Articoli di riviste: "Influenza, Human Influenza, Human"

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Mubareka, Samira, e Peter Palese. "Human Genes and Influenza". Journal of Infectious Diseases 197, n. 1 (gennaio 2008): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/524067.

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Peteranderl, Christin, Carole Schmoldt e Susanne Herold. "Human Influenza Virus Infections". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 37, n. 04 (3 agosto 2016): 487–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584801.

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Hayden, Frederick G. "Experimental human influenza: observations from studies of influenza antivirals". Antiviral Therapy 17, n. 1 Pt B (2012): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/imp2062.

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Capua, Ilaria, e Dennis J. Alexander. "Avian influenza and human health". Acta Tropica 83, n. 1 (luglio 2002): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00050-5.

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Kuiken, Thijs, e Jeffery K. Taubenberger. "Pathology of human influenza revisited". Vaccine 26 (settembre 2008): D59—D66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.025.

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Peiris, M., KY Yuen, CW Leung, KH Chan, PLS Ip, RWM Lai, WK Orr e KF Shortridge. "Human infection with influenza H9N2". Lancet 354, n. 9182 (settembre 1999): 916–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)03311-5.

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Iwami, Shingo, Yasuhiro Takeuchi e Xianning Liu. "Avian–human influenza epidemic model". Mathematical Biosciences 207, n. 1 (maggio 2007): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2006.08.001.

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Lewis, David B. "Avian Flu to Human Influenza". Annual Review of Medicine 57, n. 1 (febbraio 2006): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.57.121304.131333.

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Oshansky, Christine M., e Paul G. Thomas. "The human side of influenza". Journal of Leukocyte Biology 92, n. 1 (luglio 2012): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1011506.

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Roy, Prosun, SM Rashed-ul Islam, Farhana Rahman e Md Mahmudur Rahman Siddiqui. "Avian Influenza & Human Health". Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 5, n. 1 (7 maggio 2014): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v5i1.18839.

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Abstract (sommario):

The world is now under human pandemic threat by avian influenza viruses. As the human, animal and the environment interact closely from the dawn of the civilization, human health is tremendously influenced by animal health and their health issues. In last few centuries the world has suffered a number of influenza pandemics killing millions of people such as Spanish Flu (1918), Asiatic or Russian Flu (1889-1890), Asian Flu (1957-1958) etc. The exceptional capability of genetic mutation of the influenza viruses offered threats to the whole world time to time. Like all other countries Bangladesh also not away from the heat of the situation. Human cases of avian influenza subtype H1N1, H3, H5N1, and H9N2 have already been reported from Bangladesh. This article reviews the information available on pandemic potential of avian influenza viruses. The article also sheds light on different avian influenza viruses along with some emphasis on clinical and preventive aspects of the avian influenza viral infections, and on avian influenza pandemic preparedness of Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v5i1.18839 Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 5, No. 1: January 2014, Pages 35-38

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Rowe, Emily, Pei Yi Ng, Thiaghu Chandra, Mark Chen e Yee-Sin Leo. "Seasonal Human Influenza: Treatment Options". Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases 6, n. 3 (25 giugno 2014): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40506-014-0019-z.

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Hrnjakovic-Cvjetkovic, Ivana, Dejan Cvjetkovic, Vera Jerant-Patic, Vesna Milosevic, Jelena Tadic-Radovanov e Gordana Kovacevic. "Avian influenza viruses - new causative a gents of human infections". Medical review 59, n. 1-2 (2006): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0602029h.

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Introduction. Influenza A viruses can infect humans, some mammals and especially birds. Subtypes of human influenza A viruses: ACH1N1), ACH2N2) and A(H3N2) have caused pandemics. Avian influenza viruses vary owing to their 15 hemagglutinins (H) and 9 neuraminidases (N). Human cases of avian influenza A In the Netherlands in 2003, there were 83 human cases of influenza A (H7N7). In 1997, 18 cases of H5N1 influenza A, of whom 6 died, were found among residents of Hong Kong. In 2004, 34 human cases (23 deaths) were reported in Viet Nam and Thailand. H5N1 virus-infected patients presented with fever and respiratory symptoms. Complications included respiratory distress syndrome, renal failure, liver dysfunction and hematologic disorders. Since 1999, 7 cases of human influenza H9N2 infection have been identified in China and Hong Kong. The importance of human infection with avian influenza viruses. H5N1 virus can directly infect humans. Genetic reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses may occur in humans co infected with current human A(HIN1) or A(H3N2) subtypes and avian influenza viruses. The result would be a new influenza virus with pandemic potential. All genes of H5Nl viruses isolated from humans are of avian origin. Prevention and control. The reassortant virus containing H and N from avian and the remaining proteins from human influenza viruses will probably be used as a vaccine strain. The most important control measures are rapid destruction of all infected or exposed birds and rigorous disinfection of farms. Individuals exposed to suspected animals should receive prophylactic treatment with antivirals and annual vaccination. .

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Chaisri, Urai, e Wanpen Chaicumpa. "Evolution of Therapeutic Antibodies, Influenza Virus Biology, Influenza, and Influenza Immunotherapy". BioMed Research International 2018 (28 maggio 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9747549.

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This narrative review article summarizes past and current technologies for generating antibodies for passive immunization/immunotherapy. Contemporary DNA and protein technologies have facilitated the development of engineered therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in a variety of formats according to the required effector functions. Chimeric, humanized, and human monoclonal antibodies to antigenic/epitopic myriads with less immunogenicity than animal-derived antibodies in human recipients can be producedin vitro. Immunotherapy with ready-to-use antibodies has gained wide acceptance as a powerful treatment against both infectious and noninfectious diseases. Influenza, a highly contagious disease, precipitates annual epidemics and occasional pandemics, resulting in high health and economic burden worldwide. Currently available drugs are becoming less and less effective against this rapidly mutating virus. Alternative treatment strategies are needed, particularly for individuals at high risk for severe morbidity. In a setting where vaccines are not yet protective or available, human antibodies that are broadly effective against various influenza subtypes could be highly efficacious in lowering morbidity and mortality and controlling unprecedented epidemic/pandemic. Prototypes of human single-chain antibodies to several conserved proteins of influenza virus with no Fc portion (hence, no ADE effect in recipients) are available. These antibodies have high potential as a novel, safe, and effective anti-influenza agent.

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Suzuki, Yasuo. "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza". Journal of Disaster Research 6, n. 4 (1 agosto 2011): 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0398.

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The highly pathogenic avian influenza, H5N1 subtype, has been transmitted to humans in 15 countries in the world, with a significantly high fatality rate. The transmission to humans has been expanded. Since the virus was transmitted to humans for the first time in Hong Kong in 1997, the transmission of the virus from human to human has been limited. One of the reasons of the limitation can be found in the fact that the sialoglycoconjugates receptor-binding specificity of H5N1 virus is avian-type, and a mutation of the virus for acquiring receptor-binding specificity exclusively to humans has not occurred. However, it is concerned that if such a mutation of the virus occurred, a pandemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza would break out with a scale far exceeding that of the disastrous Spanish influenza in the past. This paper deals with the present condition of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, the mechanism of the virus to acquire the propensity of transmissibility to humans, and the measures against such a mutation.

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Mworozi, E., D. Byarugaba, B. Erima, J. Bwogi, L. Luswa, D. Mimbe, M. Milland, H. Kibuuka e W. Mangeni. "Influenza and influenza like illness in human populations in Uganda". International Journal of Infectious Diseases 16 (giugno 2012): e139-e140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.316.

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Purizaga, Nestor. "Adverse events vaccine human influenza A H1N1 in Tumbes". Manglar 10, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2013): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/manglar.2013.009.

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Mumford, Elizabeth, Jennifer Bishop, Saskia Hendrickx, Peter Ben Embarek e Michael Perdue. "Avian Influenza H5N1: Risks at the Human–Animal Interface". Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28, n. 2_suppl2 (giugno 2007): S357—S363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265070282s215.

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Background Great concern has arisen over the continued infection of humans with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of the H5N1 subtype. Ongoing human exposure potentially increases the risk that a pandemic virus strain will emerge that is easily transmissible among humans. Although the pathogenicity of a pandemic strain cannot be predicted, the high mortality seen in documented H5N1 human infections thus far has raised the level of concern. Objectives To define the three types of influenza that can affect humans, discuss potential exposure risks at the human–animal interface, and suggest ways to reduce exposure and help prevent development of a pandemic virus. Methods This review is based on data and guidelines available from the World Health Organization, the scientific literature, and official governmental reports. Results Epidemiological data on human exposure risk are generally incomplete. Transmission of HPAI to humans is thought to occur through contact with respiratory secretions, feces, contaminated feathers, organs, and blood from live or dead infected birds and possibly from contaminated surfaces. Consumption of properly cooked poultry and eggs is not thought to pose a risk. Use of antiviral containment and vaccination may protect against development of a pandemic. Conclusions To most effectively decrease the risk of a pandemic, the public health and animal health sectors—those which are responsible for protecting and improving the health of humans and animals, respectively—must collaborate to decrease human exposure to HPAI virus, both by controlling virus circulation among poultry and by assessing the risks of human exposure to avian influenza virus at the human—animal interface from primary production through consumption of poultry and poultry products, and implementing risk-based mitigation measures.

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Speers, David J. "Avian influenza and the implication for human infection". Microbiology Australia 33, n. 4 (2012): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma12172.

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza due to H5N1 virus has decimated poultry flocks throughout the eastern hemisphere and resulted in over 600 human infections. Despite the H5N1 virus being endemic in several Asian countries, with ongoing human exposure and infection, efficient human-to-human transmission has not been reported. There is much concern over the pandemic potential of this virus should this transmissibility develop due to its widespread circulation, continued evolution and recent research showing relatively few mutations are needed for airborne mammalian transmission. It is unknown whether the emergence of such a mutated H5N1 virus would cause a pandemic owing to uncertainties of how the virus would behave in humans.

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Philippon, Damien A. M., Peng Wu, Benjamin J. Cowling e Eric H. Y. Lau. "Avian Influenza Human Infections at the Human-Animal Interface". Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, n. 4 (10 marzo 2020): 528–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa105.

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Abstract Background Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) are among the most concerning emerging and re-emerging pathogens because of the potential risk for causing an influenza pandemic with catastrophic impact. The recent increase in domestic animals and poultry worldwide was followed by an increase of human AIV outbreaks reported. Methods We reviewed the epidemiology of human infections with AIV from the literature including reports from the World Health Organization, extracting information on virus subtype, time, location, age, sex, outcome, and exposure. Results We described the characteristics of more than 2500 laboratory-confirmed human infections with AIVs. Human infections with H5N1 and H7N9 were more frequently reported than other subtypes. Risk of death was highest among reported cases infected with H5N1, H5N6, H7N9, and H10N8 infections. Older people and males tended to have a lower risk of infection with most AIV subtypes, except for H7N9. Visiting live poultry markets was mostly reported by H7N9, H5N6, and H10N8 cases, while exposure to sick or dead bird was mostly reported by H5N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N4, H7N7, and H10N7 cases. Conclusions Understanding the profile of human cases of different AIV subtypes would guide control strategies. Continued monitoring of human infections with AIVs is essential for pandemic preparedness.

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Lin, Y. P., V. Gregory, M. Bennett e A. Hay. "Recent changes among human influenza viruses". Virus Research 103, n. 1-2 (luglio 2004): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.011.

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Fiers, W., M. De Filette, A. Birkett, S. Neirynck e W. Min Jou. "A “universal” human influenza A vaccine". Virus Research 103, n. 1-2 (luglio 2004): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.030.

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L, Goodwins, Menzies B, Osborne N e Muscatello D. "Human seasonal influenza and climate change". Environmental Epidemiology 3 (ottobre 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000607256.48033.53.

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Webster, Robert G. "Predictions for Future Human Influenza Pandemics". Journal of Infectious Diseases 176, s1 (agosto 1997): S14—S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514168.

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Rezza, G. "Avian influenza: a human pandemic threat?" Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 58, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2004): 807–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.022079.

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TSIODRAS, S. "Human influenza pandemics: Myth and reality". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 58, n. 3 (24 novembre 2017): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14985.

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This paper attempts to shed light in certain questions and false beliefs about seasonal, avian and pandemic influenza, mainly focusing on issues surrounding pandemic influenza. Important similarities and differences exist between seasonal, avian and pandemic influenza. Historical lessons from old pandemics help in recognizing their significant social, economical and political impact and guide the current preparedness for a future human pandemic. Currendy circulating strains, such as the avian influenza H5N1 strain constitute a danger to public health and have significant pandemic potential. Regarding clinical characteristics it appears that disease associated with a pandemic will have a high case fatality rate especially in vulnerable populations. Furthermore, the need for confirmatory diagnostic testing will likely diminish as a pandemic progresses. With regards to management stockpiling one antiviral agent will probably not be enough. No uniform scientific conclusion about the success of a prepandemic H5N1 vaccine has been reached yet. Complete pandemic plans that address subtle issues surrounding stockpiling antivirals and prepandemic vaccines as well as non-pharmaceutical measures need to be ready and to be tested in practice in order to identify problems with implementation and gaps in preparedness.

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Prowse, Stephen J., e John S. MacKenzie. "2009 human H1N1 influenza (swine flu)". Microbiology Australia 30, n. 4 (2009): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09127.

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The 2009 H1N1 influenza, initially known as swine flu, originated in North America in early 2009. This new strain of influenza A virus (H1N1) came to the attention of the international public health community when several foci of influenza-like illness were identified in Mexico, which had more than 850 cases of pneumonia, of whom 59 had died. Mild cases of influenza-like illness were also reported from Texas and California. Virus isolates were obtained from the cases in California and from samples of cases sent from Mexico to the Canadian National Public Health Laboratory in Winnipeg. Molecular analysis of these virus isolates showed that they were virtually identical and indicated that they represented a completely new, rapidly spreading strain of H1N1 virus, which appeared to have originated in swine. This was the first reassorted influenza virus to emerge since the 1968-1969 pandemic caused by the Hong Kong influenza virus. Under the new International Health Regulations (2005), this rapidly spreading, novel virus was quickly recognised by the World Health Organization as constituting a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, the first such emergency since the new International Health Regulations were introduced in mid-2007.

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Smith, J. R. "Oseltamivir in human avian influenza infection". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 65, Supplement 2 (9 marzo 2010): ii25—ii33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq013.

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Hay, Alan J., Victoria Gregory, Alan R. Douglas e Yi Pu Lin. "The evolution of human influenza viruses". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, n. 1416 (29 dicembre 2001): 1861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0999.

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The evolution of influenza viruses results in (i) recurrent annual epidemics of disease that are caused by progressive antigenic drift of influenza A and B viruses due to the mutability of the RNA genome and (ii) infrequent but severe pandemics caused by the emergence of novel influenza A subtypes to which the population has little immunity. The latter characteristic is a consequence of the wide antigenic diversity and peculiar host range of influenza A viruses and the ability of their segmented RNA genomes to undergo frequent genetic reassortment (recombination) during mixed infections. Contrasting features of the evolution of recently circulating influenza AH1N1, AH3N2 and B viruses include the rapid drift of AH3N2 viruses as a single lineage, the slow replacement of successive antigenic variants of AH1N1 viruses and the co–circulation over some 25 years of antigenically and genetically distinct lineages of influenza B viruses. Constant monitoring of changes in the circulating viruses is important for maintaining the efficacy of influenza vaccines in combating disease.

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Gambaryan, A. S., V. E. Piskarev, I. A. Yamskov, A. M. Sakharov, A. B. Tuzikov, N. V. Bovin, N. E. Nifant'ev e M. N. Matrosovich. "Human influenza virus recognition of sialyloligosaccharides". FEBS Letters 366, n. 1 (5 giugno 1995): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(95)00488-u.

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Limsuwat, Nattavatchara, Ornpreya Suptawiwat, Chompunuch Boonarkart, Pilaipan Puthavathana, Witthawat Wiriyarat e Prasert Auewarakul. "Sialic acid content in human saliva and anti-influenza activity against human and avian influenza viruses". Archives of Virology 161, n. 3 (15 dicembre 2015): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2700-z.

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Sun, Xiangjie, Hui Zeng, Amrita Kumar, Jessica A. Belser, Taronna R. Maines e Terrence M. Tumpey. "Constitutively Expressed IFITM3 Protein in Human Endothelial Cells Poses an Early Infection Block to Human Influenza Viruses". Journal of Virology 90, n. 24 (5 ottobre 2016): 11157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01254-16.

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ABSTRACTA role for pulmonary endothelial cells in the orchestration of cytokine production and leukocyte recruitment during influenza virus infection, leading to severe lung damage, has been recently identified. As the mechanistic pathway for this ability is not fully known, we extended previous studies on influenza virus tropism in cultured human pulmonary endothelial cells. We found that a subset of avian influenza viruses, including potentially pandemic H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, could infect human pulmonary endothelial cells (HULEC) with high efficiency compared to human H1N1 or H3N2 viruses. In HULEC, human influenza viruses were capable of binding to host cellular receptors, becoming internalized and initiating hemifusion but failing to uncoat the viral nucleocapsid and to replicate in host nuclei. Unlike numerous cell types, including epithelial cells, we found that pulmonary endothelial cells constitutively express a high level of the restriction protein IFITM3 in endosomal compartments. IFITM3 knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) could partially rescue H1N1 virus infection in HULEC, suggesting IFITM3 proteins were involved in blocking human influenza virus infection in endothelial cells. In contrast, selected avian influenza viruses were able to escape IFITM3 restriction in endothelial cells, possibly by fusing in early endosomes at higher pH or by other, unknown mechanisms. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the human pulmonary endothelium possesses intrinsic immunity to human influenza viruses, in part due to the constitutive expression of IFITM3 proteins. Notably, certain avian influenza viruses have evolved to escape this restriction, possibly contributing to virus-induced pneumonia and severe lung disease in humans.IMPORTANCEAvian influenza viruses, including H5N1 and H7N9, have been associated with severe respiratory disease and fatal outcomes in humans. Although acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and progressive pulmonary endothelial damage are known to be present during severe human infections, the role of pulmonary endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of avian influenza virus infections is largely unknown. By comparing human seasonal influenza strains to avian influenza viruses, we provide greater insight into the interaction of influenza virus with human pulmonary endothelial cells. We show that human influenza virus infection is blocked during the early stages of virus entry, which is likely due to the relatively high expression of the host antiviral factors IFITMs (interferon-induced transmembrane proteins) located in membrane-bound compartments inside cells. Overall, this study provides a mechanism by which human endothelial cells limit replication of human influenza virus strains, whereas avian influenza viruses overcome these restriction factors in this cell type.

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Webby, R. J., e R. G. Webster. "Emergence of influenza A viruses". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, n. 1416 (29 dicembre 2001): 1817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0997.

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Pandemic influenza in humans is a zoonotic disease caused by the transfer of influenza A viruses or virus gene segments from animal reservoirs. Influenza A viruses have been isolated from avian and mammalian hosts, although the primary reservoirs are the aquatic bird populations of the world. In the aquatic birds, influenza is asymptomatic, and the viruses are in evolutionary stasis. The aquatic bird viruses do not replicate well in humans, and these viruses need to reassort or adapt in an intermediate host before they emerge in human populations. Pigs can serve as a host for avian and human viruses and are logical candidates for the role of intermediate host. The transmission of avian H5N1 and H9N2 viruses directly to humans during the late 1990s showed that land-based poultry also can serve between aquatic birds and humans as intermediate hosts of influenza viruses. That these transmission events took place in Hong Kong and China adds further support to the hypothesis that Asia is an epicentre for influenza and stresses the importance of surveillance of pigs and live-bird markets in this area.

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Kaufman, Melissa A., Graeme J. Duke, Forbes McGain, Craig French, Craig Aboltins, Gary Lane e Geoff A. Gutteridge. "Life‐threatening respiratory failure from H1N1 influenza 09 (human swine influenza)". Medical Journal of Australia 191, n. 3 (agosto 2009): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02726.x.

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Couch, Robert B. "Editorial Response: Influenza, Influenza Virus Vaccine, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection". Clinical Infectious Diseases 28, n. 3 (marzo 1999): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/515171.

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Fry, Alicia M., Weimin Zhong e Larisa V. Gubareva. "Advancing Treatment Options for Influenza: Challenges With the Human Influenza Challenge". Journal of Infectious Diseases 211, n. 7 (3 ottobre 2014): 1033–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu543.

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Wang, Ying-Ying, Dimple Harit, Durai B. Subramani, Harendra Arora, Priya A. Kumar e Samuel K. Lai. "Influenza-binding antibodies immobilise influenza viruses in fresh human airway mucus". European Respiratory Journal 49, n. 1 (22 dicembre 2016): 1601709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01709-2016.

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Finkelstein, David B., Suraj Mukatira, Perdeep K. Mehta, John C. Obenauer, Xiaoping Su, Robert G. Webster e Clayton W. Naeve. "Persistent Host Markers in Pandemic and H5N1 Influenza Viruses". Journal of Virology 81, n. 19 (25 luglio 2007): 10292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00921-07.

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ABSTRACT Avian influenza viruses have adapted to human hosts, causing pandemics in humans. The key host-specific amino acid mutations required for an avian influenza virus to function in humans are unknown. Through multiple-sequence alignment and statistical testing of each aligned amino acid, we identified markers that discriminate human influenza viruses from avian influenza viruses. We applied strict thresholds to select only markers which are highly preserved in human influenza virus isolates over time. We found that a subset of these persistent host markers exist in all human pandemic influenza virus sequences from 1918, 1957, and 1968, while others are acquired as the virus becomes a seasonal influenza virus. We also show that human H5N1 influenza viruses are significantly more likely to contain the amino acid predominant in human strains for a few persistent host markers than avian H5N1 influenza viruses. This sporadic enrichment of amino acids present in human-hosted viruses may indicate that some H5N1 viruses have made modest adaptations to their new hosts in the recent past. The markers reported here should be useful in monitoring potential pandemic influenza viruses.

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Nelson, Martha I., Marie R. Gramer, Amy L. Vincent e Edward C. Holmes. "Global transmission of influenza viruses from humans to swine". Journal of General Virology 93, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2012): 2195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.044974-0.

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To determine the extent to which influenza viruses jump between human and swine hosts, we undertook a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of pandemic A/H1N1/09 (H1N1pdm09) influenza virus genome sequence data. From this, we identified at least 49 human-to-swine transmission events that occurred globally during 2009–2011, thereby highlighting the ability of the H1N1pdm09 virus to transmit repeatedly from humans to swine, even following adaptive evolution in humans. Similarly, we identified at least 23 separate introductions of human seasonal (non-pandemic) H1 and H3 influenza viruses into swine globally since 1990. Overall, these results reveal the frequency with which swine are exposed to human influenza viruses, indicate that humans make a substantial contribution to the genetic diversity of influenza viruses in swine, and emphasize the need to improve biosecurity measures at the human–swine interface, including influenza vaccination of swine workers.

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Khurana, Surender, Megan Hahn, Laura Klenow e Hana Golding. "Autoreactivity of Broadly Neutralizing Influenza Human Antibodies to Human Tissues and Human Proteins". Viruses 12, n. 10 (8 ottobre 2020): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12101140.

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Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) against conserved domains in the influenza hemagglutinin are in clinical trials. Several next generation influenza vaccines designed to elicit such bNAbs are also in clinical development. One of the common features of the isolated bNAbs is the use of restricted IgVH repertoire. More than 80% of stem-targeting bNAbs express IgVH1-69, which may indicate genetic constraints on the evolution of such antibodies. In the current study, we evaluated a panel of influenza virus bNAbs in comparison with HIV-1 MAb 4E10 and anti-RSV MAb Palivizumab (approved for human use) for autoreactivity using 30 normal human tissues microarray and human protein (>9000) arrays. We found that several human bNAbs (CR6261, CR9114, and F2603) reacted with human tissues, especially with pituitary gland tissue. Importantly, protein array analysis identified high-affinity interaction of CR6261 with the autoantigen “Enhancer of mRNA decapping 3 homolog” (EDC3), which was not previously described. Moreover, EDC3 competed with hemagglutinin for binding to bNAb CR6261. These autoreactivity findings underscores the need for careful evaluation of such bNAbs for therapeutics and stem-based vaccines against influenza virus.

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40

Meijer, Adam, Berry Wilbrink, Mirna du Ry van Beest Holle, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Gerard Natrop, Arnold Bosman, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, Jim E. van Steenbergen, Marina A. E. Conyn-van Spaendonck e Marion Koopmans. "Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A(H7N7) infection of humans and human-to-human transmission during avian influenza outbreak in the Netherlands". International Congress Series 1263 (giugno 2004): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.037.

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41

Yang, Yang, M. Elizabeth Halloran, Jonathan D. Sugimoto e Ira M. Longini. "Detecting Human-to-Human Transmission of Avian Influenza A (H5N1)". Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, n. 9 (settembre 2007): 1348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1309.070111.

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42

Uyeki, Timothy M., e Joseph S. Bresee. "Detecting Human-to-Human Transmission of Avian Influenza A (H5N1)". Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, n. 12 (dicembre 2007): 1969–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1312.071153.

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43

Longini, Ira M., Yang Yang, Jonathan Sugimoto e M. Elizabeth Halloran. "Detecting Human-to-Human Transmission of Avian Influenza A (H5N1)". Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, n. 12 (dicembre 2007): 1969–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1312.071272.

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44

Thonnon Al-Ghazal, Abdulrhem. "Influence of Avian Influenza Virus on Human Inflammatory Gene Expression Profile". Research Journal of Biological Sciences 14, n. 1 (20 ottobre 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36478/rjbsci.2019.1.6.

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45

Virk, Ramandeep Kaur, Vithiagaran Gunalan e Paul Anantharajah Tambyah. "Influenza infection in human host: challenges in making a better influenza vaccine". Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 14, n. 4 (7 marzo 2016): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2016.1155450.

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46

Ghendon, Yu Z. "POSSIBILITY OF INFLUENZA PANDEMIC PREDICTION". Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology, n. 3 (28 giugno 2016): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2016-3-113-120.

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Abstract (sommario):

Five influenza pandemics emerged in the 20th and 21st centuries. Data regarding possibility of infection of swine with human influenza viruses and persistent circulation of these strains among swine with subsequent infection of humans with these viruses were obtained in the recent years. A possibility of prediction of influenza pandemics by constant observation and study of influenza viruses circulating among swine is discussed in the paper.

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47

Zakay-Rones, Zichria. "Human influenza vaccines and assessment of immunogenicity". Expert Review of Vaccines 9, n. 12 (dicembre 2010): 1423–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erv.10.144.

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48

Puthavathana, Pilaipan, Kantima Sangsiriwut, Achareeya Korkusol, Phisanu Pooruk, Prasert Auewarakul, Chakrarat Pittayawanganon, Derek Sutdan et al. "Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Human, Laos". Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, n. 1 (gennaio 2009): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1501.080524.

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49

Hala, Ibrahim Awadalla, e Fouad El-Kholy Nagwa. "Human pandemic threat by H5N1 (avian influenza)". African Journal of Microbiology Research 8, n. 5 (29 gennaio 2014): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr10.303.

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50

Crowe, James E. "Influenza Virus–Specific Human Antibody Repertoire Studies". Journal of Immunology 202, n. 2 (7 gennaio 2019): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1801459.

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