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Tesi sul tema "Human engineering"
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1
Thoms, Joanne. "Human centric systems engineering". Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501636.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis is a study into an engineering technology that enables us to investigate the cognitive aspects of systems. Where previous techniques have focused on individual human roles undertaking defined tasks, this work develops engineering technologies to understand the cognitive contribution of the human team participating in the system and how the deployment of machine decision making technologies can influence and change the possible human contribution in that system. This work first develops a framework for understanding an individual’s cognitive focus and then an engineering process that enables us to model the individual human cognitive contribution to the system and by combining these models to create a rich system model. This model can then be used to consider the deployment of advanced machine technologies, to identify new human or machine interaction requirements that are focused on maintaining the effectiveness of the human contribution. It then operationalises and verifies these engineering techniques by applying them to two systems. The first study chosen took an existing system whose effectiveness had been changed by the deployment of machine automation which has known problems; the use of the framework enabled the prediction of these problems and the identification of potential solutions. The second study investigated an existing human system and the potential deployment of machine technology. This study used the framework to create models of the human cognitive focus and joined them together to form a rich system model, into which the deployment of the machine technology was considered. This resulted in the ability to identify the impact of the machine technology across the entire human team, enabling the identification of additional requirements to support the human cognition and to maintain human knowledge.
2
Marsano, Anna. "Engineering of human meniscus substitute /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=3439.
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3
Higgins, Jonathan M. G. "Protein engineering of human properdin". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:80236e86-789e-4028-aad0-e72223f7645a.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Properdin is a serum glycoprotein that upregulates the alternative pathway of complement by stabilizing the C3bBb complex. It also binds sulphated glycoconjugates, such as sulphatide, in vitro. Properdin is composed of cyclic dimers, trimers and tetramers of a 53 kDa monomeric subunit. The monomer contains an N-terminal region of no known homology and six thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) of approximately sixty amino acids. The sixth TSR of properdin contains an insertion of approximately 30 amino acids which corresponds to the position of an intron in the human properdin gene. In order to identify the regions of properdin important for function, human properdin, and mutant forms each lacking a single TSR, were expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. In addition, limited tryptic digestion yielded "nicked" properdin by the cleavage of one peptide bond in TSR5. The structural and functional properties of the normal and altered forms of properdin were investigated. Wild type recombinant properdin is similar to properdin purified from plasma in size, immunoreactivity, N-terminal sequence, possession of N-linked sugar, oligomerization (as determined by electron microscopy and gel exclusion chromatography), and functional activity in an alternative pathway haemolytic assay, and in C3b and sulphatide binding assays. Properdin "nicked" in TSR5 is unable to bind C3b, while retaining its overall structure and its ability to bind sulphatide. The removal of TSRS prevents C3b and sulphatide binding. Properdin lacking TSR4 is unable to stabilize the C3bBb complex, but is able to bind C3b and sulphatide, and shows the presence of monomers and dimers in the electron microscope. Properdin without TSR3 is able to stabilize the C3bBb complex, to bind CSb and sulphatide, and forms dimers, trimers and tetramers. Properdin lacking TSR6 is unable to form oligomers. The N-linked carbohydrate of properdin is not required for oligomerization or stabilization of the C3bBb complex. Monoclonal antibodies which bind to the N-terminal region, TSR1, or TSR2 are able to inhibit properdin binding to CSb. A monoclonal antibody which binds TSR4 is able to inhibit properdin binding to sulphatide, but not to CSb. The results confirm that TSRs are folded as independent units. The N-terminal end and TSR5 of properdin are implicated in CSb binding. The vertices of properdin oligomers may be important for interaction with CSb. TSR4 may also be involved in stabilization of the C3bBb complex. The sulphatide binding site is distinct from the CSb binding site, but TSR5, which contains many basic residues, may be important for both activities.
4
Philippart, Monica. "IMPROVING BUSINESS PERFORMANCE THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING INTO ORGANIZATIONS USING A SYSTEMS ENGINEERI". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3257.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Most organizations today understand the valuable contribution employees as people (rather than simply bodies) provide to their overall performance. Although efforts are made to make the most of the human in organizations, there is still much room for improvement. Focus in the reduction of employee injuries such as cumulative trauma disorders rose in the 80 s. Attempts at increasing performance by addressing employee satisfaction through various methods have also been ongoing for several years now. Knowledge Management is one of the most recent attempts at controlling and making the best use of employees knowledge. All of these efforts and more towards that same goal of making the most of people s performance at work are encompassed within the domain of the Human Factors Engineering/Ergonomics field. HFE/E provides still untapped potential for organizational performance as the human and its optimal performance are the reason for this discipline s being. Although Human Factors programs have been generated and implemented, there is still the need for a method to help organizations fully integrate this discipline into the enterprise as a whole. The purpose of this research is to develop a method to help organizations integrate HFE/E into it business processes. This research begun with a review of the ways in which the HFE/E discipline is currently used by organizations. The need and desire to integrate HFE/E into organizations was identified, and a method to accomplish this integration was conceptualized. This method consisted on the generation of two domain-specific ontologies (a Human Factors Engineering/Ergonomics ontology, and a Business ontology), and mapping the two creating a concept map that can be used to integrate HFE/E into businesses. The HFE/E ontology was built by generating two concept maps that were merged and then joined with a HFE/E discipline taxonomy. A total of four concept maps, two ontologies and a taxonomy were created, all of which are contributions to the HFE/E, and the business- and management-related fields.Ph.D.
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Industrial Engineering PhD
5
Yang, Chao. "Tissue engineering of human cardiovascular patches". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2005/103/yang.pdf.
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6
Junker, Johan. "Human Dermal Fibroblasts in Tissue Engineering". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Cellbiologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-19716.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The loss or failure of tissues and/or organs is one of the most frequent problems in modern healthcare. The field of tissue engineering applies the principles of biology and engineering in order to develop functional substitutes for damaged tissues. Tissue engineering contains elements of medicine, material science and engineering with major components in focus being cells, biomaterials and soluble factors. All three components may be required for the development of clinical treatments. The usage of autologous tissue specific cells for clinical treatment is often not feasible due to poor growth kinetics or unstable phenotypes of the cells. Furthermore, lack of availability of healthy tissue that can be biopsied is a major problem in many applications. One approach to overcome this problem is to use adult stem cells which have the capacity to give rise to several different cell types. Although promising, adult stem cells have major impediments for use in several tissue engineering applications. The difficulties associated with harvest, culture and storage render problems in the development of clinically relevant procedures. During the last years, the inherent plasticity of differentiated somatic cells has been demonstrated. One of the easiest human cell types to obtain, expand and store is the dermal fibroblast. Recent reports indicate that dermal fibroblasts can be induced to differentiate towards several distinct mesenchymal lineages in vitro. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the inherent stem cell plasticity of human dermal fibroblasts and explore their possible usefulness in tissue engineering applications. The papers included in this thesis employ routine and immunohistochemical staining, enzyme activity assay, analysis of low density lipoprotein incorporation, capillary-like network formation assay and full expression micro array analysis. Fibroblasts were shown to differentiate towards adipocyte, chondrocyte, endothelial and osteoblast-like cell types in vitro. The differentiation from fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in burn scar tissue upon stimulation by mechanical tension was also demonstrated. Adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic induced fibroblasts display the upregulation of several genes associated with adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts.
7
Heller, Raoul. "Engineering of human artificial mini-chromosomes". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360317.
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8
Hughes, Paul Edward. "Protein engineering of human factor IX". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306171.
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9
Weber, Matthew Charles. "Engineering human bone marrow stromal cells". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1055867071.
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10
Junker, Johan P. E. "Human dermal fibroblasts in tissue engineering /". Linköping : Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-19716.
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11
Haug, Knut Hallvard Sverre. "Engineering humans : cultural history of the science and technology of human enhancement". Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2016. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/210/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis investigates the technological imaginary of human enhancement: how it has been conceived historically and the scientific understanding that has shaped it. Human enhancement technologies have been prominent in popular culture narratives for a long time, but in the past twenty years they have moved out of science fiction to being an issue for serious discussion, in academic disciplines, political debate and the mass media. Even so, the bioethical debate on enhancement, whether it is pharmacological means of improving cognition and morality or genetic engineering to create smarter people or other possibilities, is consistently centred on technologies that do not yet exist. The investigation is divided into three main areas: a chapter on eugenics, two chapters on cybernetics and the cyborg, and two chapters on transhumanism. All three areas of enhancement thinking have a corresponding understanding of and reference to evolutionary theory and the human as a category. Insofar as ‘enhancement’ is a vague and relative turn, the chapters show how each approach wrestles with how to formulate what is good and desirable. When this has inevitably proven difficult, the technologies themselves dictate what and how ‘enhancement’ comes about. Eugenics treats the human in terms of populations – as a species, but also in abstract categories such as nation and race. I follow the establishment of eugenics from the development of a statistical understanding of measuring human aptitude, with emphasis on the work of Francis Galton and the formulation of the regression to the mean. The following two chapters on cybernetics and the cyborg analyses how the metaphor of the body as machine has changed relative to what is meant by ‘machine’: associated with Cartesian dualism, cybernetics marked a shift in how we understand the term. Through a reading of the original formulation of the cyborg, I connect it to evolutionary adaptationism and a cybernetic ‘black box’ approach. The last two chapters look at a more recent approach to enhancement as a moral imperative, transhumanism. Since some transhumanists seek to ground themselves philosophically as the inheritors to Enlightenment humanism, the concept of ‘morphological freedom’ is central, representing an extension of humanistic principles of liberty brought into an age which privileges information over matter. The final chapter looks at how the privileging of information leads to a universal computational ontology, and I specifically look at the work of Ray Kurzweil, a prominent transhumanist, and how the computationalist narrative creates a teleological understanding of both human worth and evolution.
12
Sloot, Albert Martinus van der. "Design and engineering of human TRAIL variants". [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2006. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/298508133.
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13
Lohmueller, Jason Jakob. "Synthetic Biology Approaches to Engineering Human Cells". Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11030.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The field of synthetic biology seeks to revolutionize the scope and scale of what is currently feasible by genetic engineering. By focusing on engineering general signal processing platforms using modular genetic parts and devices rather than `one-off' systems, synthetic biologists aim to enable plug-and-play genetic circuits readily adaptable to different contexts. For mammalian systems, the goal of synthetic biology is to create sophisticated research tools and gene therapies. While several isolated parts and devices exist for mammalian systems there are few signal processing platforms available. We addressed this need by creating a transcriptional regulatory framework using programmable zinc finger (ZF) and TALE transcription factors and a conceptual framework for logical T-cell receptor signaling. We first engineered a large set of ZF activator and repressor transcription factors and response promoters. ZFs are scalable elements as they can be engineered to bind to given DNA sequences. We demonstrated that we could ‘tune’ the activity of the ZF transcription factors by fusing them to protein homo-dimerization domains and by modifying their response promoters. We also created OR and NOR logic gates using hybrid promoters and AND and NAND logic gates by reconstituting split zinc finger activators and repressors with split inteins. Next, using a computational algorithm we designed a series of TALE transcriptional activators and repressors predicted to be orthogonal to all 2kb human promoter regions and thus minimally interfere with endogenous gene expression. TALEs can be designed to bind to even longer DNA sequences than ZFs, however off-target binding is predicted to occur. We tested our computationally designed TALEs in human cells demonstrating that they activated their intended target genes, but not their likely endogenous off-target genes, nor synthetic promoters with binding site mismatches. Finally, we created a conceptual framework for logical T-cell-mediated killing of target cells expressing combinations of surface antigens. The systems consist of conventional and novel chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) containing inhibitory or co-stimulatory cytoplasmic signaling domains. In co-incubation assays of engineered T-cells with target cells we demonstrated a functioning OR-Gate system and progress toward development of a functional NOT-Gate system using the CD300a and CD45 inhibitory receptor domains.
14
Galvin, Lawrence Francis. "Human factors engineering in sonar visual displays". Thesis, Springfield, Virginia: Available from National Technical Information Service, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28265.
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15
Pallotta, Vincenzo. "Cognitive language engineering towards robust human-computer interaction /". Lausanne, 2002. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?display=detail&nr=2630.
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16
Lentz, Albrecht. "Acceptability of civil engineering decisions involving human consequences". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://mediatum2.ub.tum.de/doc/618431/document.pdf.
Testo completo
17
Kinikoglu, Beste F. "Tissue Engineering Of Full-thickness Human Oral Mucosa". Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612770/index.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Tissue engineered human oral mucosa has the potential to fill tissue deficits caused by facial trauma or malignant lesion surgery. It can also help elucidate the biology of oral mucosa and serve as an alternative to in vivo testing of oral care products. The aim of this thesis was to construct a tissue engineered full-thickness human oral mucosa closely mimicking the native tissue. To this end, the feasibility of the concept was tested by co-culturing fibroblasts and epithelial cells isolated from normal human oral mucosa biopsies in a collagen-glycosaminoglycan-chitosan scaffold, developed in our laboratory to construct a skin equivalent. An oral mucosal
equivalent closely mimicking the native one was obtained and characterized by histology, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Using the same model, the influence of mesenchymal cells on oral epithelial development was investigated by culturing epithelial cells on lamina propria, corneal stroma and dermal equivalents. They were found to significantly influence the thickness and the ultrastructure of the epithelium. Finally, in order to improve the adhesiveness of conventional scaffolds, an elastin-like recombinamer (ELR) containing the cell adhesion tripeptide, RGD, was used in the production of novel bilayer scaffolds employing lyophilization and electrospinning. These scaffolds were characterized by
mercury porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical testing. In vitro tests revealed positive contribution of ELR on the proliferation of both fibroblasts and epithelial cells. It was thus possible to construct a viable oral mucosa equivalent using the principles of tissue engineering.
18
Rust, Philippa Ann. "Human mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering bone". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1383233/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
My thesis hypothesises that cells isolated from human bone marrow could be stimulated to differentiate into osteoblasts and that, these cells when cultured on a scaffold could be used in the tissue engineering of bone, as the constructs could potentially be implanted into patients' bone defects resulting in increased healing. The multipotency of the bone marrow-isolated cells was assessed by the use of histological stains to show that they could be stimulated to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes. The cells were further characterised by Stro- 1 and, as a result, were defined as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). More specifically, it was shown that when the cells were cultured with osteogenic stimulants, the production of osteoblastic proteins, such as alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin increased (P<0.05), indicating that they were differentiating into osteoblasts. The cells were shown to retain their multipotent potential, and could be manipulated by surfaces and culture supplements in vitro. The ability of MSCs to differentiate in this way is fundamental for their use in tissue engineering of bone. This concept was investigated by growing marrow-isolated human MSCs on 3-dimensional porous hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds. In this environment, MSCs were shown to differentiate into osteoblasts, producing extracellular bone matrix proteins, even without the use of osteogenic stimulants. In order to simulate living bone conditions, where osteoblasts are perfused with tissue fluid, a novel bioreactor was developed for the culture of the MSC-HA constructs. Use of the bioreactor, to perfuse MSCs with oxygenated medium, promoted 3-dimensional growth of cells and stimulated differentiation into active osteoblasts resulting in increased production of extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the flow of medium through the scaffold encouraged the movement of cells and increased penetration into the HA (P<0.05). Cryopreservation was shown to be an effective method of storage, as it did not alter the cell function, measured by proliferation and the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts. Thus, it can be used as a practical method for storage of MSCs between harvest and implantation. These results indicate that, as marrow-isolated MSCs can be cultured successfully on a scaffold, they could be used for the tissue engineering of bone and implanted into patients to repair bone defects.
19
Abujaafar, Khalifa Mohamed. "Quantitative human reliability assessment in marine engineering operations". Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2012. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6115/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Marine engineering operations rely substantially on high degrees of automation and supervisory control. This brings new opportunities as well as the threat of erroneous human actions, which account for 80-90% of marine incidents and accidents. In this respect, shipping environments are extremely vulnerable. As a result, decision makers and stakeholders have zero tolerance for accidents and environmental damage, and require high transparency on safety issues. The aim of this research is to develop a novel quantitative Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) methodology using the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM) in the maritime industry. This work will facilitate risk assessment of human action and its applications in marine engineering operations. The CREAM model demonstrates the dynamic impact of a context on human performance reliability through Contextual Control Model controlling modes (COCOM-CMs). CREAM human action analysis can be carried out through the core functionality of a method, a classification scheme and a cognitive model. However, CREAM has exposed certain practical limitations in its applications especially in the maritime industry, including the large interval presentation of Human Failure Probability (HFP) values and the lack of organisational factors in its classification scheme. All of these limitations stimulate the development of advanced techniques in CREAM as well as illustrate the significant gap between industrial needs and academic research. To address the above need, four phases of research study are proposed. In the first phase, the adequacy of organisation, one of the key Common Performance Conditions (CPCs) in CREAM, is expanded by identifying the associated Performance Influencing Factors (PIFs) and sub-PIFs in a Bayesian Network (BN) for realising the rational quantification of its assessment. In the second phase, the uncertainty treatment methods' BN, Fuzzy Rule Base (FRB) , Fuzzy Set (FS) theory are used to develop new models and techniques' that enable users to quantify HFP and facilitate the identification of possible initiating events or root causes of erroneous human action in marine engineering operations. In the third phase, the uncertainty treatment method's Evidential Reasoning (ER) is used in correlation with the second phase's developed new models and techniques to produce the solutions to conducting quantitative HRA in conditions in which data is unavailable, incomplete or ill-defined. In the fourth phase, the CREAM's prospective assessment and retrospective analysis models are integrated by using the established Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method based on, the combination of Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP), entropy analysis and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). These enable Decision Makers (DMs) to select the best developed Risk Control Option (RCO) in reducing HFP values. The developed methodology addresses human actions in marine engineering operations with the significant potential of reducing HFP, promoting safety culture and facilitating the current Safety Management System (SMS) and maritime regulative frameworks. Consequently, the resilience of marine engineering operations can be further strengthened and appreciated by industrial stakeholders through addressing the requirements of more safety management attention at all levels. Finally, several real case studies are investigated to show end users tangible benefits of the developed models, such as the reduction of the HFPs and optimisation of risk control resources, while validating the algorithms, models, and methods developed in this thesis.
20
Kinikoglu, Fatma Beste. "Tissue engineering of full-thickness human oral mucosa". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10310.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
L’ingénierie de la muqueuse orale humaine (MOH) a pour but le comblement des pertes de substances suite à un traumatisme facial ou à la chirurgie des lésions malignes. Elle a aussi des applications en recherche pour élucider les mécanismes biologiques de la MO et en pharmacotoxicologie comme alternative à l’expérimentation animale. L'objectif de cette thèse était de reconstruire une MOH proche du tissu normal. À cette fin, la faisabilité du concept a d'abord été testée par co-culture de fibroblastes de la lamina propria et de cellules épithéliales de MOH dans le substrat de collagène-chitosan glycosaminoglycane, développé pour la production de peaux reconstruites. La caractérisation de la MOH reconstruite par histologie, immunohistochimie et microscopie électronique à transmission a montré la présence d’une LP équivalente avec un épithélium pluristratifié et non kératinisé très proche du tissu d’origine. Grâce à ce modèle, nous avons ensuite démontré que l’origine des fibroblastes (MO, cornée, peau) influence significativement l’épaisseur et l’ultrastructure de l'épithélium obtenu par culture de cellules épithéliales orales. Enfin, afin d'améliorer les propriétés adhésives du substrat à base collagène, nous avons ajouté au collagène, une élastine-like recombinante (ELR) contenant le tri-peptide d’adhésion cellulaire, RGD, et produit un nouveau substrat bicouche, poreux par lyophilisation et recouvert d’une couche fibreuse par électrofilage. Ces substrats ont été caractérisés par porosimétrie au mercure, microscopie électronique à balayage et essais mécaniques. Nous avons démontré l’effet stimulant de ELR sur la prolifération des fibroblastes et des cellules épithélialesTissue engineered human oral mucosa has the potential to fill tissue deficits caused by facial trauma or malignant lesion surgery. It can also help elucidate the biology of oral mucosa and serve as an alternative to in vivo testing of oral care products. The aim of this thesis was to construct a tissue engineered full-thickness human oral mucosa closely mimicking the native tissue. To this end, the feasibility of the concept was tested by co-culturing fibroblasts and epithelial cells isolated from normal human oral mucosa biopsies in a collagen-glycosaminoglycan-chitosan scaffold, developed in our laboratory to construct a skin equivalent. An oral mucosal equivalent closely mimicking the native one was obtained and characterized by histology, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Using the same model, the influence of mesenchymal cells on oral epithelial development was investigated by culturing epithelial cells on lamina propria, corneal stroma and dermal equivalents. They were found to significantly influence the thickness and the ultrastructure of the epithelium. Finally, in order to improve the adhesiveness of conventional scaffolds, an elastin-like recombinamer (ELR) containing the cell adhesion tripeptide, RGD, was used in the production of novel bilayer scaffolds employing lyophilization and electrospinning. These scaffolds were characterized by mercury porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical testing. In vitro tests revealed positive contribution of ELR on the proliferation of both fibroblasts and epithelial cells. It was thus possible to construct a viable oral mucosa equivalent using the principles of tissue engineering
21
Liu, Hongjuan. "Recombinant Human Tropoelastin as Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15334.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Polymeric biomaterials are widely used as long-term implantable materials for tissue replacement and repair. However, many classes of material are limited as they elicit an uncontrolled foreign body response. Recombinant human tropoelastin is a biocompatible biomaterial that may be able to overcome current challenges facing tissue engineering. The aim of current studies is to investigate the host responses to these three different materials: silk, polyurethane Elast-Eon and low density polyethylene with tropoelastin employed as a co-polymer or surface coating in vivo. We demonstrated that all tropoelastin treated samples reduced the foreign body response by down-regulation of cytokine productions (i.e. IL-1β, MMP-2, MMP-9, GM-CSF, IL-6 and IL-10), less neovascularisation, reduced neutrophils and macrophages activity. Also increased the porosity of PU/tropoelastin led to enhance cell proliferation and infiltration into the scaffolds promotes tissue regeneration. Our results concluded that using tropoelastin as a co-polymer or surface coating improves the biocompatibility of these three polymers, resulting in a reduced host inflammatory response and a favourable wound healing.
22
PASQUALI, DARIO. "Social Engineering Defense Solutions Through Human-Robot Interaction". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1092333.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Social Engineering is the science of using social interaction to influence others on taking computer-related actions of attacker’s interest. It is used to steal credentials, money, or people’s identities. After being left unchecked for a long time, social engineering is raising increasing concerns.
Despite its social nature, state-of-the-art defense systems mainly focus on engineering factors. They detect technical features specific to the medium employed in the attack (e.g., phishing emails), or they train final users on detecting them. However, the crucial aspects of social engineering are humans, their vulnerabilities, and how attackers leverage them, gaining victims’ compliance. Recent solutions involved victims’ explicit perception and judgment in technical defenses (Humans-as-a-Security-Sensor paradigm). However, humans also communicate implicitly: gaze, heart rate, sweating, body posture, and voice prosody are physiological and behavioral cues that implicitly disclose humans’ cognitive and emotional state. In literature, expert social engineers reported monitoring such cues from the victims continuously to adapt their strategy (e.g., in face-to-face attacks); also, they stressed the importance of controlling them to avoid revealing the attacker’s malicious intentions. This thesis studies how to leverage such behavioral and physiological cues to defend against social engineering. Moreover, it researches humanoid social robots - more precisely the iCub and Furhat robotic platforms - as novel agents in the cybersecurity field. Humans’ trust in robots and their role are still debated: attackers could hijack and control them to perform face-to-face attacks from a safe distance. However, this thesis speculates robots could be helpers, everyday companions able to warn users against social engineering attacks, better than traditional notification vectors could do. Finally, this thesis explores leveraging game-based entertaining human-robot interactions to collect more realistic, less biased data. For this purpose, I performed four studies concerning different aspects of social engineering.
Firstly, I studied how the trust between attackers and victims evolves and can be exploited. In a Treasure Hunt game, players had to decide whether trust the hints of iCub. The robot showed four mechanical failures designed to mine its perceived reliability in the game and could provide transparent motivations for them. The study showed how players’ trust in iCub decreased only if they perceived all the faults or the robot explained them; i.e., they perceived the risk of relying on a faulty robot.
Then, I researched novel physiological-based methods to unmask malicious social engineers. In a Magic Trick card game, autonomously led by the iCub robot, players lied or told the truth about gaming card descriptions. ICub leveraged an End-to-end deception detection architecture to identify lies based on players’ pupil dilation alone. The architecture enables iCub to learn customized deception patterns, improving the classification over prolonged interactions.
In the third study, I focused on victims’ behavioral and physiological reactions during social engineering attacks; and how to evaluate their awareness. Participants played an interactive storytelling game designed to challenge them against social engineering attacks from virtual agents and the humanoid robot iCub. Post-hoc, I trained three Random Forest classifiers to detect whether participants’ perceived the risk and uncertainty of Social Engineering attacks and predict their decisions.
Finally, I explored how social humanoid robots should intervene to prevent victims’ compliance with social engineering. In a refined version of the interactive storytelling, the Furhat robot contrasted players’ decisions with different strategies, changing their minds. Preliminary results suggest the robot effectively affected participants’ decisions, motivating further studies toward closing the social engineering defense loop in human-robot interaction.
Summing up, this thesis provides evidence that humans’ implicit cues and social robots could help against social engineering; it offers practical defensive solutions and architectures supporting further research in the field and discusses them aiming for concrete applications.
23
Dodhia, Vikash Rajnikant. "Engineering human cytochrome P450s for structural and biosensing studies". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429524.
Testo completo
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Al-Hazaimeh, Nawaf Ismail. "Revascularization of human dental pulp using tissue engineering approaches". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.582741.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Advancement in stem cell technology allows for many therapeutic opportunities, including the treatment of previously intractable conditions. Revascularization of dental pulp tissue, and specifically angiogenic differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells, is of great interest due to the crucial role of this process not only in dental pulp regeneration, but also in wound healing and in regenerative medicine in general. One of the challenges of tissue engineering is the ability to provide sufficient blood supply for engineered tissue and organs in the first phase after transplantation. The present study investigated the potential use of HDPSCs in revascularization of dental pulp in vitro as well as in vivo using Matrigel basement membrane as 3D scaffold and compared this data to that of stem cells isolated from dental pulp tissue using the stem cell marker Stro-1. Initially these cells were cultured under angiogenic condition (EGM-2) for cell differentiation and treated with VEGF. The angiogenic potential of human dental pulp stromal/stem cells was investigated at gene and protein level by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis of appropriate angiogenic markers. Moreover we monitored the differentiation of these cells by confocal and light microscopy. In the second part of the present study we investigated the ability of these cells to differentiate and form vascular tissue in an appropriate animal model. Two in vivo models were used; HDPSCs or Stro-1 +CD45- cells were suspended in Matrigel and injected into the root canal space of human tooth sections and implanted subcutaneously into immunocompromised mice for 3 weeks. The other model was the Matrigel plug assay, which is widely used for angiogenesis studies. qRT-PCR and Immunohistochemistry studies indicated that CD31 and VEGFR-2 were upregulated in HDPSCs and stro-t- CD45- cells in monolayer cultures, and all angiogenic markers (CD31, CD34, vWF, and VEGFR-2) in Matrigel cultures were upregulated as well following treatment with VEGF in endothelial cells growth medium-2. In 3D Matrigel culture, cells were also able to form tube like network structures. These results were confirmed by in vivo study, in which we were able to regenerate vascular like tissue which contained red blood cells in both in vivo models. This data indicated that these vessels are functional when compared to normal vascular tissue in both human and mice. In conclusion, the present study confirmed that HDPSCs and Stro-1 +CD45- cells were induced to express angiogenic markers in vitro and can be recruited in the formation of vascular tissue in a tooth section as well as Matrigel plug constructs in immunocompromised mice. This technique can be used in the future to revascularize dental pulp which will enhance the survival rate of traumatized teeth.
25
Yang, Xuebin. "Bone tissue engineering : biomimetic structures for human osteoprogenitor growth". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270664.
Testo completo
26
Ng, Shengyong. "Engineering human hepatic tissue for modeling liver-stage malaria". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90150.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 132-153).
The Plcsmodium liver stage is an attractive target for the development of antimalarial drugs and vaccines, as it provides an opportunity to interrupt the life cycle of the parasite at a critical early stage. However, targeting the liver stage has been difficult due to a lack of human liver models that robustly recapitulate host-pathogen interactions in a physiologically relevant cell type. Through the application of hepatic tissue engineering concepts and techniques, this thesis sought to develop advanced models of liver-stage malaria that will allow the facile interrogation of potential antimalarial drugs in primary human hepatocytes. In the first part of this work, we established liver-stage Plasmodium infection in an engineered microscale human liver platform based on micropatterned cocultures of primary human hepatocytes and supportive stromal cells, enabling medium-throughput phenotypic screens for potential antimalarial drugs in a more authentic host cell, and demonstrated the utility of this model for malaria vaccine testing. We further hypothesized and showed that recapitulation of a more physiologically relevant oxygen tension that is experienced by hepatocytes in vivo improved infection rates and parasite growth in vitro. Next, we demonstrated the feasibility of establishing liver-stage malaria infections in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCs), thus enabling the study of host genetic variation on liver-stage malaria infection and antimalarial drug responses. We also applied recently discovered small molecules to induce further hepatic maturation, thus increasing the utility of using iHLCs for antimalarial drug development. Finally, we designed and provided a proof-of-concept for a humanized mouse model of liver-stage malaria that involves the fabrication and ectopic implantation of PEG-cryogel-based engineered human artificial livers, and can be generated in a facile, rapid and scalable fashion for future preclinical antimalarial drug testing in vivo. The results of this research represent a three-pronged approach towards engineering scalable human liver models that recapitulate liver-stage malaria infection which may ultimately facilitate antimalarial drug discovery at various stages of the drug development pipeline.
by Shengyong Ng.
Ph. D.
27
Savoie, Troy Brendon. "Human detection of computer simulation mistakes in engineering experiments". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61526.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2010.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-104).
This thesis investigates the notion that the more complex the experimental plan, the less likely an engineer is to discover a simulation mistake in a computer-based experiment. The author used an in vitro methodology to conduct an experiment with 54 engineers completing a design task to find the optimal configuration for a device with seven two-level control factors. Participants worked individually using a prescribed design approach dependent upon the randomly assigned experimental condition -- an adaptive one-factor-at-a-time plan for the control group or a resolution III fractional factorial plan for the treatment group -- with a flawed computer simulation of the device. A domain knowledge score was measured by quiz, and success or failure in discovering the flaw was measured by questioning during debriefing. About half (14 of 17) of the participants using the one-factor-at-a-time plan discovered the flaw, while nearly none (1 of 27) using the fractional factorial plan did so. Logistic regression analysis of the dichotomous outcome on treatment condition and domain knowledge score showed that flaw detection ability improved with increased domain knowledge, but that an advantage of two standard deviations in domain knowledge was insufficient to overcome the disadvantage of using the fractional factorial plan. Participant reactions to simulation results were judged by two independent raters for surprise as an indicator of expectation violation. Contingency analysis of the surprise rating results showed that participants using the fractional factorial plan were significantly less likely (risk ratio ~ 0.57) to appear surprised when the anomaly was elicited, but there was no difference in tendency to display surprise otherwise. The observed phenomenon has ramifications beyond simulation mistake detection. Cognitive psychologists have shown that the most effective way to learn a new concept is to observe unexpected behavior, investigate the cause, then integrate the new concept into one's mental model. If using a complex experimental plan hinders an engineer's ability to recognize anomalous data, the engineer risks losing opportunities to develop expertise. Initial screening and sensitivity analysis are recommended as countermeasures when using complex experiments, but more study is needed for verification.
by Troy Brendon Savoie.
Ph.D.
28
Perli, Samuel David. "An integrated CRISPR-Cas toolkit for engineering human cells". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99781.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 145-158).
Natively functioning Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated (Cas) system is a prokaryotic adaptive immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements including plasmids and phages. Very recently, a two-component CRISPR-Cas technology from Streptococcus Pyogenes comprising of the RNA-guided DNA endonuclease Cas9 and the guide RNA (gRNA) has been demonstrated to enable unprecedented genome editing efficiency across all domains of life. Current applications however, employ CRISPR/Cas technology in a stand-alone fashion, isolated from the rich biological machinery of the host environment in which it is applied. In this thesis, I present a toolkit designed by integrating CRISPR/Cas technology with a wide array of mammalian molecular components, thereby enabling altogether novel applications while enhancing the efficiency of current applications. By integrating a catalytically dead version of the CRISPR/Cas protein Cas9 (dCas9) with mammalian transcriptional activator VP64 and mammalian transcriptional repressor KRAB, we build and characterize tunable, multifunctional and orthogonal CRISPR/Cas transcription factors (CRISPR-TFs) in human cells. By integrating CRISPR-TFs and Cas6/Csy4 based RNA processing with multiple mammalian RNA regulatory strategies including RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II) promoters, RNAtriple- helix structures, introns, microRNAs and ribozymes, we demonstrate efficient modulation of endogenous promoters and the implementation of tunable synthetic circuits such as multistage cascades and RNA-dependent networks that can be rewired with Csy4. In summary, our integrated toolkit enables efficient and multiplexed modulation of endogenous gene networks, construction of highly scalable and tunable synthetic gene circuits. Our toolkit can be used for perturbing endogenous networks towards developmental, therapeutic and synthetic biology applications.
by Samuel David Perli.
Ph. D.
29
Lieder, Falk. "Beyond Bounded Rationality| Reverse-Engineering and Enhancing Human Intelligence". Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10817569.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bad decisions can have devastating consequences, and there is a vast body of literature suggesting that human judgment and decision-making are riddled with numerous systematic violations of the rules of logic, probability theory, and expected utility theory. The discovery of these cognitive biases in the 1970s challenged the concept of Homo sapiens as the rational animal and has profoundly shaken the foundations of economics and rational models in the cognitive, neural, and social sciences. Four decades later, these disciplines still lack a rigorous theoretical foundation that can account for people’s cognitive biases. Furthermore, designing effective interventions to remedy cognitive biases and improve human judgment and decision-making is still an art rather than a science. I address these two fundamental problems in the first and the second part of my thesis respectively.
To develop a theoretical framework that can account for cognitive biases, I start from the assumption that human cognition is fundamentally constrained by limited time and the human brain’s finite computational resources. Based on this assumption, I redefine human rationality as reasoning and deciding according to cognitive strategies that make the best possible use of the mind’s limited resources. I draw on the bounded optimality framework developed in the artificial intelligence literature to translate this definition into a mathematically precise theory of bounded rationality called resource-rationality and a new paradigm for cognitive modeling called resource-rational analysis. Applying this methodology allowed me to derive resource-rational models of judgment and decisionmaking that accurately capture a wide range of cognitive biases, including the anchoring bias and the numerous availability biases in memory recall, judgment, and decision-making. By showing that these phenomena and the heuristics that generate them are consistent with the rational use of limited resources, my analysis provides a rational reinterpretation of cognitive biases that were once interpreted as hallmarks of human irrationality. This suggests that it is time to revisit the debate about human rationality with the more realistic normative standard of resource-rationality. To enable a systematic assessment of the extent to which human cognition is resource- rational, I present an automatic method for deriving resource-rational heuristics from a mathematical specification of their function and the mind’s computational constraints. Applying this method to multi-alternative risky-choice led to the discovery of a previously unknown heuristic that people appear to use very frequently. Evaluating human decision-making against resource-rational heuristics suggested that, on average, human decision-making is at most 88% as resource-rational as it could be.
Since people are equipped with multiple heuristics, a complete normative theory of bounded rationality also has to answer the question of when each of these heuristics should be used. I address this question with a rational theory of strategy selection. According to this theory, people gradually learn to select the heuristic with the best possible speed-accuracy trade-off by building a predictive model of its performance. Experiments testing this model confirmed that people gradually learn to make increasingly more rational use of their finite time and bounded cognitive resources through a metacognitive reinforcement learning mechanism.
Overall, these findings suggest that—contrary to the bleak picture painted by previous research on heuristics and biases—human cognition is not fundamentally irrational, and can be understood as making rational use of bounded cognitive resources. By reconciling rationality with cognitive biases and bounded resources, this line of research addresses fundamental problems of previous rational modeling frameworks, such as expected utility theory, logic, and probability theory. Resource-rationality might thus come to replace classical notions of rationality as a theoretical foundation for modeling human judgment and decision-making in economics, psychology, neuroscience, and other cognitive and social sciences.
In the second part of my dissertation, I apply the principle of resource-rationality to develop tools and interventions for improving the human mind. Early interventions educated people about cognitive biases and taught them the normative principles of logic, probability theory, and expected utility theory. The practical benefits of such interventions are limited because the computational demands of applying them to the complex problems people face in everyday life far exceed individuals’ cognitive capacities. Instead, the principle of resource-rationality suggests that people should rely on simple, computationally efficient heuristics that are well adapted to the structure of their environments. Building on this idea, I leverage the automatic strategy discovery method and insights into metacognitive learning from the first part of my dissertation to develop intelligent systems that teach people resource-rational cognitive strategies. I illustrate this approach by developing and evaluating a cognitive tutor that trains people to plan resource-rationally. My results show that practicing with the cognitive tutor improves people’s planning strategies significantly more than does practicing without feedback. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)
30
Nguyen, Le Thanh Tu. "Engineering the human gut microbiome through personalized dietary interventions". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130187.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, May, 2020Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a dense and dynamic microbial community. The composition and metabolic output of the human gut microbiota have been implicated in many diseases: from inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and diarrheal diseases to metabolic syndromes like diabetes. Treatment of these diseases will likely require targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating the abundance and metabolism of specific commensal microbial species or probiotics. A promising avenue for such interventions is through diet, where the dietary components act as substrates for the species producing beneficial metabolites one wishes to enrich. In this thesis, I focus on a dietary intervention study in healthy individuals. Since the human gut microbiota is known for its highly heterogeneous composition across different individuals, it comes as no surprise that a more personalized approach is preeminent.
We first test effects of multiple micronutrients spiked into a fixed diet. Using a highly controlled diet within the cohort, we identify strong and predictable responses of specific microbes across participants consuming prebiotic spike-ins. However, select macronutrient spike-ins like unsaturated or saturated fat and protein, produce no predictable response. We next investigate prebiotic supplement in diet further as well as its downstream products, short chain fatty acids, in the digestive tract. We look to alleviate the stress of a highly controlled, low complexity diet on participants by testing the effect of different prebiotics simultaneously ex vivo. We show that individuals vary in their microbial metabolic phenotypes (as in they produce different quantities and proportions of short chain fatty acids from the same prebiotic inputs) mirroring differences in their microbiota composition.
Finally, we run a pilot study to elucidate how closely our ex vivo experiment results may reflect the in vivo changes following a short-term dietary fiber supplementation. In addition to obtaining preliminary data on this direct comparison, we also explore different parameters for generating high-throughput data on personalized dietary interventions. Together, these projects provide the framework for building a predicative model for the effect that prebiotic dietary supplementation will have on gut microbiota's composition. Such a prediction model would be equally helpful in both enhancing individuals' gut health and improving gut dysbiosis in cases of disease.
by Le Thanh Tu Nguyen.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering
31
DePalatis, Laura. "Engineering for Improved Folding of a Human Prolactin Antagonist". The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392968846.
Testo completo
32
Kim, Kyungbo. "CHARACTERIZATION AND ENGINEERING OF HUMAN PROTEINS AS THERAPEUTIC CANDIDATES". UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pharmacy_etds/91.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Protein engineering has been a useful tool in the fight against human diseases. Human insulin was the first recombinant DNA-derived therapeutic protein (Humulin®) approved by the US FDA in 1982. However, many of the early protein drugs were only recombinant versions of natural proteins with no modification of their primary amino acid sequence and most of them did not make optimal drug products mainly due to their short half-life or suboptimal affinity, leading to poor therapeutic efficacy. The difficulty in the large-scale production of some therapeutic proteins was another important issue. In the past three decades, different protein engineering platforms have been developed to overcome the obstacles seen in the first generations of these treatments. With the help of these new techniques, proteins have been purposefully modified to improve their clinical potential. The focus of my dissertation is the engineering of potential protein drugs to make them therapeutically useful and more valuable. Previously, our research group has developed cocaine hydrolases (CocHs) from human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) for treatment of cocaine addiction and prevention of acute cocaine intoxication. In the first project, CocHs were further engineered to improve their performance, e.g., Fc-fused CocHs with an extended serum half-life. Then, I investigated the potential application of a long-lasting CocH for protection against the acute toxic and stimulant effects of cocaine. In the second project, I investigated the potential inhibition of CocH-mediated cocaine hydrolysis by heroin (3,6-diacetylmorphine) or its initial host metabolite, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM). The investigation of this possible inhibition was important to determine the in vivo efficacy of CocHs, as heroin is one of the most commonly co-abused drugs by cocaine-dependent individuals, as well as a possible metabolite of CocHs. In the third project, I expressed and characterized the recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A10 (UGT1A10) enzyme, which can inactivate many therapeutically valuable substances. In the fourth and final project, prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4), a tumor suppressor protein, was engineered to have a prolonged duration of action so that it may be more therapeutically valuable for cancer treatment.
33
AROYO, ALEXANDER MOIS. "Bringing Human Robot Interaction towards _Trust and Social Engineering". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/940915.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Robots started their journey in books and movies; nowadays, they are becoming an
important part of our daily lives: from industrial robots, passing through entertainment
robots, and reaching social robotics in fields like healthcare or education.
An important aspect of social robotics is the human counterpart, therefore, there is
an interaction between the humans and robots. Interactions among humans are often
taken for granted as, since children, we learn how to interact with each other. In robotics,
this interaction is still very immature, however, critical for a successful incorporation of
robots in society. Human robot interaction (HRI) is the domain that works on improving
these interactions.
HRI encloses many aspects, and a significant one is trust. Trust is the assumption that
somebody or something is good and reliable; and it is critical for a developed society.
Therefore, in a society where robots can part, the trust they could generate will be essential
for cohabitation.
A downside of trust is overtrusting an entity; in other words, an insufficient alignment
of the projected trust and the expectations of a morally correct behaviour. This effect
could negatively influence and damage the interactions between agents. In the case of
humans, it is usually exploited by scammers, conmen or social engineers - who take
advantage of the people's overtrust in order to manipulate them into performing actions
that may not be beneficial for the victims.
This thesis tries to shed light on the development of trust towards robots, how this
trust could become overtrust and be exploited by social engineering techniques. More
precisely, the following experiments have been carried out: (i) Treasure Hunt, in which
the robot followed a social engineering framework where it gathered personal
information from the participants, improved the trust and rapport with them, and at the
end, it exploited that trust manipulating participants into performing a risky action.
(ii) Wicked Professor, in which a very human-like robot tried to enforce its authority to
make participants obey socially inappropriate requests. Most of the participants realized
that the requests were morally wrong, but eventually, they succumbed to the robot'sauthority while holding the robot as morally responsible. (iii) Detective iCub, in which it
was evaluated whether the robot could be endowed with the ability to detect when the
human partner was lying. Deception detection is an essential skill for social engineers and
professionals in the domain of education, healthcare and security. The robot achieved
75% of accuracy in the lie detection. There were also found slight differences in the
behaviour exhibited by the participants when interacting with a human or a robot
interrogator.
Lastly, this thesis approaches the topic of privacy - a fundamental human value. With
the integration of robotics and technology in our society, privacy will be affected in ways
we are not used. Robots have sensors able to record and gather all kind of data, and it is
possible that this information is transmitted via internet without the knowledge of the
user. This is an important aspect to consider since a violation in privacy can heavily
impact the trust.
Summarizing, this thesis shows that robots are able to establish and improve trust
during an interaction, to take advantage of overtrust and to misuse it by applying different
types of social engineering techniques, such as manipulation and authority. Moreover,
robots can be enabled to pick up different human cues to detect deception, which can
help both, social engineers and professionals in the human sector. Nevertheless, it is of
the utmost importance to make roboticists, programmers, entrepreneurs, lawyers,
psychologists, and other sectors involved, aware that social robots can be highly beneficial
for humans, but they could also be exploited for malicious purposes.
34
Trammell, Melanie Kaye. "Complexity of Engineering Identity: A Study of Freshmen Engineering Students". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91464.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The General Engineering Program exists at Virginia Tech to provide curriculums that
engage, challenge and support entry-level engineers. One important part of this initiative
is helping students identify with a specific engineering branch, and overtime develop an
identity within it. Yet, there exists little research on what entry-level engineers believe it
means to be an engineer, especially during these stages of early formation and continual
shifting. In order to generate insight on this topic we developed a contextual inquiry
method to help inquire into engineering identity. Two participants were placed in an
online chatroom and allowed to talk for ten minutes, with one trying to answer the
question 'Am I talking to an engineer or not?' and asked to give their reasoning.
Comparisons allow entry-level engineering students to articulate their beliefs on what
characteristics, behaviors and personalities make up their cohort -- thus exposing their
ideas about identity. Moreover, this methodology also provides opportunities for
participants to critique their own bias and further develop and expose their opinions on
identity. Additionally, our findings showcase the complexity around student's
perceptions of engineers. For example, participants' responses pointed to: many sources
that inform identity, the difficulty of identifying what is uniquely engineering, how
identity is impacted by the ideal image of an engineer, that identity is a spectrum, and that
identity varies with respect to associations and time. As a result, through our inquiry and
representation of results we demonstrate the validity of our methodology as a HCI
research tool along with the power of narrative forms of representation.Master of Science
The General Engineering Program exists at Virginia Tech to provide curriculums that engage, challenge and support entry-level engineers. One important part of this initiative is helping students identify with a specific type of engineering, and overtime develop an identity within it. Yet, there exists little research on what entry-level engineers believe it means to be an engineer, especially during their freshmen year of college when they are still forming and changing their ideas about engineering identity. In order to generate insight on this topic we developed a methodology to help inquire into engineering identity. Two participants at a time were placed in an online chatroom and allowed to talk for ten minutes, with one trying to answer the question ‘Am I talking to an engineer or not?’ and asked to give their reasoning. Comparisons allow entry-level engineering students to articulate their beliefs on what characteristics, behaviors and personalities make up their cohort -- thus exposing their ideas about identity. Moreover, this methodology also provides opportunities for participants to critique their own assumptions about engineering identity and further develop and expose their opinions on identity. Additionally, our findings showcase the complexity around student’s perceptions of engineers. For example, participants’ responses pointed to: many sources that inform identity, the difficulty of identifying what is uniquely engineering, how identity is impacted by the ideal image of an engineer, that identity is a spectrum, and that identity varies with respect to associations and time. As a result, through our inquiry and representation of results we demonstrate the validity of our methodology as a Human Computer Interaction research tool along with the power of using written stories to represent results.
35
Richardson, Andrew Xenos. "Evaluating Human-Robot Implicit Communication through Human-Human Implicit Communication". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5457.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) research is examining ways to make human-robot (HR) communication more natural. Incorporating natural communication techniques is expected to make HR communication seamless and more natural for humans. Humans naturally incorporate implicit levels of communication, and including implicit communication in HR communication should provide tremendous benefit. The aim for this work was to evaluate a model for human-robot implicit communication. Specifically, the primary goal for this research was to determine whether humans can assign meanings to implicit cues received from autonomous robots as they do for identical implicit cues received from humans. An experiment was designed to allow participants to assign meanings to identical, implicit cues (pursuing, retreating, investigating, hiding, patrolling) received from humans and robots. Participants were tasked to view random video clips of both entity types, label the implicit cue, and assign a level of confidence in their chosen answer. Physiological data was tracked during the experiment using an electroencephalogram and eye-tracker. Participants answered workload and stress measure questionnaires following each scenario. Results revealed that participants were significantly more accurate with human cues (84%) than with robot cues (82%), however participants were highly accurate, above 80%, for both entity types. Despite the high accuracy for both types, participants remained significantly more confident in answers for humans (6.1) than for robots (5.9) on a confidence scale of 1 - 7. Subjective measures showed no significant differences for stress or mental workload across entities. Physiological measures were not significant for the engagement index across entity, but robots resulted in significantly higher levels of cognitive workload for participants via the index of cognitive activity. The results of this study revealed that participants are more confident interpreting human implicit cues than identical cues received from a robot. However, the accuracy of interpreting both entities remained high. Participants showed no significant difference in interpreting different cues across entity as well. Therefore, much of the ability of interpreting an implicit cue resides in the actual cue rather than the entity. Proper training should boost confidence as humans begin to work alongside autonomous robots as teammates, and it is possible to train humans to recognize cues based on the movement, regardless of the entity demonstrating the movement.ID: 031001467; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Waldemar Karwowski.; Title from PDF title page (viewed July 10, 2013).; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-98).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Industrial Engineering
36
Klein, Alex C. (Alex Charles). "Whole human design : designing for Humans, not Users". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122887.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2018Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 134-136).
In the past ten years, the Human-Centered Design methodology has exploded--permeating our organizational and academic worlds and becoming one of the most sought-after skills. The user-first mantra has become widely accepted and internalized. Develop empathy! Find users in their natural habitat! Design for their needs, not yours! Despite its vast popularity, I believe there is a great flaw and irony in the way we practice Human-Centered Design today: without the human. Though a human perceives his/her life as a dynamic whole (Gestalt Theory), we reduce him/her to a 'user', a shard of his/her full Self. This thesis explores the foundations of a new methodology, Whole Human Design[superscript TM], that seeks to re-unify the human and equip us to design for users in the context of their whole humanness. To that end, this thesis first seeks a usable definition of the Human and our human needs, by exploring a wide range of philosophical and psychological perspectives-from material/atomistic definitions (like those found in Behaviorism) to Phenomenology-inspired definitions (Existentialism, Humanistic Psychology, Positive Psychology) to Religious perspectives. From there, based on an ethnographic research with 50 individuals, this thesis introduces a design framework, the Periodic Table of Human Elements[superscript TM], a tool to connect functional and latent needs of a user to his/her deeper human roots. Finally, in order to illustrate how this methodology can be practiced, this thesis presents a case study of how Whole Human Design was used to solve a $300B real-world problem, medication adherence.
by Alex C. Klein.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
S.M.inEngineeringandManagement Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program
37
Murphy, Philippa. "Analyses of communication failures in rail engineering works". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275298.
Testo completo
38
Huynh, Kien Khanh. "Human Thermal Comfort". MSSTATE, 2001. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04092001-135104/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this research is to investigate human comfort criteria under steady-state conditions as a function of ambient air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, level of activity, and clothing insulation. Since the current ASHRAE Standard 55-1994 is for sedentary activity, this study will consider relative humidity (20% to 65%), dry bulb temperature (73 oF to 82 oF), air velocity (30 fpm and 50 fpm), and sedentary-to-moderate activity. The mean radiant temperature will be taken to be the same as the ambient air temperature. The experimental results collected at the Kansas State University Environmental Test Chamber are compared with the Fanger (1982) thermal comfort model and with ASHRAE Standard 55-1994. The experimental study results agreed well with ASHARE Standard 55-1994 for 1-met activity level (sedentary), and the thermal comfort for 1-met activity level was predicted with reasonable accuracy by Fanger?s (1982) Model. For 2.3 met activity level, the experimental results did not agree with ASHRAE Standard 55-1994 or the Fanger Model predictions.
39
Sasso, R. "A new approach to user interface engineering". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371578.
Testo completo
40
Ali, Syed. "Towards Human-Like Automated Driving| Learning Spacing Profiles from Human Driving Data". Thesis, Wayne State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10637971.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For automated driving vehicles to be accepted by their users and safely integrate with traffic involving human drivers, they need to act and behave like human drivers. This not only involves understanding how the human driver or occupant in the automated vehicle expects their vehicle to operate, but also involves how other road users perceive the automated vehicle’s intentions. This research aimed at learning how drivers space themselves while driving around other vehicles. It is shown that an optimized lane change maneuver does create a solution that is much different than what a human would do. There is a need to learn complex driving preferences from studying human drivers.
This research fills the gap in terms of learning human driving styles by providing an example of learned behavior (vehicle spacing) and the needed framework for encapsulating the learned data. A complete framework from problem formulation to data gathering and learning from human driving data was formulated as part of this research. On-road vehicle data were gathered while a human driver drove a vehicle. The driver was asked to make lane changes for stationary vehicles in his path with various road curvature conditions and speeds. The gathered data, as well as Learning from Demonstration techniques, were used in formulating the spacing profile as a lane change maneuver. A concise feature set from captured data was identified to strongly represent a driver’s spacing profile and a model was developed. The learned model represented the driver’s spacing profile from stationary vehicles within acceptable statistical tolerance. This work provides a methodology for many other scenarios from which human-like driving style and related parameters can be learned and applied to automated vehicles
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Cunningham, Hamish. "Software architecture for language engineering". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324440.
Testo completo
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Philippart, Monica F. "Improving business performance through the integration of human factors engineering into organizations using a systems engineering approach". Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002445.
Testo completo
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Sommar, Pehr. "Differentiation of Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Applications in Tissue Engineering". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Hand och plastikkirurgi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60879.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Tissue engineering applies principles of biology and engineering to the development of functional substitutes for damaged or lost tissues. Tools for the neo-generation of tissue in tissue engineering research include cells, biomaterials and soluble factors. One main obstacle in tissue engineering is the limited availability of autologous tissue specific progenitor cells. This has led to interest into using autologous cells with stem cell plasticity. Bone marrow derived stem cells were the first adult stem cells shown to have multilineage potential. Since, several reports have been published indicating that cells from other tissues; fat, muscle, connective tissue e.g., possess potential to differentiate into lineages distinct from their tissue of origin. The optimal cell type for use in tissue engineering applications should be easy to obtain, cultivate and store. The human dermal fibroblast is an easily accessible cell source, which after routine cell expansion gives a substantial cell yield from a small skin biopsy. Hence, the dermal fibroblast could be a suitable cell source for tissue engineering applications.The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the differentiation capacity of human dermal fibroblasts, and their possible applications in bone and cartilage tissue engineering applications. Human dermal fibroblasts were shown to differentiate towards adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic phenotypes upon subjection to specific induction media. Differentiation was seen both in unrefined primary cultures and in clonal populations (paper I). Fibroblasts could be used to create three-dimensional cartilage- and bone like tissue when grown in vitro on gelatin microcarriers in combination with platelet rich plasma (paper II). 4 weeks after in vivo implantation of osteogenic induced fibroblasts into a fracture model in athymic rats, dense cell clusters and viable human cells were found in the gaps, but no visible healing of defects as determined by CT-scanning (paper III). After the induction towards adipogenic, chondrogenic, endotheliogenic and osteogenic lineages, gene expression analysis by microarray and quantitative real-time-PCR found several master regulatory genes important for lineage commitment, as well as phenotypically relevant genes regulated as compared to reference cultures (paper IV). In conclusion, results obtained in this thesis suggest an inherent ability for controllable phenotype alteration of human dermal fibroblasts in vitro. We conclude that dermal fibroblasts could be induced towards adipogenic, chondrogenic, endotheliogenic or osteogenic novel phenotypes which suggest a genetic readiness of differentiated fibroblasts for lineage-specific biological functionality, indicating that human dermal fibroblasts might be a suitable cell source in tissue engineering applications.
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Abdelmouti, Mai Mohamed Medhat Abdelhalim. "Engineering a genetically relevant zebrafish model of human uveal melanoma". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/engineering-a-genetically-relevant-zebrafish-model-of-human-uveal-melanoma(6bc6f02b-8d80-4e6e-bc5b-72fab73b0788).html.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Uveal melanoma (UM) is a sight and life-threatening malignancy of the human eye. The potential for progress in translational UM research is, however, hampered by the short supply of clinical samples due to its rarity and also the lack of an informative animal model which would allow experimental intervention to dissect the molecular machinery governing tumor development. Towards this end, we aimed to generate a genetically relevant model of human UM in zebrafish that can be used to study the roles of key genetic determinants in tumor initiation and progression in vivo and also establish a valuable resource for future preclinical studies. Given the pervasive role of Gαq proteins in driving UM pathogenesis, we engineered transgenic zebrafish to express oncogenic GNAQQ209P in the melanocyte lineage. This resulted in hyperplasia of uveal (choroidal) melanocytes, but with no evidence of malignant progression nor perturbation of RPE or skin melanocytes. However, combining expression of oncogenic GNAQQ209P with tp53 inactivation resulted in an earlier onset and even more extensive hyperplasia of choroidal melanocytes that then progressed to UM. While NRASQ61L and BRAFV600E potently stimulate ERK1/2-MAPK signalling pathway, immunohistochemical analysis revealed only sporadic immunoreactivity to phosphorylated ERK1/2 in hyperplastic choroidal lesions and also uveal tumors driven by oncogenic GNAQQ209P, in contrast to an abundant immunoreactivity in oncogenic HRASG12V-driven cutaneous tumors. Rather, ubiquitous positive staining for nuclear YAP was observed in GNAQQ209P-driven uveal tumor specimens. In keeping with a lesser role of GNAQ in regulating ERK1/2-MAPK signalling in UM, we showed that downregulation of oncogenic GNAQQ209P/L or inhibition of PLC-β in the majority of human UM cells expressing oncogenic GNAQQ209P/L barely affected ERK phosphorylation. In summary, this study demonstrates the insufficiency of oncogenic GNAQQ209P alone in driving UM development which only became evident with a second genetic hit involving tp53 inactivation. Our findings also demonstrate a weak correlation between oncogenic GNAQ mutations and sustained ERK1/2-MAPK activation, implying that ERK1/2 signalling is unlikely to be instrumental in the maintenance of GNAQQ209P-driven uveal tumors.
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Shahin, Kifah Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "In vitro production of human hyaline cartilage using tissue engineering". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/42945.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Articular cartilage disorders are a leading cause of human disability in many countries around the world. In this work, new techniques and strategies were developed to improve the quality of cartilage produced in vitro by methods of tissue engineering. Chondrocytes were isolated from the hip and knee joints of aborted human foetuses. The cells were expanded and seeded into scaffolds and the seeded scaffolds were cultured in perfusion bioreactors. The quality of the final cartilage constructs was assessed biochemically by measuring their content of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), total collagen and collagen type II and histologically by staining cross-sections of the constructs for GAG, collagen type I and collagen type II. The amount of proteoglycan released in the culture medium was also measured at regular intervals. Proteoglycans from tissue-engineered cartilage and spent culture medium were compared and analysed for degradation and capability of aggregation. During monolayer expansion, the chondrocyte differentiation indices decreased, the cell size increased and the percentage of cells present in G2/S??M phase decreased with the greatest changes occurring during the first passage. Expanding chondrocytes in PGA or PGA??alginate scaffolds produced cells with a higher level of differentiation than monolayer-expanded cells. However, PGA and PGA??alginate could not be justified as suitable systems for the routine expansion of chondrocytes mainly because of the relatively low cell proliferation obtained. Two new methods for seeding of cells into scaffolds were investigated using PGA and PGA??alginate as scaffold materials. Both methods produced high seeding efficiencies and homogeneous distribution of cells. When seeded PGA??alginate scaffolds were cultured in perfusion bioreactors, they produced good quality constructs with higher concentrations of extracellular matrix (ECM) components compared with previously described methods. However, when seeded PGA scaffolds were cultured in perfusion bioreactors, they produced small constructs of poor quality. Investigation of the effect of medium flow rate on the PGA scaffolds showed that a low flow rate was needed at the beginning of the culture to enable the cells to form a framework onto which other synthesised elements could deposit. Applying a gradual increase in medium flow rate to PGA scaffolds cultured in perfusion bioreactors solved the shrinkage problem and produced constructs with quality similar to those produced using PGA??alginate scaffolds. A novel compression bioreactor that mimicked the physiological stimulation of cartilage by joint movement was constructed. Using this bioreactor, compressed constructs showed significantly higher wet weight and higher concentrations of GAG, total collagen and collagen type II compared with non-compressed constructs.
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Xia, Zhidao. "Potentials for bone tissue engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418129.
Testo completo
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Holmes, L. R. "Chromosomal engineering to produce a model of human 5q-syndrome". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604181.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Initial chromosomal engineering has been undertaken on the syntenic region of mouse chromosome 11. Chromosomal deletions were generated using Cre-loxP technology. A primary loxP site was inserted at a determined anchor point, the sparc gene, present within the syntenic region identified on chromosome 11. Deletions were then created in ES cells following the insertion of a second loxP site into the same copy of chromosome 11, either using a random integration strategy or a defined targeting methodology, and the expression of Cre recombinase. A defined deletion of 150 kb was successfully generated by targeting a second loxP site to the glral gene which represented one end of the delineated critical region identified in humans. In addition, a series of nested deletions were generated successfully, varying in size from a few kb to over 5 Mb, from the sparc gene anchor point by the random integration of a second loxP site. Three mouse strains have been generated that are heterozygous for a deletion, although none have demonstrated a significant disruption to haematopoiesis. To complement the deletion strategy, a gene targeting approach was used to disrupt a candidate tumour suppressor gene present in the syntenic region identified on chromosome 11. The gene selected was fat2, a member of the cadherin gene family and homologue of the Drosophila fat tumour suppressor gene. Fat2-deficient mice were generated and analysis thus far has demonstrated the fat2 gene is not critical for normal haematopoiesis in 6 month old animals. Mice generated in this study have provided novel reagents with which to investigate the mechanisms of 5q- syndrome. Their use in conjunction with other reagents developed in the laboratory should prove useful in providing insight into the cellular and molecular controls that contribute to this disease.
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Fung, Leung Pik-wah, e 梁碧華. "Strategic human resources management in a civil engineering/construction company". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31264906.
Testo completo
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Howard, Daniel. "Orthopaedic tissue engineering utilising immuno-selected human mesenchymal stem cells". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398731.
Testo completo
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Chao, Chung-Yun(Chung-Yun George). "Engineering of tools for De Novo Assembly of Human Cells". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130205.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis: Ph. D. in Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, September, September, 2020Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Organs for transplantation has continuously been in short supply and, given COVID-19's propensity to adversely impact solid organs, the shortage will likely become exacerbated. For decades, the field of tissue engineering has developed innovative methods to generate model tissues de novo. Top-down approaches, such as microfluidics and 3D bioprinting, provide spatial control by patterning cell types with high resolution, but face challenges in reproducing physiologically accurate cell types and interactions. Bottom-up methods, such as organoids, induce pluripotent cells to differentiate into aggregates that resemble their in vivo counterparts, yet the size and complexity of these structures are limited by nutrient diffusion and the morphology cannot be controlled. An ideal system would allow for high spatial control while retaining native cell-cell interactions formed through developmental progression.
To approach this capability, we aimed to create a sequential gene expression system that programmatically aggregate and differentiate cells, merging both top-down and bottom-up characteristics. First, we curated and characterized 28 recombinases to determine efficiency and pairwise compatibility for use in mammalian recombinase genetic circuits (RGC). From this set, we designed an RGC capable of expressing 12 genes in sequence, providing a framework for simulating the gene expression cascades of development. To elucidate the temporal dynamics of recombinase action in mammalian cells, we formulated a mathematical model for recombinase expression and catalysis and validated it with experimental data. We found that recombinases have variable expression levels, catalytic rates, and binding affinities, which should be accounted for when designing RGCs.
Separately, we designed a platform for engineering novel membrane proteins for inducing specific cell-cell interactions using coiled-coils, called helixCAM. We demonstrated that helixCAMs are capable of inducing patterned cell binding in E. coli, yeast, and human cells, and further utilized a library-on-library approach to engineer new helixCAM-optimized coiled-coils. Taken together, the genetic tools described in this thesis establish groundwork towards hybrid tissue engineering strategies capable of high-resolution patterning while enabling endogenous cell differentiation and cell-cell interactions to form, ultimately serving as a template for engineering large-scale tissue and organs de novo.
by Chung-Yun (George) Chao.
Ph. D. in Medical Engineering and Medical Physics
Ph.D.inMedicalEngineeringandMedicalPhysics Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology