Articoli di riviste: "International bovine meat trade"

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SHREE, SHILPA, e SRIDHAR S. "CHANGING GROWTH TREND AND COMPETITIVENESS IN THE TRADE OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS IN INDIA". Journal of Global Economy 12, n. 4 (25 dicembre 2016): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v12i4.393.

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Global trade in livestock products is expanding rapidly and significantly due to increase in consumer demands linked to growing educational and awareness of consumer, internationalisation of tastes and habits, developments in science and technology and improvements in communication and transportation. In this study, growth trend in the trade of livestock products in India during the last two decades was measured by fitting an exponential time trend of the form and measurement of Export Competitiveness of Indian Livestock Sector by using Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC). From the results, the export of certain livestock products has grown in double digits, which indicates that focus on these products can help in earning more foreign exchange and strengthen the position of India in global livestock trade market. The import of dairy products, eggs, swine meat, poultry meat, natural honey, sheep and goat meat, hides/skin and processed meat has increased its rate from sub-period I to II due to rise in income and changes in dietary preferences have stimulated consumption of livestock products. The NPC value for dairy products was hovered around 1.5 to 2.5. The NPC of swine meat was 0.30 in 1993, which rose to 0.88 in 2011. The NPCs for poultry meat indicate that India has protected poultry sub-sector heavily or the international prices have been depressed due to price distortion in the world market. The NPC values for bovine meat indicate a high export potential, but these have witnessed an increasing trend, indicating erosion of its competitiveness. However, it still hovers around 0.50 and India has much leverage to expand its bovine meat export.

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Brester, Gary W., John M. Marsh e Ronald L. Plain. "International red meat trade". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 19, n. 2 (luglio 2003): 493–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(03)00024-0.

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Aurélio Neto, Onofre. "O Brasil no mercado mundial de carne bovina: análise da competitividade da produção e da logística de exportação brasileira". Ateliê Geográfico 12, n. 2 (18 agosto 2018): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ag.v12i2.47471.

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Resumo O artigo analisa a participação do Brasil no mercado mundial de carne bovina, atentando-se para a competitividade do país em relação à produção e exportação dessa commodity, entre o ano de 2000 e 2016, período de ascensão do país como um dos maiores exportadores de carne bovina. Avaliou-se a logística de exportação da carne a partir do território brasileiro, com a identificação dos modais, dos portos e mercados de destino. Apesar dos entraves existentes na logística de exportação e de enfrentar barreiras comerciais, conclui-se que o Brasil apresenta competitividade no comércio internacional de carne bovina, tendo ainda potencial para ampliar sua participação no mercado mundial. Palavras-chave: Carne bovina, Competitividade, Exportação. Abstract The article analyses Brazil's role in the global marketplace for beef, considering the country's competitiveness in relation to the production and export of this commodity between 2000 and 2016, the period of the country's rise to become one of the largest exporters of beef. The logistics of meat exportation from Brazilian territory were evaluated, including the identification of modalities, ports and destination markets. Despite the bottlenecks that exist in exportation logistics and in the face of trade barriers, it was found that Brazil is competitive in the international beef trade, with further potential to increase its participation in the global marketplace. Keywords: Beef, Competitiveness, Exportation. Resumen El artículo analiza la participación de Brasil en el mercado mundial de la carne de vacuno, prestando atención a la competitividad del país en relación con la producción y la exportación de este producto, entre el año 2000 y 2016, período de crecimiento del país como uno de los mayores exportadores de carne de vacuno. Se evaluó la logística de exportación de la carne del territorio brasileño, con la identificación de los medios de transporte, puertos y mercados de destino. A pesar de los cuellos de botella existentes en la logística de exportación y de las barreras comerciales, se ha corroborado que Brasil tiene competitividad en el comercio internacional de carne, teniendo aún el potencial de aumentar su participación en el mercado mundial. Palabras clave: Carne de vacuno, Competitividad, Exportación.

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Liu, Dexue, e Badar Alam Iqbal. "Sino-Indian Non-normal Bovine Meat Trade". Foreign Trade Review 51, n. 1 (febbraio 2016): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515615264.

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D’Amato, María Eugenia, Sean Davison e Daniel Corach. "Meat trade: Need for international standardization?" Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 4, n. 1 (2013): e328-e329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.168.

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Jámbor, Attila. "Competitiveness of meat and associated products in international trade". Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 8, n. 1-2 (26 maggio 2019): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2019.1-2.35-40.

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There has been considerable growth in global meat trade recently in line with globally increasing population and changing diets. The paper analyses competitiveness patterns in global meat trade between 1989 and 2018. The article applies the method of revealed comparative advantages on global meat trade data and reaches a number of conclusions. First, results show top 10 countries in global meat exports and imports as well as most traded products. Global meat exports are dominated by the United States, Brazil and the Netherlands, whole main meat importers were Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom. The paper shows that global meat trade is highly concentrated by country and product but this concentration has decreased considerably in the previous 20 years. By analysing specialisation in global meat trade, a diverse picture becomes apparent where export positions and comparative advantages are not always moving together. Last but not least, Hungarian positions are also analysed in context throughout the paper.

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Shang, Xia, e Glynn T. Tonsor. "Sanitary and phytosanitary regulations and international red meat trade". British Food Journal 121, n. 10 (7 ottobre 2019): 2309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-10-2018-0663.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an ex post econometric examination of SPS measures and their influences on red meat trade. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct multiple new assessments to further assess the particular effects of specific SPS measures related to animal health, human health and maximum residue limits on red meat trade values. This finer assessment provides updated and more detailed insights into the marginal trade impacts of different SPS measures. Findings The current study sheds important light on the determinants of red meat trade. The economic conditions of destination countries and production capability of suppliers are key to determining trade values. Factors including personal income and exporters’ meat supply are identified as trade facilitators. Since the restrictiveness of SPS measures vary across beef and pork sectors, maintaining commodity-specific SPS measures is essential for accurate assessment of trade determinants. Originality/value This paper provides multiple contributions to the existing literature and more broadly the authors’ economic understanding on the increasingly contentious issue of global meat trade. Combined, this study yields several implications for food policy, trade negotiators and industry leaders given the growing role and surrounding controversies of trade in meat and livestock markets around the world. The authors further believe the paper would be of notable interest to fellow researchers consistent with the existence of a sizable published literature and ongoing debates in international meat trade.

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PROBST, C., C. FREULING, I. MOSER, L. GEUE, H. KÖHLER, F. J. CONRATHS, H. HOTZEL, E. M. LIEBLER-TENORIO e M. KRAMER. "Bovine tuberculosis: making a case for effective surveillance". Epidemiology and Infection 139, n. 1 (15 aprile 2010): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810000786.

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SUMMARYIn 2008, a cow with marked gross lesions suspicious for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) was identified by meat inspection at home slaughtering in north-western Germany. Epidemiological investigations led to the identification of another 11 affected farms with a total of 135 animals which reacted positive to the skin test. Eight affected farms had been in trade contact with the putative index farm. While the source for the initial introduction remained unknown, it was shown that all isolates tested shared the same molecular characteristics suggesting a common source of infection. The findings demonstrate that bTB can easily be transmitted via animal trade and may remain undetected for years in herds in the absence of tuberculin testing. Hence, we believe that bTB surveillance should not rely only on meat inspection, but on a combination of both meat inspection and intradermal tuberculin testing.

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Ogundeji, Abiodun, Andre Jooste e D. Uchezuba. "Econometric estimation of Armington elasticities for selected agricultural products in South Africa". South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 13, n. 2 (3 dicembre 2010): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v13i2.41.

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Price transmission behaviour is used to model the impacts of different trade regimes; if this behaviour is not modelled correctly, the trade impacts can be either under- or overestimated. Due to the lack of elasticities of substitution pertaining to selected imported and domestically produced agricultural products in South Africa, ‘Armington’ elasticities, using quarterly data from 1995-2006 and three different models, based on the time series properties of the data, are estimated in this paper. Considering the long-run elasticity results, soyabeans (whether broken or not) and meat of bovine animals (frozen) are the most sensitive import products, followed by maize, meat of bovine animals (fresh or chilled), sunflower seeds, and wheat and meslin. Regarding the short-run elasticity, soyabeans are the most sensitive import product, followed by meat of bovine animals (fresh or chilled); meat of swine (fresh, chilled or frozen) is the least sensitive import product.

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Galloway, James N., Marshall Burke, G. Eric Bradford, Rosamond Naylor, Walter Falcon, Ashok K. Chapagain, Joanne C. Gaskell et al. "International Trade in Meat: The Tip of the Pork Chop". AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 36, n. 8 (dicembre 2007): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[622:itimtt]2.0.co;2.

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Carpenter, Angus I., Franco Andreone, Robin D. Moore e Richard A. Griffiths. "A review of the international trade in amphibians: the types, levels and dynamics of trade in CITES-listed species". Oryx 48, n. 4 (10 giugno 2014): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312001627.

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AbstractGlobally, amphibians face many potential threats, including international trade. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the types, levels and dynamics of the amphibian trade at the global scale. This study reviewed the trade in CITES-listed species between 1976 and 2007. Four main trade groups (eggs, skins, meat and individuals) were identified. Trade in amphibian leather focused on Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (5,572 individuals), whereas trade in eggs focused on Ambystoma mexicanum (6,027 eggs). However, for the entire study period (1976–2007), trade in skins and eggs was small compared with trade in meat and live animals. The meat trade was estimated to be worth > USD 111 million, whereas the trade in live animals was estimated to be worth > USD 11.5 million in only three of the genera involved. Trade dynamics have changed as a result of changes in legislation, such as a ban on H. tigerinus exports from Bangladesh for meat. Within the live trade 22 species categorized as either Critically Endangered or Endangered were traded during the study period, and these require greater attention. International trade and potential conservation benefits are affected by countries supplying captive-bred individuals to their domestic markets as this trade goes unrecorded. However, this study only investigated trade in species listed by CITES, and other species may comprise a significant additional component of international trade. The trade in amphibians is dynamic, and changes in both the types of trade and the species concerned were identified over the study period. Conservation concerns have multiplied from issues concerning population depletions to include indirect impacts associated with disease, predation and competition, which requires a reappraisal of data capture and reporting.

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Gombkötő, Nóra. "Effect of international trade relations on agri-food trade". Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 6, n. 1-2 (12 luglio 2018): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2017.1-2.136-142.

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Nowadays, production of goods increases hugely all over the world, resulting an enormous increasing in international trade. Trade in industrial goods grows at a large rate due to trade liberalization, while agriculture is one of the most vulnerable sectors all over the world. However, barriers of agri-food trade were reduced or eliminated; there are still many obstacles to the totally free trade of agricultural products (e.g. restrictions, safeguards, bans, limitations, etc), especially in the European Union. Besides the WTO’s liberalization pressure and its multilateral negotiations, there are a lot of countries that have signed bilateral agreements. In this study, it was examined, what kind of bilateral agreements were entered into force by the EU and how was international agri-food trade influenced by these bilateral agreements as well as by restrict measures. For this, secondary data were analyzed by different statistical methods and the effect of trade measures was characterized by using this results. From the results it can be concluded that EU has preferred different agreements with the various country groups as well as EU has applied different kind of agreements in different eras. The EU’s average growth rate of food trade and average share of food trade is highly variable by partner countries. Bilateral agreements have not always caused trade growth between the two partner regions. The EU’s restrict measurements effect the EU’s foreign trade, because these restrictions are applied to meat products and these commodities are imported the less in the EU.

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Pomichowski, Piotr, e Maria Parlińska. "ANALYSIS OF POLISH INTERNATIONAL TRADE WITH NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES, USING GRAVITY MODEL". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, n. 5 (18 ottobre 2018): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6704.

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The aim of the study was to examine whether there are non-tariff barriers (NTB s) in Poland’s trade with neighboring countries and in what amounts. For this purpose, a gravitational model of international trade was used, in which the parameters of selected variables were estimated in 4 agri-food sectors: agricultural raw materials, dairy products, food, fruit and vegetables, and meat products. The estimation of NTB s was the smallest in all sectors mentioned in Poland’s exports to Slovakia. The largest restrictions except for the dairy sector occur in Poland’s trade with Ukraine. The largest non-tariff barriers in Poland’s trade with neighbors occur in the agricultural raw materials sector, and the smallest in meat products. In addition, the model confirmed the veracity of the Linder hypothesis.

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Bathelt, Harald, e Nina Schuldt. "Between Luminaires and Meat Grinders: International Trade Fairs as Temporary Clusters". Regional Studies 42, n. 6 (luglio 2008): 853–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343400701543298.

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ALSTON, JULIAN M. "The effects of the CAP on international trade in poultry meat". European Review of Agricultural Economics 13, n. 2 (1986): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/13.2.217.

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Lehtonen, Heikki Sakari, e Xavier Irz. "Impacts of reducing red meat consumption on agricultural production in Finland". Agricultural and Food Science 22, n. 3 (16 ottobre 2013): 356–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.8007.

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This paper summarises the simulated effects on Finnish agricultural production and trade of a 20% decrease in Finnish demand for red meat (beef, pork, lamb). According to our results, reduced red meat consumption would be offset by increased consumption of poultry meat, eggs, dairy products and fish, as well as small increases in consumption of fruits and vegetables, peas, nuts, cereal products and sweets. By including the derived demand changes in an agricultural sector model, we show that livestock production in Finland, incentivised by national production-linked payments for milk and bovine animals, would decrease by much less than 20% due to the complex nature of agricultural production and trade. Overall, assuming unchanged consumer preferences and agricultural policy, a 20% reduction in red meat consumption is not likely to lead to a substantial decrease in livestock production or changed land use, or greenhouse gas emissions, from Finnish agriculture.

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Arida, Evy, Arief Hidayat, Mulyadi Mulyadi, Noor Laina Maireda, Dadang Rahadian Subasli e Mumpuni Mumpuni. "Consumption and Trade of Asian Water Monitor, Varanus salvator as Reliance on Wildlife for Livelihoods among Rural Communities in North Sumatra, Indonesia". Journal of Tropical Ethnobiology 3, n. 2 (31 luglio 2020): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.46359/jte.v3i2.40.

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The water monitor, Varanus salvator has been exploited for its skin to supply international demands for reptile leather, whereas meat, liver, and fat are consumed locally in some communities in North Sumatra. Demands for skin seems to be paralleled with meat consumption in this province for more than 25 years. We conducted direct interviews with hunters and collecting managers in five abattoirs in five towns in North Sumatra to obtain preliminary data on consumption and trade of Water monitor. Additionally, we explore the association between consumption, trade, and livelihood of rural communities. We found that lizards of all sizes were taken and processed in the abattoirs for skin and meat trade. Consumption of Water monitor meat in North Sumatra is partially driven by a cultural background and has been occurring probably longer than the skin trade for leather industry. We noted that meat of Water monitor also becomes an alternative protein source because of its lower price. In conclusions, benefits of Water monitor harvest are extended across levels of participants in the local trade, including hunters, collectors, and meat consumers. Meat consumption and skin trade are closely linked with one another in North Sumatra; nevertheless sustainability of the trade needs to be evaluated in the near future to predict demands and production capacity.

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Molnar, Szilvia. "PRODUCTION AND TRADE OF DUCK PRODUCTS IN GLOBAL VIEW". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, n. 3 (22 agosto 2017): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3249.

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Duck typically represents a smaller proportion in the poultry meat production of the world. However, certain European, as well as Eastern and South Asian countries produce a significant amount of duck meat. In the recent decades, production significantly increased both in these regions and worldwide. This study focuses on the international situation of the duck sector, as well as changes in production and trade trends. In addition, RCA indexes were used to examine the comparative advantages of duck meat and meat products in the world market of waterfowl products in the case of the most significant exporting countries of the world. It can be concluded that even though certain exporting countries have various trade and competitive advantages in the case of different products, other regions must face disadvantages.

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Oxman, Bernard H., e David A. Wirth. "European Communities restrictions on imports of beef treated with hormones—nontariff trade barriers—control of food additives—scientific basis for restrictions—WTO dispute settlement mechanisms—scope of review". American Journal of International Law 92, n. 4 (ottobre 1998): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998141.

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European Communities—Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products. WTO Doc. WT/DS26/AB/R & WT/DS48/AB/R.World Trade Organization Appellate Body, January 16, 1998.This report of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is both the most recent development in a long-running trade battle between the United States and the European Communities and the first dispute to be addressed under a new Uruguay Round agreement concerning food safety measures.

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Lyakhovska, Olena. "Ukraine’s foreign trade in meat and meat products: trends and geographical aspects". Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, n. 3(143) (2020): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2020-3-7.

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Current trends in meat and meat products exports are considered. The dynamics and structural changes in meat exports by types and degree of processing (beef and veal, pork, poultry, finished meat products) are analyzed. The paper proves that in recent years, only meat and edible poultry by-products have taken a competitive position in the world market. Accordingly, the dynamics of exports of this type of meat is positive, and the share of these products in the structure of exported meat is the largest (86.09%). Possible threats to the growth of import dependence on certain types of meat products, in particular, chilled and frozen beef and veal, pork, are indicated. The rating of the largest countries-importers of meat and meat products (by types) from Ukraine is built, their share in the structure of meat exports is determined. Changes in the geographical structure of exports have been studied, which indicate a low level of diversification of the geography of exports of certain types of meat (pork, beef). At the same time, a positive development of the geographical structure of poultry meat exports (exported to more than 100 countries) was revealed. Problems of the export potential development in the meat industry of Ukraine are revealed. In particular, the problems of livestock development (outdated technologies and production techniques that reduce the efficiency and productivity; inefficiency of the organization of purchase and processing of meat, which leads to reduced breeding in small businesses and households; inefficiency of state incentives, etc.) and industrial meat production (lack of raw materials, obsolescence of fixed assets and production technologies, poorly developed logistics, etc.). The solution of these problems requires: a systematic approach, which will encourage the cooperation of agricultural and industrial production, cooperation with importers of meat products and protection of domestic producers in the domestic and international markets, creating a favorable investment and information environment that will promote the meat industry development.

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RIGOD, BORIS, e PATRICIA TOVAR. "Indonesia–Chicken: Tensions between International Trade and Domestic Food Policies?" World Trade Review 18, n. 2 (aprile 2019): 219–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745619000028.

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AbstractThis paper analyzes the dispute Indonesia – Measures Concerning the Importation of Chicken Meat and Chicken Products from a legal-economic perspective. We evaluate alternative explanations for the motive behind Indonesia's import restrictions and conclude that they can be linked to protectionist political-economic motives and are most likely due to a self-sufficiency objective and the legal requirements attached to it. Economically, the import restrictions on chicken and other food products have led to substantial price volatility, and they impose costs on Indonesian consumers and small farmers who are net buyers of food, firms that import certain raw materials, as well as foreign exporters. Therefore, by making food more expensive and less accessible, they could reduce food security. We also argue that an additional issue with the goal of self-sufficiency in Indonesia is lack of comparative advantage in some food items, including chicken meat and chicken products. Legally, although the Panel highlighted that self-sufficiency is a legitimate policy objective that as such does not lead to a violation of WTO law, the Indonesia–Chicken case leads to the question of whether, in practice, it is feasible to implement a self-sufficiency target resorting only to WTO-compliant policies. Finally, we discuss potential alternative economic policies and examine whether Indonesia could have attained its food self-sufficiency objective in a WTO-consistent manner.

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Gard Schnuelle, Julie. "Emerging diseases in international trade in embryos". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, n. 2 (2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd20207.

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A significant change in cattle production and germplasm exchange has occurred over the past 50 years. The growth of artificial reproductive technologies and their broad implementation has become commonplace. The production and subsequent import and export of semen and embryos throughout the world has increased significantly. The embryo transfer industry has reached a new record of growth, with approximately 1.5 million transferrable bovine embryos collected and/or produced in 2018. Over 1 million of these embryos were produced invitro. The increased production of invitro-produced embryos leads to greater opportunities involving international trade. However, further research concerning emerging pathogens is imperative to ensure the efficacy and safety of the embryo transfer industry. Appropriate biosecurity protocols, including reliable testing methodology and effective embryo processing procedures, are key in preventing disease due to emerging and re-emerging pathogens that can be transmitted via embryo transfer.

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Gard Schnuelle, Julie. "Emerging diseases in international trade in embryos". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, n. 2 (2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd20207.

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A significant change in cattle production and germplasm exchange has occurred over the past 50 years. The growth of artificial reproductive technologies and their broad implementation has become commonplace. The production and subsequent import and export of semen and embryos throughout the world has increased significantly. The embryo transfer industry has reached a new record of growth, with approximately 1.5 million transferrable bovine embryos collected and/or produced in 2018. Over 1 million of these embryos were produced invitro. The increased production of invitro-produced embryos leads to greater opportunities involving international trade. However, further research concerning emerging pathogens is imperative to ensure the efficacy and safety of the embryo transfer industry. Appropriate biosecurity protocols, including reliable testing methodology and effective embryo processing procedures, are key in preventing disease due to emerging and re-emerging pathogens that can be transmitted via embryo transfer.

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Capie, F. "Taste, Trade, and Technology: The Development of the International Meat Industry since 1840". English Historical Review CXXII, n. 497 (1 giugno 2007): 845–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cem163.

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Caro, Dario, Anna LoPresti, Steven J. Davis, Simone Bastianoni e Ken Caldeira. "CH 4 and N 2 O emissions embodied in international trade of meat". Environmental Research Letters 9, n. 11 (1 novembre 2014): 114005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/114005.

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Mateus, Karina Aline, Taís Cardoso de Oliveira, Moisés Rodrigues dos Santos, Gabriel Zieher, Aline Zampar e Diego De Córdova Cucco. "Characterization of bovine meat acquired, marketed and consumed at the main establishments of Chapecó, SC, Brazil". Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 40, n. 1 (1 luglio 2018): 38800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v40i1.38800.

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This study aimed to analyze the profile of beef sold and consumed in Chapecó – SC, Brazil. Were interviewed 31 individuals responsible for the main distributors, supermarkets, meat markets, restaurants and steakhouses. The structured questionnaire method was used, with questions of closed and open answers applied to those responsible for the establishments previously mapped with greater representativeness in the municipality regarding the characteristics related to the meat trade and the type of product. With the results obtained, it was possible to identify the lack of information regarding the attributes and characteristics that direct preferences in the acquisition of a quality beef. Thus, the knowledge exposure, information dissemination and concepts of the production of beef to merchants and consumers becomes important in order to contribute to the improvement of the meat consumed and commercialized in this region. acquisition; buyers; beef cuts; consumers; demand.

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Osorio, M. Teresa, Aidan P. Moloney, Olaf Schmidt e Frank J. Monahan. "Multielement Isotope Analysis of Bovine Muscle for Determination of International Geographical Origin of Meat". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, n. 7 (13 aprile 2011): 3285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf1040433.

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Mirzoev, E. B. "NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS OF LEAD CONTENT IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS". Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, n. 4 (2019): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.201904017.

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The sanitary and hygienic standards of the Russian Federation (RF), the Eurasian economic Union (EAEU), the China, the European Union and the World Health Organization (WHO) on the content of lead in milk, meat and offal, as well as the maximum permissible levels (MRL) of metal in feed for farm animals established in the RF, the Republic of Belarus, the EAEU and USA are presented. A comparative analysis of national and international standards for lead content in livestock products revealed significant differences. Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) requires harmonization of national and international standards on the content of lead in livestock products (milk, meat, offal). To ensure food security of the population of the RF (milk, meat and offal) on the basis of sanitary-hygienic standards of WHO, it is necessary to clarify the MRL of lead in feed for farm animals in toxicological studies and to scientifically justify the permissible limits of daily intake of lead with a ration.

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Szűcs, István, e Viktoria Vida. "Global tendencies in pork meat - production, trade and consumption". Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 11, n. 3-4 (31 dicembre 2017): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2017/3-4/15.

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World meat production is anticipated to stagnate in 2016, rising by a mere 0.3% to 320.7 million tonnes. Increases in output are expected in the United States, Brazil, the EU, India and the Russian Federation, while reduced production is foreseen for China, Australia and South Africa. Global meat trade is forecast to recover in 2016, growing by 2.8% to 30.6 million tonnes, which would represent a return to trend, after a fall in 2015. World production of pig meat in 2016 is forecast to decrease marginally, by 0.7% to 116.4 million tonnes, thus registering a second year of virtual stagnation. As in 2015, lower output in China, which accounts for almost half the world total, is the main reason for the slowdown. An unfavourable feed-pork price ratio in the country and new environmental regulations have caused farmers to reduce breeding sows, stalling growth. China’s production is projected to be 54 million tonnes, down 2.5% from the previous year. Elsewhere in Asia, the Philippines and Vietnam could boost output. Also, production in Japan and the Republic of Korea may expand, as the industry recovers from outbreaks of PED, which reduced piglet numbers in the previous two years. Recovery from the effects of PED has been faster in the United States, where a second year of growth is anticipated, when production could increase by 1.9% to a record 11.3 million tonnes. Output in Mexico also continues to recover, following a PED outbreak in 2014, and may rise in 2016 by 2.0% to 1.3 million tonnes. Pork meat trade could experience a second year of growth, increasing by 4.4% to 7.5 million tonnes – a record level. Lower international prices have stimulated trade. Most of the principal importing countries are anticipated to increase their purchases, including Mexico, China, the Russian Federation, the United States, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Australia. In response to rising demand, exports are projected to grow, in particular those of the United States, Canada, the EU and Brazil (FAO, 2016). Summarizing, in this study we wish to examine how evolve the world pork meat production, trade and consumption, and to demonstrate the main consuming countries, highlighting the role of China, as it is the most populated country in the world with its 1.4 billion inhabitants. JEL Code: Q13, Q12

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30

Gomez, Lalita. "The illegal hunting and exploitation of porcupines for meat and medicine in Indonesia". Nature Conservation 43 (9 aprile 2021): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.43.62750.

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Indonesia is home to five species of porcupines, three of which are island endemics. While all five species are currently assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, impacts of harvest and trade have not been factored in. To gain a fuller understanding of the porcupine trade in Indonesia, this study examines seizure data of porcupines, their parts and derivatives from January 2013 to June 2020. A total of 39 incidents were obtained amounting to an estimated 452 porcupines. Various confiscated commodities revealed porcupines are traded for consumption, traditional medicine, trophies/charms as well as for privately run wildlife/recreational parks. Targeted hunting of porcupines for commercial international trade was also evident. Porcupines are also persecuted as agricultural pests and wildlife traffickers take advantage of such situations to procure animals for trade. What clearly emerges from this study is that porcupines are being illegally hunted and exploited throughout their range in Indonesia facilitated by poor enforcement and legislative weakness. Porcupines are in decline due to habitat loss, retaliatory killings and uncontrolled poaching. It is therefore crucial that effective conservation measures are taken sooner rather than later to prevent further depletion of these species. Including all porcupines as protected species under Indonesian wildlife laws and listing them in Appendix II of CITES to improve regulation, enforcement and monitoring of domestic and international trade trends involving porcupines in Indonesia would contribute significantly towards this end.

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Oraz, G. T., A. B. Ospanov, U. Chomanov e A. A. Tursunov. "Method for cutting semi-carried beef for export". Bulletin of the National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 80, n. 2 (30 giugno 2021): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47533/2020.1606-146x.94.

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Abstract (sommario):

The experiment relates to the meat industry and can be used for cutting beef half-carcasses in slaughterhouses for wholesale trade, mainly for export. The technical result of the claimed experiment is the cutting of beef half-carcass in accordance with international standards, which allows to export beef meat to foreign companies, since it fully meets all the stated requirements for these companies.

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32

Thorne, Lorraine. "Kangaroos: The Non-Issue". Society & Animals 6, n. 2 (1998): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853098x00131.

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AbstractThe international trade in kangaroo skin and meat has been contested on ecological and ethical grounds for several decades. Yet, it continues unabated. This article reviews the constitutive practices of the kangaroo network, drawing on Actor Network Theory to provide insights into why and how this trade continues. Questions of agency, network, and space are explored in this account, which looks at the real and imagined geographies of the kangaroo trade.

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33

atkins, p. j. "Taste, trade and technology: the development of the international meat industry since 1840 – Richard Perren". Economic History Review 60, n. 1 (febbraio 2007): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00381_31.x.

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Horowitz, R. "Richard Perren. Taste, Trade and Technology: The Development of the International Meat Industry since 1840". Enterprise and Society 8, n. 2 (25 maggio 2007): 426–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khm031.

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35

MALDONADO-SIMAN, E., R. BERNAL-ALCÁNTARA, J. A. CADENA-MENESES, J. R. ALTAMIRANO-CÁRDENAS e P. A. MARTINEZ-HERNÁNDEZ. "Implementation of Quality Systems by Mexican Exporters of Processed Meat". Journal of Food Protection 77, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2014): 2148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-003.

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Requirements of hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) are becoming essential for international trade in food commodities as a safety assurance component. This research reports the level of the adoption of ISO 9000 and the HACCP system by Federal Inspection Type (TIF) pork-exporting enterprises. Implementation and operating costs are reported as well as the benefits involved in this food industry process. In Mexico, there are 97 companies classified as TIF enterprises, and 22 are registered as exporters of processed pork with the National Services for Safety and Quality and Animal Health of the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food. Surveys were administered to 22 companies, with a 95.2% response rate. Enterprise characteristics were evaluated, as well as their operating activities. Fieldwork consisted of administering structured questionnaires to TIF exporters. All the surveyed enterprises had implemented HACCP, whereas the ISO 9000 regulation was applied in only 30%. Of total production, 75% is exported to 13 countries, and 25% goes to the Mexican market niche. Results indicate that the main factors for adopting HACCP are related to accessibility to international markets, improving quality, and reducing product quality audits by customers. The results also indicated that staff training was the most important issue. Microbiological testing was the highest cost of the operation. The main benefits reported were related to better access to international markets and a considerable reduction in microbial counts. This study shows the willingness of Mexican pork processors to implement food safety protocols for producing safe and quality products to compete in the international food trade.

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EUNCAN, R. "The Australian Beef Export Trade and the Orgins of the Australian Meat Board". Australian Journal of Politics & History 5, n. 2 (28 giugno 2008): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1959.tb01194.x.

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37

Mutondo, Joao E., B. Wade Brorsen e Shida Rastegari Henneberry. "Welfare Impacts of BSE-Driven Trade Bans". Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 38, n. 3 (dicembre 2009): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500009576.

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There is often a need to respond quickly to assess the likely implications of policy changes. Here, an equilibrium displacement model is adapted to study international bans on U.S. beef. An equilibrium displacement model offers a convenient way of quickly predicting the effects of supply and demand shocks. The equilibrium displacement model used here has an international sector, which allows the study of issues that past models with only a domestic sector could not. The estimated welfare loss of U.S. beef producers, due to both Japanese and South Korean bans after the discovery of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United States, is $565.31 million.

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38

Rosegrant, Mark W., Nancy Leach e Roberta V. Gerpacio. "Alternative futures for world cereal and meat consumption". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, n. 2 (maggio 1999): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199000312.

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Abstract (sommario):

Fundamental changes in the global structure of food demand will lead to an extra-ordinary increase in the importance of developing countries in global food markets. Economic growth in developing countries is changing consumption patterns, with slower growth (and in many countries actual declines) in per capita food consumption of grains and rapidly growing per capita and total meat consumption, combined with induced growth in cereal feed consumption. The present paper examines the hypothesis, suggested by some researchers, that high-meat diets in developed countries limit improvement in food security in developing countries. These analysts argue that reduced meat consumption in developed countries would release cereals from livestock feed to food for poorer populations, thus improving food security in developing countries. Using the International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington, DC, USA) global food projections model, the international model for policy analysis of agricultural com-modities and trade (see Rosegrant et al. 1995), we first analyse the implications for future global cereal and meat supply and demand resulting from changes in global income, population growth and other structural changes, then simulate alternative sce-narios to examine the effect of large reductions in meat consumption in developed coun-tries on food consumption and food security in developing countries. The paper shows that while the long-term prospects for food supply, demand and trade indicate a strength-ening of world cereal and livestock markets, the improvement in food security in the developing world will be slow, and changes in the dietary patterns in developed countries are not an effective route to improvement in food security in developing countries.

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Hamzah, Hamzah, Devika Tryza Ayodahya e MD Sharifu Haque. "The Effect of Halal Certificate towards Chicken Meat Import between Brazil and Indonesia according to Rule of GATT – WTO". IKONOMIKA 4, n. 2 (29 dicembre 2019): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/febi.v4i2.5467.

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Trade activity is one of the drivers of development in a country in order to obtain national development. In the current era of globalization, trade activities opened among the countries have developed quite rapidly. Indonesia has acquired a spinning wheel in international trade activities. Indonesia is actively involved in several negotiations concerning international trade and actively supports the national development. By becoming a member of the World Trade Organization, Indonesia has carried out important export activities to all parts of the world. Indonesia itself has special rules regarding important goods, specifically about food ingredients. Indonesia stops importing chicken because of the absence of halal labeling on these food ingredients. Indonesia is a country which most of its citizens are Muslim. Food which is consumed for Indonesia Muslim people is not only about safe and healthy but also about halal . Due to this rule, Brazil suffered a quite big loss and filled a lawsuit to WTO. The purpose of this study was to analyze the Indonesian national law regarding halal certification and how to resolve the dispute between Brazil and Indonesia on the issue of importing chicken meat.Keywords: Consumer Protection, Halal Certificate, WTO.

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40

Bergström, Ola, e Alexander Styhre. "Irish Butchers Rather than Irish Meat: Trade Union Responses to Agency Work in Sweden". Journal of Industrial Relations 52, n. 4 (settembre 2010): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185610375510.

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41

Horn, Henrik, e Petros C. Mavroidis. "US – Lamb: United States – Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand and Australia: What Should be Required of a Safeguard Investigation?" World Trade Review 2, S1 (2003): 72–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745603001071.

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Abstract (sommario):

The United States (US) imposed, in July 1999, a safeguard on lamb meat, in the form of tariff rate import quotas, which were to be applied for a period of three years. The measure was based on findings by the US International Trade Commission that increased imports of lamb meat were a substantial cause of threat of serious injury to the US industry producing the like product. Following complaints by New Zealand and Australia that the measure was inconsistent with Articles I, II and XIX of GATT 1994, and several provisions of the Agreement on Safeguards, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body established, in November 1999, a panel to review the consistency of the US measure with the mentioned WTO rules.

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HORN, HENRIK, e PETROS C. MAVROIDIS. "US – Lamb United States – Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand and Australia: what should be required of a safeguard investigation?" World Trade Review 2, n. 3 (novembre 2003): 395–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745604001521.

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Abstract (sommario):

The United States (US) imposed, in July 1999, a safeguard on lamb meat, in the form of tariff rate import quotas, which were to be applied for a period of three years. The measure was based on findings by the US International Trade Commission that increased imports of lamb meat were a substantial cause of threat of serious injury to the US industry producing the like product. Following complaints by New Zealand and Australia that the measure was inconsistent with Articles I, II and XIX of GATT 1994, and several provisions of the Agreement on Safeguards, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body established, in November 1999, a panel to review the consistency of the US measure with the mentioned WTO rules.

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43

Burrell, Alison. "Animal Disease Epidemics: Implications for Production, Policy and Trade". Outlook on Agriculture 31, n. 3 (settembre 2002): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000002101294001.

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The outbreak of a highly infectious animal disease in a disease-free area is an ever-present risk. Recent epidemics in European livestock populations illustrate that the cost in terms of eradication, lost production and trade disruption may be high. In this paper, the implications for the meat and livestock industry, government policy and international trade rules are considered. The need for strict biosecurity and effective contingency plans is stressed. Options such as private insurance, animal tracing systems and emergency vaccination are discussed. Current measures for controlling animal disease epidemics raise various social and ethical issues that complicate the policy makers' task.

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44

Hasiner, Eva, e Xiaohua Yu. "When institutions matter: a gravity model for Chinese meat imports". International Journal of Emerging Markets 14, n. 1 (21 gennaio 2019): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-11-2016-0290.

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Abstract (sommario):

Purpose In international trade differences in political and legal systems confront trading partners with relatively greater information asymmetry and contract enforcement problems than in domestic trade, resulting in higher transaction costs. Nevertheless, well-functioning institutions in the exporting country could prove beneficial for the agricultural importer, as institutions generally establish food and product regulations and ensure that they are enforced and serve as a last resort for dispute resolution and contract enforcement. Given China’s increasingly stricter control of its food supply chain and its rising imports of meat products, the purpose of this paper is to analyze whether institutions in the exporting country matter for Chinese meat imports. Design/methodology/approach To analyze the effect of the exporters’ institutions on Chinese meat imports, the authors estimate a gravity model for the 1990-2013 period. The authors apply the method suggested by Helpman et al. (2008) to correct for sample selection and firm heterogeneity. To estimate the effect of time-invariant variables, the authors apply the Fixed Effects Vector Decomposition method proposed by Plümper and Troeger (2007). Findings The results show that institutions affect Chinese trade flows. In particular, the authors find that China imports more meat products from countries who host qualitatively better institutions and are geographically closer, and that the country’s imports rise with its GDP level. This confirms our hypothesis that institutions in the exporting country are positively associated with meat exports to China. Originality/value The importance of the exporters’ institutions for Chinese meat imports has not been studied so far and is of great interest given China’s rising role as a sizable importer. Furthermore, Chinese meat imports have attracted much attention recently due to the country’s potentially significant impact on world food security and sustainable development. Hence, this paper aims to make a substantial contribution to the literature, both from a scientific and a policy perspective.

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45

Ayyıldız, Merve, e Adnan Çiçek. "Kırmızı Et Fiyatlarının GARCH Yöntemiyle Analizi: Türkiye Örneği". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, n. 12 (17 dicembre 2018): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i12.1775-1780.2095.

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Approximately 90% of the red meat consumption in Turkey is the beef. On the basis of consumption, beef is mostly equated with veal and therefore the price of veal is widely used in price evaluations. It is known that the change in veal prices is a very effective factor on consumption. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the fluctuations in veal prices. GARCH (1,1) model was used to determine the price uncertainty in the period between January 2005 and December 2017. According to the model results, veal prices reacted with big jumps to any shock such as economic and political instability, food crisis, natural events. It was determined that the price of veal meat could return to normal for a long time period according to the average price. In the study, foreign trade policies towards gaining a stable structure of red meat prices in Turkey should not be ignored. However, it has been concluded that policies supporting bovine supply should be developed as a complement to supply policies for cattle breeding.

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Larnder-Besner, Morgane, Julien Tremblay-Gravel e Allison Christians. "Funding Pandemic Prevention: Proposal for a Meat and Wild Animal Tax". Sustainability 12, n. 21 (30 ottobre 2020): 9016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219016.

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Market prices fail to properly account for the risk of zoonotic diseases associated with animal agriculture and cross-border trade in domesticated and wild animal products, the magnitude of which is demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Corrective measures are required to internalize the cost of pandemics. Communicable disease prevention and mitigation is a global public good and contributions to its production should be made at the international level. To compel states to pay for costs resulting from domestic consumption patterns that are externalized to other countries, this paper proposes a global contribution regime based on state consumption of animal products. We lay out the technical aspects of a cost-internalizing tax that could accomplish this goal and demonstrate its feasibility in light of existing trade law constraints. The paper concludes that the proposed cost-internalizing tax would be an appropriate method to deter pandemic risk-inducing activities and fund zoonotic disease outbreak prevention and pandemic response.

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47

Bähr, Cordelia Christiane. "Greenhouse Gas Taxes on Meat Products: A Legal Perspective". Transnational Environmental Law 4, n. 1 (aprile 2015): 153–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102515000011.

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AbstractMeat production and the transport sector contribute almost equally to global warming. However, unlike the transport sector, in terms of climate change policies meat production is relatively unregulated. Many scientists have called for a meat tax as a means of reducing consumption but governments and politicians have not responded. Has the law been an obstacle to the acceptance of a meat tax? To address that question, this article analyzes three examples of European Union (EU) taxes that could be imposed on the consumption of domestic and imported meat, and examines them in relation to the international climate change regime, human rights law, and the legal regimes of the World Trade Organization and the EU. It shows that, if carefully designed, an EU meat tax is consistent with these bodies of law. To address adequately the industrial sectors that give rise to global warming, governments will need to overcome the taboo relating to the concept of a meat tax.

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Galbraith, Hugh. "Hormones in international meat production: biological, sociological and consumer issues". Nutrition Research Reviews 15, n. 2 (dicembre 2002): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/nrr200246.

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AbstractBeef and its products are an important source of nutrition in many human societies. Methods of production vary and include the use of hormonal compounds (‘hormones’) to increase growth and lean tissue with reduced fat deposition in cattle. The hormonal compounds are naturally occurring in animals or are synthetically produced xenobiotics and have oestrogenic (oestradiol-17β and its esters; zeranol), androgenic (testosterone and esters; trenbolone acetate) or progestogenic (progesterone; melengestrol acetate) activity. The use of hormones as production aids is permitted in North American countries but is no longer allowed in the European Union (EU), which also prohibits the importation of beef and its products derived from hormone-treated cattle. These actions have resulted in a trade dispute between the two trading blocs. The major concern for EU authorities is the possibility of adverse effects on human consumers of residues of hormones and metabolites. Methods used to assess possible adverse effects are typical of those used by international agencies to assess acceptability of chemicals in human food. These include analysis of quantities present in the context of known biological activity and digestive, absorptive, post-absorptive and excretory processes. Particular considerations include the low quantities of hormonal compounds consumed in meat products and their relationships to endogenous production particularly in prepubertal children, enterohepatic inactivation, cellular receptor- and non-receptor-mediated effects and potential for interference with growth, development and physiological function in consumers. There is particular concern about the role of oestradiol-17β as a carcinogen in certain tissues. Now subject to a ‘permanent’ EU ban, current evidence suggests that certain catechol metabolites may induce free-radical damage of DNA in cell and laboratory animal test systems. Classical oestrogen-receptor mediation is considered to stimulate proliferation in cells maintaining receptivity. Mathematical models describing quantitative relationships between consumption of small amounts of oestrogens in meat in addition to greater concentrations from endogenous production, chemical stoichiometry at cellular level and human pathology have not been developed. Such an approach will be necessary to establish ‘molecular materiality’ of the additional hormone intake as a component of relative risk assessment. The other hormones, although generally less well researched, are similarly subject to a range of tests to determine potentially adverse effects. The resulting limited international consensus relates to the application of the ‘precautionary principle’ and non-acceptance by the European Commission of the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which determined that meat from cattle, hormone-treated according to good practice, was safe for human consumers. The present review considers the hormone issue in the context of current international social methodology and regulation, recent advances in knowledge of biological activity of hormones and current status of science-based evaluation of food safety and risk for human consumers.

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Kaze, P. D., e K. P. Gam. "Survey of Cysticercus (Bladder Worm) in Meat Sold for Consumption in Bukuru, Plateau State, Nigeria". International Letters of Natural Sciences 2 (ottobre 2013): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.2.11.

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A cross – sectional study of bovine, porcine and dog cysticercosis was carried out in Bukuru Plateau State Nigeria,in 2010 using Gyel Bukuru abattoir, Fwagul and Kuru trade centre slaughtering abattoir, as study areas. Two hundred and twenty-five samples were collected at random comprising of seventy-five samples each from cattle, dog and pig respectively, where twenty-five samples were taking for raw meat, cooked meat and feaces in relation to the sex of the animals examined. The overall prevalence rate of 28 (12.44%) was recorded out of the total sample of 225. Raw meat records 10 (4.44%), cooked meat record 7 (3.11%) and feaces records 11 (4.98%) infection rate. X2 analysis show no significant difference in the prevalence rate of cysticercus in meat and cyst in feaces of the examined animals (p > 0.05). There was no record of infection in cattle, both in beef and feaces in different sexes of the cattle examined, sex specific incidence rate obtained in both studies did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The female animal studied had the highest infection rate of 17 (60.71%).There was significant difference in tapeworms encountered with the meat and feaces examined (p < 0.05) Taenia solium had the highest infection rate of 14 (6.22 %), Dipylidium caninum had 12 (5.33%) with the least infestatioin recorded in T. hydatigena 2 (0.89%). Hence no record of T. saginata infection was encountered in the present study. However mixed infection was recorded in Dog with T. hydatigena & D. caninum.

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FORBES, L. B., D. E. HILL, S. PARKER, S. V. TESSARO, H. R. GAMBLE e A. A. GAJADHAR. "Complete Validation of a Unique Digestion Assay To Detect Trichinella Larvae in Horse Meat Demonstrates the Reliability of this Assay for Meeting Food Safety and Trade Requirements". Journal of Food Protection 71, n. 3 (1 marzo 2008): 558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.3.558.

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A tissue digestion assay using a double separatory funnel procedure for the detection of Trichinella larvae in horse meat was validated for application in food safety programs and trade. The assay consisted of a pepsin-HCl digestion step to release larvae from muscle tissue and two sequential sedimentation steps in separatory funnels to recover and concentrate larvae for detection with a stereomicroscope. With defined critical control points, the assay was conducted within a quality assurance system compliant with International Organization for Standardization–International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) 17025 guidelines. Samples used in the validation were obtained from horses experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis to obtain a range of muscle larvae densities. One-, 5-, and 10-g samples of infected tissue were combined with 99, 95, and 90 g, respectively, of known negative horse tissue to create a 100-g sample for testing. Samples of 5 and 10 g were more likely to be positive than were 1-g samples when larval densities were less than three larvae per gram (lpg). This difference is important because ingested meat with 1 lpg is considered the threshold for clinical disease in humans. Using a 5-g sample size, all samples containing 1.3 to 2 lpg were detected, and 60 to 100% of samples with infected horse meat containing 0.1 to 0.7 lpg were detected. In this study, the double separatory funnel digestion assay was efficient and reliable for its intended use in food safety and trade. This procedure is the only digestion assay for Trichinella in horse meat that has been validated as consistent and effective at critical levels of sensitivity.

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