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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "High pressure gas Adsorption"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 12 aprile 2025

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "High pressure gas Adsorption"

Chen, Liwei, Mingzhen Zhao, Xiaohua Li e Yuan Liu. "Impact research of CH4 replacement with CO2 in hydrous coal under high pressure injection". Mining of Mineral Deposits 16, n. 1 (30 marzo 2022): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining16.01.121.

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Purpose. Based on high-pressure gas injection technology that enhances coal seam gas drainage, the effect of CH4 replacement with CO2 in aquiferous coal has been studied. Methods. Using the laboratory experimental method and the self-built high-pressure gas injection experimental device, high-pressure CO2 is injected into coal with different moisture contents to replace CH4 under different adsorption equilibrium pressures. Findings. With an increase in coal moisture content, the adsorption capacity of coal for CH4 and CO2 gradually weakens, the adsorption capacity for CO2 is always greater than that of CH4, and the CH4 replacement rate and the CO2 injection ratio gradually decrease. It is concluded that the CH4 replacement rate and the CO2 injection ratio are negatively correlated with the water content of coal. With an increase of the pre-adsorption equilibrium CH4 pressure (0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.3 and 2.0 MPa), the CH4 replacement rate and the CO2 injection ratio first sharply and then slowly increase. The transition point is 1.3 MPa (pre-adsorption equilibrium pressure of CH4). Originality. Based on the adsorption characteristics of coal seam gas injection, the influence of coal water content and gas injection pressure on CH4 replacement rate and CO2 injection ratio is analyzed, and the mechanism is studied. Practical implications. The experimental results have important guiding significance for selecting reasonable gas injection pressure and the source of gas to drive its injection into underground coal seam.

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Vermesse, J., D. Vidal e P. Malbrunot. "Gas Adsorption on Zeolites at High Pressure". Langmuir 12, n. 17 (gennaio 1996): 4190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la950283m.

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Giacobbe, F. W. "A high‐pressure volumetric gas adsorption system". Review of Scientific Instruments 62, n. 9 (settembre 1991): 2186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142336.

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Jia, Bao, Jyun-Syung Tsau e Reza Barati. "Different Flow Behaviors of Low-Pressure and High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide in Shales". SPE Journal 23, n. 04 (30 maggio 2018): 1452–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/191121-pa.

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Summary Understanding carbon dioxide (CO2) storage capacity and flow behavior in shale reservoirs is important for the performance of both CO2-related improved oil recovery (IOR) and enhanced gas recovery (EGR) and of carbon sequestration. However, the literature lacks sufficient experimental data and a deep understanding of CO2 permeability and storage capacity in shale reservoirs under a wide range of pressure. In this study, we aimed to fill this gap by investigating and comparing CO2-transport mechanisms in shale reservoirs under low- and high-pressure conditions. Nearly 40 pressure-pulse-transmission tests were performed with CO2, helium (He), and nitrogen (N2) for comparison. Tests were conducted under constant effective stress with multistage increased pore pressures (0 to 2,000 psi) and constant temperature. The gas-adsorption capacity for CO2 and N2 was measured in terms of both Gibbs and absolute adsorption. Afterward, the gas apparent permeability was calculated incorporating various flow mechanisms before the adsorption-free permeability was estimated to evaluate the adsorption contribution to the gas-transport efficiency. The results indicate that He permeability is the highest among the three types of gas, and the characteristic of CO2 petrophysical properties differs from the other two types of gas in shale reservoirs. CO2 apparent porosity and apparent permeability both decline sharply across the phase-change region. The adsorbed phase significantly increases the apparent porosity, which is directly measured from the pulse-decay experiment; it contributes positively to the low-pressure CO2 permeability but negatively to the high-pressure CO2 permeability.

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Ekundayo, Jamiu M., Reza Rezaee e Chunyan Fan. "Measurement of gas contents in shale reservoirs – impact of gas density and implications for gas resource estimates". APPEA Journal 61, n. 2 (2021): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20177.

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Gas shale reservoirs pose unique measurement challenges due to their ultra-low petrophysical properties and complicated pore structures. A small variation in an experimental parameter, under high-pressure conditions, may result in huge discrepancies in gas contents and the resource estimates derived from such data. This study illustrates the impact of the equation of state on the gas content determined for a shale sample. The gas content was determined from laboratory-measured high-pressure methane adsorption isotherms and theoretically described by a hybrid type model. The modelling involved the use of the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm to obtain the adsorbed phase density followed by the Langmuir isotherm to describe the resultant absolute adsorptions. Significant variations were observed in measured adsorption isotherms due to the variations in gas densities calculated from different equations of states. The model parameters and the gas in-place volumes estimated from those parameters also varied significantly.

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Hu, Ke, e Helmut Mischo. "Absolute adsorption and adsorbed volume modeling for supercritical methane adsorption on shale". Adsorption 28, n. 1-2 (febbraio 2022): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10450-021-00350-8.

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AbstractAdsorbed methane significantly affects shale gas reservoir estimates and shale gas transport in shale formations. Hence, a practical model for accurately representing methane adsorption behavior at high-pressure and high-temperature in shale is imperative. In this study, a reliable mathematical framework that estimates the absolute adsorption directly from low-pressure excess adsorption data is applied to describe the excess methane adsorption data in literature. This method provides detailed information on the volume and density of adsorbed methane. The obtained results indicate that the extensively used supercritical Dubinin-Radushkevich model with constant adsorbed phase density underestimates absolute adsorption at high pressure. The adsorbed methane volume increases both the pressure and expands with the temperature. The adsorbed methane density reduces above 10 MPa, and approaches a steady value at high pressure. This study provides a novel method for estimating adsorbed shale gas, which is expected improve the prediction of shale gas in place and gas production.

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Liu, Zhen, Qingbo Gu, He Yang, Jiangwei Liu, Guoliang Luan, Peng Hu e Zehan Yu. "Gas–Water Two-Phase Displacement Mechanism in Coal Fractal Structures Based on a Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiment". Sustainability 15, n. 21 (30 ottobre 2023): 15440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152115440.

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In this paper, the gas–water two-phase seepage process under a real mechanical environment is restored by a nuclear magnetic resonance experiment, and the gas–water two-phase distribution state and displacement efficiency in coal with different porosity under different gas injection pressures are accurately characterized. The fractal dimension of liquid phase distribution under different gas injection pressures was obtained through experiments, and the gas–water two-phase migration law is inverted according to it. Finally, the gas–water two-phase migration mechanism inside the fractal structure of coal was obtained. The results are as follows: 1. Gas will first pass through the dominant pathway (the composition of the dominant pathway is affected by porosity) and it will continue to penetrate other pathways only when the gas injection pressure is high. When the gas injection pressure is low, the displacement occurs mainly in the percolation pores. With the increase in gas injection pressure, the focus of displacement gradually shifts to the adsorption pore. 2. As the gas injection pressure increases, the displacement efficiency growth rate is relatively uniform for the high-porosity coal samples, while the low-porosity coal samples show a trend of first fast and then slow growth rates. When the gas injection pressure reaches 7 MPa, the displacement efficiency of high-porosity coal samples exceeds that of low-porosity coal samples. 3. With the increase in gas injection pressure, the fractal dimension of the adsorption pore section and the seepage pore section shows an increasing trend, but the fractal dimension of the adsorption pore section changes faster, indicating that with the increase in gas injection pressure, gas–water two-phase displacement mainly occurs in the adsorption pore section.

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Wynnyk, Kyle G., Behnaz Hojjati, Payman Pirzadeh e Robert A. Marriott. "High-pressure sour gas adsorption on zeolite 4A". Adsorption 23, n. 1 (18 novembre 2016): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10450-016-9841-6.

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Guo, Wenjing, Jie Liu, Fan Dong, Ru Chen, Jayanti Das, Weigong Ge, Xiaoming Xu e Huixiao Hong. "Deep Learning Models for Predicting Gas Adsorption Capacity of Nanomaterials". Nanomaterials 12, n. 19 (27 settembre 2022): 3376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193376.

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Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous nanomaterials, have been widely used in gas adsorption-based applications due to their high porosities and chemical tunability. To facilitate the discovery of high-performance MOFs for different applications, a variety of machine learning models have been developed to predict the gas adsorption capacities of MOFs. Most of the predictive models are developed using traditional machine learning algorithms. However, the continuously increasing sizes of MOF datasets and the complicated relationships between MOFs and their gas adsorption capacities make deep learning a suitable candidate to handle such big data with increased computational power and accuracy. In this study, we developed models for predicting gas adsorption capacities of MOFs using two deep learning algorithms, multilayer perceptron (MLP) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, with a hypothetical set of about 130,000 structures of MOFs with methane and carbon dioxide adsorption data at different pressures. The models were evaluated using 10 iterations of 10-fold cross validations and 100 holdout validations. The MLP and LSTM models performed similarly with high prediction accuracy. The models for predicting gas adsorption at a higher pressure outperformed the models for predicting gas adsorption at a lower pressure. The deep learning models are more accurate than the random forest models reported in the literature, especially for predicting gas adsorption capacities at low pressures. Our results demonstrated that deep learning algorithms have a great potential to generate models that can accurately predict the gas adsorption capacities of MOFs.

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Cheng, De Zhu, Ai Ling Du e Ai Qin Du. "The Influence of Coal Adsorbing Methane and Carbon Dioxide on Gas Outburst". Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (ottobre 2014): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.101.

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Methane and carbon dioxide of different pressures were absorbed by the anthracite coal for 5 hours in high pressure reactor. When adsorption experiment was completed, pressure is reduced quickly. The content of pulverized coal which was produced by releasing gas quickly, was used to reflect capacity of gas adsorption. The result showed that the content of pulverized coal which was produced by adsorbing CH4 was higher than that was produced by adsorbing CO2 on the same coal under the same pressure. Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isothermal can describe coal methane adsorption. Freundlich isothermal can be a good description of coal carbon dioxide adsorption.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "High pressure gas Adsorption"

Navaei, Milad. "Quartz crystal microbalance adsorption apparatus for high pressure gas adsorption measurements in nanomaterials". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41057.

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The primary objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and cost-effective sorption system to analyze adsorption and diffusion of different gases on micro porous materials and nanotubes. A high pressure Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) based adsorption apparatus for single-component gas was developed. A QCM is an acoustic-wave resonator in which the acoustic wave propagates through the crystal. Therefore, it is highly responsive to addition or removal of small amounts of mass adsorbed or deposited on the surface of the crystal. This mass sensitivity makes the QCM an ideal tool for the study of gas adsorption. The QCM-based adsorption apparatus is advantageous over the commercialized none-gravimetric and gravimetric equipment in a way that it is low-cost, highly sensitive and accurate for mass sorption applications, satisfactorily stable in a controlled environment, and can be used for thin films. The high pressure apparatus was calibrated using Matrimid 5218, whose thermodynamic properties and adsorption parameters are known. The Matrimid was spin-coated onto a 14 mm-diameter QCM, and sorption equilibrium data for were obtained for CO₂ gas at 25, 30, 48, and 52 ºC and partial pressure range between 0 to 4 bar. In order to compare the experimental data with available literature data, the experimental data was fitted into a dual-mode adsorption model. The model results from Henry's law and a Langmuir mechanism. Comparison of the experimental adsorption isotherm of Matrimide for CO₂ gas with literature data showed reasonable agreement between the experimental and literature data. In this study, the adsorption parameters of aluminosilicate nanotubes are observed. Aluminosilicate nanotubes are ideal materials for chemical sensing, molecule separation, and gas storage; hence, there is a need for adsorption and diffusion data on this material. The adsorption of CO₂, N₂, and CH₄ gases on aluminosilicate nanotubes samples has been studied in the temperature range of 20° to 120° Celsius and pressure range of 0 to 8 bar. The experimental results yield the CO₂ and N₂ heat of adsorptions of -32.9 and -28.1 kJ/mol respectively.

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De, Angelis Giacomo. "Modeling of a differential volumetric system for high pressure gas adsorption". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23313/.

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The volumetric system is a widely used experimental method for gas adsorption equilibrium measurements and for the determination of adsorption kinetics. A predictive model was developed in the gPROMS ProcessBuilder platform. Equations for mass and energy balance were implemented firstly for the description of a single-branch volumetric apparatus, and then for a differential (double-branched) system. The model was built starting from the simplest case (Isothermal and ideal gas behaviour) and subsequentially its complexity was increased in order to have a system which is able of describing an adsorption process in any operative conditions (non-isothermal system, non-linear equilibrium, real gas behaviour). The validation of the model was made through the assumption that all the complex systems must collapsed to the simplest one through the adjustment of the different parameters. In certain cases, the validation was done comparing the results obtained in the simulation with the one got from analytical solutions developed by other authors. In general, at the end of each section, a case study was analysed in order to underline what are the factors that can affect the kinetic of the process, providing also possible solution which can minimize these effects, that if not taken into account can lead to an incorrect interpretation of the data.

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Tang, Xu. "Measurements, Modeling and Analysis of High Pressure Gas Sorption in Shale and Coal for Unconventional Gas Recovery and Carbon Sequestration". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74237.

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In order to exploit unconventional gas and estimate carbon dioxide storage potential in shale formations and coal seams, two key questions need to be initially answered: 1) What is the total gas-in-place (GIP) in the subsurface reservoirs? 2) What is the exact ratio between bulk gas content and adsorbed gas content? Both questions require precise estimation of adsorbed phase capacity of gases (methane and carbon dioxide) and their adsorption behavior in shale and coal. This dissertation therefore analyzes adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics, and kinetics properties of methane and carbon dioxide in shale and coal based on experimental results to provide preliminary answers to both questions. It was found that the dual-site Langmuir model can describe both methane and carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms in shale and coal under high pressure and high temperature conditions (up to 27 MPa and 355.15K). This allows for accurate estimation of the true methane and carbon dioxide GIP content and the relative quantity of adsorbed phases of gases at in situ temperatures and pressures representative of deep shale formations and coal seams. The concept of a deep shale gas reservoir is then proposed to optimize shale gas development methodology based on the successful application of the model for methane adsorption in shale. Based on the dual-site Langmuir model, the isosteric heat of adsorption is calculated analytically by considering both the real gas behavior and the adsorbed phase under high pressure, both of which are ignored in the classic Clausius–Clapeyron approximation. It was also found that the isosteric heat of adsorption in Henry's pressure region is independent of temperature and can serve as a quantified index to evaluate the methane adsorption affinity on coal. In order to understand the dynamic response of gas adsorption in coal for carbon sequestration, both gas adsorption kinetics and pore structure of coal are investigated. The pseudo-second order model is applied to simulate the adsorption kinetics of carbon dioxide in coals under different pressures. Coal particle size effects on pore characterization of coal and carbon dioxide and nitrogen ad/desorption behavior in coal was also investigated.
Ph. D.

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Ceteroni, Ilaria. "High-pressure adsorption differential volumetric apparatus (HP-ADVA) for accurate equilibrium measurements". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22274/.

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The volumetric system is a commonly used experimental method for gas adsorption measurements. Starting from the conventional volumetric system (single-branched), the development of differential (double-branched) apparatus has been proposed to overcome some criticalities connected to the original design. The following study is focused on the assessment of the high-pressure differential volumetric apparatus (HP-ADVA) built at the University of Edinburgh in order to discover and characterise system peculiarities at different experimental conditions, in terms of temperature and pressure. To do this, an integrated approach is proposed: an initial experimental campaign has been performed to take confidentiality with the apparatus, then, the experimental results were the starting point for the development of a sensitivity and error analysis aimed at describing the effect of each operating parameter into the final result. In this regard, a different analytical approach, compared to the ones commonly proposed in literature, has been proposed to closely reproduce the real system. Beyond having obtained promising results, some criticalities, matching what originally hypothesized from the experimental campaign, have been noted: valve volume effect and temperature control and measurements have been discovered being crucial aspects, and, supposedly, source of errors leading to explain the unexpected results obtained by the experimental campaign. Moreover, the importance of symmetry maintenance among the branches has been repeatedly confirmed in the analysis. Some recommendations aimed at improving the system set-up have been moved regarding the installation of a temperature control system and more accurate temperature measurement devices. Additionally, an accurate assessment and characterisation of pneumatically-actuated valves, as well as of the differential pressure transducer used for pressure measurement, before the installation, could be useful to reduce inaccuracies.

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Borchardt, Lars, Winfried Nickel, Mirian Casco, Irena Senkovska, Volodymyr Bon, Dirk Wallacher, Nico Grimm, Simon Krause e Joaquín Silvestre-Albero. "Illuminating solid gas storage in confined spaces – methane hydrate formation in porous model carbons". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-221847.

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Methane hydrate nucleation and growth in porous model carbon materials illuminates the way towards the design of an optimized solid-based methane storage technology. High-pressure methane adsorption studies on pre-humidified carbons with well-defined and uniform porosity show that methane hydrate formation in confined nanospace can take place at relatively low pressures, even below 3 MPa CH4, depending on the pore size and the adsorption temperature. The methane hydrate nucleation and growth is highly promoted at temperatures below the water freezing point, due to the lower activation energy in ice vs. liquid water. The methane storage capacity via hydrate formation increases with an increase in the pore size up to an optimum value for the 25 nm pore size model-carbon, with a 173% improvement in the adsorption capacity as compared to the dry sample. Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction measurements (SXRPD) confirm the formation of methane hydrates with a sI structure, in close agreement with natural hydrates. Furthermore, SXRPD data anticipate a certain contraction of the unit cell parameter for methane hydrates grown in small pores.

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Borchardt, Lars, Winfried Nickel, Mirian Casco, Irena Senkovska, Volodymyr Bon, Dirk Wallacher, Nico Grimm, Simon Krause e Joaquín Silvestre-Albero. "Illuminating solid gas storage in confined spaces – methane hydrate formation in porous model carbons". Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30232.

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Minhas, Rizwan. "Spin Crossover (SCO) Hofmann clathrate with switchable property, for the design of a new gas storage/separation material". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PAUU3049.

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Les réseaux organo-métalliques (MOF) ont été identifiés ces dernières années comme des alternatives avancées pour le stockage des gaz, les séparations moléculaires, la détection ou la catalyse, grâce à leurs remarquables propriétés hôte-invité et à leur polyvalence. Plus récemment, la combinaison du phénomène de transition de spin ferreux (Spin crossover : SCO) avec les MOF a permis d'obtenir des architectures poreuses commutables où le spin électronique des centres métalliques du fer(II) peut être contrôlé par différents stimuli. Ce travail se concentre sur l'un de ces SCO MOF, également appelés clathrates d’Hofmann, (FeNi[CN]4.Pyrazine) avec une propriété de commutation qui est étudiée ici pour ses propriétés de stockage et de séparation de gaz.Ce matériau est d'abord synthétisé à l'aide d'un mélange de réactifs respectueux de l'environnement, employant des sels de fer et de nickel avec de la pyrazine comme agent de liaison organique. La poudre microcristalline obtenue est ensuite caractérisée par différentes techniques expérimentales, notamment la porosimétrie à l'azote et à l'argon, l'analyse thermogravimétrique (ATG), la diffraction des rayons X, la microscopie électronique à balayage (SEM) et la spectroscopie IR, confirmant ainsi la réussite de la synthèse de ce matériau.L'un des objectifs de cette recherche était de concevoir et de construire un nouveau dispositif volumétrique, pour étudier l'adsorption à haute pression de gaz purs et de mélanges, permettant de visualiser simultanément l'échantillon au moyen d'une caméra fixée près de la fenêtre en saphir de la cellule de mesure. Tout d'abord, l'adsorption de gaz purs à haute pression (jusqu'à 7 MPa) (CO2, CH4 & N2) dans le (FeNi[CN]4.Pz) a été réalisée à différentes températures et les résultats ont montré une flexibilité structurelle intéressante de ce MOF lors de l'adsorption du CO2, quel que soit son état de spin initial. Ces transitions structurelles lors de l'adsorption de CO2 ont ensuite été observées à l'aide de techniques de spectroscopie vibrationnelle in-situ : FTIR et Raman. En outre, il a été démontré que la propriété SCO de ce matériau est bien associée aux changements de couleur de l'échantillon lui-même, ce qui montre que la technique combinée d'adsorption et d'analyse d'images est un outil utile pour étudier le changement SCO dû à l'adsorption pour ce type d’adsorbant.La mesure de l'adsorption de mélanges gazeux a pu être réalisée en utilisant le même dispositif manométrique couplé à un analyseur de gaz infrarouge. Les données expérimentales ont démontré que le (FeNi[CN]4.Pz) adsorbe préférentiellement le CO2 par rapport au CH4, ce qui en fait un candidat approprié pour la séparation CO2/CH4 dans certaines conditions. Il a été montré que cette adsorption préférentielle du CO2 est renforcée par la flexibilité du matériau.En plus de ces résultats expérimentaux, une modélisation de l'adsorption à l'équilibre, de la cinétique d'adsorption et de la sélectivité a été réalisée et comparée aux propriétés mesurées.En résumé, cette thèse présente une étude du (FeNi[CN]4.Pz), mettant en évidence sa synthèse, sa caractérisation, sa flexibilité et ses performances exceptionnelles dans les séparations CO2/CH4 et CO2/N2, grâce à des approches à la fois expérimentales et théoriques
Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have been identified in recent years as advanced alternatives for gas storage, molecular separations, sensing or catalysis, thanks to their remarkable host-guest properties and versatility. More recently, the combination of the ferrous spin-crossover (SCO) with MOFs has made it possible to obtain switchable porous architectures where the electron spin of the iron(II) metal centers can be controlled by different stimuli. This work focuses on one of these SCO MOFs, also called Hofmann clathrates, (FeNi[CN]4.Pyrazine) with a switchable property that is studied here for its gas storage and separation properties.This material is first synthesized using an environmentally friendly mixing of reagents, employing iron and nickel salts with pyrazine as the organic linker. The resulting microcrystalline powder is then characterized via different experimental techniques including nitrogen and argon porosimetry, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and IR spectroscopy, thus confirming the successful synthesis of this material.One of the aims of this research was to design and construct a novel homemade volumetric setup to study the high-pressure adsorption of pure gases and mixtures allowing to simultaneously visualize the sample by means of a camera attached near the sapphire window of the measuring cell. First, high pressure (up to 7 MPa) pure gases (CO2, CH4 & N2) adsorption in (FeNi[CN]4.Pz) were conducted at various temperatures and results have shown an interesting structural flexibility of this MOF during CO2 adsorption, whatever the initial spin state of the material. These structural transitions upon CO2 adsorption were then observed using in-situ vibrational spectroscopy techniques: FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, it was shown that the SCO property of this material is well associated with the changes in color of the sample itself showing that the combined adsorption/image analysis technique is a useful tool to investigate the SCO change due to adsorption for this type of material.The adsorption measurement of gas mixtures could be achieved by utilizing the same homemade manometric setup coupled with an IR gas analyzer. Experimental data demonstrated that (FeNi[CN]4.Pz) has a preferential adsorption for CO2 over CH4, making it a suitable candidate for CO2/CH4 separation in some conditions. It was shown that this preferential adsorption of CO2 is enhanced by the structural flexibility of the material.In addition to these experimental results, modeling of both equilibrium adsorption, kinetics of adsorption and selectivity was performed and compared to the measured properties.In summary, this thesis presents a comprehensive study of (FeNi[CN]4.Pz), highlighting its synthesis, characterization, structural flexibility, and exceptional performance in CO2/CH4 as well as CO2/N2 separations, highlighted by both experimental and theoretical approaches

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Ngeleka, Tholakele Prisca. "Sulphur dioxide capture under fluidized bed combustion conditions / Tholakele Prisca Ngeleka". Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1416.

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An investigation was undertaken to determine the feasibility of increasing the hydrogen production rate by coupling the water gas shift (WGS) process to the hybrid sulphur process (HyS). This investigation also involved the technical and economical analysis of the water gas shift and the H2 separation by means of Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process. A technical analysis of the water gas shift reaction was determined under the operating conditions selected on the basis of some information available in the literature. The high temperature system (HTS) and low temperature system (LTS) reactors were assumed to be operated at temperatures of 350ºC and 200ºC, respectively. The operating pressure for both reactors was assumed to be 30 atmospheres. The H2 production rate of the partial oxidation (POX) and the WGS processes was 242T/D, which is approximately two times the amount produced by the HyS process alone. The PSA was used for the purification process leading to a hydrogen product with a purity of 99.99%. From the total H2 produced by the POX and the WGS processes only 90 percent of H2 is recovered in the PSA. The unrecovered H2 leaves the PSA as a purge gas together with CO2 and traces of CH4, CO, and saturated H2O. The estimated capital cost of the WGS plant with PSA is about US$50 million. The production cost is highly dependent on the cost of all of the required raw materials and utilities involved. The production cost obtained was US $1.41/kg H2 based on the input cost of synthesis gas as produced by the POX process. In this case the production cost of synthesis gas based on US $6/GJ for natural gas and US $0/Ton for oxygen was estimated to be US $0.154/kg. By increasing the oxygen and natural gas cost, the corresponding increase in synthesis gas has resulted in an increase in H2 production cost of US $1.84/kg.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

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Ngeleka, Tholakele Prisca. "An investigation into the feasibility of applying the watergas shift process to increase hydrogen production rate of the hybrid sulphur process / T.P. Ngeleka". Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4108.

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An investigation was undertaken to determine the feasibility of increasing the hydrogen production rate by coupling the water gas shift (WGS) process to the hybrid sulphur process (HyS). This investigation also involved the technical and economical analysis of the water gas shift and the H2 separation by means of Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process. A technical analysis of the water gas shift reaction was determined under the operating conditions selected on the basis of some information available in the literature. The high temperature system (HTS) and low temperature system (LTS) reactors were assumed to be operated at temperatures of 350°C and 200°C, respectively. The operating pressure for both reactors was assumed to be 30 atmospheres. The H2 production rate of the partial oxidation (POX) and the WGS processes was 242T/D, which is approximately two times the amount produced by the HyS process alone. The PSA was used for the purification process leading to a hydrogen product with a purity of 99.99%. From the total H2 produced by the POX and the WGS processes only 90 percent of H2 is recovered in the PSA. The unrecovered H2 leaves the PSA as a purge gas together with C02 and traces of CH4, CO, and saturated H20. The estimated capital cost of the WGS plant with PSA is about US$50 million. The production cost is highly dependent on the cost of all of the required raw materials and utilities involved. The production cost obtained was US $1.41/kg H2 based on the input cost of synthesis gas as produced by the POX process. In this case the production cost of synthesis gas based on US $6/GJ for natural gas and US $0/Ton for oxygen was estimated to be US $0.154/kg. By increasing the oxygen and natural gas cost, the corresponding increase in synthesis gas has resulted in an increase in H2 production cost of US $1.84/kg.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

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Mutasim, Z. Z. "Separation of gas mixtures by pressure swing adsorption". Thesis, Swansea University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379811.

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Libri sul tema "High pressure gas Adsorption"

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., a cura di. Ceramic high pressure gas path seal. Lynn, MA: GE Aircraft Engines, 1987.

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L, Laganelli A., e NASA Glenn Research Center, a cura di. High pressure regenerative turbine engine: 21st century propulsion. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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Hume, H. B. High-pressure gas-breakthrough apparatus and a procedure for determining the gas-breakthrough pressure of compacted clay. Pinawa, Manitoba: Whitshell Laboratories, 1997.

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Perryman, Adrian Colin. An investigation of catalyst preparative methods and a study of high pressure co adsorption. Uxbridge: Brunel University, 1992.

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Morgan, G. J. High pressure gas permeation and liquid diffusion studies of Coflon and Tefzel thermoplastics. Austin, Tex: [Texas Research Institute, 1997.

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Falcini, Mark R. A. A study of gas phase ion chemistry using high pressure mass spectrometry. [s.l.]: typescript, 1992.

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J, Locke Randy, e NASA Glenn Research Center, a cura di. Non-intrusive laser-induced imaging for speciation and patternation in high pressure gas turbine combustors. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 1999.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "High pressure gas Adsorption"

Chou, Cheng-tung, Yu-Hau Shih, Yu-Jie Huang e Hong-sung Yang. "Separation of Carbon Dioxide from Synthesis Gas Containing Steam by Pressure Swing Adsorption at Mid-high Temperature". In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 157–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11457-6_11.

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Bräuer, P., M. Salem, M. v. Szombathely, M. Heuchel, P. Halting e M. Jaroniec. "Problems Associated with Thermodynamic Analysis of Gas-Solid Adsorption Isotherms Measured at High Pressures". In The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, 101–8. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1375-5_11.

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Martin, J. R., C. F. Gottzmann, F. Notaro e H. A. Stewart. "Gas Separation by Pressure Swing Adsorption". In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 1071–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2213-9_120.

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Kuhs, W. F. "The High Pressure Crystallography of Gas Hydrates". In High-Pressure Crystallography, 475–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2102-2_29.

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Schröter, H. J., e H. Jüntgen. "Gas Separation by Pressure Swing Adsorption Using Carbon Molecular Sieves". In Adsorption: Science and Technology, 269–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2263-1_15.

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Zhang, Bao, Xiaotong Yu, Hongtao Jing, Xuesong Wang, Xiang Si e Dabin Fan. "Annular pressure evaluation of high temperature high pressure gas well". In Proceedings of the 2023 9th International Conference on Advances in Energy Resources and Environment Engineering (ICAESEE 2023), 443–50. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-415-0_47.

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Schmidt, Jürgen. "Sizing of High-Pressure Safety Valves for Gas Service". In Industrial High Pressure Applications, 369–89. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527652655.ch15.

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Riedel, Hermann. "Cavity Nucleation Assisted by Internal Gas Pressure". In Fracture at High Temperatures, 131–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82961-1_9.

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de Groot, J. J., e J. A. J. M. van Vliet. "Influence of a Buffer Gas on Discharge Properties". In The High-Pressure Sodium Lamp, 128–69. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09196-6_5.

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Czepirski, Leszek, Barbara Łaciak e Stanisław Hołda. "Analysis of High-Pressure Adsorption Equilibria and Kinetics". In The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, 219–26. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1375-5_26.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "High pressure gas Adsorption"

Ojong, Ojong Elias, Preniyobo Diepriye Benibo, Fidelis Ibiang Abam e Silas Shamaye Samuel. "Enhancing Carbon (iv) Oxide Adsorption from Flue Gas Mixture at Elevated Temperature Using Composite of Nanoparticles". In Africa International Conference on Clean Energy and Energy Storage, 279–89. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-3cwdqg.

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Chitosan/clay materials derived from periwinkle shells and clay soil at a 50:50 ratio were prepared as adsorbents, characterized, and used for the adsorption of CO2 from flue gas at elevated temperatures (500°C - 5000°C) in a fixed bed column (1.5 m in length and 0.02 m in internal diameter). The flue gas, with a composition of Methane (0.003), Ethane (0.002), Hydrogen (0.05), CO2 (0.15), Water Vapor (0.02), and Nitrogen (0.76), at a pressure of 49 KPa, a temperature of 5000°C, and a flow rate of 75 L/min from the exhaust tank, entered the fixed bed column for the adsorption process, where the adsorbent had already been placed. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of halogen, alcohol, nitro, and amine compounds in the nanoparticles, indicating a strong affinity for CO2 particles in the flue gas. Additional analysis showed the presence of elements (Ca, Si, Al, and Sr) in significant compositions (0.470, 0.202, 0.186, and 0.092, respectively), suggesting that the adsorbent was resistant to high temperatures. X-ray diffraction analysis of the adsorbent identified Ca(OH)₂, CaCO₃, and TiO₂ with compositions of 0.78, 0.19, and 0.026, respectively, further confirming the strong affinity of the adsorbent for CO2. Surface morphology analysis revealed that the adsorbent’s surface was rough and contained a variety of pores or holes with different capacities, indicating that more CO2 was captured and accommodated within the surface. Thermal analysis using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method showed that the adsorbent could withstand high temperatures of up to 9000°C. At this temperature, the adsorbent accounted for only about 18% of the material that entered the fixed bed column for adsorption, but 100% of it could remain active within the temperature range of 0°C - 3000°C. The characterization of the adsorbent showed that a pore width of 5.283 nm, a pore diameter of 2.64 nm, a micropore surface area of 434.7 m²/g, a pore volume of 0.202 cc/g, and a porosity of 56.73% were the optimal values for the adsorbent. Finally, it was revealed that 95% of CO2 was adsorbed at optimal conditions within the temperature range of 500°C - 3500°C, time range of 0.5 - 5 hours, and bed height range of 1 - 6 cm.

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Chotchuangchutchaval, Thana, Pramot Wongnoopanao, Sarayut Kleepbua, Sitthichai Sarannat, Thossaporn Kaewwichit, Naratip Sangsai, Sittichai Limrungruengrat e Nathapong Sukhawipat. "High-Efficiency Oxygen Production Through Autotuned Pressure Swing Adsorption Technology". In 2024 Research, Invention, and Innovation Congress: Innovative Electricals and Electronics (RI2C), 334–38. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ri2c64012.2024.10784397.

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Tsau, Jyun-Syung, Reza Ghahfarokhi Barati, Jose Zaghloul, Mubarak M. Alhajeri, Kyle Bradford e Brian Nicoud. "Experimental Investigation of High Pressure, High Temperature (HPHT) Adsorption of Methane and Natural Gas on Shale Gas Samples". In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210981-ms.

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Abstract The adsorption capacity of shale is commonly measured in the laboratory under low pressures. At low pressures, the excess adsorption capacity is approximately equal to the absolute adsorption capacity. Under high pressure, however, the excess adsorption is far less than the absolute adsorption capacity. The objective of this paper is to extend the adsorption measurements to a high temperature of 275 °F and pressure up to 9000 psi. Under such a HPHT, the adsorption curve shows a characteristic of supercritical high-pressure isotherm in which a critical desorption pressure can be identified. The adsorption isotherm under HPHT facilitates a better assessment of gas reserves for an effective assessment of shale gas reservoirs. The adsorption is measured based on a volumetric method. An in-house built setup was constructed to conduct the adsorption measurement at HPHT. The volume of sample cell and reference cell was calibrated with non-adsorbed Helium gas. Methane and field produced natural gas were used as adsorbate while the shale samples at different depth from a Gulf Coast organic shale were used as adsorbent. Excess adsorption measurements were carried out at reservoir temperature of 275 °F with 500 psi incremental pressure at a time until the pressure reaches 9000 psi. The absolute adsorption was calculated from the excess adsorption accordingly. The excess adsorption isotherm shows a typical supercritical fluid adsorption behavior. The adsorption increases with pressure, reaches a peak point at which pressure is defined as critical desorption pressure (CDP), and then decreases at pressures above CDP. The CDP of methane is higher than that of natural gas while methane is a majority of its component. The maximum amount of adsorption determined from the measurement varies from 203 to 213 SCF/ton. The Langmuir model does a good job predicting the absolute methane adsorption but fails to properly describe the adsorption behavior of natural gas at high pressure. This work presents a HPHT adsorption measurement at pressures and temperatures typically seen in deep shale gas reservoirs. The supercritical fluid adsorption behavior presented may assist the assessment of gas reserve and development of gas production.

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MURATA, K., e K. KANEKO. "DETERMINATION OF THE INTERFACE BETWEEN GAS AND ADSORBED PHASES IN HIGH PRESSURE GAS ADSORPTION". In Proceedings of the Second Pacific Basin Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793331_0063.

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CZEPIRSKI, L., e B. ŁACIAK. "INTERPRETATION OF HIGH - PRESSURE GAS ADSORPTION EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETIC DATA FOR ACTIVE CARBONS". In Proceedings of the Second Pacific Basin Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793331_0033.

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Kumar Raman, Senthil. "Fatigue Analysis of a Pressure Swing Adsorption Vessel". In ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2023-107586.

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Abstract Pressure Swing Adsorption technology is used to separate any gas from a mixture of gases under pressure according to the gas molecular characteristics and its affinity for an adsorbent material. The process operates at near-ambient temperatures and specific adsorptive materials (e.g., activated carbon, molecular sieves, etc.) are used to preferentially adsorb the target gas at high pressure. The process then swings to low pressure to desorb the adsorbed material. Adsorption and desorption normally take place alternately at equal time intervals which sets the pressure cycle in a pressure vessel. The cycles are usually produced by internal pressure or vacuum caused by the swing operation. This paper focuses on an investigation to determine the design fatigue life of an adsorption vessel subjected to over 10 million cycles of design internal pressure and vacuum. The paper also highlights the effect of reaching full vacuum conditions on the fatigue life of the vessel during the pressure cycle. The fatigue evaluation is performed considering the normal operation of the equipment during the entire life cycle of the plant. The adsorber vessel under investigation replaces an existing vessel due to the improved process performance requirements of the plant and hence provided with four leg supports welded directly to the vessel head to avoid modifications to existing base supports in the plant. A 3D model of the full vessel is considered, meshed and the fatigue evaluation is done as per ASME Sec VIII Div. 2, Part 5, Annexure 3-F.1. FEA software ANSYS® is used to perform the stress analysis. Vessel fatigue life is estimated according to the alternating stresses at the highest stress point i.e., at the leg to head junction.

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He, Min, Zaoxiao Zhang e Guangxu Cheng. "The Adsorption Study of Hydrogen on Iron and Vanadium". In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65582.

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Hydrogenation reactor, a typical equipment in petrochemical industry, usually works in tough condition, such as high temperature, high pressure, with hydrogen gas as medium. 2.25Cr-1Mo is widely used as reactor material. However, with the increase of operating condition, a better material is needed. At present, 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V is proved having a better mechanical property in high temperature than that of 2.25Cr-1Mo. Hence, it is very important to study the hydrogen impact on 2.25Cr1Mo0.25V. This paper aims to study the relationship between H atom and metal crystal from microscopic view. Based on the first-principles calculation, the convergence analysis of parameters, the adsorption of H atom on Fe, V and their surfaces have been discussed. The results show that the parameter values of simple crystal surface (110) are less than surface (100), such as energy cutoff, k-point sampling, especially the number of slab layers. Tetrahedral-site is the stable site when H atom exists in bbc Fe, V lattice. And quasi three-ford site is the stable status when atomic H absorption on Fe(110) and V(110).

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"Carbon Dioxide Capture from Synthesis Gas Containing Steam by Pressure Swing Adsorption at Mid-high Temperature". In Special Session on Applications of Modeling and Simulation to Climatic Change and Environmental Sciences. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004624705290536.

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Wang, Jinjie, Qi Hua Ng, Hon Chung Lau e Ludger Paul Stubbs. "Experimental Study on Enhanced Shale Gas Recovery by Competitive Adsorption of CO-CH Under High-Temperature, High-Pressure Conditions". In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. Offshore Technology Conference, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/30270-ms.

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Hedzyk, Nazarii, e Oleksandr Kondrat. "Low-Permeable Reservoirs as High Potential Assets for EGR". In SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208555-ms.

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Abstract Natural gas fields that are being developed in Ukraine, mainly relate to the high and medium permeability reservoirs, most of which are at the final stage of field life. In this situation one of the main sources of additional gas production is unconventional fields. This paper presents the analysis of challenges concerning development of low-permeable reservoirs and experimental results of conducted research, which provide the opportunity to establish technologies for enhance gas recovery factor. For this purpose, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on the sand packed models of gas field with different permeability (from 9.7 to 93 mD) using natural gas. The pressure in the experiments varied from 1 to 10 MPa, temperature – 22-60 °C. According to the features of low-permeable gas fields development the research of displacement desorption with carbon dioxide and inert gas stripping by nitrogen was conducted. These studies also revealed the influence of pressure, temperature, reservoir permeability and non-hydrocarbon gases injection rate on the course of adsorption-desorption processes and their impact on the gas recovery factor. According to the experimental results of relative adsorption capacity determination it can be concluded that the carbon dioxide usage as the displacement agent can lead to producing adsorbed gas by more than 30% than by using nitrogen. To remove the adsorbed gas just reservoir pressure lowering is not enough due to the nature of adsorption isotherms. Particularly at pressure decreasing by 8-10 times compared to initial reservoir pressure only about 30-40% of the total amount of initially adsorbed gas is desorbed. And at considerable reservoir pressure reduction the further deposit development is not economically profitable. According to the results it was found that in the case of nitrogen usage the most effective method is full voidage replacement at injection pressure of 0.8 of the initial reservoir pressure, and in case of carbon dioxide usage - full voidage replacement method at pressure of 0.6 of the initial reservoir pressure. Taking into account availability of N2 and CO2, N2injection is recommended for further implementation. The influence of displacement agent injection pressure on gas recovery was experimentally proved. The physical sense of the processes taking place during natural gas desorption stimulation by non-hydrocarbon gases was justified. The effect of temperature, pressure and reservoir permeability on methane adsorption capacity were determined. The mathematical model for estimating adsorbed gas amount depending on the reservoir parameters was developed. Obtained results were summarized and recommendations for practical implementation of elaborated technological solutions were suggested.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "High pressure gas Adsorption"

George. PR-015-10600-R01 Proposed Sampling Methods for Supercritical Natural Gas Streams. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), luglio 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010981.

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Deepwater natural gas production is a non-traditional operation that is very different than conventional shelf or onshore production, due to the extremely high pressures (2,000 psia, 13.8 MPa abs) and rich gases (1,300 Btu/scf, 48.4 MJ/Nm3) involved. Concerns have been raised about methods used to sample deepwater natural gas supplies in this supercritical state. Sampling methods accepted for natural gas at pipeline conditions have been used to sample gas from offshore platforms and supercritical onshore storage facilities. However, the sample analyses have later been found to overestimate the energy content of the gas by as much as 300 Btu/scf (11.2 MJ/Nm3). Analyses of these samples have also been found to incorrectly estimate other properties of the gas, such as sound speed and density. Due to the potential financial impact of such discrepancies, the need exists to understand their causes, and to identify alternative sampling procedures or methods that can minimize them. A literature search was performed to identify sampling methods with the potential to accurately sample natural gas streams in the supercritical region. The search included methods listed in existing natural gas sampling standards, such as API MPMS Chapter 14.1 and GPA 2166-05, variations and suggested improvements on these standard methods, and sampling methods applied in other sectors of the energy industry. No sampling methods were identified that are designed specifically for sampling supercritical natural gas. However, guidelines were found in various references that are useful in tailoring existing sampling methods or designing new sampling methods for supercritical gas service. These guidelines include means to avoid phase changes in the samples, methods of regulating pressure while maintaining sample temperatures, avoiding issues with adsorption and desorption on equipment, and recommendations for designing a sampling method for high-pressure service.

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Nygren, David Robert, David Robert Nygren e Ben Jones. High Pressure Xenon Gas TPC Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1504727.

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Dennis G. Whyte. Disruption mitigation using high pressure gas jets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/917556.

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Mohayai, Tanaz. High-Pressure Gas TPC for DUNE Near Detector. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1524814.

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de Bruijn, T. J. W., J. D. Chase e W. H. Dawson. Gas holdup in a tubular reactor at high pressure. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/302663.

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Giokaris, N., Konstantin Goulianos, D. Anderson, S. Cihangir, A. Para, J. Zimmerman, D. Carlsmith et al. High pressure sampling gas calorimetry for the SDC calorimeter. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1847368.

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Wuest, C. R., e C. D. Hendricks. A control system for maintaining high stability in gas pressure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5673903.

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Blander, M., L. Unger, A. Pelton e G. Eriksson. A possible origin of EL6 chondrites from a high temperature-high pressure solar gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maggio 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10144532.

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Fielder, Robert, Matthew Palmer, Wing Ng, Matthew Davis e Aditya Ringshia. High-Temperature, High-Bandwidth Fiber Optic Pressure and Temperature Sensors for Gas Turbine Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, dicembre 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada429586.

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Naber, Jeffrey D. HIGH BRAKE MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE AND HIGH EFFICIENCY MICRO PILOT IGNITION NATURAL GAS ENGINE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febbraio 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1605097.

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