vise à construire un système compact et facile à mettre en œuvre de réflectométrie guidée par ondes térahertz (TGR) en tirant parti de l'émetteur-récepteur térahertz et des guides d'ondes pour diverses applications. Par rapport aux systèmes conventionnels utilisant une méthode quasi-optique, le nouveau concept a une configuration beaucoup plus simple et permet des applications de sondage à distance.Après des études sur le développement de la technologie térahertz, un émetteur-récepteur à double ACP à pompage optique et deux émetteurs-récepteurs radar à ondes continues modulées en fréquence (FMCW) ainsi que des guides d'ondes à parois minces à noyau creux sont sélectionnés pour mettre en œuvre le premier système TGR en mode impulsionnel et en mode FMCW. Les deux expériences et la simulation 3D pleine onde sont exploitées pour étudier les comportements de propagation des ondes à l'intérieur du système et pour évaluer les performances du système. Les systèmes TGR créés font l'objet d'une démonstration à des fins d'imagerie et de détection. Grâce à la capacité de guidage du guide d'ondes, ces installations présentent un potentiel dans certaines conditions de mesure difficiles, comme dans un environnement étroit et semi-fermé ou dans le liquide. En particulier, la lentille d'immersion solide insérée à l'extrémité du guide d'ondes s'est avérée être une méthode efficace pour améliorer la capacité d'imagerie du système TGR en mode FMCW, donnant lieu à une résolution de sous-longueur d'onde dans la bande de fréquences autour de 100 GHz.En plus des études sur les systèmes TGR, un système de réflectométrie sur plaquette exploitant des sources à pompage optique est également proposé pour bénéficier de la large bande de fréquences des sources photoniques. Comme première tentative, des sondes RF associées à un émetteur-récepteur à double ACP sont utilisées pour délivrer le signal d'impulsion dans des échantillons sur la tranche et les signaux temporels obtenus sont analysés. D'autres propositions sont faites pour pousser plus loin cette étude
This work aims to build up a compact easily-implemented terahertz wave-guided reflectometry (TGR) system by taking advantage of the terahertz transceiver and waveguides for diverse applications. Compared to conventional systems using a quasi-optical method, the new concept has a much simpler configuration and allows for remote probing applications.After reviews on the development of terahertz technology, an optical-pumped double-PCA transceiver and two frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar transceivers together with hollow-core thin-wall waveguides are selected to implement the first TGR system in pulse mode and in FMCW mode. Both experiments and 3D full-wave simulation are exploited to investigate the propagation behaviors of waves inside the system and to evaluate the system performance. The created TGR systems are demonstrated for imaging and sensing purposes. Thanks to the guiding capacity of the waveguide, these setups show potential in some difficult measurement conditions, such as in a narrow semi-enclosed environment or the liquid. In particular, the solid immersion lens inserted at the end of the waveguide has been proved as an efficient method to enhance the imaging capacity of the TGR system in FMCW mode, giving rise to a subwavelength resolution at the frequency band around 100 GHz.In addition to the studies of TGR systems, an on-wafer reflectometry system exploiting optical-pumped sources is as well proposed to benefit from the wide frequency band of photonic sources. As the first attempt, RF probes in association with double-PCA transceiver are used to deliver the pulse signal into samples on-wafer and the obtained time signals are analyzed. More propositions are given to push further up this study

Rapid implementation of universal newborn hearing screening programs has exposed a need for a reliable test of middle ear function for timely identification of middle ear pathology and for differentiation between true sensorineural and conductive hearing losses. Use of higher probe tone frequencies for the assessment of immitance measures have proven to be more reliable and accurate in identifying MEE in infants. However a lack of classification-guidelines and age specific normative data exists. This study investigated the characteristics and normative values of high frequency tympanometric and acoustic reflex results for infants (n = 936 ears). Participants were 510 infants (262 male, 248 female) aged 0 – 12 months (mean age = 12.8 weeks) recruited from primary health care and immunization clinics in a South African community. A three-part procedure was performed on each test ear: 1) OAEs were recorded and pass results served as control variable for normal middle ear functioning; 2) 1000 Hz probe tone admittance, susceptance and conductance tympanograms were recorded and analysed in terms of shape, tympanometric peak pressure and maximum (peak) admittance; 3) 1000 Hz probe tone acoustic reflexes, measured with a 1000 Hz ipsilateral stimulus, were recorded and thresholds determined. Significant associations were observed between tympanogram shape, and OAE pass or fail results. 93% of ears with an OAE pass result displayed peaked tympanograms, while 79% of ears with absent OAE’s displayed flat tympanograms. Single peaked tympanograms were recorded in 782 ears (84%), double peaked tympanograms in 41 (4%) ears and flat sloping tympanograms in 112 (12%) ears. Admittance (Ya) tympanograms for the total sample displayed a mean admittance value of 2.9 mmho, with a standard deviation of 1.1 mmho. The 90th percent range was determined at 1.5 mmho (5th percentile) to 4.9 mmho (95th percentile). Mean tympanometric peak pressure in Ya tympanograms was 0.1 daPa, with a standard deviation of 61 daPa. The 90th percent range was -110 daPa to 90 daPa for the 5th and 95th percentiles respectively. Gender specific norms indicated a higher admittance for male ears. Age specific norms indicate a gradual increase in admittance indicating the need for age specific normative classification systems. Ipsilateral 1000 Hz stimuli acoustic reflex measurement proved successful with a 1000 Hz probe tone and present reflexes were recorded in 84% of ears tested. Significant association between acoustic reflex presence, OAE pass and peaked tympanogram results were observed. The normative tympanometric values derived from the cohort may serve as a guide for identification of middle ear effusion in neonates. High frequency tympanometry in combination with acoustic reflexes proves a useful measure for verifying middle ear functioning in young infants.
Dissertation (M (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
M (Communication Pathology)
unrestricted

碩士
國立成功大學
微電子工程研究所碩博士班
92
Recently, the clock rate of 64MB DDR SDRAM has been reached to 200MHz. In this condition, the cost and time of testing might be increased. In order to overcome these problems, many Probe Card manufacturing companies follow the high-speed and high-frequency issues to design the better products, and increasing the number of high-parallel probe card. But many interferences such as reflection, cross-talk, and simultaneous switching noise (SSN), influence the Probe Card testing. 　 　　The design of Interposer and Probe head on Probe Card, testing 32 die DDR SDRAM simultaneously are proposed in this dissertation. Design the specifications of transmission line and via by IE3D and Ansoft HFSS; then, by using Maxwell Q3D to do Signal Integrity, we can sure that the signal is correct on Interposer and Probe head. Finally, the testing of the “DDR SDRAM” can be cost down by our self-aligned technology.

碩士
國立中興大學
物理學系
90
We report the conductivity variations of two-dimensional electron systems (2DESs) confined in semiconductor heterostructures in low-temperature (~0.4K) and high-magnetic-field environments by using high-frequency surface acoustic waves (SAWs) generated by an inter digital transducer (IDT) on a piezoelectric substrate (GaAs or LiNO3). The variations of SAW velocity and attenuation due to the conductivity change near the surface are detected by a phase-lock loop and a power detector respectively. We use pulse-modulated microwave signal and gated-averaging technique to reduce the heating and noise.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
機電科技學系
101
Micro w-EDM (wire Electrical Discharge Machining) is highly suitable for machining of high-aspect-ratio micro components. However, there is a difficulty in the removal of debris during the machining resulting in secondary discharge even short happening easily in the micro gap. A micro w-EDM technique specifically for machining high-spatial-density and ultra-high-aspect-ratio micro structures is developed in this thesis. A tabletop CNC machine equipped with a complete micro w-EDM system for wire tension (20µm in diameter) control is designed and employed for the study of ultra-high-aspect-ratio micro probe array fabrication. A high-frequency vibration assisted technique that the micro wire is vibrated radially with micro scale via a piezoelectric ceramic material is proposed to assist in the removal of debris and reduce the frequencies of secondary discharge and short. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can fabricate high-spatial-density and ultra-high-aspect-ratio micro structure with 10x10 squared probes. The finished probe array that have the dimensions of 23×23×2,500μm and the aspect ratio of over 100 is qualified to detect the micro structural circuit, 3D-IC especially. In addition, the time is about four-fifth of the machining time for without high-frequency vibration assisted. The machining efficiency is greatly improved and achieve a high -speed and -accuracy micro w-EDM approach. These experimental results will be of substantial benefit to precision machining.