Tesi: "HIV - related lung disease"

1

Lemos, Renata Muller Banzato Pinto de. "Proteína C reativa (PCR) em crianças com infecção pelo HIV na ausência de quadro infeccioso concomitante e na vigência de pneumonia aguda". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5141/tde-23092014-115736/.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Por serem as manifestações pulmonares de etiologia infecciosas muito freqüentes e potencialmente graves nas crianças com aids, o diagnóstico deve ser precoce para uma rápida e efetiva intervenção terapêutica. A proteína C reativa (PCR), um dos marcadores das provas de fase aguda, tem sido usada na prática clínica como um recurso diagnóstico na diferenciação entre patologias sistêmicas de etiologia viral e bacteriana, bem como na monitorização da eficácia da terapêutica antimicrobiana frente a uma infecção. Apesar da proteína C reativa ser um exame inespecífico e poder estar aumentada em diferentes situações clínicas (infecções sistêmicas, doenças inflamatórias e neoplásicas, isquemias, queimaduras), a infecção bacteriana é a causa mais freqüente para o seu aumento. A PCR eleva-se rapidamente após a injúria tecidual, atingindo valores 10 a 1000 vezes superiores a seu nível basal: em virtude de sua curta meia vida, retorna em pouco tempo aos valores prévios após o fim da agressão. Com o objetivo de encontrar um método laboratorial auxiliar para as infecções pulmonares nas crianças com infecção pelo HIV foi estudada a proteína C reativa, pela técnica de nefelometria, em dois momentos distintos: na ausência de quadro infeccioso concomitante (grupo 1) e na vigência de pneumonia aguda (grupo 2). O grupo 1 envolveu o estudo de 66 crianças com infecção pelo HIV, resultando em 84 amostras de PCR coletadas na ausência de quadro infeccioso concomitante.No grupo 2 foram analisadas 6 crianças com infecção pelo HIV com 9 episódios de pneumonia aguda. As crianças com infecção pelo HIV foram classificadas de acordo com as categorias clínicas e imunológicas da classificação do CDC para infecção pelo HIV em crianças. Dentre as 66 crianças incluídas no grupo 1, 6 pertenciam à categoria N, 11 à categoria A, 27 à categoria B e 22 à categoria C. Das 84 amostras de PCR coletadas no grupo 1, 76 (90,48%) encontravam-se abaixo de 5 mg/l, 7 amostras entre 5 a 20 mg /l e, apenas 1 amostra entre 20 a 40 mg/l (1,15%). No grupo 2, todas as crianças eram pertencentes às categorias B3 (1/6) ou C3 (5/6), refletindo um estágio mais avançado da doença. Das 9 amostras de PCR, 6 apresentavam valores maiores que 40 mg/l, 1 entre 20 e 40 mg/l e as 2 amostras restantes, entre 5 e 20 mg/l. Os dados sugerem portanto que a infecção pelo HIV por si só não é acompanhada de aumento da PCR, bem como não existe relação com a classificação imunológica em que o paciente se encontre. Pacientes com infecção pelo HIV na vigência de pneumonia aguda apresentam níveis aumentados de PCR. Neste estudo, o ponto de corte que diferenciou os grupos 1 e 2 foi PCR = 28,9 mg/l com sensibilidade de 77,8% e especificidade de 100% (IC 95%)
As pulmonary infection is a common and potentially serious condition in HIV-infected children, effectiveness of treatment of this kind of affection depends to a large extent on the promptness of accurate diagnosis. The C-Reactive Protein (CRP), a reasonably well-established acute phase marker, has long been used to differentiate bacterial from viral infections. Despite its lack of specifity, that is, the fact that other conditions like inflammatory diseases, neoplasms, ischemia and burns may also increase CRP levels, Bacterial infections are the most frequent cause of increased CRP found in daily clinical practice. Shortly after any tissular injury, CRP increases considerably, reaching up to 10-1000 times its previous levels. Due to its short half-life, its decrease after the end of the affection is quick as well. This study aimed at evaluating the CRP (assessed by nephelometry) as an auxiliary tool to diagnose pulmonary infection in HIV-infected children. Two groups of patients were considered in this study: group 1 was constituted by 66 HIV-infected children with no clinical signs of concomitant infection (amounting to 84 CRP samples) and group 2 was constituted by 6 HIV-infected children with pneumonia (amounting to 9 CRP samples). All the subjects were assigned to categories according to the pediatric HIV classification system (CDC, 1994). Among the 66 children from group 1, 6 were assigned to categories N, 11 to A, 27 to B and 22 to C. Regarding the levels of CRP in group 1 it was found: 76 samples (90.48%) < 5 mg/l, 7 (8.33%) in the range between 5 and 20 mg/l and 1 sample between 20 and 40 mg/l. In the group 2, all the children were assigned either to category B3 (1/6) or C3 (5/6) and the CRP level distribution was the following: 6 (6/9) > 40 mg/l, 1 (1/6) between 20 and 40 mg/l and 2 (2/6) between 5 and 20 mg/l. These results suggest that 1.HIV infection by itself does not increase the levels of CRP, regardless the immunologic classification of the patient; 2.HIV-infected children with pneumonia present increased levels of CRP 3.In this study, the cut-off point to differentiate groups 1 and 2 was 28,9 mg/l, with sensitivity of 77,8% and specificity of 100% (p < 0.05)

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

2

Birch, Jodie. "Telomere dysfunction and senescence in the ageing lung and age-related lung disease". Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3927.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Cellular senescence, the irreversible loss of replicati ve capacity of somatic cells, bas been associated w ith diseases of accelerated lung ageing, including Chroni c Obstructive Pulmonaty Disease (COPD). However, the mechanisms und erl ying senescence of a irway epithelial cell s, parti cula rl y the role of telomere dysfunction in this process, are poorly understood . The aim of this work was to investigate senescence and telomere dysfunction in airway epithelial cells from pati ents with COPD and bronchiectasis, in the ageing murine lung and in the context of cigarette smoke exposure. DNA dam age foci (yH2A.X) and foci associated with telomeres (telomere-associated foci (TA F)), a long with other senescence-associated m arkers, were increased in small airway epith elial cells from patients with COPD, wi thout significant telomere shottening. With age, TAF increased in large and sm all aitway epithelial cells of the murine lung and predicted age-dependent lung emphysema, independen tly oftelomere length . M oreover, fomth generation telomerase-null mi ce showed early-onset emphysema. Exposure to cigarette smoke was found to increase TAF in large and small ai1way epithelial cells of the murine lung and in epith elial cells and fibrobla sts in vitro. Cigarette smoke m ay accelerate telomere dysfunction via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and contribute to Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (lL)-6 and IL-8. Inhibition of mechan istic target of rapa myc in complex I (mTORC I ) by rapa mycin alleviated age-assoc iated increases i n TAF in vivo and supressed cigarette smoke-i nduced increases in TAF and in flammatory cytokine release in vitro. Cigarette smoke increases mitochondrial-derived ROS, which is supressed by culturing cell s at low oxygen pressure and by treating cell s w ith rapam ycin. These results suggest that activation of a DN A damage response at telomeres may be induced by oxidative stress from altered mTOR signalling ancl/or dysfu nctional mitochondri a. Telomere dys function could conttibut e to inflamm atory processes and the functional decline that occurs in the ageing lung and in the context of cigarette smoke induced accelerated lung ageing.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

3

Beetge, Lijahne. "Themes related to children living with HIV/AIDS". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21549.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Assignment (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This review examines themes related to children, especially children under the age of fifteen, living with HIV/Aids. For review purposes themes include defining children living with HIV/Aids as a vulnerable population, the psychological impact of HIV/Aids on children, children’s coping with and perceptions of HIV/Aids. The global HIV/Aids pandemic has caused major worldwide social change. The impact, especially the psychological impact of HIV/Aids on children appears to be vast and at times disastrous in nature. HIV/Aids is estimated to affect the lives of several generations of children and the impact of the pandemic will therefore characterize their communities for decades to come as the numbers of affected and infected children are on the increase. It has been noted by research done that children living with HIV/Aids become impoverished, their insecurities worsen and their psychosocial and psychological problems increase. In addition their educational and work opportunities decline, their nurturing and support systems disintegrate, and child mortality rates rise. The necessity of psychological support for children affected and infected by HIV/Aids is directly linked to the rights of children listed in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the South African Constitution. Research reviewed points out that a child’s physical and psychological health is intertwined and therefore a child cannot be physically healthy without also being psychologically secure. Research reviewed also points out that it is of the utmost importance that the voices of children who live with HIV/Aids are heard, their involvement in decision making and planning related to HIV/Aids is allowed and that their needs are met, especially their psychological needs in relation to the pandemic. Overall the literature reviewed in the past four years (2003-2006) highlights the significantly under-investigated, under-researched themes such as psychological aspects related to children living with HIV/Aids, both in South Africa and internationally. These aspects surrounding HIV/Aids, as previously mentioned, also seem to be the least tangible and the most difficult for adults to address or comprehend fully and yet they impinge on all aspects of developing children - hence the identified need in this area for adequate research and psychological support, such as program implementation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie literatuuroorsig bied ’n ondersoek na die wêreldwye sosiale verandering en uitwerking wat die globale HIV/vigs-pandemie tot gevolg het. Daar word veral gelet op temas wat verwantskap hou met kinders, veral kinders vyftien jaar oud en jonger wat leef met HIV/vigs. Temas sluit in die definiëring van kinders as weerloos, kinders se hantering van HIV/vigs, hulle persepsies van HIV/vigs en hulle sielkundige behoeftes en ander aspekte met betrekking tot HIV/vigs. Die trefkrag van HIV/vigs blyk omvattend en by tye rampspoedig te wees. Na beraming beïnvloed HIV/vigs verskeie geslagte van kinders en die uitwerking van die pandemie sal dus dekades lank nog deel vorm van hulle gemeenskappe soos die aantal kinders wat geïnfekteer en geaffekteer is, toeneem. Navorsing toon dat kinders wat met HIV/vigs leef, verarm. Verder vererger hulle onsekerhede en hulle psigososiale en sielkundige probleme neem toe. Ook neem die kinders se opvoedkundige en werkgeleenthede af, hulle versorgings- en ondersteuningsnetwerke disintegreer en sterftesyfers neem toe. Die noodsaaklikheid van sielkundige ondersteuning vir kinders wat deur HIV/vigs geïnfekteer en geaffekteer is, word direk in verband gebring met die regte van kinders soos gelys in die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie oor die Regte van die Kind en die Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet. Die literatuuroorsig toon dat ‘n kind se fisieke en sielkundige gesondheid ten nouste met mekaar verband hou en daarom kan ’n kind nie fisiek gesond wees sonder om ook sielkundig geborge te wees nie. Verder dui navorsing ook op die kardinale belang daarvan dat kinders wat leef met HIV/vigs se stemme gehoor word, hulle betrokkenheid by besluitneming en beplanning verseker word en al hulle behoeftes bevredig word, veral hulle sielkundige behoeftes wat met die pandemie verband hou. Oor die algemeen beklemtoon die literatuuroorsig wat oor die afgelope vier jaar strek (2003-2006) dat daar nie voldoende navorsing gedoen is met betrekking tot temas wat verwantskap hou met kinders en HIV/vigs nie, nie alleen in Suid-Afrika nie, maar ook internasionaal. Hierdie bevindings is kommerwekkend veral omdat Suid-Afrika ‘n land is met onrusbarende groot getalle kinders wat deur HIV/vigs geïnfekteer is. Dit wil ook voorkom of hierdie aspekte wat te make het met kinders en HIV/vigs nie baie duidelik is vir volwassenes nie en ook die moeilikste is om te hanteer of ten volle te verstaan, hoewel dit alle aspekte van die kind se ontwikkeling raak. Vandaar die behoefte op hierdie gebied aan voldoende navorsing en sielkundige ondersteuning, soos program implementering.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

4

Pitcher, Richard D. "Radiological progression of lung disease in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected children". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20351.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Introduction: There are limited data on the chest X-ray (CXR) abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC's). Aim: To investigate the evolution of CXR abnormalities in HIV-infected children in LMIC's, to correlate this with the severity of HIV-disease, and to assess the impact of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Method: A prospective longitudinal study evaluating clinical, immunological and radiographic parameters at regular intervals over a minimum of 24 months. CXR abnormalities were stratified by severity and deemed persistent if present for 6 consecutive months or longer. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses assessed associations between radiological and clinical/immunological parameters at enrolment. An ordinal multiple logistic regression model assessed the association of enrolment and time-dependent variables with CXR findings over time.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

5

Liu, Chi-hang. "HIV/Aids-related stigma and discrimination : the case of Hong Kong /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22330926.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

6

Rodriguez, Ihsan. "Well-being and Inflammation in Interstitial Lung Disease". The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1619031719578262.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

7

Campbell, Joshua David. "Genome-wide characterization of microRNA and gene expression patterns in smoking-related lung disease". Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12307.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
Smoking-related lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are significant public health concerns world-wide. High throughput genomic technologies have opened up a new realm of understanding into the complexities of human disease by providing a means by which we can gain considerable amounts of information about a sample. In my research, I examine genome-wide gene expression via microarrays and microRNA expression via small RNA-sequencing (small RNA-Seq) to gain insights into lung disease pathogenesis, assess novel strategies for identifying therapeutics, and develop biomarkers for earlier diagnosis of disease. First, I revealed mechanisms of emphysema progression within individuals by leveraging a unique dataset that contains multiple lung-tissue samples per patient collected from regions with different levels of emphysematous destruction. Pathways involved in immune response and tissue remodeling were enriched among gene expression profiles associated with increasing regional emphysema severity. Using the Connectivity Map, a compound was discovered capable of reversing the gene-expression signature of increasing emphysema severity which can serve as a lead in therapeutic development for COPD. [TRUNCATED]

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

8

Mason, Nicola Anne. "The role of nitric oxide and related mediators in tissue injury and remodelling in pulmonary disease". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312124.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

9

Nemuramba, Rathani. "HIV related risk behaviours in South African rural community". Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/663.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology)) --University of Limpopo, 2010
This study measures the relationship between the AIDS risk reduction model (ARRM) variables associated with HIV related risk behaviours on learners from a South African rural community. A cross-sectional study was conducted using 308 learners in a Limpopo rural high school to identify HIV risk behaviours. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression to test the usefulness of ARRM variables in predicting sexual risk. Sexual risk was measured as; (a) vaginal sex without a condom, (b) anal sex without a condom (c) number of sexual partners in the last twelve months and (d) time taken before having sex with a new partner. Two of the ARRM variables, that is perceived susceptibility and sexual response efficacy, were found to be the most important predictors of HIV related risk behaviours. There is an argent need for effective preventive activities in rural areas, especially through school-based interventions. Key words: ARRM HIV HIV prevention Risk behaviors

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

10

Chaves, Alysia Anne. "Mechanisms of AIDS and cocaine related cardiovascular disease". Columbus, Ohio Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1056031201.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 401 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: John A. Bauer, Dept.of Pharmacy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 387-391).

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

11

Abrahams, Shahieda. "Perceptions of HIV/AIDS-related stigma among Muslims in a Cape Town community". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5105_1181886620.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

South Africa has the largest percentage of people living with HIV/AIDS in the world. However, the response against the further spread of HIV/AIDS in the country is being hindered by stigma and discrimination. In order to develop effective intervention programmes to control and reduce the further spread of the disease, it is first important to understand the nature of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and especially how people construct it. In the present study, the social construction of HIV/AIDS-related stigma among Muslims was investigated because high levels of stigma were found in this group. This was fuelled partly by the belief that HIV/AIDS was not a serious problem amongst Muslims. Two focus groups were conducted, one among Muslim women only and the second among Muslim men only. The main aim of the study was to examine the perceptions of HIV/AIDS-related stigma among Muslims. The transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis to determine the themes that emerged from the research material. The main findings of the study included that Muslims&rsquo
religious identity/positioning was the most salient discourse that informed how they understood, made meaning of, and responded to HIV/AIDS. They engaged in various forms of stigma such as &lsquo
othering&rsquo
, and mediating factors of stigma included religious positioning. Stigma also served as a social barrier to VCT and disclosure of HIV status. However, supportive attitudes and behaviours were also evident. The findings yielded useful insights into possible elements of intervention programmes, both to reduce HIV/AIDS-related stigma, and also to encourage behavioural change in order to control and reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in this community.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

12

Gray, James. "Psychological well-being and coping in the partners of gay men with HIV-related disease". Thesis, Open University, 1996. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54140/.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

This study explored psychological distress and well-being in the (HIV negative) partners of gay men with HIV infection and related illness. The role of coping as a moderating variable was investigated. Other moderating variables known to influence level of distress for carers (such as social support, quality of the relationship and life events) were also examined. 35 partners made up the final sample. Clinically significant levels of distress were found. Several coping strategies were significantly (p < .05) correlated with psychological distress and well-being. These strategies were: acceptance, behavioural disengagement, mental disengagement, focusing on emotions, and suppression of competing activities. Regression analysis showed that significant amounts of the variance in psychological distress were explained by some of these strategies. Other factors that were also important predictors in the regression equations included: the overall health of the patients, the satisfaction with social support, other stressful life events, and previous experience of HIV related bereavement. Clinical implications, methodological issues and avenues for future research are discussed.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

13

Cozzi-Lepri, Alessandro. "Issues related to the management of HIV disease in the era of potent HIV antiretroviral therapy : evidence from observational cohort studies of HIV-infected individuals". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406129.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

14

Crowther, Ann Jeannette Louise. "Glutathione, the redox sensitive transcription factors AP-1 and NF-κB, and early one adenoviral protein in human lung in smoking related lung disease". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27843.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

NF-κB and AP-1 are both redox sensitive transcription factors, and are involved in the regulation of the gene transcription of many pro-inflammatory mediators. AP-1 and NF-κB have a close relationship with γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of glutathione, with the γ-GCS gene containing various elements including an AP-1 binding site. Susceptibility to the effects of cigarette smoke is likely to explain why certain individuals develop COP and this susceptibility may arise from an earlier viral infection such as adenoviral infection that lies dormant, but which in the face of an oxidant stimulus such as cigarette smoke augments the inflammatory process. The in vivo studies herein have examined glutathione and γ-GCS gene transcription, oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, the redox sensitive transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 and have assessed for the presence of the early one adenoviral protein in human lung in smokers and patients with COPD. The results how similar levels of total GSH in the lungs of patients with and without airflow obstruction, and decreased γ-GCS activity in patients with severe airflow obstruction who have undergone LVRS for emphysema compared to those with no airflow obstruction. Local lung oxidative stress as measured by malondialdehyde, and TEAC a marker of systemic oxidative stress did not correlate with lung function. DNA binding of NF-κB correlated with lung function as measured by percent predicted FEV₁, however no such relationship was found with AP-1 DNA binding. Examination for EIA gene and protein in lung tissue failed to reveal conclusive results.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

15

Hong, Angela M. "Cell cycle protein expression in AIDS-related and classical Kaposi's sarcoma". Connect to full text, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/583.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004.
Title from title screen (viewed 5 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Medicine. Includes list of published articles and presentations. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

16

Mdlalose, Buhle Ndo Nontobeko. "Women's experience of being HIV positive The stigma related to HIV and disclosure of their status /". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04052007-135132.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

17

Liu, Chi-hang, e 廖智行. "HIV/Aids-related stigma and discrimination: the case of Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31250701.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

18

Ragimana, Mulalo Albert. "Factors related to the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS in Attridgeville and Mamelodi". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04292008-132413.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

19

Louw, Lynette. "The experiences of adolescents orphaned by HIV/AIDS related conditions". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05152007-091121.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

20

Choate, Radmila. "ESTIMATING DISEASE SEVERITY, SYMPTOM BURDEN AND HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIORS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PULMONARY DISEASES". UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/epb_etds/22.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Chronic pulmonary diseases include a wide range of illnesses that differ in etiology, prevalence, symptomatology and available therapy. A common link among these illnesses is their impact on patients’ vital function of breathing, high symptom burden and significantly impaired quality of life. This dissertation research evaluates disease severity, symptom burden and health behaviors of patients with three different chronic pulmonary conditions. First, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an inherited condition that typically is associated with an increased risk of early onset pulmonary emphysema. This study examines differences in demographic, health, and behavioral characteristics and compares clinical outcomes and health related behaviors and attitudes between two severe genotypes of AATD - ZZ and SZ. The findings of the study suggest that patients with SZ genotype and less severe form of deficiency report higher number of exacerbations, comorbidities, as well as unhealthy behaviors such as lack of exercise and current smoking. In addition, individuals with the more severely deficient ZZ genotype are more adherent to disease management and prevention program recommendations and maintain a healthier lifestyle than individuals with SZ genotype. Second chronic lung disease examined in this research was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the fourth leading cause of death and second leading cause of disability in the United States. Prevalence and burden of cough and phlegm, two of the most common symptoms of the COPD, were assessed among participants of the COPD Foundation’s Patient-Powered Research Network (COPD PPRN). In addition, association between patient-reported levels of phlegm and cough, clinical outcomes and patients’ quality of life were evaluated. Participants’ quality of life was assessed using Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System instrument PROMIS-29. Association between changes in symptom severity over time and patient-reported quality of life were examined. Findings of this study indicated that severity of cough and phlegm were associated with higher number of exacerbations, greater dyspnea, and worsened patient-reported quality of life including physical and social functioning. Improvement in cough and phlegm severity over time was associated with better patient-reported quality of life. Third pulmonary illness described in this dissertation is non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB), a rare and etiologically diverse condition characterized by dilated bronchi, poor mucus clearance and susceptibility to bacterial infection. Association between presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in patients with NCFFB, and disease severity was assessed utilizing enrollment data from the Bronchiectasis and NTM Research Registry (BRR). NCFB disease severity was evaluated using modified versions of validated in large international cohorts instruments, the Bronchiectasis Severity Index (BSI) and FACED. The findings of this study indicate that PA infection is common in NCFB patients, and presence of PA in patients’ sputum is associated with having moderate and high severity of bronchiectasis. In addition, the results of this study suggest that the two severity assessment instruments classify patients with NCFB differently which may be attributed to a greater number of severity markers utilized in the calculation of the BSI compared to FACED. In conclusion, the proposed dissertation aims to enhance understanding of differences in health outcomes between genotypes of AATD within AlphaNet registry, and to guide future health-promoting behaviors. It highlights the burden of common symptoms such as cough and phlegm in patients with COPD within COPD PPRN and their association with patients’ quality of life. In addition, it introduces modified indices of NCFB severity and emphasizes high burden of the disease in patients with presence of PA within the US BRR.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

21

Mufukari, Fungai. "Gender related factors that lead to depression after diagnosis with HIV/AIDS". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17901.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: People diagnosed as being HIV positive or having AIDS develop depression as they attempt to cope with their daily lives. Some studies have indicated the prevalence of depression and anxiety in people living with HIV/AIDS is higher than in the general population. An evaluation of gender related factors that lead to depression after a diagnosis with HIV/AIDS will highlight the incidences and frequency of what individuals experience in their daily lives. The research is a descriptive study in which the factors that cause depression after HIV/AIDS diagnosis were identified and related to gender. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyse the responses elicited from the participants in the sample. Twenty five PLHAs who had been diagnosed with depression were selected from patients attending both Nthabiseng and Luthando Clinics at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital in Soweto, Johannesburg. A questionnaire was designed to gather demographic as well as information regarding family, social and economic history. A short interview was also conducted with selected patients to determine in their own words what causes their depression. The selected patient hospital charts were analysed to gain additional information to complete the equation. A semi structured interview was conducted with 13 selected health care professionals to gather information on how they see depression in the presence of HIV and whether they are adequately equipped to detect and manage this condition. The findings from this study supported the view depression is present or develops after a positive HIV diagnosis and a difference was detected in the causes of depression in women and that of men. Common causes of depression after HIV diagnosis were denial, fear of death and social insecurity. Women were more likely to attribute their depression to denial and worry about work and family responsibility. Men attributed their depression to failure to provide for their family and loss of social status. Recognising the causes of and gender differences in the causes of HIV-related depression may help in designing more effective counselling strategies and improve management and care of PLHAs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is 'n aantal mense wat nie aan depressie ly voordat hulle met HIV gediagnoseer word nie. Meeste studies dui aan dat die voorkoms van depressie en angstigheid by mense wat lewe met MIV en VIGS heelwat hoër is as die algemene MIV populasie. Baie mense, insluitende gesondheidsorgwerkers, neem aan dat depressie 'n onontsnapbare newe-effek is van MIV/VIGS diagnose. Dus mag dit gebeur dat depressie ongesiens verby gaan, onbehandeld, met die gevolg van oneffektiewe behandeling, riskante optrede, swak bestuur van MIV/VIGS en 'n lae lewenskwaliteit vir hierdie pasiënte. Hierdie navorsingsartikel kyk na die geslags-verwante faktore wat lei tot depressie na die diagnosering van MIV/VIGS. Die navorsing is 'n beskrywende studie waarin faktore wat depressie in MIV/VIGS gediagnoseerde pasiënte veroorsaak identifiseer en gedifferensieer word afhangende van geslag. Kwantitatiewe asook kwalitatiewe metodes is gebruik. Dertig PLHAs wat met depressie gediagnoseer is, word behandel in Nthabiseng asook Luthando Kliniek by die Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospitaal in Soweto, Johannesburg. Nthabiseng is die MIV Kliniek en Luthando is die psigiatriese kliniek vir MIV/VIGS pasiënte. 'n Vraelys is saamgestel om demografiese asook familie, sosiologiese en ekonomiese inligting te verkry. 'n Kort onderhoud is ook met sommige pasiënte gehou om in hul eie woorde te hoor wat hul glo hul depressie veroorsaak. Die geselekteerde pasiënte se hospitaal kaarte is geanaliseer, met die doel om die dokter se insette of redes te kry oor die pasiënte se depressie. 'n Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoud was gedoen met gesondheidsorgwerkers in Luthando- en Nthabiseng klinieke om inligting te verkry oor hoe hierdie professionele gesondheidsorgwerkers depressie sien by MIV/VIGS pasiënte en of hul bevoegd is om dit te identifiseer en te behandel. Die studie het bevind dat daar 'n verskil is by oorsake van depressie by vroue en oorsake van depressie by mans. Mees algemene oorsake van depressie by MIV/VIGS pasiënte is ontkenning, vrees van dood en sosiale onstabiliteit. By die vroue het ontkenning en bekommernis oor werk- en familie verantwoordelikhede meestal bygedra tot hierdie depressie, en by die mans was dit meer asof daar 'n algemene terleurstelling geheers het in hul gemoed. 'n Terleurstelling deurdat hul nie vir hul families sal kan sorg nie asook die vernedering in die sosiale netwerk. Om die verskille in MIV-geassosieerde depressie gebasseer op geslag te kan herken mag bydra tot die ontwerp van meer effektiewe beradingstrategië.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

22

Arango-Viana, Juan Carlos. "The influence of drug use and apolipoprotein E on HIV related disease of the central nervous system". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23106.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Aims: i) To determine the contribution of host factors such as drug use (DU) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype in the development of HIVE and HAD. ii) To investigate some histological changes relevant to HAD in drug users with different ApoE genotypes. Methods: Genotyping for ApoE was carried out in 312 individuals who were divided into five groups. Group I consisted of 64 normal controls, Group II consisted of 82 HIV negative drug users, Group III consisted of 38 presymptomatic HIV positive drug users (pre AIDS), Group IV consisted of 84 drug users with AIDS, Group V consisted of non drug users with AIDS (6 haemophiliacs and 38 men who have sex with men (MSM). Results: Analyses showed that the frequency of ApoE e2 allele in the HIV positive drug users (Groups III and IV taken together, n=122) was 14.3%. In contrast, the frequency for the ApoE e2 in groups I (n=64) and II (n=82) was 5.4% in each group and 8.2% in normal Scottish population (group VI, n=400). These differences were significant (X²=7.017, p<0.008, and X²=7.580, p<0.006, respectively). At the same time, the ApoE e3 allele for groups III and IV was found to be under represented when compared to the Scottish population (X²=9.695, p<0.0002). More detailed comparisons between different genotype subsets within the groups all gave results supportive of the main finding of ApoE e2 over representation. Group V showed no difference in ApoE genotype from the general population. CD4 and CD8 counts were found to be significantly higher in group IV compared with Group V. 53.9% Group IV individuals had CD4 counts above 50^th percentile, in contrast to only 21.5% in individuals in group V (X²= 11.242, p<0.001). For CD8, 48.8% of the group IV cases had counts above the 50^th percentile, while only 23.1% of group V were above (X²=8.740, p<0.003). The ApoE e³ allele was found negatively associated with CD8 counts (X²=5.063, p<0.02), but the positive association of ApoE e2 allele with CD8 counts did not reach significance (X²=3.593, p<0.058). The histological change which was most strongly associated with dementia was HIVE (X²=14.977, p<0.0005). The association of ApoE alleles with HIVE showed that ApoE e2 and e3 alleles were significantly with HIVE (X²= 4.007, p<0.05 and X²=5.090, p<0.02 respectively), although the direction of the association with the ApoE e3 allele was negative.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

23

Ngamvithayapong-Yanai, Jintana. "Challenges and opportunities for tuberculosis prevention and care in an HIV epidemic area, Chiang Rai, Thailand /". Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-440-2/.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

24

Harvey, Brian. "A quantitative survey of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour, related to AIDS/HIV, among Zulu speaking standard eight high school students". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002496.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

AIDS is a serious South African health problem, with HIV infection in KwaZulu-Natal being at the local epidemic's forefront. Adolescents in this province are at additional risk because of their lifestyles. Information on existing risky behaviour and its psychosocial concomitants can provide an important base for educational interventions aimed at reducing further transmission. This study aims to provide baseline information on knowledge, attitudes and reported behaviour, relating to HIV/AIDS, among adolescents in KwaZulu-Natal. A survey, using an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire with closed-ended questions to collect data, was conducted among standard eight Zulu-speaking students (N = 1511) in five parts of the province. The theoretical framework that informed data collection was drawn from the Health Belief Model and Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory. The data generated were first analysed descriptively, providing percentages for responses to individual items. Secondly, cross-tabulations were calculated for relevant items using three independent biographical variables, namely: Locality (rural/peri-urban), gender and students' reports of sexual activity. The results showed inadequate knowledge concerning HIV/AIDS to provide a foundation for developing healthier attitudes. Although most students acknowledged the disease's severity, few reported feeling personally susceptible, denying the immediacy of the threat. Additionally, cues to action and the perceived benefits of adopting preventive behaviours were not influential. Barriers preventing condom use were not primarily logistical, with personal concerns being the main barriers to change. Furthermore, perceived self-efficacy in preventive behaviours was low. Recommendations regarding areas for future research, as well as considerations which will enhance the effectiveness of risk reducing interventions among similar populations, are provided.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

25

Karim-Sesay, Waithera Kimani. "Ukimwi Ni Kamaliza, the wasting disease: socio-cultural factors related to HIV/AIDS vulnerability among women in Kenya". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1164742507.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

26

Binder, William, Scott Clark, Edina Hall, Ferena Salek e Jon Glover. "Effect of Adherence to the GOLD Guidelines on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Related Readmissions in a Community Hospital". The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613978.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Class of 2016 Abstract
Objectives: To assess the relationship between adherence to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations and the corresponding 30-day, all-cause readmissions rate in a community hospital. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients admitted with the primary diagnosis of a COPD exacerbation. Medications administration records relevant to the GOLD guidelines were examined as separate independent variables in relation to a readmission within 30 days of discharge. Additional factors examined included: demographic data, resident of a long-term care facility, pre-index hospitalization, pulmonary consult, vaccines, length of stay (LOS), discharge medications, and follow-up appointments. Results: Electronic health records of 120 patients were reviewed and divided into non-readmitted patients (n = 65, mean age 73.4 ± 10.1 years), all-cause readmissions (n = 55, mean age 70.15 ± 9.69 years), and COPD-related readmissions (n = 21, mean age 70.7 ± 11.1 years). Patients with heart failure (p = 0.024), a LOS >5 days (p = 0.045), a pre-index hospitalization (p = 0.001), or who were long-term care residents (p = 0.024) experienced more all-cause readmissions. Females experienced less all-cause readmissions (p = 0.035). Significantly more patients with a pre-index hospitalization had a COPD-related readmission (p = 0.027). Lastly, adherence to the GOLD treatment parameters was not significantly different across all groups. Conclusions: COPD is a complex disease and adherence to the GOLD guidelines during an exacerbation is unlikely to significantly impact 30-day readmission rates.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

27

Moodley, Colleen Gail. "HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of FET College students : implications for sexual health promotion". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2751_1306744324.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The quantitative findings indicated high levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge, self-concept and self-efficacy. Risky sexual behaviour was measured in terms of condom use and the number of sexual partners in the 12 months prior to the study with males reporting significantly more risky sexual behaviour. More males (70% vs. 43 % females) reported no condom use when engaging in sex. More males (62 % vs. 28 % females) reported having had two or more sexual partners in the 12 months prior to the study. Results also suggested that an increase in knowledge of HIV/AIDS would predict an increase in the use of condoms particularly for males. Lower self-efficacy seemed to predict an increase in the number of sexual partners for males. The focus group discussions highlighted students' views of HIV/AIDS knowledge in relation to their sexual practices, attitudes and sexual decision-making. Influences such as personal factors (self-concept and self-efficacy), social factors (e.g. peer influences, gender, and status) and environmental factors (e.g. media) were investigated. Participants also commented on the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS campaigns and the adequacy in provision of health services at college and community level. From the findings, guidelines were developed which may be used to reflect on current intervention programmes and may be considered when developing future interventions programmes, policies, or campaigns in promoting safer sexual practices amongst youth as a means of addressing the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

28

Nguyen, Thi Minh Tam Orapin Pitakmahaket. "Condom use related to HIV/AIDS prevention among female commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam /". Abstract, 2004. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2547/cd368/4638495.pdf.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

29

Kigozi, James Musisi. "Investigating rural Ugandan women's engagement with HIV and AIDS-related programmes on community radio: a case study of Mama FM's Speak out and Listen". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001845.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The purpose of this study was to investigate how rural Ugandan women engage with discussions of HIV and AIDS on community radio. It explored how this audience may relate such broadcast discussions to their own lived experience of HIV and AIDS. It is explained in the study that, while the Uganda government has an official policy of openly discussing matters of HIV and AIDS, health communication strategies still operate within a context where there is an underlying "culture of silence" that discourages openness about sexual matters. It is also pointed out that there are widespread gender disparities among rural communities, which severely limit women's ability to make use of health communication initiatives aimed at educating them. Against this backdrop, the study sets out to explore audience responses to a particular example of Speak Out and Listen, a weekly programme broadcast on Mama FM, a Kampala-based radio station managed by the Uganda Media Women's Association (UMWA). The study maps out responses to the programme by a particular group of rural women. It is argued that these research participants' comments confirm the importance, noted in literature dealing with health education, of drawing for content on what members of an audience have to say about their own lived context. It is proposed that, despite the existence of a 'culture of silence', the women's comments demonstrate an ability to speak with confidence about their experience of living with HIV and AIDS. Thcy are able, more particularly to discuss the constraints placed by gendered power relations on women's ability to draw on the educational content of programming that targets people living with HIV and AIDS. As such, the comments that such women offer represent a valuable resource for HIV and AIDS related programming. The principal conclusion of the study is that health communication initiatives such as Speak Out and Listen would benefit from facilitating conversations with their target audience about their lived experience of HIV and AIDS, and incorporating such discussion into their programmes

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

30

Lu, Hang. "The synthesis and structure-activity relationship study of azo dye related HIV replication inhibitors : Part 2: Plant isolation of signalling pathways inhibitors as anti-cancer agents". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/27436.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

31

Zhang, Yihuai, e 張藝懷. "The study of cross-border FSWs in two China-Burma cross-border areas : HIV/AIDS prevalence and related factors". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206973.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Background AIDS as a burden to all over the world caused serious problems in some developing regions by threatening health of the population and stability of the society, especially in cross-border areas that have a complex crowd with many migrants. The HIV/AIDS situation of cross-border FSWs in China-Burma border region is not comprehensively known so far. Only have a clearly understanding of their circumstances, can health workers provide target health services for them. Objectives In view of the increasing HIV epidemic in China-Burma border areas in the past several years, this study tries to understand the HIV prevalence among two groups of cross-border FSWs; further describe socio-demographic characteristics in each group; identify risk behaviours related to consistent condom use; interpret HIV risk factors that contribute to HIV infection in each group of FSWs; describe health services currently being provided and particular health services needs of these FSWs. Methods This cross-sectional research design comprises two parts. Part one is a questionnaire based face-to-face interview to obtain self-reported information. A total of 142 cross-border FSWs were recruited from Ruili City, China (Burmese FSWs) and Laukkai City, Burma (Chinese FSWs). Convenience sampling method was used. Risk factors that mutually adjusted were analysed in two logistic regression models regarding condom use and HIV infection in each group and odds ratios (ORs) were obtained with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Part two of this study is voluntary venous blood drawing and testing for HIV infection. 136 cross-border FSWs [6 of part one (questionnaire interview) participants refused] attended part two study. Results In general, Burmese cross-border FSWs tended to be older, lower educated and married and had higher HIV prevalence (18.8%) compared with Chinese women (5%). Frequency of condom use with the paying clients was higher than with the regular partners in both groups. After adjustment, drug users had statistically significant OR of 6.89 (95% CI: 1.12 to 42.38) for condom use frequency in last sex behaviour compare to non-users in Burmese FSWs; based on Chinese FSWs’ condom use model, the more paying clients, the higher frequency of condom use they had (OR: 0.63 with 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.9). Age (year of birth) had a significant impact with two opposite direction on HIV infection in both Burmese group and the whole study population: positively relate to HIV infection in Burmese model (OR: 1.20 with 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.41); nevertheless, when Chinese ones were added, year of birth negatively related to HIV infection with OR of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.74 to 0.96). Generally, Burmese women had proportionally higher health services acceptance proportion to Chinese women. “HIV/AIDS awareness” and “HIV counselling and testing” were the most widely provided services in Burmese and Chinese group, respectively, and “free condom distribution” was the most needed health services of both cross-border FSWs. Conclusion This study provides better understanding about cross-border FSWs working in China-Burma border areas in which little information about their demographics, HIV infection, and high-risk behaviour has been known. From public health perspective, development and implementation of public health interventions and policies can get inspiration and support from this study.
published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

32

Hickey, Deitra Jamra. "Assessing the Opinions of Ohio School Board Members about HIV/AIDS Policy and Curriculum: Developing an Approach to Raise Awareness of HIV/AIDS Related Educational Issues". Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1245269846.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Dissertation (Ed.D.)--University of Toledo, 2009.
Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Education Degree in Educational Administration and Supervision." Bibliography: leaves 92-99.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

33

Mitchell, Gillian Valerie. "An evaluation of the impact of a ten hour HIV/AIDS prevention programme on male adolescents' HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and beliefs". Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23667.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

34

Phooko, Puleng M. (Puleng Mpopi). "Nutritional factors associated with oral lesions in HIV disease and TB infection". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53528.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (Mnutr)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Problem Definition: In the context of HIV/AIDS malnutrition is almost universal among children, and of the adverse effects of Protein Energy Malnutrition, the most frequent seems to be the occurrence of opportunistic infections with micro-organisms such as oral Candida. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional status of children with oral complications in relation to HIV/AIDS as well as the effects of the oral lesions on nutritional status. Subjects/setting: The subjects of study were 24 children co-infected with TB and HIV who were admitted consecutively to the paediatric ward of Brooklyn Chest Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. The nutritional status of the children was assessed over a maximum period of six months by nutrient intake, anthropometric status, and by biochemical parameters and clinical and oral examination on admission and at discharge from hospital. Results: Children with HIVand TB infection presenting with or without oral lesions were similarly malnourished throughout the period of hospitalization. There was no improvement in the nutritional status as indicated by height and weight measurements. Throughout the time of hospitalization, 7% of the children had a combination of stunting, underweight and wasting. Average nutrient intake was not found to be higher than the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) in any of the children. At the time of admission to hospital and at discharge, carbohydrate intake provided most of the daily energy (36% and 42%, the difference not being statistically significant). There was a significant increase in the intake of energy (p=O.04) and a decrease in total fat intake (p=O.03) at discharge. Although not significant, mean protein intake at admission was higher than at time of discharge. Selected sub-optimal biochemical values were prevalent among the children studied, with 45% and 41% showing low serum albumin values «2.9g/dL) at the time of admission and at discharge respectively. Both on admission and at discharge, 38% of the children had Haemoglobin levels below normal values. Serum ferritin levels below normal values were present in almost all the children and the trend was similar for the prevalence of low zinc values. Sub-normal plasma retinol was present in 79% of the children at time of admission, while only 21% had deficient values at time of discharge (p=O.03). On admission, 29% of the children had vitamin evalues below the normal range whereas at time of discharge 17% of the children had values below normal (p=O.04). A total of 29% children presented with oral complications on admission. These included oral herpes, oral thrush, reflux, bleeding gums and stomatitis/angular cheilosis. Two children were asymptomatically colonized with Candida of the oral cavity. Mean total protein intake was higher (p=O.057) among the children who were not diagnosed with oral complications. Conclusions: This study confirmed that malnutrition is not only a common and serious problem associated with HIVand AIDS, but also that nutritional problems cannot be dealt with in isolation where Opportunistic Infections are present. The severity of malnutrition depends on various factors including oral complications. Additionally, appropriate management and treatment of tuberculosis did not appear to affect the nutritional status significantly. Recommendations: On the basis of these findings, and because of the increased risk of growth failure and developmental delays, children should be referred for full nutritional evaluation as soon as possible after diagnosis of HIV -infection. In addition, there is a need for intervention programmes to identify the immediate underlying causes of malnutrition and the ways in which such causes interact, in order to ensure that such interventions increase the resistance of HIV infected infants and children to the disease.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Probleemdefiniëring: Binne die konteks van MIVNIGS is wanvoeding bykans universeelonder kinders en van die nadelige effekte van proteïen energie wanvoeding is die voorkoms van opportunistiese infeksies (Ol) met mikro-organismes soos orale candida die algemeenste. Doelwit: Die doel van dié studie was om die voedingstatus van kinders met orale komplikasies in verhouding tot MIVNIGS en die effek van orale letsels op voedingstatus, te bepaal. Proefpersone/omgewing: 'n Groep van 24 kinders, met beide tuberkulose en MIVNIGSinfeksie, wat agtereenvolgend in die kindersaal van Brooklyn Bors-Hospitaal in Kaapstad, Suid- Afrika opgeneem is, is bestudeer. Vir 'n periode van ses maande is die kinders se voedingstatus geassesseer deur middel van voedingstofinname, antropometriese status en biochemiese parameters met opname in en ontslag uit die hospitaal. Kliniese en orale ondersoeke was op elke kind uitgevoer met opname sowel as ontslag. Resultate: Kindres met HIV en tuberkulose, met of sonder orale letsels, het soortgelyke wanvoeding tydens hospitalisering ervaar het. Volgens antropometriese metings was daar geen verbetering in die voedingstatus nie. 'n Kombinasie van belemmerde groei, ondergewig en uittering het in 7% van die kinders tydens hospitalisering voorgekom. Nie een van die gemiddeldes van die voedingstowwe was hoër as die Aanbevole daaglikse toelatings (ADT) in enige van die kinders wat bestudeer is nie. Met opname sowel as ontslag, was koolhidraatinname die grootste energieverskaffer met onderskeidelik 36% en 42% (alhoewel die verskil nie statisties beduidend was nie). Daar was 'n beduidende toename in energie-inname (p=O.04) en 'n afname in totale vetinname (p=O.03) met ontslag. Alhoewel nie beduidend nie, was die gemiddelde proteïeninname hoër met ontslag. Die voorkoms van geselekteerde sub-optimale biochemiese waardes met toelating en ontslag wys dat onderskeidelik 45% en 41% van die kinders lae serum albumienwaardes «2.9g/dL) getoon het. Subnormale plasma retinol het in 79% van die kinders met toelating voorgekom, terwyl slegs 21% gebrekkige waardes (p=O.03) met ontslag getoon het. Tydens opname, sowel as met ontslag, was 38% van die kinders se hemoglobienvlakke laer as die normale. Serum ferritienvlakke was amper by al die kinders laer as die normale vlakke te bespeur, met sinkvlakke wat op soortgelyke lae vlakke voorkom. Met toelating was 29% van die kinders se Vitamien C-waardes laer as normaal en met ontslag was sowat 17% se waardes steeds laer as die normaal (p=O.04). Met toelating het 29% van die kinders orale komplikasies getoon. Ingeslote hierby was orale herpes, orale sproei, refluks, bloeiende tandvleise en stomatis/ angulêre cheilose. Slegs twee kinders was asimptomaties met orale Candida van die mondholte gediagnoseer. Die gemiddelde proteïeninname was hoër (p=O.057) onder die kindres wat nie orale komplikasies getoon het nie. Gevolgtrekking: Hierdie studie bevestig dat wanvoeding me net 'n algemene en ernstige probleem is wat met MIV en VIGS geassosieer word nie, maar ook in die teenwoordigheid van opportunistiese infeksies, die voedingsprobleem nie in isolasie gehanteer kan word nie. Die graad van wanvoeding hang af van ander faktore, insluitende orale komplikasies. Voldoende behandeling van TB het ook nie 'n beduidende effek op voedingstatus gehad nie. Aanbevelings: Op hierdie bevindings gebaseer, en as gevolg van die verhoogde risiko VIr belemmerde groei en vertraagde ontwikkeling wat al die liggaamstelsels van MIV -positiewe kinders affekteer, moet kinders so gou as moontlik nadat die MIV-infeksie gediagnoseer is, vir volle voedingsevaluasies verwys word. Daarmee gepaardgaande is daar 'n behoefte aan programme wat die onmiddellike onderliggende oorsake van wanvoeding identifiseer, asook om interaksie van hierdie oorsake met HIV vas te stel, ten einde intervensies wat weerstand van HIVkinders en-babas verbeter, positieftoe te pas.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

35

Masekela, Refilwe. "Chronic inflammatory lung disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children. Epidemiological considerations, aetiological determinants and the efficacy of low dose erythromycin in bronchiectasis". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24164.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has reached epidemic proportions in South Africa. The availability of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) prolongs life in HIV-infected persons, who may subsequently present with chronic manifestations of HIV-infection. The respiratory morbidity attendant to HIV-infection, even in the presence of HAART is high, the aftermath of which is lung tissue destruction and bronchiectasis. As a consequence of the political decision not to offer HAART to HIV-infected children, a number of children in South Africa have been left with severe consequences of uncontrolled HIV-infection. Bronchiectasis is one of those and because children with this devastating condition were numerous in the Pretoria region, the author and her colleagues began a Chronic Lung Disease Clinic in that region. This prompted the idea of investigating both the epidemiological profiles of these children and an attempt to intervene with both standard bronchiectasis guideline care and the use of a form of therapy commonly employed in other forms of bronchiectasis. This thesis explores those ideas. Important new and novel findings that were consequent were; that bronchiectasis is diagnosed late in HIV-infected children at a mean age of 6.9 years. The predominant organisms cultured from the airways are Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae in 49% of samples. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), common in cystic fibrosis (CF)-bronchiectasis is an uncommon pathogen in HIV-related bronchiectasis; isolated in only 2% of specimens. Tuberculosis (TB), at least as reported, is a significant antecedent of bronchiectasis, reported in 48.5%of children. A further 21.2% of the patients had received more than two courses of anti-TB treatment. However, proof of TB infection has been lacking. Respiratory morbidity is significant with the mean forced expiratory flow in one second (FEV1) of 53%, in this cohort at the time of presentation. Thirty-six percent of all children were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, although this was not correlated with disease severity or HIVdisease progression. There is elevation of immunoglobulins in HIV-related bronchiectasis, with a mean IgE of 79 kU/l. This was not, though, associated with HIV disease progression as previously described in adult studies, nor with the presence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). The elevation in IgE was also not associated with an elevation of T helper-2 mediated cytokines, confirming the lack of association with atopy. The predominant cytokine, identified is interleukin (IL)-8, both systemically and locally (in airway secretions). There was elevation of other T helper-1 driven cytokines, reflecting an ability to mediate adequate inflammatory responses, which was independent of the level of immunosuppression. With the presence of HAART, there was a decline in the pro-inflammatory cytokines over time, which may be attributed to the ongoing effect of HAART that ties in to, or goes beyond the restoration of T cell numbers. Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (sTREM), an innate immune marker, is elevated in children with HIV-related bronchiectasis when compared to a control group of children with cystic fibrosis-related bronchiectasis. sTREM is not associated with the presence of exacerbations and the level of immunosuppression. The use of an anti-inflammatory drug erythromycin also did not impact the sTREM values. There was also no relationship between sTREM and pro and antiinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) could not reliably predict the presence of pulmonary exacerbations. Its diagnostic value was limited to identifying disease activity in acute pneumonia. 18F-FDG PET also had no significant correlation with CRP, inflammatory cytokines or markers of HIV disease activity. In a randomised controlled trial of erythromycin, a cost-effective immunomodulatory drug, compared to placebo, erythromycin was ineffective in reducing the number of pulmonary exacerbations. Erythromycin also failed to demonstrate any effect on systemic and local pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. With access to anti-retroviral therapy, airway clearance, nutritional rehabilitation and vigilant follow up there was an improvement in pulmonary function parameters and stability of the degree of bronchiectasis that we propose is probably in keeping with an organ system disease modifying effect that may be, an as yet, undefined and undescribed byproduct of HAART.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Paediatrics and Child Health
unrestricted

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

36

Wolfe, Christopher L. "A Comparison between Two Exposure Assessment Methods for Traffic Related Air Pollution (TRAP) and Their Ability to Predict Lung Function and Disease SeverityiIn Asthmatic Children". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1399629695.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

37

Ramaano, Pfananani Nancy. "Evaluating attitudes and perception of HIV and AIDS related stigma among health care professionals in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province". Thesis, University of Limpopo ( Turfloop campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/797.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (MPH.) --University of Limpopo, 2011
Objectives: To assess the extent of HIV and AIDS related stigma among health care professionals, to identify factors that cause attitudes and perception towards HIV and AIDS related stigma and to determine if HIV and AIDS influence stigma. Study design: A descriptive cross sectional survey. Settings: Tshilidzini Hospital in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Subjects: A total of two hundred and sixty five health care professionals participated in the study. The study employed convenience sampling, when collecting data. The majority of health care professionals were females (77.7%). The average age of participants was 39.5 years with a standard deviation of 9.6. Outcome measures: Subject’s demographic information was determined by use of questionnaire. Age, gender educational level and race were included. Attitudes and perception towards HIV and AIDS patients were also assessed. Analysis: Data were analyzed by SPSS windows version 15.0. Means and frequencies were calculated. ANOVA and T test were employed to assess the comparison of attitudes between health care professionals. Findings: The results showed that the majority of health care professionals do not have negative attitudes towards people living with HIV and AIDS. Out of 265 health care professionals, 69% agreed that they needed to eliminate shame and rejection associated with HIV and AIDS, and 84% indicated that they needed more training to be more sensitive to the needs of people living with HIV and AIDS.Conclusion: Findings from the study showed high positive attitudes and perception among health care professionals towards people living with HIV and AIDS. Government should make provision of protective clothing a priority to reduce the perceived risk of HIV infection. Government should also introduce HIV and AIDS education at the primary level of health care.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

38

Terblanche-Smit, Marlize. "The impact of fear appeal advertising on disposition formation in HIV/AIDS related communication /". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1275.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

39

Abrahams, Toni. "Hiv and Aids stigma, contact and indirect exposure to persons living with HIV amongst health care workers in Cape Town Metropole". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2445_1298529729.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The appeal of Allport&rsquo
s Contact Hypothesis lies in the simplicity of its core principle, which holds that contact between different groups may serve to reduce prejudices. Contact needs to meet key conditions, i.e. equal power, cooperation towards a common goal and institutional support. Support has been found for the Contact Hypothesis in its original form and for those contacts which fail to meet the specified conditions. This study sought to explore whether contact, in forms different to those traditionally defined by the Contact Hypothesis, i.e. exposure, had any bearing on group prejudice. The prejudice and its underlying negative attitudes of interest, were those informed by HIV and AIDS stigma. HIV and AIDS stigma, defined as a discrediting quality and informed by social processes, is of particular concern as it impedes prevention, treatment and care efforts in South Africa&rsquo
s response to the HIV and AIDS epidemic. The health care context is often an area where Persons Living with HIV (PLHIV) are confronted with HIV and AIDS stigma. The research aims were thus to explore the extent of HIV and AIDS stigma amongst health care workers, the forms of exposure to PLHIV and the relationship between exposure and HIV and AIDS stigma. A quantitative, survey design was employed to accomplish these aims and to test formulated hypotheses, which were based on current literature and the core principle of the Contact Hypothesis. The sample consisted of 202 health care workers in the Cape Town metropole. Data analyses revealed the existence of low to moderate levels of HIV and AIDS stigma and also found that most of the sample had exposure to PLHIV in either its individual forms or overall form. Bivariate correlations revealed negative relationships between forms of exposure, overall exposure and stigma.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

40

Barradas, Ricardo da Costa. "The profile of HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination within a company in Maputo". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50511.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The present article is a research study aimed at providing an accurate picture of the problem of HIV and Aids-related stigma and discrimination within a company, by identifying the possible factors that help fuelling it, and describing the relationships among them. On the basis of these findings, I propose initiatives that may help to overcome the main barriers for stigma mitigation within the company, and provide suggestions for inclusion in the company’s HIV and Aids policy of strategies and positions that may thwart stigma among the workforce.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om ‘n akkurate beskrywing te gee van stigma en diskriminasie wat romdon MIV/Vigs bestaan. Die studie is in ‘n maatskappy in Maputo, Mosambiek, uitgevoer. Moontlike faktore wat hierdie stigma en diskriminasie aanwakker is gegee en ook die verhouding tussen die faktore. Voorstelle word gegee om stigma binne die maatskappy te verminder en ook om dit by die maatskappy se MIV/Vigs beleid in te sluit.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

41

Vermaak, Ernst. "The influence of a nutritional supplement on lung function and immune status of hiv-positive patients in the Mangaung metropolitan". Thesis, Bloemfontein: Central University of Technology, Free State, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/252.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (D. Tech. (Clinical Technology )) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2013
The HIV pandemic in South-Africa has created a new form of vulnerability for households with regards to food security and nutritional status which are vital components in the general care of HIV-infected individuals. The risk of nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition are predictors of disease progression and treatment in resource limited settings. Furthermore, HIV affects nutritional status by increasing the energy requirements, reducing food intake, affecting nutrient absorption and metabolism inadequacies due to cytokine activity and diarrhea. Several vitamins and minerals are important in fighting HIV infection because they are required by the immune system and major organs to attack infectious pathogens. Many of these micronutrients have been found to be deficient in HIVinfected persons and several studies were launched worldwide to investigate the feasibility of food assistance and nutrient supplementation. Nutritional supplementation has been advocated in HIV-infected persons especially in lowincome countries such as South Africa. Therefore, a study to evaluate the role of nutritional supplementation in HIV-positive patients becomes necessary, especially in a developing country such as South Africa. It is against this background that the present research was initiated to examine the influence of a nutritional supplement on the immune status and health status of HIVpositive/ AIDS adult individuals. The aim of the investigation was to determine if supplementation with a mixture comprised from specific minerals, vitamins and herbs over a period of one year, affected the haematological status, immune status, viral load and pulmonary function in forty (40) HIV-infected individuals living in the Mangaung Metropolitan, RSA. viii A quantitative, open-labeled, before-after clinical trial was conducted at the Central University of Technology, in Bloemfontein, Free State Province in the RSA. Socio-demographic and dietary intake questionnaires were completed. All data pertaining to anthropometric measurements, haematological status, immune status, viral load and pulmonary function were obtained my means of using standard procedures and technological equipment. The data were subjected to parametric and non-parametric statistical analysis. The results of the present investigation show that the eating pattern of this urbanized group of individuals reflects high energy (KJ) and macronutrient intakes coinciding with sub-optimal intake of Vitamin D and iodine. Of all the haematological variables the only statistical significant changes observed were increases in the median erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (p=0.0219) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (p=0.0245) after six months of nutritional supplementation. At 12 months a statistical significant decrease in the median CD/CD8 ratio (p<0.0048), median Hematocrit concentration (p<0.0312), median mean cell volume (MCV) (p<0.0359), and median RDW (p<0.0273) accompanied a statistically significant increase in the MCHC (p<0.0003) at 12 months after supplementation. At 6 months 89% (CI95%: 73%; 96%) of the individuals showed a decline in viral load counts with a median percentage decline of 34% (CI95%: 73%; 96%). At 12 months 85% [CI95%: 68%; 94%] of the individuals show a decrease in viral load counts with a median percentage decline of 62.9% (CI95%: 50%; 78.6%) following the intake of the supplement. The main findings of the present investigation reveal that 68% (50%-81%) of the individuals show a statistical median increase (p=0.0302) of 16.9% (11.5%; ix 36.1%) in the Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) at six months. A significant decrease (p=0.0484) in the median FEF75 of 28.1% (14%; 35.3%) is observed in 70% (53%-83%) of the individuals after 12 months of exposure to the supplement. No statistical significant changes are observed for FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC and FEF50 over the entire trial period. The present results suggest that a significant measurable decrease in viral load in HIV-infected individuals can be obtained by means of subjecting individuals to a nutritional fortification supplement strategy for 6 months or more.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

42

Mo, Yabin. "The knowledge and attitudes of registered nurses in public hospitals related to the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/571.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have brought about a global epidemic far more extensive than was predicted even a decade ago (van Rensburg, 2002:1). South Africa has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world (South African Department of Health, 2000: 5), it still increase yearly. Before a vaccine and/or effective treatment become available, effective education and information campaigns are necessary for preventing the spreading of HIV and AIDS (WHO (the World Health Organization), 1988:21). According to WHO and ICN (International Council of Nurses) (1988:12), Nurses can play a pivotal role in the education of patients, their families and friends with regard to the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission, so as to control the spread of this disease. In South Africa, more than 60 percent of the healthcare human resources comprise professional nursing practitioners (Muller, 2002: 95). Therefore, the education and training of nurses is one of the effective methods to preventing further spread of HIV and AIDS infection in South Africa. Accordingly, nurses need to reduce both personal and occupational risk of becoming infected with HIV themselves, as well as provide education to patients and their families. Before effective and efficient in-service education guidelines on the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission can be developed, any knowledge deficit and negative attitudes of registered nurses regarding the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission should be identified. Thus, it is important to survey the knowledge and attitudes of nurses in healthcare institutions related to the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission. The main goal of the study was to explore and describe the knowledge and attitudes of registered nurses in public hospitals related to the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission. The secondary objective was to develop in-service education guidelines for registered nurses in public hospitals to optimise both personal and occupational prevention measures relating to HIV and AIDS transmission. The research was conducted using a quantitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design. The purposive sampling method was used to select the participants and a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. This data was analysed by inferential statistics and descriptive statistics and areas of deficits concerning knowledge and negative attitudes were identified. In this study there were deficits concerning the knowledge and negative attitudes regarding the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission to a greater or lesser degree in all the subgroups of the questionnaire. In general, the registered nurses with the attendance of HIV and AIDS training program, experience in caring for HIV and AIDS patients made the level of certain knowledge related to the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission different; Working experience as a registered nurses and the attendance of HIV and AIDS training programmes did not make attitudes towards the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission significantly different. The registered nurses with experience of caring for HIV and AIDS patients had more positive attitudes than those without the experience. This information was used to compile in-service education guidelines for registered nurses concerning the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission. The in-service education guidelines will be given to clinical facilitators at public hospitals. It is envisaged that this will guide them as to what to include in their in-service education programmes concerning the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission for registered nurses.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

43

Brittz, Marize. "Clinical utility of mobile and automated hearing health technology in an infectious disease clinic setting". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/63970.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Decentralised detection and monitoring of hearing loss can be supported by new mHealth technologies using automated testing, which can be facilitated by minimally trained persons. These technologies may prove particularly useful in an infectious disease (ID) clinic setting where patients are at high risk for hearing loss. The current study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of mobile and automated audiometry hearing health technology in an ID clinic setting. The current study was exploratory as it aimed to determine whether smartphone automated audiometry and South African English Digits-In-Noise (SA Eng DIN) smartphone applications could be utilised in an infectious disease clinic setting to monitor an HIV-related hearing loss in a feasible and time efficient way. Smartphone automated audiometry (hearTest™) and speech-in-noise testing (SA English Digits-In-Noise (DIN) test) were compared with manual audiometry at 2, 4, and 8 kHz. Smartphone automated audiometry and the DIN test were repeated to determine the test re-test reliability. Two hundred subjects (73% female and 27% male) were enrolled. Fifty participants were re-tested with the smartphone applications. Participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 55 years with a mean age of 44.4 (8.7 SD). Threshold comparisons were made between smartphone audiometry testing and manual audiometry. Smartphone automated audiometry, manual audiometry, and test re-test measures were compared to determine the statistical significance of any differences observed using the Wilcoxon signed-ranked test. Spearman rank correlation test was used to determine the relationship between the smartphone applications and manual audiometry, as well as for test re-test measurements. For all participants, 88.2% of thresholds corresponded within 10 dB or less between smartphone audiometry and manual audiometry. There was a significant difference (p>0.05) between smartphone and manual audiometry for the right ear at 4 and 8 kHz and the left ear at 2 and 4 kHz respectively. No significant difference was noted (p>0.05) between test and re-test measures of smartphone technology except at 4kHz in the right ear in smartphone automated audiometry. The absolute average difference between the initial and re-test of DIN testing was 1.2 dB (1.5 SD). No significant difference was noted in the test re-test measures of the DIN test (p < vii 0.05). A correlation coefficient of 0.56 was present in the DIN test re-test measures when the Spearman rank correlation test was administered. Smartphone audiometry with calibrated headphones provides reliable results and can be used as a baseline and monitoring tool at ID clinics.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
MA
Unrestricted

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

44

Ndawula, Barnabas. "Criminalisation of HIV/AIDS in South Africa: a critical look at the Criminal Law (Sexual offences and related matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1280.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Human Immuno Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have formed part of the South African landscape since the first report in 19831and today South Africa is reported to be the country with the highest number of people living with HIV/AIDS in the World2. This state of affairs, in combination with South Africa’s high sexual crime rate resulted in a general public out-cry with calls for the government and the legislature to enact laws to stem the spread of HIV/AIDS3. Government and the legislature finally responded by way of promulgating the criminal law (sexual Offences and related matters) Amendment Act4 (hereinafter the sexual Offences Act). The Sexual Offences Act inter alia provides for the compulsory testing of alleged offenders of sexual crimes5 This treatise will show that chapter five of the sexual Offences Act, indirectly criminalises HIV/AIDS, and that this is not desirable. It will be submitted that the criminalisation of HIV is against the stated UNAIDS policy 6 It is finally submitted in this treatise that South Africa should repeal all provisions in its law that directly or indirectly criminalises HIV/AIDS transmission and instead follow both and is a deterrent to public health methods of curbing the epidemic, while at the same time exacerbates the spread of the epidemic by forcing people who are HIV positive not to openly come out. It will be argued in the use of criminal law against the transmission of HIV creates stigma and is also an attack on individual human rights. The study will also show that the supposed marginalised persons, such as women and children are not protected by the use of criminal law in the prevention of HIV transmission, contrary to the arguments of the proponents of those who support the use of criminal law. The study will show that far from protecting these marginalised groups of people, criminalisation of HIV transmission, does in fact hurt them the UNAIDS policy and the South African development corporation (SADC) Model Law on HIV and AIDS.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

45

Twaise, Nomvula Virginia. "The development of a counselling intervention for people living HIV and AIDS experiencing stress-related psychological conditions in the Eastern Cape province". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/7927.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

People living with HIV and AIDS (PLHIV) suffer from a number of stress-related psychological disorders. The aim of this study was to develop an integrative intervention, which combined Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Body-Mind Therapy and Multicultural perspectives to assist health care workers in identifying and treating stressrelated psychological disorders among people living with HIV and AIDS. The study employed an intervention research design using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative data was collected from PLHIV attending HIV Counselling and Testing (HCT) and Anti-retroviral therapy clinics in the Buffalo City Municipality (BCM) of the Eastern Cape Province. The qualitative data was collected from the health care workers of the selected study sites. Purposive sampling was used to select the study sample. Instruments used included a biographical questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Medical Outcome Study- HIV (MOS-HIV) and focus group interviews to gather data for the development of an intervention model that would address reported stress-related psychological disorders. Findings showed that people living with HIV and AIDS endure stress in their lives on daily basis rather than episodes of severe or clinical depression. Many of the PLHIV are dealing with a number of psychosocial problems that compromise their quality of life and health status. In conclusion, the study illustratively interpreted and discussed the results in relation to the objectives of the study. The study recommends that PLHIV should be exposed to stress management programmes, and health care workers (HCWs) should be offered training in basic counselling skills, stress management and/or debriefing.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

46

Mnisi, Thoko Esther. "Digital storytelling to explore HIV- and AIDS- related stigma with secondary school learners in a rural community in KwaZulu-Natal". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018717.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

This study explores, through digital storytelling, the experiences of HIV- and AIDS-related stigma of rural community secondary school learners. HIV- and AIDS-related stigma is seen as an impediment to a proficient response to HIV and AIDS in communities, also rural communities, and requires addressing. The rural community in which the research is undertaken is particularly hard hit by HIV and AIDS. Learners’ experiences of HIV- and AIDS related stigma could therefore inform how school and community could engage with HIV- and AIDS-related stigma and how they could address it in a constructive way. The study attempts to respond to two research questions: What can digital storytelling reveal about secondary school learners’ experiences of HIV- and AIDS-related stigma in schools in a rural community? How can digital storytelling enable secondary school learners in school in a rural community to take action to address stigma? This qualitative study is positioned within a critical paradigm, and employs a community-based participatory research strategy. Twelve Grade 8 and 9 male and female learners aged 15 to 18 years, from two secondary schools in rural Vulindlela district of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, who experienced, witnessed or heard about HIV- and AIDS-related stigma participated. Digital storytelling, a visual participatory method, was used to generate the data, and this was complemented by group discussion and written pieces completed by the participants in reflection sessions. The thematic analysis of the data made use of participatory analysis: the analysis of the digital stories was done by the participants while the overarching analysis was done by the researcher. This study, located in the field of the Psychology of Education, is informed by the theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism. In terms of the experienced stigma, it was found that living with HIV and AIDS and the related stigma is perceived as a ‘hardship’. The stigma is experienced on many levels: in the family, at school, and from friends and members of the community. It has an impact on the individual on an intrapersonal and interpersonal level. The young person is caught up in a vicious cycle of silent suffering since there are no reliable and trustworthy people with whom he or she can share these challenges. Some so-called traditional beliefs and customs such as not talking about sex, and practices like virginity testing, also fuel HIV- and AIDS-related stigma. The use of derogatory terms and the severe criticism of early sexual debut along with the gossiping which is used to spread the stigmatising statements further complicate the hardship experienced by young people. Digital storytelling was found to not only enable the learners’ voices to be heard but also to enable their taking charge of the stigma and thus create the space for critical participation in this research. The implications for the study are that the pervasive stigma that young people experience should be addressed at every level of the community. The stakeholders such as the families, school, educators, the King (Inkosi) and Chiefs (Indunas) of the area, relevant departments with that of Education taking the lead, must work hand-in-hand with the affected young people. Such collaboration may allow for the identification of the problem, for reflection on it, and also for the addressing of it. HIV- and AIDS-related stigma, while it has changed since the emergence of HIV, still is an issue that many HIV-positive individuals have to contend with. This stigma is, however, contextual and how the individual is stigmatised fits in with the language, meaning and thought that a community constructs around stigma. While digital storytelling enables the uncovering of particular stories of stigma that learners experience in the context of a school in a rural community, the digital storytelling in and of itself enables a change in the language, meaning and thought around stigma in its drawing on the specifics of the stigma as experienced in the community. Also, digital storytelling is about sharing stories about, and experiences of HIV- and AIDS-related stigma and how these stories can be used as part of the solution. If such stories can be told, people can spread them just as gossip is spread, but in this case such spreading would work towards positive social change. I claim that in order to confront the challenges raised by the perpetuation of stigma, efforts must involve the communities and must tap into their own experiences of perpetuating or enduring stigmatisation. Suggestions by the very same people from the community who are at the front line of perpetuating and /or suffering the stigma must be considered. This may also become one way of instantly communicating the research findings back to the community involved in the research. Using digital storytelling can ensure getting self-tailored, contextual, specific views on how HIV- and AIDS-related stigma is experienced but also how it could be addressed.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

47

Mazorodze, Tasara. "HIV-related stigma amongst service staff in Grahamstown a comparison of Hi-Tec security guards and Rhodes catering in the Eastern Cape". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002525.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Despite the acknowledged reality that HIV-related stigma is a major barrier to effective HIV prevention and treatment, and perhaps because it is complex in nature, few local empirical scales have been developed to measure stigma and to be able evaluate the impact of anti-stigma interventions. Whilst the development of two recent South African HIV-related stigma scales can be celebrated as a major breakthrough, the reliability and validity of these scales across contexts remains largely unknown. This research project employs these two local, and competing, HIV-related personal stigma scales - the first developed by Kalichman et al. (2005) and the second developed by Visser, Kershaw, Makin and Forsyth (2008)-to compare the psychometric properties of the scales and to obtain a measure of HIV-related stigma with a sample of 246 service staff employed at either Rhodes University Catering Division or the Hi-Tec Security company, both organisations located in Grahamstown, a small town in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Both organisations are major employers of semi-skilled workers in this local context. The results suggest that the Visser et al. scale (2008) reports slightly better psychometric properties than the Kalichman et al. (2005) scale for this sample. Furthermore, the security guards appear to be more stigmatising than the caterers, and it is suggested that this might be a consequence of the combined influences of normative occupational roles and workplace context. Results also show that participants who practices safe sex, know someone with HIV and/or who have been tested for HIV show lower levels of HIV-related stigma. Finally, personal stigma scores are generally lower than attributed stigma scores, which might offer a useful point of intervention.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

48

Smit, Stefan. "A study of the differences in the relationship between HIV/AIDS prevalence and related costs in the mining and financial sectors in South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1024.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: By understanding the costs of HIV/AIDS, businesses can understand the incentives for preventing and treating the disease better. This report primarily investigates whether there is a difference in the relationship between HIV/AIDS prevalence rates and related costs in different sectors in South Africa. With an HIV prevalence ratio of approximately 10:1 for the mining and financial sectors, it is difficult to motivate that more research should be done on the impact of HIV/AIDS on the financial sector. However, if the study indicates a higher cost ratio between the two sectors it could increase the priority of the epidemic in the financial sector, giving rise to a bigger incentive to fight the epidemic. The estimated HIV/AIDS-related cost of an infected manager is R120 000 compared to the cost of R4 600 for an infected unskilled employee. From this analysis it is estimated that the HIV prevalence ratio between highly skilled and semi- and unskilled labour is 1:2.5, while the HIV cost ratio between the different skill levels is 1:0.2. This clearly indicates that there could be a significant difference between the HIV prevalence ratio and the HIV cost ratio for different levels of skills. From the Absa and AngloGold average salary information reviewed, the assumption was made that the Absa employees are more skilled than the AngloGold employees. With the knowledge of this difference in skill levels between the two companies in the different sectors, and the information above regarding the difference in HIV/AIDS-related costs for different skill levels, it is possible that the HIV/AIDS-related costs in the financial sector could be in line with the costs in the mining sector. Using HIV prevalence as an indication of the impact of the disease on the financial sector, a high-level cost estimate could be R150.9 million, compared to R3 985 million if the difference in the relationship between HIV/AIDS prevalence and related costs are taken into account. These materially different estimates could cause companies in the financial sector to make incorrect decisions regarding HIV/AIDS budgets for HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, as incorrect indicators of the impact of the epidemic on the profit of the organisation are used.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Deur die koste van MIV/vigs te verstaan, kan besighede die dryfvere vir die voorkoming en behandeling van MIV/vigs beter verstaan. Die verslag ondersoek hoofsaaklik of daar ’n verskil is in die verhouding tussen die voorkomsyfer en verwante koste van MIV/vigs in verskillende sektore in Suid Afrika. Met die MIV-voorkomsverhouding van ongeveer 10:1 vir die mynwese en finansiële sektore, is dit moeilik om verdere navorsing oor die impak van MIV op die finansiële sektor te regverdig. Indien hierdie studie egter ’n hoër kosteverhouding tussen die twee sektore aantoon, kan dit die prioriteit van die epidemie in die finansiële sektor verhoog, wat sal lei tot dryfvere om die epidemie te beveg. Die beraamde MIV/vigs-verwante koste van ’n besmette bestuurder is R120 000, vergelykend met die koste van R4 600 vir ’n besmette ongeskoolde werknemer. Uit ontledings kan beraam word dat die MIV-voorkomsyfer tussen hoogs geskoolde en half- en ongeskoolde werknemers 1:2.5 is, terwyl die MIV-kosteverhouding tussen die verskillende vlakke 1:0.2 is. Die inligting toon dat daar beduidende verskille tussen die MIV-voorkomsverhouding en die MIV-kosteverhouding vir verskillende vlakke van geskooldheid kan wees. Volgens Absa en AngloGold se inligting oor gemiddelde salarisse is die aanname gemaak dat Absa-werknemers meer geskoold is as AngloGold-werknemers. Met die kennis van hierdie verskil in vaardigheidsvlakke tussen die twee maatskappye in die onderskeie sektore en die inligting hierbo rakende die verskil tussen MIV/vigs-koste vir verskillende vaardigheidsvlakke, is dit moontlik dat die MIV/vigs-verwante koste in die finansiële sektor in ooreenstemming met dié in die mynwesesektor kan wees. As MIV-voorkoms as ’n aanwyser van die impak van die koste op die finansiële sektor gebruik word, kan ’n hoëvlak-kosteberaming R150.9 miljoen wees, vergelykend met R3 985 miljoen, as die verskil in die verhouding tussen MIV/vigs-voorkoms en verwante koste in berekening gebring word. Die wesenlik verskillende beramings veroorsaak dat maatskappye in die finansiële sektor foutiewe besluite rakende MIV/vigs-begrotings vir MIV/vigs-voorkoming en -behandeling maak, aangesien foutiewe aanwysers van die impak van die epidemie op die wins van die organisasie gebruik word.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

49

Burt, Mary. "An exploration of the impact of AIDS-related losses and role changes on grandmothers". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006487.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The US Bureau of the Census (1999) projected that by 2004, 14 million people in sub-Saharan Africa will develop full blown AIDS, making this region by far the largest disease burden in the world (World Health Organization, 2002). The United Nations AIDS Programme judged South Africa to have the leading number of people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide (World Health Organisation, 2002). To date there has been extensive research conducted on the socio-economic impacts of HIV/AIDS on families in Africa. However an area of investigation that has remained largely underreported is the inquiry into the psychological impacts of HIV/AIDS on elderly caregivers. In African families older women increasingly have to provide care to their adult children with AIDS and their orphaned grandchildren. However few research studies have assessed the experience of parental caregiving and its psychological impacts on these women. This qualitative research study hypothesised that the role of primary parental caregiver in fact causes a range of psychologically distressing states, which serve to compromise the psychological well-being of these caregivers. To investigate this hypothesis three Xhosa speaking women living in informal settlements in Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa were selected for the study. The women were interviewed by means of semi-structured interviews, which consisted of questions related to their caregiving experiences, their experiences of loss, their choice of coping strategies, the role of support networks and their experiences of foster care responsibilities. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using a grounded hermeneutic approach. The research results confirmed the working hypothesis. The research revealed that although it was considered culturally appropriate for older women to care for their children and grandchildren, their caregiver roles caused significant psychological distress. Their distress was related to: emotional and physical exhaustion, complicated grief reactions and ongoing emotional and physical upheaval related to foster care responsibilities. Based on the results, the research recommendations emphasised the need for continual awareness of the psychological implications of caregiving for older African women with the aim to preserve their capacity to function as the primary caring resource to families struck by HIV/AIDS.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

50

De, Bruto Petro C. "ART-related body composition changes in adult women in a semi-rural South African context". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17445.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate practical methods of monitoring AIDS related wasting and lipodystrophy in a resource-poor clinical setting with HIV infected women as the population group of interest. Measurement of body composition changes using anthropometry is both cost- and time-efficient. Various different skinfolds were taken and two different equations (the equations of Pollock et al. (1975) and Durnin and Womersley (1974) for calculating body fat were used to determine the most promising method or methods of monitoring body composition changes in a clinical setting. Detailed anthropometric measurements were performed, as well as selected measurements for haematological parameters and quality of life (QoL) for a group of 8 participants on antiretroviral medication (ART group) and 6 participants who were not on treatment (TN group). New variables namely, intra-abdominal indicator (IAI) and a percent of ideal body mass to percent of ideal arm circumference ratio (%IBW:%IAC) were investigated as possible indicators of lipodystrophy. Although measurements were taken at various timepoints, three specific time-points were chosen for data-analysis for the ART group and two time points for the TN group. These three time-points were, baseline (on the day of recruitment for TN participants and within one month before the initiation of treatment for ART participants), short-term (2 to 12 weeks after treatment initiation or the baseline measurement or for the ART and the TN participants) and long-term (within one and a half year of treatment initiation for the ART group). ART and TN participants did not differ for many variables at baseline. The major differences between ART and TN were in measured and derived variables of the arm, especially percent of ideal arm circumference (%IAC) and upper arm fat area (UAFA), which were significantly lower in the ART group. CD4+ and QoL improved significantly for the ART participants from baseline to long-term. This was not associated with changes in muscle mass, but rather some fat mass variables. Participants on antiretroviral medication exhibited changes relating to abdominal obesity. It was concluded that antiretroviral therapy contributed greatly to the QoL of the participants and it probably aided in the recovery from wasting for at least one participant in this study. Measures of the arm can be used in a rural clinical setting to effectively monitor patients with regard to AIDS related wasting. The new variables IAI and %IBW:%IAC could be helpful in the monitoring of lipodystrophy and should be investigated in future research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om praktiese metodes te ondersoek om VIGS-verwante uittering en lipodistrofie te meet in ‘n plattelandse kliniese omgewing (waar hulpbronne dikwels beperk is) met MIV ge-infekteerde vroue as populasiegroep. Die gebruik van antropometrie om veranderinge in liggaamssamestelling te meet is beide koste- en tydeffektief. Verskeie velvoumetings is geneem en twee verskillende vergelykings (die vergelykings van Pollock et al. (1975) en Durnin en Womersley (1974)) is gebruik om liggaamsvetinhoud te bereken, met die doel om ‘n belowende metode te vind om veranderinge in liggaamssamestelling te meet in ‘n kliniese omgewing. Verskeie antropometriese metings is geneem, sowel as uitgesoekte hematologiese en lewenskwaliteitmetings (QoL) vir ‘n groep van agt deelnemers wat antiretrovirale medikasie ontvang het (ART groep) en ses deelnemers wat nie hierdie behandeling ontvang het nie (TN groep). Nuwe veranderlikes (binnebuikindikator (IAI) en die verhouding van persentasie van ideale liggaamsmassa tot persentasie van ideale armomtrek (%IBW:%IAC)) is ondersoek as moontlike aanwysers van lipodistrofie. Drie spesifieke tydpunte vir die ART groep en twee tydpunte vir die TN groep is gekies uit die verskeie tydpunte waarby metings geneem is, nl. basislyn (gedefinieer as die dag wat TN deelnemers in die studie opgeneem is en 0 tot 4 weke voor die begin van behandeling vir die ART deelnemers), korttermyn (2 tot 12 weke nadat behandeling begin is of na die basislyn meting) en lang-termyn (binne een en ‘n half jaar nadat behandeling begin is vir die ART groep). By die basislyn tydpunt het min van die ART en TN deelnemers se gemete veranderlikes verskil. Die ART en TN groepe het hoofsaaklik verskil ten opsigte van veranderlikes wat betrekking het op die arm, veral persentasie van ideale armomtrek (%IAC) en bo-arm vetarea (UAFA). Hierdie twee veranderlikes was beduidend laer in die ART groep as in die TN groep. CD4+ seltelling en lewenskwaliteit tellings het beduidend verbeter vir die ART deelnemers van die basislyn tot die lang-termyn tydpunt. Hierdie veranderinge is nie samehangend met veranderinge in spiermassa nie, maar eerder met sommige vetmassa veranderlikes. Deelnemers wat antiretrovirale medikasie ontvang het, het veranderinge getoon wat gedui het op ‘n verhoogde neerlegging van vet in die buikarea. Ten slotte is bevind dat antiretrovirale medikasie bygedra het tot die verbeterde lewenskwaliteit van die deelnemers en dat dit waarskynlik ook die omkeer van uittering van ten minste een deelnemer aangehelp het. Daar is ook bevind dat armverwante metinge gebruik kan word in die plattelandse kliniese omgewing om pasiënte suksesvol te monitor ten opsigte van VIGSverwante uittering. Die nuwe veranderlikes, IAI en %IBW:%IAC kan moontlik gebruik word om lipodistrofie-verwante veranderings te meet en die gebruik van hierdie veranderlikes behoort ondersoek te word in verdere navorsing.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Tesi sul tema "HIV - related lung disease"

Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili