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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Intensity modulated radiotherapy"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 9 giugno 2025

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1

Leibel, Steven A., Zvi Fuks, Michael J. Zelefsky, Suzanne L. Wolden, Kenneth E. Rosenzweig, Kaled M. Alektiar, Margie A. Hunt, et al. "Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy." Cancer Journal 8, no. 2 (March 2002): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130404-200203000-00010.

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Tomé, Wolfgang A., Sanford L. Meeks, Todd R. McNutt, John M. Buatti, Francis J. Bova, William A. Friedman, and Minesh Mehta. "Optically guided intensity modulated radiotherapy." Radiotherapy and Oncology 61, no. 1 (October 2001): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(01)00414-5.

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Śladowska, A. "Modern External Beam Radiotherapy Techniques - Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy." Acta Physica Polonica A 115, no. 2 (February 2009): 586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.115.586.

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Eschwège, Maurice Tubiana, Francois. "Conformal Radiotherapy and Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy: Clinical Data." Acta Oncologica 39, no. 5 (January 2000): 555–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028418600750013249.

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Murthy, Vedang, Shirley Lewis, Mayur Sawant, Siji N. Paul, Umesh Mahantshetty, and Shyam Kishore Shrivastava. "Incidental Dose to Pelvic Nodal Regions in Prostate-Only Radiotherapy." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 16, no. 2 (August 19, 2016): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533034616661447.

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Objectives: Pelvic lymph nodal regions receive an incidental dose from conformal treatment of the prostate. This study was conducted to investigate the doses received by the different pelvic nodal regions with varying techniques used for prostate radiotherapy. Methods and Materials: Twenty patients of high-risk node-negative prostate cancer treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy to the prostate alone were studied. Replanning was done for intensity-modulated radiotherapy, 3-dimensional conformal treatment, and 2-dimensional conventional radiotherapy with additional delineation of the pelvic nodal regions, namely, common iliac (upper and lower), presacral, internal iliac, obturator, and external iliac. Dose–volume parameters such as Dmean, D100%, D66%, D33%, V40, and V50 to each of the nodal regions were estimated for all patients. Results: The obturator nodes received the highest dose among all nodal regions. The mean dose received by obturator nodal region was 44, 29, and 22 Gy from 2-dimensional conventional radiotherapy, 3-dimensional conformal treatment, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy, respectively. The mean dose was significantly higher when compared between 2-dimensional conventional radiotherapy and 3-dimensional conformal treatment ( P < .001), 2-dimensional conventional radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy ( P < .001), and 3-dimensional conformal treatment and intensity-modulated radiotherapy ( P < .001). The D33% of the obturator region was 64, 39, and 37 Gy from 2-dimensional conventional radiotherapy, 3-dimensional conformal treatment, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy, respectively. The dose received by all other pelvic nodal regions was low and not clinically relevant. Conclusion: The incidental dose received by obturator regions is significant especially with 2-dimensional conventional radiotherapy and 3-dimensional conformal treatment techniques as used in the trials studying elective pelvic nodal irradiation. However, with intensity-modulated radiotherapy, this dose is lower, making elective pelvic irradiation more relevant. Advances in Knowledge: This study highlights that incidental dose received by obturator regions is significant especially with 2-dimensional conventional radiotherapy and 3-dimensional conformal treatment techniques.

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Fischer-Valuck, Ben W., Yuan James Rao, and Jeff M. Michalski. "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer." Translational Andrology and Urology 7, no. 3 (June 2018): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau.2017.12.16.

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Taylor, A. "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy - what is it?" Cancer Imaging 4, no. 2 (2004): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1102/1470-7330.2004.0003.

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Thilmann, Christoph, Daniela Schulz-Ertner, Angelika Zabel, Klaus K. Herfarth, Michael Wannenmacher, and Jürgen Debus. "Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy of Sacral Chordoma." Acta Oncologica 41, no. 4 (January 2002): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028418602760169460.

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Mendenhall, William M., Charles M. Mendenhall, and Nancy P. Mendenhall. "Submandibular Gland-sparing Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy." American Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 5 (October 2014): 514–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/coc.0b013e318261054e.

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Low, Daniel A. "Quality assurance of intensity-modulated radiotherapy." Seminars in Radiation Oncology 12, no. 3 (July 2002): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/srao.2002.33700.

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Budgell, G. "Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)—an introduction." Radiography 8, no. 4 (November 2002): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/radi.2002.0390.

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Abelson, Jonathan A., James D. Murphy, Ann Yuriko Minn, Melody Chung, George A. Fisher, James M. Ford, Pamela Kunz, et al. "Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 82, no. 4 (March 2012): e595-e601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.09.035.

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James, H. V., C. D. Scrase, and A. J. Poynter. "Practical experience with intensity-modulated radiotherapy." British Journal of Radiology 77, no. 913 (January 2004): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr/14996943.

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Peng, Gang, Yang Ke, Tao Wang, Yiming Feng, Yuehua Li, and Gang Wu. "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma." Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences] 31, no. 6 (December 2011): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11596-011-0691-x.

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Schomas, David A., Michael T. Milano, John C. Roeske, Loren K. Mell, and Arno J. Mundt. "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy and the Internet." Cancer 101, no. 2 (2004): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20359.

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Lin, Ruihe, Jie Shan, Taize Yuan, and Chaonan Qian. "Dosimetric comparison of intensity-modulated proton radiotherapy versus intensity-modulated photon-based radiotherapy for breast cancer." Visualized Cancer Medicine 2 (2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vcm/2021002.

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Purpose: This study aims to compare the dosimetric differences in intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) using pencil beam scanning technology and intensity-modulated photon-based radiotherapy (IMRT) in hypofractionated whole-breast irradiation (HF-WBI) and find out the more beneficial technique. Methods and Materials: Eight breast cancer (BC) patients with pathological stage T1 ~ 2N0M0 were immobilized and underwent 4D-CT scanning used deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) technology. The IMPT and IMRT plans were designed for each patient. The IMPT plans used two en-face beam angles. IMRT plans were designed using the field in field technique. The optimization constraints of the two types of plans were identical. Prescription dose and regimen was 40.05 Gy (relative biological effect [RBE])/15 fx with a 10 Gy (RBE)/5 fx boost, five fractions a week. A dose of 95% of the target volume should not be less than the prescribed dose. The target coverage was evaluated using D1, D2, D50, D95, D98, and D99. The target dose distribution and conformity were evaluated using the Conformity index (CI) and the homogeneity index (HI). The Organs at risk (OARs) were evaluated using mean dose (Dmean) and maximum dose (Dmax). Ipsilateral Lung and Contralateral Lung were evaluated additionally using V5, V10, V20, V30. Results: The mean dose (Dmean) of the Heart (P = 0.012), Ipsilateral Lung (P = 0.036), Contralateral Lung (P = 0.012), and Spinal Cord (P = 0.012) were significantly reduced in IMPT plans. The IMPT also showed a tendency to reduce the V20 (P = 0.05) and V30 (P = 0.05) of the Ipsilateral Lung. But there was no significant difference in target coverage, homogeneity, and conformity between the IMRT and IMPT plans. Conclusion: Compared to IMRT, the IMPT using pencil beam scanning technology can spare OARs without compromising target coverage in BC patients undergoing HF-WBI, which potentially reduce the incidence of radiation-related adverse effects and thus may positively impact long-term survival.

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Ma, Zichang, Rei Umezawa, Takaya Yamamoto, Yojiro Ishikawa, Noriyoshi Takahashi, Kazuya Takeda, Yu Suzuki, et al. "IMRT improves local control in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma compared with conventional radiotherapy: propensity score-matched analysis." Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 51, no. 9 (July 12, 2021): 1444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyab100.

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Abstract Background It is still controversial whether intensity-modulated radiotherapy has an obvious advantage over conventional radiotherapy. The purposes of this study were to evaluate prognostic factors in pre-treatment characteristics for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and to compare treatment outcomes in patients who received intensity-modulated radiotherapy and patients who received two-dimensional radiotherapy or three-dimensional radiotherapy. Methods We reviewed patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who received chemoradiotherapy in our hospital during the period from 2000 to 2017, and we excluded patients who had a history of surgery for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and those who had distant metastases before treatment. A total of 72 patients who were treated by radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy were enrolled. All of the patients were irradiated with a total dose of 58–70 Gy. Overall survival, locoregional control and progression-free survival rates were compared in the groups treated by intensity-modulated radiotherapy and two-dimensional/three-dimensional radiotherapy. Propensity score matching was performed to homogenize the two groups. Results The median follow-up period was 62.5 months. After propensity score matching, in patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy, the 5-year rate of overall survival, locoregional control and progression-free survival were 73.5, 95.2 and 72.7%, respectively. In patients treated with two-dimensional/three-dimensional radiotherapy, the 5-year rate of overall survival, locoregional control and progression-free survival were 69.1, 67.7 and 51.8%, respectively. There was a significant difference between the groups only in locoregional control. Late toxicities of grade 2 or higher were occurred in 38.5 and 24.2% of the patients treated by two-dimensional/three-dimensional radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy, respectively. Conclusions Our results suggested that intensity-modulated radiotherapy is more effective than two-dimensional/three-dimensional radiotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, especially in locoregional control.

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Yeh, Shyh-An, Tzer-Zen Hwang, Chih-Chun Wang, Chuen-Chien Yang, Ching-Feng Lien, Chien-Chung Wang, Tun-Yen Hsu, et al. "Outcomes of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy." Journal of Radiation Research 62, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrab008.

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Abstract Nasopharyngeal cancer shows a good response to intensity-modulated radiotherapy. However, there is no clear evidence for the benefits of routine use of image-guided radiotherapy. The purpose of this study was to perform a retrospective investigation of the treatment outcomes, treatment-related complications and prognostic factors for nasopharyngeal cancer treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy and image-guided radiotherapy techniques. Retrospective analysis was performed on 326 consecutive nasopharyngeal cancer patients treated between 2004 and 2015. Potentially significant patient-related and treatment-related variables were analyzed. Radiation-related complications were recorded. The 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates of these patients were 77.9% and 70.5%, respectively. Age, AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) stage, retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy, treatment interruption and body mass index were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. Age, AJCC stage, retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy, image-guided radiotherapy and body mass index were independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival. In conclusion, intensity-modulated radiotherapy significantly improves the treatment outcomes of nasopharyngeal cancer. With the aid of image-guided radiotherapy, the advantage of intensity-modulated radiotherapy might be further amplified.

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Zhang, Guangyu, Fangfang He, Li Miao, Haijian Wu, Youzhong Zhang, and Chunli Fu. "Post-operative small pelvic intensity-modulated radiation therapy for early-stage cervical cancer with intermediate-risk factors: efficacy and toxicity." Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 51, no. 6 (April 5, 2021): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyab047.

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Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of post-operative small pelvic intensity-modulated radiotherapy in early-stage cervical cancer patients with intermediate-risk factors. Methods Between 2012 and 2016, 151 patients who had cervical cancer (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I–IIA) with intermediate-risk factors were treated with post-operative small pelvic intensity-modulated radiotherapy. The median dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions with small pelvic intensity-modulated radiotherapy was prescribed to the planning target volume. The intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique used was conventional fixed-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy or helical tomotherapy. Results The median follow-up was 37 months. The 3-year disease-free survival and overall survival rates were 89 and 96%, respectively. A total of 144 patients (95.3%) were alive at the last follow-up. In total, 6 patients (3.9%) had recurrence: locoregional recurrence in 3 patients (2%), distant metastasis in 2 (1.3%), and both in 1 (0.6%). Diarrhoea was the most common acute toxicity. There were no patients suffering from acute or late grade ≥ 3 toxicity. Only 4 patients (2.6%) had late grade 2 toxicities. Conclusions For early-stage cervical cancer patients with intermediate-risk factors, post-operative small pelvic intensity-modulated radiotherapy was safe and well tolerated. The rates of acute and late toxicities were quite satisfactory.

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Armugram, Nindra, and Krishna Kadarlab. "Toxicities and Outcome of Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Vs 2D Conformal Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancers." Indian Journal of Cancer Education and Research 5, no. 2 (2017): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijcer.2321.9815.5217.2.

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Seppälä, Jan, Sami Suilamo, Mikko Tenhunen, Liisa Sailas, Heli Virsunen, Erna Kaleva, and Jani Keyriläinen. "Dosimetric Comparison and Evaluation of 4 Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Techniques for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 16, no. 2 (December 8, 2016): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533034616682156.

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare dosimetric characteristics, monitor unit, and delivery efficiency of 4 different stereotactic body radiotherapy techniques for the treatment of prostate cancer. Methods: This study included 8 patients with localized prostate cancer. Dosimetric assets of 4 delivery techniques for stereotactic body radiotherapy were evaluated: robotic CyberKnife, noncoplanar intensity-modulated radiotherapy, and 2 intensity-modulated arc therapy techniques (RapidArc and Elekta volumetric-modulated arc therapy). All the plans had equal treatment margins and a prescription dose of 35 Gy in 5 fractions. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in homogeneity index and mean doses of bladder wall and penile bulb, all of which were highest with CyberKnife. No significant differences were observed in the mean doses of rectum, with values of 15.2 ± 2.6, 13.3 ± 2.6, 13.1 ± 2.8, and 13.8 ± 1.6 Gy with CyberKnife, RapidArc, volumetric-modulated arc therapy, and noncoplanar intensity-modulated radiotherapy, respectively. The highest dose conformity was realized with RapidArc. The dose coverage of the planning target volume was lowest with noncoplanar intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Treatment times and number of monitor units were largest with CyberKnife (on average 34.0 ± 5.0 minutes and 8704 ± 1449 monitor units) and least with intensity-modulated arc therapy techniques (on average 5.1 ± 1.1 minutes and 2270 ± 497 monitor units). Conclusion: Compared to CyberKnife, the RapidArc, volumetric-modulated arc therapy, and noncoplanar intensity-modulated radiotherapy produced treatment plans with similar dosimetric quality, with RapidArc achieving the highest dose conformity. Overall, the dosimetric differences between the studied techniques were marginal, and thus, the choice of the technique should rather focus on the delivery accuracies and dose delivery times.

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Kunieda, Etsuo. "Applications of High Precision Radiotherapy and Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy." RADIOISOTOPES 66, no. 5 (2017): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.66.201.

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Lambrecht, M., D. Nevens, and S. Nuyts. "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy vs. parotid-sparing 3D conformal radiotherapy." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 189, no. 3 (January 16, 2013): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-012-0289-7.

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Teoh, S., and R. Muirhead. "Rectal Radiotherapy — Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy Delivery, Delineation and Doses." Clinical Oncology 28, no. 2 (February 2016): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2015.10.012.

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Alvi, Zeeshan Ahmed, Sameed Hussain, Muhammad Imran Khan Wajid, Omer Riaz, Muhammad Yousaf Khan, Talha Maqsood, and Khurram Khan. "Comparison of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy and Fixed Field Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy for Radical Treatment of Early Prostate Cancer using Hypofractionated Radiotherapy." Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal 73, no. 3 (June 26, 2023): 909–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v73i3.7406.

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Objective: To investigate the dosimetric advantages of volumetric modulated arc therapy over intensity-modulated radiation therapy for radical treatment of early-stage prostate cancer. Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Radiation Oncology, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan to Jun 2019. Methodology: Two treatment plans; one volumetric modulated arc therapy and other intensity-modulated radiation therapy, were made for 13 patients undergoing radical radiotherapy for early prostate cancer. Conformity index, Homogeneity index, the volume of rectum and bladder receiving a dose of 50 Gy or more, monitor units employed and treatment delivery time were compared between both techniques. Results: Volumetric modulated arc therapy plans showed statistically better conformity index and Homogeneity index with significantly lower doses to the rectum and bladder than intensity-modulated radiation therapy plans. The number of monitor units (MUs) employed and treatment delivery time were also reduced significantly with volumetric modulated arc therapy. Conclusion: Volumetric modulated arc therapy generates dose-metrically better radiotherapy plans than intensity-modulated radiation therapy and can deliver the required dose faster.Keywords: Hypofractionated radiotherapy, Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, Prostate cancer, Volumetric modulated arc therapy.

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Chen, Qiu-Qiu, Chun-Qiao Chen, Jin-Kun Liu, Ming-Yue Huang, Min Pan, and Hui Huang. "Hypofractionated and intensity-modulated radiotherapy combined with systemic therapy in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report." World Journal of Clinical Oncology 15, no. 10 (October 24, 2024): 1342–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v15.i10.1342.

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BACKGROUND Liver cancer treatment is characterized by multidisciplinary participation and coexistence of multiple treatment methods. Hypofractionated and intensity-modulated radiotherapy is a new precise radiotherapy technique applied to the treatment of systemic malignant tumors. There is a lack of understanding of hypofractionated and intensity-modulated radiotherapy combined with systemic therapy in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CASE SUMMARY We report a case of metastatic HCC treated with hypofractionated and intensity-modulated radiotherapy combined with systemic therapy. A 41-year-old man was diagnosed with metastatic HCC (T3N1M1 stage IVB). Because it was found to be in the late stage of cancer and had already metastasized, it was impossible to undergo surgical treatment. In addition to aggressive comprehensive treatment for the primary lesion, local treatment for metastatic cancer can improve the patient's survival potential. Hypofractionated and intensity-modulated radiotherapy can provide a larger single treatment dose within a shorter overall treatment time, and improve the local control rate of the tumor. Follow-up examination demonstrated that the tumor and metastatic lesions had shrunk after therapy. The treatment has showed good efficacy. The patient survived for 18 months without disease progression and stable disease persisted for > 38 months. CONCLUSION Targeted therapy and immunotherapy followed by hypofractionated and intensity-modulated radiotherapy are also effective for advanced metastatic HCC.

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Liu, Yi-Chi, Hung-Ming Chang, Hsin-Hon Lin, Chia-Chun Lu, and Lu-Han Lai. "Dosimetric Comparison of Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy, Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy and Hybrid Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy/Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy Techniques for Right Breast Cancer." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 12 (November 29, 2020): 3884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123884.

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This study aimed to compare different types of right breast cancer radiotherapy planning techniques and to estimate the whole-body effective doses and the critical organ absorbed doses. The three planning techniques are intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT; two methods) and hybrid 3D-CRT/IMRT (three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy/intensity-modulated radiotherapy). The VMAT technique includes two methods to deliver a dose: non-continuous partial arc and continuous partial arc. A thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) is placed in the RANDO phantom to estimate the organ absorbed dose. Each planning technique applies 50.4 Gy prescription dose and treats critical organs, including the lung and heart. Dose-volume histogram was used to show the planning target volume (V95%), homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI), and other optimized indices. The estimation of whole-body effective dose was based on the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) Publication 60 and 103. The results were as follows: Continuous partial arc and non-continuous partial arc showed the best CI and HI. The heart absorbed doses in the continuous partial arc and hybrid 3D-CRT/IMRT were 0.07 ± 0.01% and 0% (V5% and V10%, respectively). The mean dose of the heart was lowest in hybrid 3D-CRT/IMRT (1.47 Gy ± 0.02). The dose in the left contralateral lung (V5%) was lowest in continuous partial arc (0%). The right ipsilateral lung average dose and V20% are lowest in continuous partial arc. Hybrid 3D-CRT/IMRT has the lowest mean dose to contralateral breast (organs at risk). The whole-body effective doses for ICRP-60 and ICRP-103 were highest in continuous partial arc (2.01 Sv ± 0.23 and 2.89 Sv ± 0.15, respectively). In conclusion, the use of VMAT with continuous arc has a lower risk of radiation pneumonia, while hybrid 3D-CRT/IMRT attain lower secondary malignancy risk and cardiovascular complications.

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Cosway, B., L. Douglas, N. Armstrong, and A. Robson. "Travelling for treatment; does distance and deprivation affect travel for intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the rural setting for head and neck cancer?" Journal of Laryngology & Otology 131, no. 6 (March 22, 2017): 546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215117000196.

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AbstractObjective:NHS England has commissioned intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancers from Newcastle hospitals for patients in North Cumbria. This study assessed whether travel distances affected the decision to travel to Newcastle (to receive intensity-modulated radiotherapy) or Carlisle (to receive conformal radiotherapy).Methods:All patients for whom the multidisciplinary team recommended intensity-modulated radiotherapy between December 2013 and January 2016 were included. Index of multiple deprivation scores and travel distances were calculated. Patients were also asked why they chose their treating centre.Results:Sixty-nine patients were included in this study. There were no significant differences in travel distance (p = 0.53) or index of multiple deprivation scores (p = 0.47) between patients opting for treatment in Carlisle or Newcastle. However, 29 of the 33 patients gave travel distance as their main reason for not travelling for treatment.Conclusion:Quantitatively, travel distance and deprivation does not impact on whether patients accept intensity-modulated radiotherapy. However, patients say distance is a major barrier for access. Future research should explore how to reduce this.

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Webb, Steve. "Advances in Treatment with Intensity-Modulated Conformal Radiotherapy." Tumori Journal 84, no. 2 (March 1998): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169808400206.

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The modern practice of radiotherapy centres on the development of conformai radiotherapy, techniques to ensure the high-dose volume is tightly wrapped around the diseased tissue and excluded as far as possible from adjacent normal structures. The development of conformai radiotherapy is a chain of processes involving treatment planning, development of new methods to deliver radiation, verification of the accuracy of radiation delivery and improvement of biological outcome. This is an enormous field of activity. This invited review paper summarises some of the main elements of progress towards implementing intensity-modulated conformai radiotherapy. This is the newest and most exciting development and, when achieved clinically, will lead to a quantum leap in tumour control probability with a fixed level of normal tissue damage.

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CAKIR, Aydin. "Quality assurance methods for intensity modulated radiotherapy." Turkish Journal of Oncology 28, no. 2 (2013): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/tjoncol.2013.568.

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Webb, S. "Optimizing the planning of intensity-modulated radiotherapy." Physics in Medicine and Biology 39, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 2229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/39/12/007.

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Cohen, Karen H. Shahar, Bin S. Teh, Arnold C. Paulino, and E. Brian Butler. "Ureteral Stenosis After Postprostatectomy Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy." American Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 1 (February 2010): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/coc.0b013e31802b30cb.

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Didinger, B. H., W. Schlegel, and J. Debus. "Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy – Technology and Clinical Applications." Oncology Research and Treatment 25, no. 3 (2002): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000064316.

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Lian, Xin, Jing Shen, Zhaoqi Gu, Junfang Yan, Shuai Sun, Xiaorong Hou, Hui You, et al. "Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy for Pituitary Somatotroph Adenomas." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 12 (September 15, 2020): e4712-e4721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa651.

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Abstract Objective To summarize our experience in the treatment of pituitary somatotroph adenomas by fractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), describe the treatment outcomes, and determine predictors. Methods and Materials Patients with pituitary somatotroph adenoma treated by IMRT in our institution from August 2009 to January 2019 were reviewed. A total of 113 patients (37 male) were included in this study. The median age was 33 years (range 12-67 years). A total of 112 patients had not achieved complete remission after surgery, and 1 patient was treated by radiotherapy (RT) alone because she refused to surgery. The median growth hormone level was 8.6 ng/mL (range 2-186 ng/mL) and the median insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 level was 732 ng/mL (range 314-1485 ng/mL) pre-RT. The radiation doses to clinical target volume were usually 50-56 Gy in 25 to 30 fractions and to gross tumor volume were 60.2 Gy in 28 fractions while simultaneous integrated boost-IMRT used. After RT, the patients were followed up with endocrine testing every 6 to 12 months and magnetic resonance imaging annually. Endocrine complete remission was deﬁned as a normal sex- and age-adjusted IGF-1 level without any pituitary suppressive medications. The outcomes including endocrine remission and new hypopituitarism after RT were recorded. The median follow-up time was 36 months (range 6-105.5 months). Results The endocrine complete remission rates of IGF-1 at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years were 6%, 22.8%, 48.6%, and 74.3%, respectively. The median time to complete remission was 36.2 ± 3.8 months. The tumor control rate was 99% during the follow-up. The overall incidence of RT-induced hypopituitarism was 28.3% at the last follow-up. Univariate and multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor sizes before RT, pre-RT IGF-1 level, and age significant predicted the endocrine remission. Conclusions IMRT is a highly effective treatment for pituitary somatotroph adenoma. Endocrine remission rate, tumor control rate, the median time to remission and hypopituitarism incidence are similar to stereotactic radiosurgery. Age and IGF-1 level before RT were significant predictive factors in endocrine remission.

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Muren, Ludvig P., Olav Mella, Rune Hafslund, and Olav Dahl. "Norwegian Oncologists' Expectations of Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy." Acta Oncologica 41, no. 6 (January 2002): 562–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841860214967.

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Cho, Paul S., and Robert J. Marks. "Hardware-sensitive optimization for intensity modulated radiotherapy." Physics in Medicine and Biology 45, no. 2 (January 25, 2000): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/45/2/312.

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Craft, David, Tarek Halabi, and Thomas Bortfeld. "Exploration of tradeoffs in intensity-modulated radiotherapy." Physics in Medicine and Biology 50, no. 24 (December 6, 2005): 5857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/50/24/007.

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Geora, D., P. Georg, M. Hillbrand, K. Dieckmann, and R. Potter. "174 Intensity modulated radiotherapy for gynaecological malignancies." Radiotherapy and Oncology 76 (September 2005): S88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(05)81151-x.

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Pickett, B., A. Pirzkall, J. Kurhanawicz, L. Verhey, and M. Roach. "Radiosurgical intensity modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 48, no. 3 (January 2000): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(00)80071-1.

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Thilmann, Christoph, Angelika Zabel, Simeon Nill, Bernhard Rhein, Angelika Hoess, Peter Haering, Stefanie Milker-Zabel, et al. "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy of the female breast." Medical Dosimetry 27, no. 2 (June 2002): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-3947(02)00089-4.

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Luo, Ming, Gang Peng, Liangliang Shi, Xing Ming, Zhenyu Li, Shijiang Fei, Qian Ding, and Jing Cheng. "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized nasopharyngeal amyloidosis." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 192, no. 12 (June 14, 2016): 944–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-016-0996-6.

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Burmeister, Jay, Robyn Spink, Liang Liang, Todd Bossenberger, Robert Halford, John Brandon, Jonathan Delauter, and Michael Snyder. "Commissioning of intensity modulated neutron radiotherapy (IMNRT)." Medical Physics 40, no. 2 (January 29, 2013): 021718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4766878.

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Chambers, Mark S., Adam S. Garden, David Rosenthal, Anesa Ahamad, David L. Schwartz, Angel I. Blanco, K. S. Clifford Chao, William H. Morrison, K. Kian Ang, and Randal S. Weber. "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy: Is xerostomia still prevalent?" Current Oncology Reports 7, no. 2 (April 2005): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11912-005-0039-4.

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Mohan, Radhe. "209 Intensity-modulated three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 39, no. 2 (January 1997): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(97)80512-3.

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Mohan, Radhe. "307 Intensity-modulated three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 36, no. 1 (January 1996): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(97)85315-1.

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Wiezorek, Tilo, Nico Banz, Michael Schwedas, Marcel Scheithauer, Henning Salz, Dietmar Georg, and Thomas G. Wendt. "Dosimetric Quality Assurance for Intensity–Modulated Radiotherapy." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 181, no. 7 (July 2005): 468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-005-1381-z.

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Duthoy, Wim, Tom Boterberg, Filip Claus, Piet Ost, Luc Vakaet, Samuel Bral, Frederic Duprez, Marianne Van Landuyt, Hubert Vermeersch, and Wilfried De Neve. "Postoperative intensity-modulated radiotherapy in sinonasal carcinoma." Cancer 104, no. 1 (2005): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21100.

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Poppe, Matthew M., Venkat Narra, Ning J. Yue, Jinghao Zhou, Carl Nelson, and Salma K. Jabbour. "A Comparison of Helical Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy, and 3D-Conformal Radiation Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer." Medical Dosimetry 36, no. 4 (December 2011): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meddos.2010.08.003.

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Laborda, Almudena Zapatero. "3D conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy: towards dose optimization." Revista de Oncología 4, no. 2 (March 2002): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02712398.

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Sayed Omer, Hiba Baha Eldin. "Intensity modulated radiotherapy using Monte Carlo for routine postmastectomy radiotherapy." Polish Journal of Medical Physics And Engineering 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10013-012-0007-x.

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Abstract (sommario):

Radiotherapy given after mastectomy (PMRT) will reduce the risk of local recurrence by about two-thirds. Clinical and dosimetric trials were carried out using various techniques to optimize the treatments by maximizing the dose to the tumour and minimizing it to the healthy tissues at proximity. Different conventional techniques which have been studied suffer from important dose inhomogeneities due to the complex anatomy of the chest, which reduces the benefits from such treatments. Moreover, due to the heterogeneity of breast cancer, the response to therapy and a systematic approach to treatment cannot be derived and treatment regimens must be determined on a patient-by-patient basis. This is only possible if accurate and fast treatment planning systems are available. Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) allows delivering higher doses to the target volume and limits the doses to the surrounding tissues. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of applying a Monte Carlo-based treatment planning system, Hyperion accurately in routine Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) postmastectomy. In order to use a treatment planning system for routine work it should prove to provide optimized dose delivery in a suitable time. Treatment planning for IMRT application to PMRT was performed using Hyperion. Constraints were set to deliver the prescribed dose to the target and minimize the dose to the organs at risk. Dose Volume Histograms (DVH) were used to evaluate the set up plans. Time taken to optimize the plan was measured. The target coverage was within the accepted values. Approximately 90% of the breast and 80% of the PTV received 45 Gy or above. The volume of the lung that received 40Gy was less than 10% and the volume that received 20Gy (V20) was less than 25%. The volume of the heart receiving 30 Gy (V30) or above was negligible. This indicates low NTCP of these organs. The time taken for optimization, showed it possible to apply Monte Carlo-based treatment-planning systems for patient-to-patient PMRT.

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