Tesi: "Information inequality"

1

Koutmeridis, Theodore. "The market for 'rough diamonds' : information, finance and wage inequality in macroeconomics". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/58068/.

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During the past four decades both between and within group wage inequality increased significantly in the US. Three of the most well-documented facts concern the increase in the education premium, the rise in the experience premium and the narrowing gender wage gap. Existing studies explain some of them separately but there is no unified explanation of all three at the same time. I provide a microfounded justification for the first two, by introducing private employer learning in a signaling model with credit constraints. I show that when financial constraints relax, talented individuals can acquire education and leave the uneducated pool. This implies that the eventual group of uneducated young workers becomes of lower average quality, as most of the rough diamonds have now been plucked out of this group. My explanation is consistent with US data from 1970's to 2000's, indicating that the rise in the education and the experience premium coincides with a fall in unskilled inexperienced wages, while at the same time skilled or experienced wages do not change much. The model accounts also for the fact that the education premium increases more for low-experienced workers, while the experience premium increases only for the low-educated ones. The introduction of gender-specific credit constraints, explains also the narrowing gender wage gap, by allowing the cost of borrowing to decline and become more similar for the two genders recently, while in the past it was much costlier for women. More equal borrowing opportunities for men and women, decrease inequality between genders, however they also increase inequality within gender by boosting the wage gap between different education and experience groups for both sexes. This theory explains the puzzling coexistence of increasing meritocracy and growing wage inequality in the American society, by highlighting the conflict between equal opportunities and substantial economic equality.

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2

Baumle, Amanda Kathleen. "Lawyers at the 'information age water cooler': exposing sex discrimination and challenging law firm culture on the internet". Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4332.

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Prior research has repeatedly documented the existence of gender inequality, discrimination, and harassment in the legal practice, an occupation that remains maledominated in terms of both numbers and organizational culture. Despite the availability of some legal remedies, women attorneys rarely sue their employers, and often do not challenge discriminatory behavior. In this dissertation, I explore this seemingly contradictory situation, where lawyers fail to employ the legal system on their own behalf, and I seek to determine whether the law can in fact be mobilized to challenge and perhaps change gender relations in the legal practice. Through ethnographic field research and content analysis of an Internet community, my research examines possible methods by which the law can serve as a tool to challenge gender discrimination. Further, I assess the manner in which the Internet community itself can serve as a vehicle for challenging gender inequality. In particular, I first explore the role formal litigation might play in promoting change for women attorneys, determining that attorneys in the Internet community are hesitant to employ litigation to challenge gender discrimination. This reluctance appears to result in large part from attorneysÃ¢ÂÂ familiarity with the daunting task of establishing a discrimination case in the judicial system, as well as from a fear that the pursuit of litigation could inflict damage upon their legal careers. I then consider whether the law can serve as a useful tool to challenge inequality when legal discourse is employed within the Internet community to invoke a legal right to a discrimination-free workplace. I find that attorneys, despite their legal training, call upon both formal and informal notions of discrimination when confronted with circumstances colored with inequity. The Internet community itself provides a protected, semianonymous forum in which to engage in such discourse, thereby subverting many of the barriers that currently exist to challenging gender inequality in the legal practice. Further, the community serves as a resource to bring public attention to bear upon law firms, creating external pressures which encourage a reevaluation of both lay and legal understandings of prohibited gender discrimination.

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3

Poerwanto, Siswo. "The inequality in infant mortality in Indonesia : evidence-based information and its policy implications". University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0039.

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[Truncated abstract] The aims of the study were twofold; firstly, to describe the inequality in infant mortality in Indonesia namely, to look at the extent and magnitude of the problem in terms of the estimated number of infant deaths, the differentials in infant mortality rates, the probability of infant deaths across provinces, urban and rural areas, and across regions of Indonesia. Secondly, to examine the effect of family welfare status and maternal educational levels on the probability of infant deaths. The study design was that of a population-based multistage stratified survey of the 1997 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. Results of the study were obtained from a sample of 28,810 reproductive women aged 15 to 49 years who belonged to 34,255 households. A binary outcome variable was selected, namely, whether or not each of the live born infant(s) from the interviewed women was alive or dead prior to reaching one year of age. Of interest were the variables related to socio-economic status, measured by Family Welfare Status Index and maternal educational levels. The following risk factors were also investigated: current contraceptive methods; birth intervals; maternal age at first birth; marital duration; infants’ size perceived by the mothers; infants’ birth weight; marital status; prenatal care by health personnel; antenatal TT immunization; place of delivery; and religion. Geographical strata (province) and residence (urban and rural areas) were also considered. Both descriptive and multivariate analyses were undertaken. Descriptive analysis was aimed at obtaining non-biased estimates of the infant mortality rates at the appropriate levels of aggregation. Multivariate analysis involved a logistic regression model using the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model-fitting technique. The procedure, a multilog-cumlogit , uses the Taylor Series Linearization methods to compute modelbased variance, and which adjusts for the complex sampling design. Results of descriptive analysis indicate that, indeed, there are inequalities in infant mortality across administrative divisions of the country, represented by provinces and regions, as well as across residential areas, namely urban and rural areas. Also, the results suggested that there is socio-economic inequality in infant mortality, as indicated by a dose-response effect across strata of family welfare and maternal educational levels, both individually and interactively. These inequalities varied by residence (urban and rural), provinces and regions (Java Bali, Outer Java Bali I and Outer Java Bali II). Furthermore, the probability of infant mortality was significantly greater among highrisk mothers, characterized by a number of risk factors used in the study

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4

Reinartz, Annika [Verfasser], e Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] König. "Digital Inequality and the Use of Information Communication Technology / Annika Reinartz. Betreuer: Andreas König". Passau : Universität Passau, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1103798111/34.

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5

Kandler, Anne, e James Steele. "Innovation diffusion in time and space: effects of social information and of income inequality". Diffusion fundamentals 11 (2009) 3, S. 1-17, 2009. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13919.

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In this paper we consider the spread of modern technological innovations. We contrast social learning and threshold heterogeneity models of innovation diffusion, and show how the typical temporal evolution of the distribution of adopters may be consistent with either explanation. Noting the likelihood that each model contains some useful independent explanatory power, we introduce a combined model. We also consider a spatially-structured population in which the spread of an innovation by social influence is modelled as a reaction-diffusion system, and show that the typical spatiotemporal evolution of the distribution is also consistent with a heterogeneity explanation. Additional contextual information is required to estimate the relative importance of social learning and of economic inequalities in observed adoption lags.

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6

Mackey, Kari An. "Mobile Phones and Gender Inequality: Can We Hear Her Now?" Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/52.

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Are mobile phones the best vehicle for reducing gender inequality in the developing world? ICT experts champion the use of mobile phones to improve women’s lives, and various stakeholders have invested millions of dollars to launch mobile phone programs for women. Yet, given high female illiteracy rates, patriarchal societies, and other structural and cultural barriers in developing countries, many scholars contend that limited access to ICTs can perpetuate gender inequality. Rooted in the theory that women’s empowerment and equality are inseparable and necessary components for the realization of sustainable economic and social development, this paper aims to determine if stakeholders are jumping on the mobile phone bandwagon too soon by using a multivariate regression of cross national data to demonstrate whether or not mobile phones fall short of advancing women at the same rate that men develop.

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7

Ambagtsheer, Rachel. "Exploring changes in income inequality in the Adelaide metropolitan area 1986-1991 using GIS (Geographical Information Systems) /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ara491.pdf.

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8

Narreddy, Naga Sambu Reddy, e Tuğrul Durgun. "Clusters (k) Identification without Triangle Inequality : A newly modelled theory". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183608.

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Cluster analysis characterizes data that are similar enough and useful into meaningful groups (clusters).For example, cluster analysis can be applicable to find group of genes and proteins that are similar, to retrieve information from World Wide Web, and to identify locations that are prone to earthquakes. So the study of clustering has become very important in several fields, which includes psychology and other social sciences, biology, statistics, pattern recognition, information retrieval, machine learning and data mining [1] [2]. Cluster analysis is the one of the widely used technique in the area of data mining. According to complexity and amount of data in a system, we can use variety of cluster analysis algorithms. K-means clustering is one of the most popular and widely used among the ten algorithms in data mining [3]. Like other clustering algorithms, it is not the silver bullet. K-means clustering requires pre analysis and knowledge before the number of clusters and their centroids are determined. Recent studies show a new approach for K-means clustering which does not require any pre knowledge for determining the number of clusters [4]. In this thesis, we propose a new clustering procedure to solve the central problem of identifying the number of clusters (k) by imitating the desired number of clusters with proper properties. The proposed algorithm is validated by investigating different characteristics of the analyzed data with modified theory, analyze parameters efficiency and their relationships. The parameters in this theory include the selection of embryo-size (m), significance level (α), distributions (d), and training set (n), in the identification of clusters (k).

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9

Narcy, Deisy. "Accessibility to schooling in South African rural areas". Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33879.

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In developing countries rural communities are normally geographically isolated contributing to both poverty levels and the deficiency in the participation of social and economic activities. Accessibility to education constitutes one of the primordial links between the economic growth of a country and the development of high skilled population. Given South Africa's unique history, divisions throughout the landscape incapacitate inhabitants of rural communities in reaching opportunities and services, therefore, aggravating issues related to social exclusion and inequality. This study aims to determine accessibility levels in South African rural regions by looking at different aspects that entangle the theory behind it, specifically: the zone attractiveness and impedance. With that in mind, the investigations carried out are firstly directed towards accessibility at the provincial level and thereafter a focus area is determined. At the provincial level, it was found that the Northern Cape presented the greatest disadvantages. However, given insufficient resources and data related to this province, the Cape Winelands Municipality District was chosen as the area to extend the investigations. When assessing the focus area, the study deployed a GIS-based analysis wherein potential and real accessibility were determined. Initially using the gravity measure, and subsequently using a survey carried out in the region. The study has revealed that Stellenbosch and Robertson are the towns experiencing high accessibility levels. Notwithstanding, most principal towns still experience critically low accessibility indexes. The findings of this study can, therefore, be useful in indicating areas that need further studies or are experiencing disadvantages regarding accessibility.

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10

Mbengo, Ivy. "The role of information, communication and technology in promoting gender equality in the workplace: a study of a University in the Western Cape". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3016.

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Thesis (MTech (Business and Information Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019
Various efforts have been made to address the issue of gender equality at the workplace. It can be noted that even though equal opportunities between men and women may exist, the discrimination of women is still immanent in the workplace for example gender bias, unequal opportunities and underrepresentation. Previous research has failed to give a clear picture on the impact of information, communication, and technologies on gender gaps. It is mostly generalised. This study evaluates the role of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in promoting gender equality in the workplace. The research explores different theoretical perspectives namely Gender Glass Ceiling, Equity Theory, Technology Acceptance Model, Gender Inequality and Discrimination, Critical Information Systems Theory and the Feminist Theory. The study used a qualitative research method and a case study design in order to fulfil the study’s objectives and aim. It was carried out at a selected higher education institution in South Africa. Purposive sampling was used and 19 research participants were interviewed both men and women. The data that was collected was transcribed, coded using open coding, analysed and interpreted using thematic analysis to make sense of the findings. Ethical codes of conduct such as truthfulness, confidentiality, anonymity, beneficence and data protection were employed due to the sensitive nature of the study. Results show that ICTs play a vital role in promoting gender equality. ICTs enable employees to become educated, skilled and knowledgeable becoming aware of their rights and fair practices in the workplace. ICTs also enhance both men and women empowerment in independency, decision making and self-actualisation. Fundamental recommendations are given by the researcher regarding ICTs and the promotion of gender equality in the workplace to enhance organisational performance. Organisations need to view ICTs as an integral part of business and enhance its use to promote gender equality.

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11

Rosolia, Alfonso. "Neigborhood effects in schooling and in the labor market". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7426.

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A lo largo de los ultimos diez años los economistas hemos reconocido que en muchos casos las decisiones individuales se ven afectadas por las decisiones, los comportamientos las preferencias de otros agentes no solamente atraves del mercado sino tambien directamente por imitacion o aprendimiento, por el desarrollo de reglas sociales compartidas, por la difusion de informacion. Muchos estudios han estudiado estos mecanismos en varios contextos. Entre otros destacan la educacion, el mercado laboral, la criminalidad, las habitudines sanitarias. La relevancia de estos efectos de neighborhood es positiva y normativa a la vez. Por un lado, su existencia contribuye a la comprension de la extrema variabilidad de algunos fenomenos economicos entre grupos de individuos aparentemente homogeneos. Por otro lado, su existencia es una componente fundamental para el desarollo de intervenciones eficientes por parte del policy maker. Los estudios de la tesis analizan estos efectos en el contexto de las decisiones esscolares y en el mercado laboral. En el primer capitulo se muestra como la decision y el exito en completar la educacion segundaria por parte de los varones adolescentes afecta positivamente la de las mujeres de la misma edad residentes en las mismas ciudades. La muestra campionaria utilizada permite conlcuir que la correlacion entre los exitos de los varones y de las mujeres corresponde de hecho a una relacion causal entre las dos variables. Se concluye que cualquier intervencion que consiga aumentar la probabilidad de completar los estudios segundarios de los varones del uno por ciento tendrà como consequencia tambien un aumento de la probabilidad de las mujeres adolescentes de completar estos estudios entre 0.6 y 0.7 por ciento. En el segundo capitulo se evaluan los efectos sobre la durada del paro de pertenecer a un grupo social mas amplio.

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12

Stewart, Marissa Catherine. "Bioarchaeological and Social Implications of Mortuary Behavior in Medieval Italy". The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492180687268026.

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13

Lee, Alexander. "The evolutionary ecology of animal information use and social dominance". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1d2b343e-fe0a-4611-b1c7-b820da19e075.

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Organisms are frequently faced with uncertainty regarding how best to exploit vital resources, and may benefit from collecting information about their distribution through space and time. However, the ways in which competition over resources might systematically facilitate or constrain an individual's ability to use information has been largely overlooked. In this thesis, I develop a conceptual framework for considering how the distribution of limited resources might underpin interdependencies between competition and information use. I focus on the evolutionary ecology of relationships between social dominance and social information use. I begin with an observational study of wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) suggesting that, when resources can be monopolised, individuals with low competitive ability are limited in their ability to use social information. Building on these findings, I then develop a general model exploring selection on social information use in a competitive context across three axes of 'resource ecology' (scarcity, depletion rate, monopolisability). This study makes predictions regarding the resource conditions under which competitive ability might constrain social information use, and the potential importance of social information use in the evolution of social dominance. I go on to test these predictions in chacma baboons using a field experiment. This experiment also explores whether the predictability of resource distribution might facilitate the decoupling of social information use from the competitive context in which it was collected. Taken together, these findings provide general insights into the combinations of ecological conditions and behavioural mechanisms that should underpin the benefits of social dominance. I end by building a simple population matrix model to study social dominance using an eco-evolutionary approach, in which feedback loops between ecological and evolutionary processes are considered. By modelling relationships between dominance rank and survival, reproduction, inheritance, and development, I am able to derive estimates of long-term fitness associated with dominance. Using these estimates, I generate predictions regarding how dominance hierarchies should impact the dynamics of group stability, viability, and fission.

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14

Yang, Liu. "Effect of product review interactivity, social inequality, and culture on trust in online retailers: A comparison between China and the U.S". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu149920185828032.

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15

Johansson, Hugo. "Att jämföra ojämlikhet : En jämförande kvantitativ studie kring operationaliseringar i diskursen för inbördeskrig". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-274004.

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I forskningsdiskursen rörande inomstatliga konflikter finns en diskrepans mellan kvantitativa och kvalitativa studier huruvida variabeln ekonomisk ojämlikhet har en signifikant effekt på risken för konflikt eller inte. Genom att förflytta tanken från generell ojämlikhet till exploatering argumenterar uppsatsen för att rätt typ av ekonomisk ojämlikhet inte blivit operationaliserat på rätt sätt tidigare. Därefter följer en jämförelse mellan Gini och ett mått från ekonomisk historia med namnet Ineqaulity Extraction Ratio (IER) som enligt uppsatsen är ett mer dynamiskt mått för att mäta exploatering. Undersökningens dataset har två varianter av den beroende variabel för konflikt och uppsatsen finner då att IER har en signifikant effekt i båda variabelvarianter, samt ett klart övertag i en utav dom.

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16

Larsson-Cohn, Lars. "Gaussian structures and orthogonal polynomials". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Matematiska institutionen, Univ. [distributör], 2002. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-506-1535-1/.

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17

Savina, Diana, e Kajsa Nordmark. "Valet inför valet : En studie om hur svenska förstagångsväljare väljer att ta del av politisk information". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-24147.

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Problem statement and purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze in what way first-time voters chose to take part of political information. The questions we aimed to answer was how first-time voters use media and other information channels for political purposes, what importance and trust the first-time voters give the different information channels and finally which indicators there is for that structural or individual factors affect the media consumption and political interest. Method and material: We did interviews with twelve 18 years old first-time voters from six different high school programs in Sundsvall, Sweden. Results: The study showed that the premier source of political information were traditional news media, in particular the debates on TV. It’s also in the debates the first-time voter’s trust the most. Even though the social medias are constantly present in their everyday life and even though the first-time voters believe the social medias have potential for engaging young people politically, the possibilities are only taken in advantage by people who are already politically interested. The first-time voters are being affected by both structural and individualized factors. The structural, the social standing in particular, matters for the individual’s political interest and use of traditional media, while the individualized factors primarily matters for the use of social medias.

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18

Zewdie, Hailemelekot Negussie. "IT Strategic considerations regarding refugees and asylum seekers : A study of digital practices among asylum seekers in Umeå, Sweden". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-132124.

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The refugee crisis is currently a major world event. However, not much is known about the technology adoption and digital skills of those fleeing these conflicts and seeking asylum in foreign countries. To study this, a qualitative study was conducted in Umeå, Sweden. Data was collected through interviews, written responses and observations. The results show that refugees and asylum seekers have positive attitude towards digital technology adoption. However, they perceived digital technology primarily as tools to fulfil their recreational needs. A strategic use of technology for improving productivity was not evident. While formal internet skills were generally common among every user, most interviewees were not able to carry out more complex tasks, such as finding facts online, as they found it particularly challenging to select appropriate search systems and to construct meaningful queries. This research wants to contribute to the literature in IT and social inclusion. The findings reported here suggest that digital divide can be conceptualized as digital illiteracy because of lacking awareness over data management and information processing capabilities. Moreover, identifying the digital practices of these minority groups could be extremely meaningful for the digital inclusion strategy efforts of Sweden and for a better design of public services.

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19

Dabrowski, Yoann. "Free entropies, free Fisher information, free stochastic differential equations, with applications to Von Neumann algebras". Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST1015.

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Ce travail étend nos connaissances des entropies libres et des équations différentielles stochastiques (EDS) libres dans trois directions. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons que l'algèbre de von Neumann engendrée par au moins deux autoadjoints ayant une information de Fisher finie n'a pas la propriété $Gamma$ de Murray et von Neumann. C'est un analogue d'un résultat de Voiculescu pour l'entropie microcanonique libre. Dans un second temps, nous étudions des EDS libres à coefficients opérateurs non-bornés (autrement dit des sortes d' EDP stochastiques libres ). Nous montrons la stationnarité des solutions dans des cas particuliers. Nous en déduisons un calcul de la dimension entropique libre microcanonique dans le cas d'une information de Fisher lipschitzienne. Dans un troisième et dernier temps, nous introduisons une méthode générale de résolutions d'EDS libres stationnaires, s'appuyant sur un analogue non-commutatif d'un espace de chemins. En définissant des états traciaux sur cet analogue, nous construisons des dilatations markoviennes de nombreux semigroupes complètement markoviens sur une algèbre de von Neumann finie, en particulier de tous les semigroupes symétriques. Pour des semigroupes particuliers, par exemple dès que le générateur s'écrit sous une forme divergence pour une dérivation à valeur dans la correspondance grossière, ces dilatations résolvent des EDS libres. Entre autres applications, nous en déduisons une inégalité de Talagrand pour l'entropie non-microcanonique libre (relative à une sous-algèbre et une application complètement positive). Nous utilisons aussi ces déformations dans le cadre des techniques de déformations/rigidité de Popa
This works extends our knowledge of free entropies, free Fisher information and free stochastic differential equations in three directions. First, we prove that if a $W^{*}$-probability space generated by more than 2 self-adjoints with finite non-microstates free Fisher information doesn't have property $Gamma$ of Murray and von Neumann (especially is not amenable). This is an analogue of a well-known result of Voiculescu for microstates free entropy. We also prove factoriality under finite non-microstates entropy. Second, we study a general free stochastic differential equation with unbounded coefficients (``stochastic PDE"), and prove stationarity of solutions in well-chosen cases. This leads to a computation of microstates free entropy dimension in case of Lipschitz conjugate variable. Finally, we introduce a non-commutative path space approach to solve general stationary free Stochastic differential equations. By defining tracial states on a non-commutative analogue of a path space, we construct Markov dilations for a class of conservative completely Markov semigroups on finite von Neumann algebras. This class includes all symmetric semigroups. For well chosen semigroups (for instance with generator any divergence form operator associated to a derivation valued in the coarse correspondence) those dilations give rise to stationary solutions of certain free SDEs. Among applications, we prove a non-commutative Talagrand inequality for non-microstate free entropy (relative to a subalgebra $B$ and a completely positive map $eta:Bto B$). We also use those new deformations in conjunction with Popa's deformation/rigidity techniques, to get absence of Cartan subalgebra results

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20

Bandyopadhyay, Jogia. "Optimal concentration for SU(1,1) coherent state transforms and an analogue of the Lieb-Wehrl conjecture for SU(1,1)". Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24801.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Eric A. Carlen; Committee Member: Jean Bellissard; Committee Member: Michael Loss; Committee Member: Predrag Cvitanovic.

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21

Siddiqui, Muhammad Shahid. "Three Essays on Environmental Economics and on Credit Market Imperfections". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20161.

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This dissertation contains three essays on environmental economics and on credit market imperfections. The literature on carbon tax incidence generally finds that carbon taxes have a regressive impact on the distribution of income. The main reason for that finding stems from the fact that poor households spend a larger share of their total expenditure on energy products than the rich households do. This literature, however, has ignored the impact of carbon taxes on income stemming from changes in relative factor prices. Yet, changes in household welfare depend not only on variations in commodity prices, but also on changes in income. Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive analysis of the distributional impact of carbon taxes on inequality by considering both demand-side and supply-side channels. We use a multi-sector, multi-household general equilibrium model to analyze the distributional impact of carbon taxes on inequality. Using equivalent income as the household welfare metric, we apply the Shapley value and concentration index approaches to decomposing household inequality. Our simulation results suggest that carbon taxes exert a larger negative impact on the income of the rich than that of the poor, and are thereby progressive. On the other hand, when assessed from the use side alone (i.e., commodity prices alone), our results confirm previous findings, whereas carbon taxes are regressive. However, due to the stronger incidence of carbon taxes on inequality from the income side, our results suggest that the carbon tax tends to reduce inequality. These findings further suggest that the traditional approach of assessing the impact of carbon taxes on inequality through changes in commodity prices alone may be misleading. Chapter 2 investigates the economic impacts of creating an emissions bubble between Canada and the US in a context of subglobal participation in efforts to reduce pollution with market based-instruments. One of the advantages of an emissions bubble is that it can be beneficial to countries that differ in their production and consumption patterns. To address the competitiveness issue that arises from the free-rider problem in the area of climate-change mitigation, we consider the imposition of a border tax adjustment (BTA) - a commonly suggested solution in the literature. We develop a detailed multisector and multi-regional general equilibrium model to analyze the welfare, aggregate, sectoral and trade impacts of the formation of an emissions bubble between Canada and the US with and without BTA. Our simulation results suggest that, in the absence of BTA, the creation of the bubble would make both countries better off through a positive terms-of-trade effect, and more importantly, through a significant reduction in Canada’s marginal abatement cost. The benefits of these positive effects would spill over to the non-participating countries, leading them to increase their trade shares in non-emissions-intensive goods. Moreover, the simulation results also indicate that a unilateral implementation of a BTA by any one of the two countries is welfare deteriorating in the imposing country and welfare improving in the other. In contrast, a joint implementation of a BTA by the two countries would make Canada better off and the US worse off. Chapter 3 shows that learning by lending is a potential channel of understanding the business cycle fluctuation under an imperfect credit market. An endogenous link among the learning parameter, lending rates, and the size of investment makes it possible to generate an internal propagation even due to a temporary shock. The main finding of this chapter is the explanation of how ex post non-financial factors such as information losses by individual agents in a credit market may account for a persistence in real indicators such as capital stock and output.

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Santos, Gabriel Borges dos. "Internet, políticas públicas e suas múltiplas perspectivas de inclusão/exclusão digital". Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2017. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6319.

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Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-06-05T12:08:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Borges dos Santos_.pdf: 1144849 bytes, checksum: 9ceadf5bee6e92001de8a63a3fe6a135 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-05T12:08:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Borges dos Santos_.pdf: 1144849 bytes, checksum: 9ceadf5bee6e92001de8a63a3fe6a135 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-04
UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
Este trabalho buscar identificar as novas perspectivas relacionadas à internet através da interação dos usuários com os dispositivos, assim como investigar a interação criada pelas TICs e o surgimento da nova sociedade da informação. Tenta-se identificar a construção dos primeiros passos da tecnologia até os dias atuais, passando da domesticação dos animais até a criação da internet e suas inferências no cotidiano dos indivíduos, bem como trazer para discussão a desigualdade digital no Brasil, e, através de uma pesquisa in loco, estudar as emergências relacionadas ao acesso à internet através de rede pública no município de Alvorada (RS). Para tanto, procura-se refletir sobre a “nova sociedade” baseada na internet e a percepção do indivíduo sobre o acesso, a rede e sua manutenção
This theses aims to identify new perspectives related to the internet through the interaction of users with devices, as well as to investigate the social interactions created by ICTs and the emergence of the new information society. It also aims to identify the first steps of technology to the present day, from the animals' domestication to the creation of the internet and its inferences in the individuals' daily life, as well as to discuss the digital inequality in Brazil. Through a research in loco, the work investigates the emergencies related to the access to the internet through Wireless public municipal broadband networks in the city of Alvorada (RS). In order to do so, we analyze the "new society" based on the Internet and the individual's perception about the access and maintenance of municipal broadband.

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SOUZA, Sérgio Ricardo Moreira de. "A redução das desigualdades sociais e o acesso às novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação no meio rural". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1499.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impacts of the use of new information and communication technologies to the democratic process in the light of democratic and constitutional theory verify that the policies of digital inclusion in rural Federal Government are democratic and constitutional. For this, the thesis will use the line-critical methodology, and research the type-legal and historical literature. The way to exercise citizenship in the public sphere is extremely important for the conduct of relations between human beings and their fellow citizens, and can contribute to reducing social inequalities and social exclusion. And during each historical period, techniques or technologies of information and communication were not only support for the spread of knowledge, but to bring together groups that had converging interests, be they articulated for the realization of the public, private or common interest. The concentration of these techniques or technologies by a small group of society causes imbalance in the social life, since it is the latent power of manipulation that accompanies the use of these means of transmission of the language.
O objetivo da presente dissertação é analisar os impactos da utilização das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação para o processo democrático, à luz da teoria constitucional democrática e verificar se as políticas públicas de inclusão digital rural do Governo Federal são democráticas e constitucionais. Para isto, será usada a tese da linha crítico-metodológica, bem como a investigação do tipo histórico-jurídico e a pesquisa bibliográfica. A maneira de se exercer a cidadania na esfera pública é de extrema relevância para a condução das relações do ser humano com seus concidadãos, e pode contribuir para a redução das desigualdades sociais e para a exclusão social. E durante cada período histórico, as técnicas ou tecnologias de informação e comunicação foram não apenas o suporte para a propagação do conhecimento, mas para reunir grupos que tinham interesses convergentes, fossem eles articulados para a realização do bem público, do interesse comum ou privado. A concentração destas técnicas ou tecnologias por parte de um grupo restrito da sociedade provoca desequilíbrio no convívio social, uma vez que é latente o poder de manipulação que acompanha o uso destes meios de transmissão da linguagem.

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Morato, Rubia Gomes. "Análise espacial e desigualdade ambiental no município de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-25112009-112210/.

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O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar a análise espacial da desigualdade ambiental no município de São Paulo/SP. A desigualdade ambiental é o princípio pelo qual, grupos de pessoas sejam étnicos, raciais ou de classe suporte uma parcela desproporcional das conseqüências ambientais negativas das operações econômicas, de políticas e programas federais, estaduais e locais, bem como resultantes da ausência ou omissão de tais políticas. Os dados utilizados para análise são o Censo 2000, realizado pelo IBGE, uma imagem de satélite Landsat ETM+, a carta geotécnica do município de São Paulo, produzida pelo IPT e o levantamento de áreas contaminadas realizado pela Cetesb. São consideradas as condições de abastecimento de água, de esgotamento sanitário, de coleta de lixo, a arborização urbana, a ocorrência de inundações e/ou escorregamentos e a presença de reservatórios de retenção das águas pluviais (piscinões) e áreas contaminadas. Para a análise e integração dos dados é utilizado um Sistema de Informação Geográfica com funções de processamento de imagens.
The purpose of this work consists of studying the spatial analysis of the environmental inequality in São Paulo city. Environmental inequality is the principle that a specific social group (eg. ethical, racial or economic) is disproportionately affected by environmental hazards. In this study we used: 2000 Census data (released by IBGE); Landsat ETM+ image of bands 3 and 4; a geotechnical map of São Paulo (IPT) and a list of contaminated point sources carried out by Cetesb. Urban infrastructure facilities such as water supply coverage; sewerage system; garbage collection; urban green area; landslides and flood occurrences; presence of piscinões and contaminated area were employed. The analysis of these data was undertaken using a Geographic Information System (GIS) integrated with Remote Sensing image processing.

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Leung, Calvin. "Quantum Foundations with Astronomical Photons". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmc_theses/98.

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Theoretical work in quantum information has demonstrated that a classical hidden-variable model of an entangled singlet state can explain nonclassical correlations observed in tests of Bell’s inequality if while measuring the Bell correlation, the underlying probability distribution of the hidden-variable changes depending on the measurement basis. To rule out this possibility, distant quasars can be utilized as random number generators to set measurement bases in an experimental test of Bell’s inequality. Here we report on the design and characterization of a device that uses the color of incoming quasar photons to output a random bit with nanosecond latency. Through the 1-meter telescope at JPL Table Mountain Observatory, we observe and generate random bits from quasars with redshifts z = 0.1−3.9. In addition, we formulate a mathematical model that quantifies the fidelity of the bits generated.

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Holden, Thomas. "Three essays in dynamic macroeconomics". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ffb57da3-c95b-47e2-b85f-453f1a902171.

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This thesis presents three papers within the field of dynamic macroeconomics. The first paper, entitled “Medium-frequency cycles and the remarkable near trend-stationarity of output”, presents a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with endogenous growth, capable of reconciling the observed large medium-frequency fluctuations in output, with its long run (near) trend-stationarity. This requires a model in which standard business cycle shocks lead to highly persistent movements around trend, without significantly altering the trend itself. The robustness of the trend also requires that scale effects are eliminated both in the long and short runs. In an estimated version of the model, a financial-type shock to the stock of ideas emerges as the key driver of the medium frequency cycle. The second paper, entitled “Learning from learners”, is an intervention into two long running debates: the first, on whether learnability may be used to rule out explosive paths for inflation in New Keynesian models, and the second, into whether Taylor rule parameters may be identified from observing the data. We find that in an economy populated with traditional macroeconomic learners, Taylor rule parameters can always be identified by sophisticated econometric techniques. Furthermore, when all agents in the economy use such sophisticated techniques, stationary sunspot solutions are readily learnable, and there is no guarantee of convergence to a stationary solution even in the “determinate” case. This implies that learnability cannot be used for equilibrium selection. Finally, in the third paper, “Efficient simulation of DSGE models with inequality constraints” (joint with Michael Paetz), we present a new algorithm for the simulation of models subject to inequality constraints, such as the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates. Our algorithm is shown to deliver higher accuracy than all other non-global algorithms, and leading speed. We go on to provide a number of applications of our algorithm.

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Novick-Finder, Taylor. "Stand Clear of the Closing Doors, Please: Transit Equity, Social Exclusion, and the New York City Subway". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/78.

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The history of transportation planning in New York City has created disparities between those who have sufficient access to the public transportation network, and those who face structural barriers to traveling from their home to education, employment, and healthcare opportunities. This thesis analyzes the legacy of discriminatory policy surrounding the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) and city and state governments that have failed to support vital infrastructure improvement projects and service changes to provide multi-modal welfare to New York’s working poor. By exploring issues of transit equity as they pertain to the New York City subway system, this thesis raises the question: which communities lack adequate access to public transit opportunity and what are the policies and historical developments that have created these inequities? Through examination of grassroots community-based movements towards social justice and transportation equity, this thesis will review the proposals, campaigns, and demands that citizen-driven organizations have fought for in New York City. These movements, I argue, are the most effective method to achieve greater transportation justice and intergenerational equity.

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Bouton, Laurent. "Essays in game theory applied to political and market institutions". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210325.

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My thesis contains essays on voting theory, market structures and fiscal federalism: (i) One Person, Many Votes: Divided Majority and Information Aggregation, (ii) Runoff Elections and the Condorcet Loser, (iii) On the Influence of Rankings when Product Quality Depends on Buyer Characteristics, and (iv) Redistributing Income under Fiscal Vertical Imbalance.

(i) One Person, Many Votes: Divided Majority and Information Aggregation (joint with Micael Castanheira)

In elections, majority divisions pave the way to focal manipulations and coordination failures, which can lead to the victory of the wrong candidate. This paper shows how this flaw can be addressed if voter preferences over candidates are sensitive to information. We consider two potential sources of divisions: majority voters may have similar preferences but opposite information about the candidates, or opposite preferences. We show that when information is the source of majority divisions, Approval Voting features a unique equilibrium with full information and coordination equivalence. That is, it produces the same outcome as if both information and coordination problems could be resolved. Other electoral systems, such as Plurality and Two-Round elections, do not satisfy this equivalence. The second source of division is opposite preferences. Whenever the fraction of voters with such preferences is not too large, Approval Voting still satisfies full information and coordination equivalence.

(ii) Runoff Elections and the Condorcet Loser

A crucial component of Runoff electoral systems is the threshold fraction of votes above which a candidate wins outright in the first round. I analyze the influence of this threshold on the voting equilibria in three-candidate Runoff elections. I demonstrate the existence of an Ortega Effect which may unduly favor dominated candidates and thus lead to the election of the Condorcet Loser in equilibrium. The reason is that, contrarily to commonly held beliefs, lowering the threshold for first-round victory may actually induce voters to express their preferences excessively. I also extend Duverger's Law to Runoff elections with any threshold below, equal or above 50%. Therefore, Runoff elections are plagued with inferior equilibria that induce either too high or too low expression of preferences.

(iii) On the Influence of Rankings when Product Quality Depends on Buyer Characteristics

Information on product quality is crucial for buyers to make sound choices. For "experience products", this information is not available at the time of the purchase: it is only acquired through consumption. For much experience products, there exist institutions that provide buyers with information about quality. It is commonly believed that such institutions help consumers to make better choices and are thus welfare improving.

The quality of various experience products depends on the characteristics of buyers. For instance, conversely to the quality of cars, business school quality depends on buyers (i.e. students) characteristics. Indeed, one of the main inputs of a business school is enrolled students. The choice of buyers for such products has then some features of a coordination problem: ceteris paribus, a buyer prefers to buy a product consumed by buyers with "good" characteristics. This coordination dimension leads to inefficiencies when buyers coordinate on products of lower "intrinsic" quality. When the quality of products depends on buyer characteristics, information about product quality can reinforce such a coordination problem. Indeed, even though information of high quality need not mean high intrinsic quality, rational buyers pay attention to this information because they prefer high quality products, no matter the reason of the high quality. Information about product quality may then induce buyers to coordinate on products of low intrinsic quality.

In this paper, I show that, for experience products which quality depends on the characteristics of buyers, more information is not necessarily better. More precisely, I prove that more information about product quality may lead to a Pareto deterioration, i.e. all buyers may be worse off due.

(iv) Redistributing Income under Fiscal Vertical Imbalance (joint with Marjorie Gassner and Vincenzo Verardi)

From the literature on decentralization, it appears that the fiscal vertical imbalance (i.e. the dependence of subnational governments on national government revenues to support their expenditures) is somehow inherent to multi-level governments. Using a stylized model we show that this leads to a reduction of the extent of redistributive fiscal policies if the maximal size of government has been reached. To test for this empirically, we use some high quality data from the LIS dataset on individual incomes. The results are highly significant and point in the direction of our theoretical predictions.

Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Neverauskas, Aurimas. "Lygčių ir nelygybių simbolinio sprendimo lygiagretusis metodas". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110831_140404-69461.

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Pateiktas lygčių ir nelygybių simbolinio sprendimo lygiagretus algoritmas ir jo analizė, palyginimas su neefektyvia algoritmo realizacija. Atliktas įgyvendinto algoritmo tyrimas, nustatant jo spartos priklausomybes nuo aplinkos ir užduoties, palyginant rezultatus su esama PĮ. Taip pat, šiame darbe aptariami sukurtos programų sistemos architektūriniai sprendimai: MVC patern‘as (design pattern), „Svogūno“ architektūra, priklausomybių injekcijos (Dependency Injections). Šie architektūriniai sprendimai yra pranašesni už standartinę sluoksninę architekūrą, jais paremta PĮ yra lengviau palaikoma ir modifikuojama. Šiais laikais dauguma kompiuterių turi daugiabranduolius procesorius, tačiau esama PĮ jų neišnaudoja. Šio darbo tikslas yra sukurti tokią lygčių ir nelygybių simbolinio sprendimo lygiagrečiu metodu realizaciją, kuri panaudodama turimą skaičiavimų galią, sutrumpintų skaičiavimų laiką. Atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, jog sukurtoji PĮ yra pranašesnė už Maple CAS tik tuo atveju, kai uždavinio sąlyga nėra didelė, bet reikalaujama didelės skaičiavimų galios (nelygybių sistemų sprendimas). Tačiau sprendžiant didelės apimties lygčių sistemas (40-50 nežinomųjų ir tiek pat lygčių) sukurtoji PĮ atsilieka nuo Maple CAS, kadangi daug laiko sugaištama nagrinėjant pateiktą užduotį ir skaidant ją į dalinius uždavinius.
I have presented an effective way to solve symbolic systems of equations and inequalities using parallel processes and compared it to ineffective method. Also, I have performed analysis of presented algorithm, determining its performance dependencies and comparing its performance to existing software. Also, this paper discusses architectural solutions for the application system: MVC design pattern, "Onion" architecture and Dependency Injection. These architectural patterns benefit more than standard layered architecture, software, based on these patterns, is more maintainable and changeable. These days, computers usually have multi-core processors, but not all software use them efficiently. The main problem is to create algorithm for solving symbolic systems of equations and inequalities using parallel processes, using calculation power and decreasing calculation time. Such application system was created and analyzed in this paper. It was determined that created software is superior to Maple CAS when task is small by input but requires a lot of calculating power (systems of inequalities). On the other hand, results differ when task consist of plenty of equations (40-50 equations in system, same number of unknowns). Created software falls behind Maple CAS in performance. The main reason, for this, is that created software spends too much time to analyze task and strings in it.

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Idris, Muhammad. "Real-time Business Intelligence through Compact and Efficient Query Processing Under Updates". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/284705/5/contratMI.pdf.

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Responsive analytics are rapidly taking over the traditional data analytics dominated by the post-fact approaches in traditional data warehousing. Recent advancements in analytics demand placing analytical engines at the forefront of the system to react to updates occurring at high speed and detect patterns, trends, and anomalies. These kinds of solutions find applications in Financial Systems, Industrial Control Systems, Business Intelligence and on-line Machine Learning among others. These applications are usually associated with Big Data and require the ability to react to constantly changing data in order to obtain timely insights and take proactive measures. Generally, these systems specify the analytical results or their basic elements in a query language, where the main task then is to maintain query results under frequent updates efficiently. The task of reacting to updates and analyzing changing data has been addressed in two ways in the literature: traditional business intelligence (BI) solutions focus on historical data analysis where the data is refreshed periodically and in batches, and stream processing solutions process streams of data from transient sources as flows of data items. Both kinds of systems share the niche of reacting to updates (known as dynamic evaluation), however, they differ in architecture, query languages, and processing mechanisms. In this thesis, we investigate the possibility of a reactive and unified framework to model queries that appear in both kinds of systems.In traditional BI solutions, evaluating queries under updates has been studied under the umbrella of incremental evaluation of queries that are based on the relational incremental view maintenance model and mostly focus on queries that feature equi-joins. Streaming systems, in contrast, generally follow automaton based models to evaluate queries under updates, and they generally process queries that mostly feature comparisons of temporal attributes (e.g. timestamp attributes) along with comparisons of non-temporal attributes over streams of bounded sizes. Temporal comparisons constitute inequality constraints while non-temporal comparisons can either be equality or inequality constraints. Hence these systems mostly process inequality joins. As a starting point for our research, we postulate the thesis that queries in streaming systems can also be evaluated efficiently based on the paradigm of incremental evaluation just like in BI systems in a main-memory model. The efficiency of such a model is measured in terms of runtime memory footprint and the update processing cost. To this end, the existing approaches of dynamic evaluation in both kinds of systems present a trade-off between memory footprint and the update processing cost. More specifically, systems that avoid materialization of query (sub)results incur high update latency and systems that materialize (sub)results incur high memory footprint. We are interested in investigating the possibility to build a model that can address this trade-off. In particular, we overcome this trade-off by investigating the possibility of practical dynamic evaluation algorithm for queries that appear in both kinds of systems and present a main-memory data representation that allows to enumerate query (sub)results without materialization and can be maintained efficiently under updates. We call this representation the Dynamic Constant Delay Linear Representation (DCLRs).We devise DCLRs with the following properties: 1) they allow, without materialization, enumeration of query results with bounded-delay (and with constant delay for a sub-class of queries), 2) they allow tuple lookup in query results with logarithmic delay (and with constant delay for conjunctive queries with equi-joins only), 3) they take space linear in the size of the database, 4) they can be maintained efficiently under updates. We first study the DCLRs with the above-described properties for the class of acyclic conjunctive queries featuring equi-joins with projections and present the dynamic evaluation algorithm called the Dynamic Yannakakis (DYN) algorithm. Then, we present the generalization of the DYN algorithm to the class of acyclic queries featuring multi-way Theta-joins with projections and call it Generalized DYN (GDYN). We devise DCLRs with the above properties for acyclic conjunctive queries, and the working of DYN and GDYN over DCLRs are based on a particular variant of join trees, called the Generalized Join Trees (GJTs) that guarantee the above-described properties of DCLRs. We define GJTs and present algorithms to test a conjunctive query featuring Theta-joins for acyclicity and to generate GJTs for such queries. We extend the classical GYO algorithm from testing a conjunctive query with equalities for acyclicity to testing a conjunctive query featuring multi-way Theta-joins with projections for acyclicity. We further extend the GYO algorithm to generate GJTs for queries that are acyclic.GDYN is hence a unified framework based on DCLRs that enables processing of queries that appear in streaming systems as well as in BI systems in a unified main-memory model and addresses the space-time trade-off. We instantiate GDYN to the particular case where all Theta-joins involve only equalities and inequalities and call this instantiation IEDYN. We implement DYN and IEDYN as query compilers that generate executable programs in the Scala programming language and provide all the necessary data structures and their maintenance and enumeration methods in a continuous stream processing model. We evaluate DYN and IEDYN against state-of-the-art BI and streaming systems on both industrial and synthetically generated benchmarks. We show that DYN and IEDYN outperform the existing systems by over an order of magnitude efficiency in both memory footprint and update processing time.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Gottfried, Fabrice. "Vers un outil d'aide à la décision en ingénierie territoriale appliqué à la géolocalisation de centres de santé". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH012.

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Dans une société occidentale vieillissante avec des personnes âgées grandes consommatrices de soins de santé et dont les coûts s’envolent d’année en année, les gestionnaires des politiques de santé doivent faire face à des défis contradictoires : comment offrir une protection de la santé à la pointe de la recherche pour tous, à un coût acceptable par chacun et supportable pour la collectivité. Une gestion trop rigoureuse se limitant à la seule comptabilité des dépenses de santé risquerait de nuire à la solidarité intergénérationnelle en sacrifiant sur l’hôtel de la rentabilité certaines populations vulnérables. Dans cet esprit, notre outil d’aide à la décision devrait permettre à nos décisionnaires et politiques de trouver des solutions alternatives pour rétablir une certaine équité, dans notre cas d’accessibilité aux soins, et ainsi garantir une justice sociale durable, liant de toute société développée. Nous avons testé notre outil sur deux territoires aux caractéristiques géographiques et démographiques très différentes, le département du Bas-Rhin situé à l’est de la France, densément peuplé, et la région administrative de l’Estrie, située au sud-est de la province du Québec au Canada, avec une densité de population nettement moindre. Notre outil n’est très certainement qu’une partie de la réponse aux enjeux de santé évoqués, mais son intérêt et son originalité résident aussi dans le fait qu’il peut être aisément transférable à d’autres milieux organisationnels
Everyone knows that our western societies are getting older. Our elderly use also a lot of health care where costs go up and up year after year. Thus, health managers have to face conflicting challenges : how to offer top health protection for all at a reasonable cost for each of us and at an acceptable cost for our local health authorities. A health management that is too rigorous limited to the sole expenditure may undermine intergenerational solidarity by sacrificing the most vulnerable populations. In this way of mind, our aid decision tool could help health managers and politics find alternative solutions to restore some equity, in our case health care accessibility, to ensure sustainable social justice, the cement of all advanced societies. We have tested our tool with 2 territories having very different geographical and demographic characteristics : the densely populated Bas-Rhin region located in the Eastern part of France and the less densely populated region of Estrie located in the South-eastern Province of Quebec (Canada). Our tool may only be part of the solution to these health care costs mentioned above but, its utility and originality are also easily transferable to other possible organizational environments

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Shipalana, Nkateko Bubby. "Urban inequality and information and communication technologies (ICT)". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/8349.

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Human societies are commonly faced with the challenge of addressing social inequality, but this challenge is one of the most “contested” arenas of urban planning in South Africa. Parallel high levels of socio-economic and spatial inequalities, a “revolution” that is based on information and communications technologies is exacerbating existing socio-spatial patterns. However, these ICTs are seen by some as having a dual character, and hence the potential to advance the social and economic well-being of the poor. Developing countries have thus embraced these new technologies as a means of resolving social inequalities. To what extent do ICTs achieve this? In addition, what role is there for urban planning in ensuring that ICTs resolves social inequality

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Zhu, Kai. "Bias, inequality, and polarization in modern digital information systems". Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/42441.

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Digital technology has the potential to "democratize information" – making ideas, opinions, and knowledge accessible anywhere, anytime, and to everyone. But is this potential truly realized or will it ever be realized? Do systems enabled by digital technology exhibit or even enhance information bias, skewness, and polarization? How can we overcome them? In this dissertation, I investigate these questions in two major but distinct digital information systems: open collaboration systems (i.e., Wikipedia) and mass media broadcast networks (i.e., broadcast television in the United States). Open collaboration platforms have fundamentally changed the way knowledge is produced, disseminated, and consumed. Wikipedia is arguably one of the most successful examples of such platforms, serving millions of information seekers daily. Despite many benefits provided by the decentralization of knowledge production on Wikipedia, does the open nature and lack of broad oversight and coordination leave the question of information poverty and skewness to the mercy of the system’s natural dynamics? And if so, what can be done to address this? In Chapter 1, I examined this question using both causal inference from a natural experiment and empirically informed diffusion simulations. Another important and pervasive information system is that of televised mass media. Whereas Wikipedia is relatively open and does not have strong information gatekeeping, televised mass media has various forms of information gatekeeping, particularly through media ownership, government regulation and journalistic practice. But how does this gatekeeping affect skewness and polarization in the real-world information that is conveyed to the public? To investigate these questions, I study televised news information systems in the United States with a massive scale unstructured text data and various state-of-the-art text mining techniques in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 of this dissertation. The text transcripts include the complete televised content from more than 800 television channels across all 210 designated media markets in the United States over a 5-year period between 2013 and 2018. Chapter 2 of this dissertation examines how media ownership impact political slant and information diversity in the news using massive-scale text transcripts. I found that when large owners act coherently, they can skew information to emphasize views, perspectives and framing that they advocate. This is important because previous studies have shown that broadcast media can have a dramatic impact on political and social outcomes and undeniably shapes the national dialogue surrounding important issues. In Chapter 3 of this dissertation, I study the skewed coverage of gun violence incidents in local televised news. I found that some types of gun violence, such as suicide, accidents, domestic violence and sex crimes are systematically covered less relative to other types such as assault weapon incidents, are systematically covered more. Importantly, areas of high vs. low gun ownership received different exposure to different incident types through local news coverage, further dividing an already divided population. I conducted ting a nationally representative survey found that the general public’s view on different type of gun violence is skewed in a manner that is consistent with "the warped mirror" that our media conveys.
2023-04-29T00:00:00Z

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Kao, WanChi, e 高琬淇. "Internationalization, Value Creation and Income Inequality: Evidence from Taiwan's Information-Electronics Industry". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86463935731911926308.

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碩士
東海大學
國際貿易學系
100
In recent years, globalization has created structural shocks to Taiwan’s industry, employment and population, and caused sluggish growth in salary over a long period of time. Many problems are present behind economic growth in Taiwan. One of the most serious is the widening and worsening income gap between the rich and the poor. Taiwan’s economy is highly dependent on the international market. Owing to the international sectoral division of labor, Taiwanese manufacturers are forced to move to foreign countries, especially in China, which will affect Taiwan’s income distribution. This article aims to estimate the impact of internationalization on income inequality in Taiwan. With Taiwan Economic Journal and Cmoney databases, we collect data from firms in Taiwan’s information-electronics industry between 2005 and 2010. The unbalanced panel dataset covers 312 manufacturers and 1532 observations in the sample. The fixed effects model is adopted to evaluate how internationalization influences value creation and income distribution. Major empirical results are presented as below. (1) The higher the degree of internationalization, the higher the value is created and the more unequal the income is distributed. (2) Reduction of income distribution between employees and employers have been widened.(3) Internationalization decreases the rent interest, depreciation, pretax profit, cash dividends and retained earnings of firms in the sector. Key words: Internationalization, Value Creation, Income Inequality

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35

Fu, Peng-Yu, e 傅鵬宇. "Income inequality of Urban-rural China--The perspective of Geographic Information System". Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49111771464272826506.

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碩士
淡江大學
中國大陸研究所碩士班
93
The economic goal of Deng Xiaoping is to allow some regions and people to get rich first so they can help others for common prosperity. But the economy growth result to income inequality, region and urban-rural inequality. This study aims to investigate the regional and urban-rural inequality in mainland China during the period of 1978 to 2003, and employ Geographic Information System to present the inequality areas in the digital map. In addition, this study utilizes trend analysis model of MINITAB to forecast income inequality in 2008. This study examines the regional and urban-rural inequality, by economic index “per capital annual net income of rural households” and “per capital annual disposable income of urban households”. In addition, we use”relatively disparity” and “absolutely disparity” to measure income inequality. The most inequality areas are defined as income higher than the average out of the whole nation. In addition, there are four trend analysis models in MINITAB, including the Linear, Quadratic, Exponential growth, and S-Curve model. We use the Quadratic model to predict the income disparity in 2008. This study find that the absolutely disparity is the most inequality areas between different cities, and between different villages of the relatively disparity. The gap of the absolutely disparity between the highest and the lowest income at urban is 8337, and the relatively disparity at rural is 4.25. Second, the curve of income relatively disparity line to be a W shape. The peak of the curve is 1978, 1994 and 2003. The low point of the curve is 1983 and 1997. The curve of income absolutely disparity was to rise very fast when Deng Xiaoping to travel in the South China in 1992. Third, the curve of income relatively disparity in the West is higher than in the Middle, and in the Middle is higher than in the East. In addition, the curve of income absolutely disparity in the East is higher than in the West, and in the West is higher than in the Middle. Fourth, the scope of the most inequality areas of the income relatively disparity has reduced, and the scope was concentrated in the West. The scope of the most inequality areas of the income absolutely disparity has reduced, too, and the scope was concentrated in the Southeast coastal and Southwest area. Fifth, the most inequality areas of income relatively disparity is the Northwest area, the Middle reaches area of the Yellow River and the Southwest area. The most inequality areas of income absolutely disparity is the Northern Coastal, the Middle Coastal, and the South Coastal in the eight major areas in 2003. Sixth, we find the per capital annual disposable income of urban households is 12558.60, and the per capital annual net income of rural households is 4016.07 in 2008. The gap of the income relatively disparity between the highest and the lowest income at urban-rural is 8542, and the income relatively disparity at urban-rural is 3.13. So, we agree the inequality of the income absolutely disparity of urban-rural China will be continuing in the future.

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36

"Regional Economic Inequality Analysis: A Comparative Study of the United States and China". Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.40323.

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abstract: Economic inequality is always presented as how economic metrics vary amongst individuals in a group, amongst groups in a population, or amongst some regions. Economic inequality can substantially impact the social environment, socioeconomics as well as human living standard. Since economic inequality always plays an important role in our social environment, its study has attracted much attention from scholars in various research fields, such as development economics, sociology and political science. On the other hand, economic inequality can result from many factors, phenomena, and complex procedures, including policy, ethnic, education, globalization and etc. However, the spatial dimension in economic inequality research did not draw much attention from scholars until early 2000s. Spatial dependency, perform key roles in economic inequality analysis. The spatial econometric methods do not merely convey a consequence of the characters of the data exclusively. More importantly, they also respect and quantify the spatial effects in the economic inequality. As aforementioned, although regional economic inequality starts to attract scholars' attention in both economy and regional science domains, corresponding methodologies to examine such regional inequality remain in their preliminary phase, which need substantial further exploration. My thesis aims at contributing to the body of knowledge in the method development to support economic inequality studies by exploring the feasibility of a set of new analytical methods in use of regional inequality analysis. These methods include Theil's T statistic, geographical rank Markov and new methods applying graph theory. The thesis will also leverage these methods to compare the inequality between China and US, two large economic entities in the world, because of the long history of economic development as well as the corresponding evolution of inequality in US; the rapid economic development and consequent high variation of economic inequality in China.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Geography 2016

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37

Strand, Karla Jean. "An exploration into the role of public libraries in the alleviation of information inequality and poverty in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa". Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52024.

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This study investigates information inequality and poverty in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. Its purpose is to explore and elucidate strategies for public libraries to support the alleviation of this type of inequality and poverty within their communities. In Chapters 1 and 2, in-depth discussions of information inequality and poverty are presented. An historical perspective of libraries in South Africa is presented in Chapter 3. The theoretical framework used for this study is explained in Chapter 4. This research is based mainly on the critical theories of Pierre Bourdieu, Paolo Freire, Martha Nussbaum, and Shiraz Durrani. In addition, a new integrative approach to information inequality and poverty based on this critical theoretical framework is presented. Chapter 5 will explain the qualitative research design and methodology of this study. A rationale for choosing to conduct two case studies is provided. The choice of constructivist, critical paradigms are explained as is the decision to use a quantitative survey to supplement the design. In Chapter 6, uMhlathuze municipality and the case study libraries is discussed in depth. The findings of the data collection are presented, collated under five main themes based on the main research questions. Chapter 7 interprets and discusses the research findings in three primary analytic categories. An explanation of the steps to apply the new integrative approach to information inequality and poverty is provided. Final conclusions for addressing the problem is presented in Chapter 8 along with recommendations for libraries wishing to alleviate information inequality and poverty.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Information Science
PhD
Unrestricted

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38

Park, Sang Woo. "Aspects of Interface between Information Theory and Signal Processing with Applications to Wireless Communications". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148120.

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This dissertation studies several aspects of the interface between information theory and signal processing. Several new and existing results in information theory are researched from the perspective of signal processing. Similarly, some fundamental results in signal processing and statistics are studied from the information theoretic viewpoint. The first part of this dissertation focuses on illustrating the equivalence between Stein's identity and De Bruijn's identity, and providing two extensions of De Bruijn's identity. First, it is shown that Stein's identity is equivalent to De Bruijn's identity in additive noise channels with specific conditions. Second, for arbitrary but fixed input and noise distributions, and an additive noise channel model, the first derivative of the differential entropy is expressed as a function of the posterior mean, and the second derivative of the differential entropy is expressed in terms of a function of Fisher information. Several applications over a number of fields, such as statistical estimation theory, signal processing and information theory, are presented to support the usefulness of the results developed in Section 2. The second part of this dissertation focuses on three contributions. First, a connection between the result, proposed by Stoica and Babu, and the recent information theoretic results, the worst additive noise lemma and the isoperimetric inequality for entropies, is illustrated. Second, information theoretic and estimation theoretic justifications for the fact that the Gaussian assumption leads to the largest Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is presented. Third, a slight extension of this result to the more general framework of correlated observations is shown. The third part of this dissertation concentrates on deriving an alternative proof for an extremal entropy inequality (EEI), originally proposed by Liu and Viswanath. Compared with the proofs, presented by Liu and Viswanath, the proposed alternative proof is simpler, more direct, and more information-theoretic. An additional application for the extremal inequality is also provided. Moreover, this section illustrates not only the usefulness of the EEI but also a novel method to approach applications such as the capacity of the vector Gaussian broadcast channel, the lower bound of the achievable rate for distributed source coding with a single quadratic distortion constraint, and the secrecy capacity of the Gaussian wire-tap channel. Finally, a unifying variational and novel approach for proving fundamental information theoretic inequalities is proposed. Fundamental information theory results such as the maximization of differential entropy, minimization of Fisher information (Cramer-Rao inequality), worst additive noise lemma, entropy power inequality (EPI), and EEI are interpreted as functional problems and proved within the framework of calculus of variations. Several extensions and applications of the proposed results are briefly mentioned.

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39

Lupač, Petr. "Zkoumání sociální podmíněnosti současného způsobu technologického rozvoje: Za hranice (výzkumu) digitální propasti". Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-329284.

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In his dissertation thesis, the author elaborates on a new position from which both information society theory and digital divide research could be analyzed as active participants in a large-scale societal reconstruction. The text begins with the reconstruction of the argumentation core of information society theories, which is then utilized when choosing their latest, most respected, and most elaborated version. In the following chapter, the author presents the composition of Manuel Castells' information society theory and its tight relationship with the digital divide issue. In the final parts of this chapter, the author reveals the key position of the digital divide issue in solving the contradictions and negative aspects of informatization. The chapter is concluded by finding out the absence of the link between digital divide and information society theory in the preceding criticism of Castells' work. In the fourth part, the development, arguments, and empirical evidence of the digital divide research are presented, followed by identification of the limits of contemporary academic digital divide discourse. In the sixth chapter, the author tries to overcome these limits by proposing a new empirical evidence better fitting model of the digital divide. The thesis is concluded by thinking over the...

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40

Macek, Oskar. "Otevřenost českých tradičních medií vůči neuživatelům Internetu". Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-344494.

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This paper deals theoretically and empirically with the issue of traditional media openness towards Internet non-users and its perception among non-users themselves. The theoretical part of the work outlines the problem of inequality in the information society and how specific content of messages in selected traditional media can contribute to these inegualities. The second part examines through a pilot content analysis the nature of the media content in the traditional Czech mass media with regard to the possibility of interaction and participation with the media and the usage of links to the digital content. On this basis, semi-structured interviews examine perception and reflection of such phenomena on a selected group of elderly non-users. The conclusion of this work consists of the introduction of the scheme of factors influencing the extent of perceived discrimination among non-users of the Internet in relation to traditional mass media.

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41

(6632246), Jacqueline N. Henke. "Prisoners' Rights Activism in the New Information Age". Thesis, 2019.

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New information and communication technologies (ICTs), such as cell phones, email, and social media, have been transforming how social movements recruit, organize, participate in collective action, and experience repression. Yet, limited scholarship has addressed the uses of these technologies by social movements organizing within American prisons. Using a dialectical interpretive approach, I examine how a coalition of prisoners’ rights organizations uses ICTs to plan and participate in collective resistance across prison walls. The coalition, referred to here as the New Prisoners’ Rights Coalition (NPRC), organizes against low and no-wage prison labor, unhealthy and unsafe prison conditions, and inhumane prisoner treatment. The NPRC has a multi-platform public digital presence and mobilizes prisoner activists and free activists. Through narrative description, I summarize the ways NPRC activists use ICTs from December 2013 through September 2016, noting changes in ICT use over time and in response to movement repression. I find that new ICTs offer innovative ways for NPRC activists to record and document their environments, communicate privately, and communicate publicly. ICTs, however, do not remove all barriers to activism or ensure that activists’ concerns are resolved or even taken seriously. NPRC activists struggle to overcome stigma and mischaracterization online. They face physical repression, interpersonal hostilities, institutional sanctions, economic repression, legal sanctions, interpretive repression, surveillance, and monitoring. In different circumstances, the NPRC responds to repression by increasing ICT use, decreasing ICT use, going dark, migrating from one online platform to another, and shifting digital responsibilities from prisoner activists to free activists. I explain how, most of the time, the digital unreachability of the prison environment makes it difficult for NPRC activists to substantiate their claims of mistreatment, abuse, and injustice. Moreover, I consider how current prison technology policies may be inadvertently pushing NPRC activists into difficult-to-monitor online spaces and exacerbating safety concerns of corrections workers.

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42

Greenberg, Valerie K. "Attitudinal influence on technlogy usage by faculty in higher education". Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/29594.

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The rapid inclusion of new technologies into educational curriculum has left some educators feeling ill prepared and anxious towards changes in teaching styles and curriculum necessary to put these innovations to use in their classrooms. It is imperative that we address this reluctance in order to provide inclusion of both faculty and students in the information revolution that began with the Internet and that continues to sweep the globe. Existing research takes primarily an external perspective to lack of technology usage in education; few studies have considered the psychological barriers that may contribute to technological and digital inequality within a University community. Real progress can be made in motivating technology resistant faculty by teaching them to differentiate between the characteristics of experts and novices, by providing them with the tools necessary to improve their self-efficacy to utilize new teaching technologies, and by providing the infrastructural support necessary to succeed.
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43

Moniz, Teresa Brito Oliveira Barros. "Métodos estatísticos aplicados a estudo da distribuição territorial das desigualdades sociais em Cabo Verde". Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.2/7117.

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As desigualdades sociais vêm sendo estudadas há vários anos, no entanto a sua mais-valia para a elaboração de estratégias políticas para a sua diminuição iniciou com o desenvolvimento de medidas que as quantificam. O aparecimento da análise e ferramentas de estatística espacial permitiu estudar as desigualdades, não apenas em termos globais, mas também por regiões, por forma a serem comparáveis, e considerar a relação entre o fenómeno e o espaço. É objectivo deste trabalho explorar técnicas de análise e estatística espacial para caracterizar a distribuição espacial das desigualdades em Cabo Verde. Utilizam-se índices para quantificar as desigualdades sociais em diferentes vertentes, como a desigualdade de género, económica, ambiental e em saúde. Para a realização do estudo foram utilizados dados oriundos dos inquéritos e recenseamento realizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Estatística de Cabo Verde (INE-CV), dados do Ministério de Saúde e Conselho Nacional das Eleições (CNE), registados dos anos 2000 e 2010 a 2015. A quantificação da desigualdade económica e em saúde, deu-se através do índice de Gini e índice de concentração, respectivamente, e as desigualdades de género e ambiental através de medidas sintéticas. Utilizaram-se medidas de estatística descritiva, a análise de autocorrelação para averiguar a associação espacial entre concelhos, a análise de Hot Spot para identificar concelhos com desigualdade elevada e a análise de clusters, para identificar concelhos semelhantes. Recorreu-se ao software de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (ArcGIS), para a análise e estatística espacial, SPSS, para análises clássicas (não espacial) e Excel para organização dos dados e cálculos intermédios. A desigualdade social abrange todo o país, sendo mais concentrada ao norte das ilhas de Santo Antão, Santiago e Fogo. A desigualdade de género apresenta um desvio menos significativo da desigualdade quando comparado a desigualdade ambiental. Os concelhos da ilha de Santiago são semelhantes, com excepção do concelho da Praia. Com o passar dos anos verificou-se semelhança entre os concelhos próximos e que partilham a mesma fronteira.
The Social inequalities have been studied for several years, however its added value to the elaboration of political strategies for its decrease has begun with the development of measures that quantify them. The emergence of the analysis and tools of spatial statistics has allowed to study inequalities, not only in global terms, but also by regions, in order to be comparable, and to consider the relationship between the phenomenon and space. It is the objective of this work to explore techniques of analysis and spatial statistics to characterize the spatial distribution of inequalities in Cape Verde. Indexes are used to quantify social inequalities in different strands such as gender inequality, economic, environmental and health. For the realization of the study, data originating from the surveys and census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics of Cape Verde (INE-CV), data from the Ministry of Health and National Council of Elections (CNE), registered from the years 2000 and 2010 to 2015. The quantification of economic and health inequality is given by the index of Gini and concentration index, respectively, and gender and environmental inequalities through synthetic measures. Descriptive statistical measures were used the autocorrelation analysis to ascertain the spatial association between municipalities, the analysis of Hot Spot to identify municipalities with high inequality and the analysis of clusters, to identify similar municipalities. The software of Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS), for analysis spatial and statistics, SPSS, for classical (nonspatial) analyses, and Excel for organizing data and intermediate calculations. Social inequality covers the whole country, being more concentrated north of the islands of Santo Antão, Santiago and fire. Gender inequality shows a less significant deviation from inequality when compared to environmental inequality. The municipalities of the island of Santiago are similar, except for the municipality of the beach. Over the years, there was a similarity between the nearby municipalities and sharing the same frontier.

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Idris, Muhammad. "Real-time Business Intelligence through Compact and Efficient Query Processing Under Updates". 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33726.

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Responsive analytics are rapidly taking over the traditional data analytics dominated by the post-fact approaches in traditional data warehousing. Recent advancements in analytics demand placing analytical engines at the forefront of the system to react to updates occurring at high speed and detect patterns, trends and anomalies. These kinds of solutions find applications in Financial Systems, Industrial Control Systems, Business Intelligence and on-line Machine Learning among others. These applications are usually associated with Big Data and require the ability to react to constantly changing data in order to obtain timely insights and take proactive measures. Generally, these systems specify the analytical results or their basic elements in a query language, where the main task then is to maintain these results under frequent updates efficiently. The task of reacting to updates and analyzing changing data has been addressed in two ways in the literature: traditional business intelligence (BI) solutions focus on historical data analysis where the data is refreshed periodically and in batches, and stream processing solutions process streams of data from transient sources as flow (or set of flows) of data items. Both kinds of systems share the niche of reacting to updates (known as dynamic evaluation); however, they differ in architecture, query languages, and processing mechanisms. In this thesis, we investigate the possibility of a reactive and unified framework to model queries that appear in both kinds of systems. In traditional BI solutions, evaluating queries under updates has been studied under the umbrella of incremental evaluation of updates that is based on relational incremental view maintenance model and mostly focus on queries that feature equi-joins. Streaming systems, in contrast, generally follow the automaton based models to evaluate queries under updates, and they generally process queries that mostly feature comparisons of temporal attributes (e.g., timestamp attributes) along-with comparisons of non-temporal attributes over streams of bounded sizes. Temporal comparisons constitute inequality constraints, while non-temporal comparisons can either be equality or inequality constraints, hence these systems mostly process inequality joins. As starting point, we postulate the thesis that queries in streaming systems can also be evaluated efficiently based on the paradigm of incremental evaluation just like in BI systems in a main-memory model. The efficiency of such a model is measured in terms of runtime memory footprint and the update processing cost. To this end, the existing approaches of dynamic evaluation in both kind of systems present a trade-off between memory footprint and the update processing cost. More specifically, systems that avoid materialization of query (sub) results incur high update latency and systems that materialize (sub) results incur high memory footprint. We are interested in investigating the possibility to build a model that can address this trade-off. In particular, we overcome this trade-off by investigating the possibility of practical dynamic evaluation algorithm for queries that appear in both kinds of systems, and present a main-memory data representation that allows to enumerate query (sub) results without materialization and can be maintained efficiently under updates. We call this representation the Dynamic Constant Delay Linear Representation (DCLR). We devise DCLRs with the following properties: 1) they allow, without materialization, enumeration of query results with bounded-delay (and with constant delay for a sub-class of queries); 2) they allow tuple lookup in query results with logarithmic delay (and with constant delay for conjunctive queries with equi-joins only); 3) they take space linear in the size of the database; 4) they can be maintained efficiently under updates. We first study the DCLRs with the above-described properties for the class of acyclic conjunctive queries featuring equi-joins with projections and present the dynamic evaluation algorithm. Then, we present the generalization of thiw algorithm to the class of acyclic queries featuring multi-way theta-joins with projections. We devise DCLRs with the above properties for acyclic conjunctive queries, and the working of dynamic algorithms over DCLRs is based on a particular variant of join trees, called the Generalized Join Trees (GJTs) that guarantee the above-described properties of DCLRs. We define GJTs and present the algorithms to test a conjunctive query featuring theta-joins for acyclicity and to generate GJTs for such queries. To do this, we extend the classical GYO algorithm from testing a conjunctive query with equalities for acyclicity to test a conjunctive query featuring multi-way theta-joins with projections for acyclicity. We further extend the GYO algorithm to generate GJTs for queries that are acyclic. We implemented our algorithms in a query compiler that takes as input the SQL queries and generates Scala executable code – a trigger program to process queries and maintain under updates. We tested our approach against state of the art main-memory BI and CEP systems. Our evaluation results have shown that our DCLRs based approach is over an order of magnitude efficient than existing systems for both memory footprint and update processing cost. We have also shown that the enumeration of query results without materialization in DCLRs is comparable (and in some cases efficient) as compared to enumerating from materialized query results.

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45

Akshatha, Shenoy H. "Role of Nonlocality and Counterfactuality in Quantum Cryptography". Thesis, 2014. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2987.

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Quantum cryptography is arguably the most successfully applied area of quantum information theory. In this work, We invsetigate the role of quantum indistinguishability in random number generation, quantum temporal correlations, quantum nonlocality and counterfactuality for quantum cryptography. We study quantum protocols for key distribution, and their security in the conventional setting, in the counterfactual paradigm, and finally also in the device-independent scenario as applied to prepare-and-measure schemes. We begin with the interplay of two essential non-classical features like quantum indeterminism and quantum indistinguishability via a process known as bosonic stimulation is discussed. It is observed that the process provides an efficient method for macroscopic extraction of quantum randomness. Next, we propose two counterfactual cryptographic protocols, in which a secret key bit is generated even without the physical transmission of a particle. The first protocol is semicounterfactual in the sense that only one of the key bits is generated using interaction-free measurement. This protocol departs fundamentally from the original counterfactual key distribution protocol in not encoding secret bits in terms of photon polarization. We discuss how the security in the protocol originates from quantum single-particle non-locality. The second protocol is designed for the crypto-task of certificate authorization, where a trusted third party authenticates an entity (e.g., bank) to a client. We analyze the security of both protocols under various general incoherent attack models. The next part of our work includes study of quantum temporal correlations. We consider the use of the Leggett-Garg inequalities for device-independent security appropriate for prepare-and-measure protocols subjected to the higher dimensional attack that would completely undermine standard BB84. In the last part, we introduce the novel concept of nonlocal subspaces constructed using the graph state formalism, and propose their application for quantum information splitting. In particular, we use the stabilizer formalism of graph states to construct degenerate Bell operators, whose eigenspace determines the nonlocal subspace, into which a quantum secret is encoded and shared among an authorized group of agents, or securely transmitted to a designated secret retriever. The security of our scheme arises from the monogamy of quantum correlations. The quantum violation of the Bell-type inequality here is to its algebraic maximum, making this approach inherently suitable for the device-independent scenario.

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