Tesi sul tema "Inflation targeting rules"

This thesis focuses on exploring the most efficient forecast based rules for Inflation Targeting (IT) regime; modelling and forecasting inflation. Therefore, it is divided into four empirical chapters after the introduction as the first chapter follows the second chapter explores the most efficient alternative forecast based rules in the context of an estimated Global Projection Model for the Egyptian Central Bank’s IT period. In addition to the traditional Inflation Forecast Based (IFB) rule, the chapter augments this rule with other variables like the expected exchange rate or output gap or both. Also, it proposes a structural Backward-Forward rule (BF) which implies more dynamics for the monetary policy rule and it encompasses other common rules. The third chapter discusses modelling and forecasting inflation from Phillips Curve (PC) under misspecification. It considers various econometric specifications, estimation methods, and different measures of business cycles. Then, we propose a Time Varying Coefficient Phillips Curve (TVCPC) which is more sophisticated and informative and, also, it acts as a tool to make the gap between the actual specification and the estimated one as small as possible. The fourth chapter considers: modelling the density of quarterly inflation by using a time-varying higher order moment’s model developed by Leon, Rubio, and Serna (2005); and isolating the time-varying conditional correlations between inflation and both the growth in domestic credit and the real exchange rate by using two multivariate GARCH models. The fifth chapter focuses on improving inflation forecasts through combining some linear and non-linear models by using both traditional and other proposed sophisticated time varying combination approaches. We find that the BF rule is the superior welfare policy under all policy scenarios. With regard to the IFB rule, we conclude that: the augmented versions with the expected exchange rate are preferable to the IFB rule; the Time Varying Coefficient Phillips Curve with HP output gap (TVCPC_HP) produces the best forecasting accuracy; and models with time-invariant volatility, skewness and kurtosis are inferior to the models with time-varying higher order moments. Moreover, in comparison to static models, dynamic multivariate models can provide rich information related to inflation dynamics and forecasts. Further, the proposed time varying combination approaches dominate all individual models and all other static combination schemes.

Cette thèse s’intéresse au rôle du Ciblage d’inflation (CI) et des règles budgétaires (RBs), ainsi qu’à celui de leurs interactions, sur l’environnement macroéconomique. Après avoir posé les bases conceptuelles et empiriques de ces deux cadres de politique basés sur des règles (Chapitre 1), la thèse met en évidence de nouveaux résultats relatifs à leurs conséquences macroéconomiques. Premièrement, l’adoption du CI permet d’attirer plus d’investissements directs étrangers dans les pays en développement (Chapitre 2). Deuxièmement, dans ces pays, l’adoption du CI incite fortement les gouvernements à entreprendre des réformes destinées à améliorer la qualité des institutions (Chapitre 3). Troisièmement, l’introduction des RBs numériques au niveau national constitue un remède crédible contre l’indiscipline budgétaire, surtout dans les pays politiquement stables et avec un grand nombre de RBs en place. Mais cet effet disciplinaire des RBs diminue avec la durée de temps consécutive à leur adoption et est affaibli en présence de RBs supranationales et dans les pays à gouvernement fragmenté. Plus intéressant, cet effet varie en fonction du type de règles : tandis que les règles de solde budgétaire et les règles de dépense exercent un effet disciplinaire sur la conduite de la politique budgétaire, l’effet des règles de dette s’avère statistiquement non significatif (Chapitre 4). Les trois derniers chapitres de la thèse analysent le rôle de l’interaction entre le CI et les RBs, et dans une plus grande mesure de l’interaction entre les autorités monétaires et budgétaires. Le premier résultat qui en découle est que le CI, qui est un cadre de conduite de la politique monétaire, s’avère aussi suffisamment contraignant pour les autorités budgétaires de sorte à les inciter fortement à améliorer la discipline budgétaire, notamment dans les pays en développement (Chapitre 5). Par ailleurs, d’une part, le CI et les RBs agissent de façon complémentaire, puisqu’adopter à la fois le CI et les Rbs conduit à de meilleurs résultats budgétaires et inflationnistes qu’adopter seulement l’un ou l’autre de ces deux cadres de politique. D’autre part, la séquence qui consiste à introduire d’abord les RBs avant d’adopter le CI produit de meilleures performances inflationnistes et budgétaires que la séquence inverse (Chapitre 6). Finalement, une meilleure cohérence du Policy-Mix, c'est-À-Dire une meilleure coordination des politiques monétaire et budgétaire conduit à une plus grande croissance économique dans la Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) (Chapitre 7)
This thesis is concerned with the role of Inflation Targeting (IT) and Fiscal Rules (FRs), as well as of their interactions, on macroeconomic environment. After laying the conceptual and empirical backgrounds of both these rules-Based policy frameworks (Chapter 1), the dissertation highlights new evidence on their macroeconomic consequences. First, IT adoption does help attracting more Foreign Direct Investment into Developing Countries (Chapter 2). Second, inthese countries, IT adoption provides strong incentives for governments to undertake reforms designed to improve the quality of institutions (Chapter 3). Third, the introduction of national-Level numerical FRs does stand as a credible remedy against fiscal indiscipline in these countries, all the more in politically stable economies and where the numberof FRs in place is important. But this discipline-Enhancing effect of FRs decreases with the time length since their adoption, and is weakened in the presence of supranational rules and in countries with more fragmented government. Interestingly, this effect varies with the type of rules: while Budget Balance Rules and Expenditure Rules have significant disciplineenhancing effects, the effect of Debt Rules proved not significantly different from zero (Chapter 4). The last three chapters of the thesis focus on the role of the interaction between IT and FRs, and to a broader extent, on the interplay between monetary and fiscal authorities. The first result that emerges is that IT, which is a framework for conducting monetary policy, proves also sufficiently binding for fiscal authorities to providing them with strong incentives for improving fiscal discipline, notably in developing countries (Chapter 5). In addition, on the one hand, IT and FRs act complementarily, as adopting both IT and FRs leads to better results in terms of running fiscal surpluses and in terms of bringing down average inflation than adopting only one of these two frameworks. On the other hand, the sequence which consists of introducing FRs first before adopting IT yields better inflationary and fiscal performances than the opposite sequence (Chapter 6). Finally, better Policy Mix coherence, that is, better coordination between monetary and fiscal policies, is conducive to higher economic growth in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) (Chapter 7)

Magister Commercii - MCom
Monetary policy rules are guidelines applied by policy makers when adjusting monetary instruments towards reaching policy objectives like price stability. The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) uses the repurchase (repo) rate at which it lends to commercial banks as its monetary instrument. This study examines whether the SARB considers the output gap when deciding on changes to the repo rate. In order to test the above hypothesis the study applied a simple multiple linear regression model (quantitative methods). The hypothesis was tested based on the following independent variables: consumer price index (headline), natural real interest rate, potential output and actual output using the Eviews and STAMP econometric software packages. The study focussed on the time period between 1989 and 2009 when the central bank governors were targeting the repo rate as an instrument towards achieving their monetary policy objectives. The results illustrate evidence of 82 % to 92 % correlation in the movements between the predicted Taylor rule with the univariate model and the actual repo rate. This means that the behaviour the SARB monetary policy conduct was sufficiently structured and influenced by the developments of both inflation and the output gap, even though the SARB have not consciously implemented a Taylor model. In short, the output gap and inflation rate gap pressures influenced strongly the monetary policy decisions of the SARB, even before the formal adoption of an inflation targeting framework.

The main goal of this thesis has been a study of alternative policy rules in a small structural model calibrated to capture the Czech economy. After the overview of the historic development of economic theory and structural modeling we have specified a small open economy model that has served as a main technical tool for the analysis. The model represents a framework, where forward-looking model-consistent expectations are formed with respect to the development of the exchange rate and interest rates. Inflation expectations are forward looking too with some nominal rigidities in inflation dynamics. The model's structure is relatively simple. The IS curve captures the dynamics of real GDP, that exhibits real rigidity, motivated by habit formation or investment adjustment costs. In our specification the real GDP is a function of (the deviation of) real XR, real IR and foreign demand (from corresponding equilibrium levels). The Phillips-curve is based on the F-M type wage setting behavior, therefore it enables to consider domestic prices, that are modeled as mark-ups over wages. CPI inflation then consists of domestic, imported and administered inflation, including the effect of any indirect taxes changes. The exchange rate is modeled by the UIP arbitrage condition. Exchange rate expectations are forward-looking, but with some inertia in expectation formation. Interest rates with one year maturity are also modeled as an arbitrage condition on the money market, they are fully model-consistently forward looking. The model is closed by a Taylor-type forward-looking policy rule. The interest rate exhibits some inertia and feeds back from deviation of inflation from target and output from its equilibrium. The specification (parameterization) of the rule is general enough to examine CPI and domestic inflation targeting. The model specification has been followed by empirical work leading towards the implementation of the previously specified model on Czech data. Based on the sources of the Czech Statistical Office, Czech National Bank, Consensus Economics Inc., we first processed the data by executing seasonal adjustment and other transformations necessary for being consistent with the definition of model variables. The database has been created by an automatic MATLAB based routine, therefore the calculations were relatively easy to update. The database being completed, we have set up a Kalman-filter for determining equilibrium values for the real interest rate, exchange rate and output. At the same time through Kalman filtering we identified all model residuals. We paid special attention to the decomposition of the output gap and discussing In order to assess the overall dynamic properties of the model and judge how well the model fits the data, we conducted several exercises. First we decomposed some of the important endogenous variables of the model to shocks to see, whether the identified shocks are in line with our intuition and episodes of the recent Czech economic history. We found, that the shocks are not in contrast with some of the clearly distinguishable episodes. After the shock decomposition we run in-sample simulations to see, how well the model is able to fit the reality two years ahead. We found the overall results quite encouraging. We were able to fit quite well the output gap as well as MP inflation. Domestic inflation has been slightly more inertial in model simulations than in reality, but even in this case the results were acceptable. The model was not able to fit the 2001-2 appreciation of the nominal XR footnote{Understandably it neither forecasted well the fast fall in inflation after the appreciation period.}, which is not a big surprise. The model calibration part of the thesis concludes, that the model fits the data and economic story reasonably well.

In Korea, an inflation targeting (IT) regime was adopted in the aftermath of the Korean currency crisis of 1997–1998. At that time, the Bank of Korea (BOK) shifted the instrument of monetary policy from monetary aggregates to interest rates. Recently, central bank policymakers have confronted more uncertainties than ever before when deciding their policy interest rates. In this monetary policy environment, it is worth exploring whether the BOK has kept a conservative posture in moving the Korean call rate target, the equivalent of the US Federal Funds rate target since the implementation of an interest rate-oriented monetary policy. Together with this, the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2007–2009 provoked by the US sub-prime mortgage market recalls the following question: should central banks pre-emptively react to a sharp increase in asset prices? Historical episodes indicate that boom-bust cycles in asset prices, in particular, house prices, can be damaging to the economy. In Korea, house prices have been evolving under uncertainties, and in the process house-price bubbles have been formed. Therefore, in recent years, central bankers and academia in Korea have paid great attention to fluctuations in asset prices. In this context, the aims of this thesis are: (i) to set up theoretical and empirical models of monetary policy under uncertainty; (ii) to examine the effect of uncertainty on the operation of monetary policy since the adoption of interest rate-oriented policy; and (iii) to investigate whether gradual adjustment in policy rates can be explained by uncertainty in Korea. Another important aim is (iv) to examine whether house-price fluctuations be taken into account in formulating monetary policy. The main findings of this thesis are summarised as follows. Firstly, as in advanced countries, the four stylised facts regarding the policy interest rate path are found in Korea: infrequent changes in policy rates; successive changes in the same direction; asymmetric adjustments in terms of the size of interest-rate changes for continuation and reversal periods; and a long pause before reversals in policy rates. These patterns of policy rates (i.e., interest-rate smoothing) characterised the central bank‘s reaction to inflation and the output gap as being less aggressive than the optimising central bank behavior would predict (Chapter 3). Secondly, uncertainty may provide a rationale for a smoother path of the policy interest rate in Korea. In particular, since the introduction of the interest rate-oriented monetary policy, the actual call money rates have shown to be similar to the optimal rate path under parameter uncertainty. Gradual movements in the policy rates do not necessarily indicate that the central bank has an interest-rate smoothing incentive. Uncertainty about the dynamic structure of the economy, which is dubbed ‗parameter uncertainty‘, could account for a considerable portion of the observed gradual movements in policy interest rates (Chapter 4). Thirdly, it is found that the greater the output-gap uncertainty, the smaller the output-gap response coefficients in the optimal policy rules, and in a similar vein, the greater inflation uncertainty, the smaller the inflation response coefficients. The optimal policy rules derived by using data without errors showed the large size of the output-gap and inflation response coefficients. This finding confirms that data uncertainty can be one of sources explaining the reasons why monetary policymakers react less aggressively in setting their interest rate instrument (Chapter 5). Finally, we found that house prices conveyed some useful information on conditions such as possible financial instability and future inflation in Korea, and the house-price shock differed from other shocks to the macroeconomy in that it had persistent impacts on the economy, consequently provoking much larger economic volatility. Empirical simulations showed that the central bank could reduce its loss values in terms of economic volatility, resulting in promoting overall economic stability when it responds more directly to fluctuations in house prices. This finding provides the reason why the central bank should give more attention to house-price fluctuations when conducting monetary policy (Chapter 6).

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The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the case of monetary policy rules in models in which the a:gent's expectations are rational based in forward looking view for Inflation target regimes. The commitment and discretionary optimum solutions are derivedand applied to a rnacroeconomlc model for the Brazilian economy and the results are also compared to those obtained frorn the use of a Taylor rule. The behavior of the model, under the different rules,is analyzed using a Output-Inílatlon Trade-Off frontier and through the dynarnic analysis for different shocks, including shocks of different persistence.
O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar as regras de condução da política monetária em modelos em que os agentes formam suas expectativas de forma racional (forward looking models), no contexto do regime de metas de inflação. As soluções ótimas de pré - comprometimento e discricionária são derivadas e aplicadas a um modelo macroeconômico para a economia brasileira e os resultados são também comparados com os obtidos pela adoção da regra de Taylor. A análise do comportamento do modelo sob diferentes regras é feita através da construção da fronteira do trede-oit da variância do hiato do produto e da inflação e da análise dinâmica frente a ocorrência de choques. A discussão referente à análise dinâmica do modelo é estendida para o caso onde a persistência dos choques é variada.

Depuis 1990, bon nombres de pays industrialisés et émergents ont adopté la politique de ciblage d’inflation. Ce régime monétaire a été adopté sans théorie adjacente dans la mesure où il a démarré comme une solution alternative à la recherche sans fin d’un système d’ancrage nominal suite aux échecs répétés des politiques antérieurs. Ce retard théorique fait naître de nombreux débats économiques sur la conduite de ce régime monétaire dont les plus importants feront l’objet d’une discussion approfondie au sein de cette thèse. Dans un premier chapitre, nous définissons la politique de ciblage d’inflation. Dans un second chapitre nous abordons la question de la conduite optimale de ce régime d’un point de vue théorique et empirique. Nous montrons que la règle optimale est une règle à la Taylor de type Forward-Looking dont elle peut avoir un comportement asymétrique. Dans un troisième chapitre, nous abordons la question de l’efficacité de la politique de ciblage d’inflation. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié l’effet d’intervention de ce régime sur la dynamique d’inflation. Nous avons recours à la théorie spectrale évolutive afin de modéliser la série de l’inflation dans le but de tester son évolution. Les résultats sont en faveur de l’efficacité de ciblage d’inflation. Le dernier axe de cette thèse s’intéresse à la question de la performance économique de ce régime monétaire. Pour ce faire nous développons une méthodologie originale évaluée selon une approche économétrique originale. En effet, nous qualifions le ciblage d’inflation comme économiquement performant s’il génère une stabilité de l’environnement de la politique monétaire. Le fondement de cette idée fera l’objet du quatrième chapitre. Quant au chapitre cinq, il développera l’approche économétrique basée sur la théorie co-spectrale pour mesure le degré de stabilité de cet environnement. Les résultats montrent que le ciblage d’inflation est économiquement performant
The inflation targeting policy (ITP) was born after the failure of many monetary policies. However, the ITP was adopted without inherent theory which raised many discussions. In this dissertation, we study the most important debates. In the first chapter, we defined the ITP. Then, we treat the question of the optimal rule conduct. We show that the optimal monetary rule is a type Taylor rule under a Forward-Looking version and which can be linear or nonlinear. In the third chapter, we focus on the discussion about the relevance of the inflation targeting policy. To study this point we use the evolutionary spectral analysis to model the inflation series and we test then, if the ITP cause a structural break. Our results show the relevance of the ITP. The last discussion in this work is to check the macroeconomic performance of the ITP. The main idea is to consider the ITP as economically efficient when it generates a stable monetary environment. The latter is considered as stable when a long-run equilibrium exists to which the paths of economic variables (inflation rate, interest rate and GDP growth) converge. The convergence of the variables’ paths implies that these variables are more predictable and implies a less uncertainty in the economic environment. To measure the degree of convergence between economic variables, we propose, in this paper, a dynamic time-varying variable presented in the frequency approach named cohesion. This variable is estimated from the evolutionary co-spectral theory. The results show that the ITP is a relevance policy and generate a good performance

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The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the use of simple restricted and optimum unrestricted monetary rules for the Brazilian economy, with special attention to the impact of the exchange rate in the transmission of monetary policy. The rules were found by a dynamic programming process e compared in terms of their economic efficiency, measured by the reduction of inflation and product variance. These results were used as a benchmark to evaluate the performance of the Brazilian inflationary target regime, since its implementation in July 1999.
O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o uso de regras ótimas irrestritas e de regras simples restritas de política monetária para a economia brasileira, com especial atenção ao impacto da taxa de câmbio na transmissão da política monetária. As regras foram encontradas através de um processo de programação dinâmica e comparadas em termos da eficiência econômica de cada uma, medida pela redução da variância do produto e da inflação. Estes resultados serviram de referência para avaliar o desempenho do regime de metas de inflação no Brasil, desde a sua implementação em julho de 1999.

O objetivo desta tese será o de contribuir com o desenvolvimento do Sistema de Metas para a Inflação no Brasil. Implantado em 1999, o atual regime monetário brasileiro vem conseguindo manter a evolução dos preços e as expectativas de inflação dos agentes econômicos em conformidade com as metas estabelecidas na maior parte do tempo. Entretanto, existem diversas questões que apresentam espaço para a investigação, tanto teórica, quanto aplicada à realidade brasileira, contexto no qual este trabalho buscou sua justificativa. Primeiramente, é realizado um capítulo teórico que trata dos principais elementos que fundamentam o Regime de Metas de Inflação. Na seqüência, discute-se o papel de regras sub-ótimas no regime e são estimadas funções de reação para o Banco Central do Brasil e para o mercado futuro de juros local. Os resultados permitem observar que há um comportamento compatível com uma Regra de Taylor, tanto por parte da autoridade monetária brasileira, quanto do mercado de juros, sendo esse muito sensível a surpresas nas decisões do Comitê de Política Monetária (COPOM). O terceiro capítulo discute um dos temas mais importantes numa economia sob um sistema de metas: a taxa natural de juros. Seu comportamento é estimado por meio de um modelo macroeconômico simplificado e seus resultados confrontados com outras medidas comumente encontradas na literatura, como filtros estatísticos e uma medida de juros real implícita nas decisões do COPOM, que refutam a idéia de excesso de conservadorismo na condução da política monetária no período avaliado. Por fim, é apresentado um trabalho que discute o papel das instituições como elemento contributivo na condução da política monetária. Mais especificamente, é verificada a existência de ganhos econômicos com a independência dos bancos centrais que adotam o regime de metas.
This thesis aims to contribute to the development for Inflation Targeting System in Brazil. Implanted in 1999, the current Brazilian Monetary Structure has been able to maintain the price evolution and the expectations of the economic agent’s inflation in accordance with the established goals most of the time. However, there are several issues to be argued about, not only theoretical matters but also the ones applied to the Brazilian reality, context in which this work is based. First, a theoretical chapter on the main elements, which base the Inflation Targeting System, was written. Then, the role of sub-optimal rules in the system is discussed and the reaction functions are estimated for the Brazilian Central Bank and for the domestic interest future market. The results allow us to observe that there is a compatible behavior with Taylor’s Rule on the Brazilian monetary authority’s side, and the interest market as well, being this very sensitive to surprises in the Committee for Monetary Policy (COPOM) decisions. The third chapter discusses one of the most important issues in an economy under a goal structure: the natural interest rate. Its behavior is estimated through a simplified macroeconomic model and the results are confronted with other measures – commonly found in the literature-, such as statistical filters and a real interest measurement implicit in COPOM’s decisions, which refute the idea of excess of conservatism in the monetary policy management in the studied period. Finally, a work that discusses the role of the institutions as a contributive element in the monetary policy management is presented. More specifically, the existence of economic earnings from independence of central banks that adopt the Inflation Targeting System is verified.

Cette thèse porte sur la problématique de l’application de la politique monétaire en République Slovaque (RS) depuis 1990. Malgré sa courte histoire la Banque Nationale de la Slovaquie (BNS), possédait et possède toujours une position importante dans le processus de transformation, dans la stabilisation de la situation macroéconomique et dans l’accomplissement des ambitions d’intégration de la RS. Par conséquent, la BNS doit réagir aux tendances actuelles dans le domaine des cibles, instruments et stratégies monétaires. La BNS a significativement avancé dans ce domaine dans une direction positive. La mise en oeuvre d‘une stratégie monétaire optimale, la combinaison appropriée de la règle monétaire et de la politique monétaire discretionnaire peuvent influencer favorablement l’efficacite de la BNS. L’application de la règle monétaire en tant que fonction de réaction de la banque centrale augmente la transparence et la clarté des mesures monétaires de la cette dernière. Une règle monétaire permet aux investisseurs, banquiers, analystes financiers et aux autres agents économiques de prévoir plus précisément la direction et le volume des mesures de la BNS. En conséquence de quoi la transmission et l’impact des démarches est plus efficace. Etant donné que la version officielle de la règle monétaire appliquée par la BNS n’est pas encore connue, il est dans l’intérêt de nombreux analystes de calculer cette formule. Cette thèse offre des processus éventuels pour élaboration d’une règle monétaire dans le contexte de la RS et en propose une forme possible
The objective of this thesis is to characterise and to evaluate evolution of monetary policy in Slovakia as well as to suggest an optimal monetary strategy for the future. Theoretical part treats beginning and evolution of the monetary policy in the world and main approaches in its application within central banking. In the conclusion of theoretical part is review of literature dealing with similar problematic. The thesis analyses evolution of National Bank of Slovakia (NBS) independence, instruments and objectives. Evaluation of NBS monetary policy application, respectively State Bank of Czechoslovakia monetary policy application, is divided into five basic periods since 1990 to 2005. It is crucial to choose an optimal monetary strategy in order to increase central bank effectiveness and at the same time in respect to the Slovak Republic integration procedures. The thesis compares and analyses advantages and disadvantages of several alternative monetary strategies as for intermediate objectives and as for decisional process. According to our conclusions a Taylor-type rule should be the integral part of the optimal NBS monetary strategy. The rule originates from basic Taylor rule that enables to determinate direction and volume of central bank measurements. Our Taylor rule is applied and adopted to Slovak macroeconomic conditions. Time ranks of chosen macroeconomic indicators since 1993 to 2005 were applied in determination and calculation of the rule. Achieved results are significantly consistent with theory, initial pre-assumptions and current NBS activity

La présente thèse porte sur « Les Perspectives de Ciblage de l'Inflation dans les Pays de l'UEMOA » dontl'opportunité pourrait être bien saisie à la suite de la nouvelle réforme institutionnelle de l'UMOA et de laBCEAO. Cette réforme doit s'accompagner d'une stratégie opérationnelle explicite dans la mesure où sesinnovations majeures sont très proches d'une politique de ciblage de l'inflation. Pour cela, nous évaluons lapolitique monétaire de la BCEAO axée en partie sur un régime de change fixe depuis les indépendances.Ainsi, après avoir montré la nécessité pour les Banque Centrale d’ancrer les anticipations inflationnistesdans les pays de l'UEMOA et l'apport potentiel de l'annonce d'un objectif d'inflation dans la maîtrise du tauxd'inflation (Chapitre 1), nous montrons que la politique de change fixe n'a pas été à l'origine des tauxd'inflation relativement contenus dans la l'Union, mais pire, elle procure de mauvaises résultats en termesd'une croissance économique élevée et soutenue (Chapitre 2). En cela, nous recommandons pour l’Unionun cadre de type d’une combinaison d’un régime de change intermédiaire et d’une stratégie de ciblage del’inflation. C’est ainsi qu’une cible d’inflation a été déterminée et, elle apparaît différente aussi bien d’un paysà l’autre que de l’objectif de 2% annoncé par le Comité de Politique Monétaire de la BCEAO (Chapitre 3).Nous terminons en déterminant la règle de ciblage d'inflation, et montrons que la meilleure règle optimaleque les autorités monétaires devraient adopter dans un cadre de ciblage de l'inflation concilie l’ancragenominal et la régulation conjoncturelle (Chapitre 4)
This thesis focuses on evaluating the "Prospects of Inflation Targeting in the WAEMU countries" in the wakeof the new institutional reform followed by the WAMU and the BCEAO. This reform must be accompanied byan explicit operational strategy insofar as its major innovations are very close to a policy of inflation targeting.Accordingly, we assess the impact of monetary policy of the BCEAO that focused on fixed exchange ratesince independence. In this respect, we manifest the inability of the fixed exchange rate policy to anchorinflation expectations in the WAEMU countries and the potential contribution regarding the announcement oftarget in controlling inflation (Chapter 1). In addition, we demonstrate, on the one hand, that the fixedexchange rate policy was not the cause of inflation contained in the WAEMU, and on the other, it providespoor results in terms of high and sustained economic growth (Chapter 2). Consequently, we recommend aframework of combination of an intermediate exchange rate regime and an inflation targeting strategy forWAEMU countries. Hence, an inflation target has been determined and it appears to be different from onecountry to another, against the 2% target announced by the Monetary Policy Committee of the BCEAO(Chapter 3). Finally, we define the inflation targeting rule, and show that the best optimal rule that monetaryauthorities adopt in an inflation targeting framework should ideally, reconciles nominal anchor and economicregulation (Chapter 4)

L’objectif est d’analyser les déterminants et les mécanismes de transmission de la politique monétaire en Chine au cours des deux décennies passées. Elle contribue à la littérature par le biais de deux nouvelles mesures de la politique monétaire en Chine, l'une combinant les instruments utilisés par la banque centrale et l'autre basée sur les discours de la banque centrale sur la politique monétaire. Ces deux approches permettent de prendre en compte le comportement complexe et adaptatif de la banque centrale. Ces mesures permettent de mettre en évidence des changements substantiels dans le style de la politique à partir de 2002, plus graduelle et agressive envers l’inflation, en lien avec le début du mandat du gouverneur Xiaochuan, le processus de libéralisation des taux d’intérêt et l’ouverture commerciale et financière de la Chine. De plus, l’estimation d’un modèle à choix discret révèle une politique monétaire caractérisée par une politique accommodante sur l’inflation avant 2002 et un ciblage implicite de l’inflation à partir de 2002, similaire à celles du G3 pré- et post-1979. Enfin, cette thèse analyse les facteurs expliquant la déformation de la courbe des taux obligataires en Chine au cours de la dernière décennie. Alors que le contrôle des taux d’intérêt peut entraver l’usage de la courbe de taux comme référence pour évaluer les actifs risqués, celle-ci évolue bien en lien avec les autres instruments, la situation macroéconomique en Chine et de plus en plus aux communications de la banque centrale. Enfin, nos analyses révèlent l’influence de la politique monétaire américaine sur celle de la Chine et sur l’évolution de la courbe de taux sur la décennie passée
The objective of this thesis is to enhance the understanding of the determinants and the transmission mechanisms of monetary policy in China over the last two decades. It contributes to the literature providing two new composite measures of monetary policy in China based on alternative approaches, one combining the large range of monetary policy instruments and the other based on central bank speeches. Both prove to be essential to take into account the complex and adaptive behavior of the People’s Bank of China (PBC). Our instrument-based monetary policy index emphasizes substantial changes in policy style towards smoother but more hawkish policy moves from 2002 onwards, consistent with the start of the mandate of Governor Zhou Xiaochuan, the interest rate liberalization process and the increasing trade and financial opening. Moreover, the estimation of a discrete-choice model implies a conduct of monetary policy characterized by an inflation-accommodating policy before 2002 and an implicit inflation targeting from 2002 onwards, which respectively resembles that of pre-1979 and post-1979 policy of the G3. Our thesis examines the deformation of the bond yield curve over the last decade to evaluate monetary policy transmission mechanisms. While regulated interest rates can hamper the use of the yield curve as benchmark for pricing risk, the latter moves in line with the other instruments, the macroeconomic situation, and increasingly to central bank communication, a crucial step toward a market oriented system. Finally, US monetary policy significantly affects monetary policy determinants and transmission mechanisms in China, particularly from its WTO accession in 2001

The aim of the thesis is to address issues concerning modelling and evaluation of monetary policy by obtaining targeting rules from optimisation techniques using welfare loss functions that capture asymmetries and zone targeting behaviours. The motivation is that the specification of the most widely used monetary policy rule, i.e. the Taylor rule, may not adequately capture the stylised key features of monetary policy practice as has been shown by Nobay and Peel (2003), Aksoy et al. (2006) and Boinet and Martin (2008). The thesis also addresses the importance of the behaviour of certain financial asset prices and their implications in monetary policy decision making. It also analyses the impact of uncertainty about the true state of the economy on domestic interest rates. First, the response of monetary policy to deviations of inflation and output from their target values based on a framework that allows asymmetric and zone targeting monetary authorities’ preferences is estimated.1 Second, the monetary policy reaction function, which is augmented with a comprehensive index that collects and synthesises information from the financial asset markets is estimated for South Africa based on a framework that allows asymmetric and zone targeting monetary authorities’ preferences.2 Third, the impact of uncertainty about the state of the economy on monetary policy in South Africa using a framework that allows asymmetric and zone targeting monetary authorities’ preferences is analysed. The main findings are that the monetary authorities’ response towards inflation is zone symmetric and their response to output fluctuations is asymmetric. The second major finding is that the conditions in the financial asset markets form an important information set for the monetary authorities and that the monetary authorities pay close attention to the conditions in these markets by placing an equal weight on financial asset markets booms and recessions. The empirical results also reveal a significant impact of uncertainty about the state of the economy on domestic interest rates during the inflation targeting period and that the monetary authorities exhibit discretionary behaviour when implementing monetary policy under uncertainty. The thesis contributes to the body of knowledge in the field of economics by addressing important issues in monetary policy design and conduct using a framework that capture the stylised key features of monetary policy practice. All these issues are important in design and conduct of monetary policy. They are currently debated at many central banks including South Africa.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Economics
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