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Tesi sul tema "Inversion of the subject"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 1 febbraio 2022

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1

Vigo, Eugenio M. "Copular inversion and non-subject agreement". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/397778.

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In this thesis I propose an explanation for the facts of copular inversion in Spanish, Catalan, and other Romance languages, as well as in German. Copular inversion is a phenomenon found in some languages, in which, at least superficially, the copula may be found agreeing with the postverbal DP instead of the preverbal DP. At first sight it appears that the agreeing postverbal DP is the subject of the sentence, but in this work I provide evidence that this is not the case: the agreeing postverbal DP is, in fact, the complement of the copula. This yields a singular case of non-subject agreement in Spanish, Romance and the rest of copular inversion languages that is not found in the rest of the grammar of these very same languages (e.g. they do not ever show object-agreement in transitive sentences). This requires an explanation that is integrated with the rest of the grammars of the languages. I claim that coreference is the driving force behind the presence of copular inversion: in copular inversion languages, all verbs actually seek agreement with it and all those grammatical functions that are coreferential with the subject. In intransitive and transitive sentences, the only possible candidate is the subject, but in copular sentences the complement is usually coreferential with the subject. The choice of the agreeing function among the possible candidates is decided with respect to a Person-Number Hierarchy: the copula will always agree with the function that has the most marked person and number agreement features with respect to it. This requires challenging the standard view of LFG by which the lexical entries of verbs determine the person and number features of the subject: the solution requires accepting that the person and number features of the verb must be represented in a function-independent “bundle” that is unified with the right grammatical function according to syntactic well-formedness constraints in an OT setting. Additionally to explain the facts of copular inversion languages, the proposed OT-LFG hypothesis predicts why other languages do not have copular inversion. Moreover, the proposed hypothesis can easily be extended to other phenomena of non-subject agreement, e.g. Catalan cleft sentences, Icelandic non-subject agreement in “quirky case” constructions, English locative inversion and agreement phenomena in the Dargwa family of languages.
En la presente tesis doctoral expongo una explicación para la inversión copulativa –presente en la mayoría de las lenguas romances como también en alemán–. Este fenómeno consiste, superficialmente, en que la cópula concuerda con el sintagma nominal posverbal en vez del preverbal. A primera vista, esto puede parecer simplemente que el sujeto se encuentra en posición posverbal, pero la evidencia que se presenta en este trabajo demuestra que ese sintagma posverbal no es el sujeto, sino el complemento del verbo. Por tanto, esta es una construcción singular en la que un verbo concuerda con un no-sujeto, con la misma morfología empleada para la concordancia con el sujeto, cosa absolutamente inusitada para la gramática de las lenguas analizadas –que carecen de cualquier tipo de concordancia verbo-objeto, por ejemplo–. Así pues, defiendo que la inversión copulativa es consecuencia del hecho de que la concordancia en estas lenguas es, en realidad, entre el verbo y alguna función gramatical que sea correferente con el sujeto, incluido el propio sujeto. Naturalmente, solo las oraciones copulativas poseen dos funciones correferentes con el sujeto –el sujeto y el complemento–, debido al significado de la cópula; en otros tipos de oraciones, la única función disponible es el sujeto, por lo cual el verbo solo puede concordar con este. La función con la cual se concuerda será aquella correferente con el sujeto cuyos rasgos de persona y número sean los más marcados según una Jerarquía de Persona y Número. Para ello, es absolutamente necesario abandonar la premisa de la Gramática Léxico-Funcional por la cual la concordancia del verbo se establece en su entrada léxica como una determinación de los rasgos de las funciones gramaticales concordantes. Aquí defiendo que los verbos simplemente determinan sus rasgos de concordancia, independientes de toda función gramatical, y que estos son unificados con los rasgos de una u otra función o funciones según restricciones formales de la gramática que, en este trabajo, se estipulan en un marco teórico inspirado en la Teoría de la Optimidad. Esto me permite explicar por qué existen lenguas como el inglés que carecen de dicha construcción e, incluso, explicar fácilmente otros fenómenos de concordancia verbal con no-sujetos en otras lenguas, como, por ejemplo, en islandés en construcciones de sujeto en caso oblicuo, en la inversión locativa presente en inglés y en general en las lenguas dargwa.
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2

TOVAR, REYES YAZMIN GUADALUPE, e CARBAJAL YAHAIRA YURIRIA VAZQUEZ. "PROYECTO DE INVERSION PARA LA INSTALACION DE UNA PULQUERIA EN EL MUNICIPIO DE METEPEC, ESTADO DE MEXICO". Tesis de Licenciatura, UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DEL ESTADO DE MEXICO, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/66974.

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En un entorno económico inestable como el que priva a nuestro país, dónde factores como la disminución de empleo, bajo crecimiento económico, pérdida de poder adquisitivo, etc.; hacen que se acentué más la necesidad de evaluar todo proyecto que se desea emprender, ya que la intuición y el buen juicio no son suficientes para garantizar el éxito de un proyecto. Por tanto, se vuelve imprescindible el uso de técnicas de análisis para reducir el riesgo que conlleva invertir en un entorno de incertidumbre. Por eso, el objetivo principal de la presente investigación es evaluar la factibilidad y rentabilidad de instalar un negocio dedicado a la comercialización de pulque en el municipio de Metepec.
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3

Nagase, Erika Inoue. "A inversão locativa no português brasileiro". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-04102007-135055/.

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Na presente pesquisa analisamos as construções que envolvem as estruturas de IL sob a perspectiva da Teoria Gerativa em sua versão de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky 1981, 1986). É considerado um fenômeno de inacusatividade e um fenômeno discursivo em línguas como o inglês e o espanhol. Sua estrutura padrão é a ordem PP V DP, em que o PP é um locativo (LOC) e o DP é um argumento tema em posição pós-verbal. Partimos de uma análise léxico-funcional de Bresnan (1994) que postula a Hipótese do Foco Apresentacional para explicar a função discursiva da construção. Em seguida, apresentamos a análise discursiva de Levin & Rappaport Hovav (1995) que propõem a Hipótese do Verbo Informacionalmente Leve. A terceira análise traz uma visão minimalista recente sobre a construção através da descrição de fenômenos que se inter-relacionam - a IL, a topicalização de PPs e o EPP. Para a análise da IL é fundamental investigar onde se coloca o PB atualmente dentro do parâmetro do sujeito nulo, como se dá a atribuição de Caso nominativo ao sujeito e em que contextos ocorre a inversão nessa língua. Assim, fazemos uma breve revisão da literatura do PB, partindo da Hipótese do Caso Partitivo, passando pela a Hipótese de Mono-Argumentalidade, até chegar nas sentenças com SUJs invertidos tanto com verbos mono-argumentais quanto com VTs. Referenciamos um dos primeiros trabalhos sobre a IL, em que Barbosa (1989) nos oferece algumas intuições iniciais para uma análise do fenômeno. Já Pilati (2002) descreve as construções de IL como um dos tipos de sentenças apresentativas e Quarezemin (2006) propõe que estas construções são motivadas por tal função discursiva pelo fato de seus SUJs serem interpretados como o FOC das sentenças. Em seguida, apresentamos uma proposta de análise para a IL, mostrando que há dois tipos de ILs - a IL propriamente dita e a IL discursiva. O último capítulo apresenta as considerações finais desta pesquisa, apontando algumas semelhanças entre a construção da IL e as construções de topicalização sem preposição. Mais do que propor uma análise para a IL no PB, nosso objetivo é mostrar a importância de tal fenômeno num âmbito maior dos estudos da gramática do PB, considerando que a IL pode ser uma pista que caracterizaria o PB como uma língua de traço EPP.
In this dissertation we analyse constructions that involve inversion locative (IL) structures under the Government and Binding framework of the Generative Theory (Chomsky 1981, 1986). IL is considered an unaccusativity and discourse-like phenomenon in languages like English and Spanish. Its pattern structure is the order PP V DP, in which the PP is a locative and the DP is theme argument placed in postverbal position. We departure from a lexical functional analysis from Bresnan (1994) that postulates the Presentational Focus Hypothesis in order to explain the discourse-like function of the construction. In the sequence we present a dicourse-like analysis from Levin & Rappaport Hovav (1995) that proposes the Informationally Light Verb Hypothesis. A third analysis brings a recent minimalist view of the construction through the description of some phenomena that are interrelated - the IL, the topicalization of PPs and the EPP. In order to analyse the IL in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) it is primordial to investigate where BP can be placed within the pro-drop parameter, how nominative Case can be assigned to the subject and in which contexts the inversion occurs in this language. Hence, we do a brief review of the BP literature, departuring from the partitive Case, going to the Intransitive Hypothesis up to sentences with inverted subjects with both intransitive and transitive verbs. We mention one of the first papers about IL in Portuguese, in which Barbosa (1989) offers us some intuitions for an analysis to this phenomenon. Pilati (2002) describes the IL constructions as presentational sentences and Quarezemin (2006) proposes that these constructions are motivated by a dicourse-like function since its subjects must be interpretated as the focus of the sentences. After that we present an analysis to the IL in BP, showing that there are two different kinds of IL - the IL itself and the discourse-like IL. The last chapter presents the conclusions of this research, pointing some similarities between the IL constructions and the topicalization of PPs. More than proposing an analysis to the IL in BP our goal is to show the importance of such phenomenon in a more general view of the BP grammatical studies, considering that IL can be a clue that would characterize BP as an EPP language.
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4

Ricci, Cara. "Developmental connections between verb inflection and subject-verb inversion in pre-school children with specific language impairment". Connect to resource, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/37045.

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5

Ganuza, Natalia. "Syntactic Variation in the Swedish of Adolescents in Multilingual Urban Settings : Subject-verb Order in Declaratives, Questions and Subordinate Clauses". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Centre for Research on Bilingualism, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7457.

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This thesis investigates the use of word order variation, in particular the variable use of subject-verb inversion and non-inversion in main declarative clauses, among adolescents in contemporary multilingual settings in Sweden. The use of non-inversion in contexts that in standard Swedish require inversion is sometimes claimed to be characteristic of varieties of Swedish spoken among adolescents in multilingual urban areas. The present study includes a wide range of data, both spontaneous and elicited, and explores how common the use of non-inversion is among a relatively large group of participants in different contexts, and how the use of non-inversion is influenced by different demographic, linguistic and socio-pragmatic factors.

The results show that non-inversions are used to a limited extent in all types of data in the studied population. Only certain individuals frequently employ non-inversions in some contexts. Further, no direct link is found between second language acquisition and the use of non-inversion in this study. Factors related to the issue of nativeness, for example participants’ reported age of onset of Swedish acquisition, only marginally explain the results. In general, examples of non-inversion are employed more extensively, and by more participants, in peer-peer interaction than with adults. The use of non-inversion appears to be part of some adolescents’ spontaneous language use in certain contexts. More importantly, however, the results suggest that some adolescents employ non-inversions as an active linguistic resource to express their identification with the multilingual environment and the different varieties of Swedish spoken there, to show solidarity with peers, to contest official school discourses, and to play around with linguistic stereotypes.

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6

Gravina, Aline Peixoto 1982. "Sujeito nulo e ordem VS no português brasileiro : um estudo diacrônico-comparativo baseado em corpus". [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270496.

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Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland Galves
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T23:29:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gravina_AlinePeixoto_D.pdf: 6167939 bytes, checksum: 272642c1fbbf954d6b1a3aee60ca4ae7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Nesse trabalho foi elaborado um estudo comparativo-diacrônico a respeito do uso do sujeito nulo e da inversão do sujeito no PB e no PE, a partir de um corpus composto por jornais que circularam na primeira e segunda metade do século 19 e na primeira metade do século 20 nas cidades de Ouro Preto no Estado de Minas Gerais/Brasil e na cidade de Évora no Distrito de Évora/Portugal. Os jornais utilizados para este estudo foram os seguintes: O Recreador Mineiro (1845 ¿ 1848); O Jornal Mineiro (1897 ¿ 1900) e Tribuna de Ouro Preto (1945 ¿ 1948) no Brasil e A Illustração luzo-brasileira (1856-1858); O Manuelinho de Évora (1890-1898) e Notícias de Évora (1945-1948).Para efetuar as descrições dos fenômenos estudados, foram analisadas mais de 14 mil sentenças desse corpus. Nosso objetivo nesta tese foi o de averiguar e descrever a relação entre o sujeito nulo e a inversão do sujeito na diacronia do PB, através de um estudo comparativo com dados do PE. Para respaldar e explicar a relação entre esses fenômenos, seguimos os pressupostos apresentados por Holmberg (2010) a respeito da presença/ ausência de traços-D não interpretáveis em T para as línguas de sujeito nulo consiste e para as línguas de sujeito nulo parcial, respectivamente. Os resultados quantitativos mostraram que a gramática do PB teria sofrido uma mudança no que diz respeito ao uso de sujeito nulo: perdido a característica de uma língua de sujeito nulo consistente e adquirido propriedades de uma língua com sujeito nulo parcial. Verificou-se nos dados um alto preenchimento do sujeito com o decorrer do tempo por meio de uma estratégia que denominamos de Sujeito Lexical Anáforico. A mudança de gramática de sujeito nulo entre o PB e o PE foi constatada em nossos dados à medida que o número de sujeito nulos encontrados em PE permaneceu com alta porcentagem e constante em todos os períodos e ambientes sintáticos analisados . Além disso, o PE não apresentou qualquer necessidade de uso de estratégias de preenchimento como foi atestado em PB. A realização do sujeito nulo com primeira pessoa apresentou um comportamento diferenciado do sujeito nulo de terceira pessoa nos dados do PB, o que reforça a hipótese de o PB ser uma língua de sujeito nulo parcial. Em relação à inversão, quantitativamente, não foram encontrados diferenças no número de suas realizações. Observou-se que tanto em PB, quanto em PE a inversão com verbos inacusativos é um ambiente produtivo. Embora, no PB, observou-se que preferencialmente esta ordem ocorre com algum elemento locativo preenchendo a posição anterior ao verbo. Com verbos transitivos, para o PB nossas análises vão ao encontro do trabalho de Pilati (2002;2006), foi observada uma maior ocorrência da ordem VOS e a interpretação dessa inversão é que além de se ter um objeto menos referencial, toda a sentença é a informação nova na sentença, ou seja, toda sentença é focalizada. A consequência dessa análise para a derivação é a de que todos os elementos estejam em uma posição mais alta. Diferentemente do PE, que na ordem VOS tem a interpretação de foco apenas no sujeito. A consequência para derivação é que o objeto faz um movimento via scramblig para uma posição intermediária no TP e assim produzir a ordem VOS em posição mais baixa que o PB
Abstract: Our goal in this dissertation is to diachronically examine and describe the relation between null subject and subject inversion in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), through a comparative study with data from European Portuguese (EP) . In order to do so, we have assembled a corpus of Brazilian newspapers- O Recreador Mineiro (1845 ¿ 1848); O Jornal Mineiro (1897 ¿ 1900) e Tribuna de Ouro Preto (1945 ¿ 1948)- and Portuguese newspapers? Illustração luzo-brasileira (1856-1858); O Manuelinho de Évora (1890-1898) e Notícias de Évora (1945-1948). More than 14,000 sentences were analyzed to describe the studied phenomena. To support and explain the relation between null subjects and subject inversion, we follow Holmberg¿s (2010) proposal. The author argues that in consistent null subject languages there is an uninterpretable D-feature in T, absent in partial null subject languages. The quantitative results showed that BP grammar underwent a change with regard to the use of null subjects: it lost the features typical of a consistent null subject language and acquired properties typical of a partial null subject language. We have found out that anaphorical lexical subjects are one of the strategies to realize the subject position in the BP database. A change in the grammar of null subjects in the BP data is observed from their respective numbers when compared to those of EP, which have remained constant, with a high frequency during all periods analyzed according to their syntactic environments. Furthermore, EP showed no strategies to fill the subject position as was attested for BP. The different realization of first person null subjects vis-à-vis third person null subjects in the BP data reinforces the hypothesis that BP is a partial null subject language (Rodrigues, 2004). With respect to subject inversion, the results showed no significant differences between one language and the other. Despite both BP and EP display subject inversion with unaccusative verbs productively throughout their diachronies, in BP it occurs preferentially with some element filling the sentence first position, with either locative or adverbial value. With transitive verbs in BP, the most frequent word order over time is VOS, where O is not referential, according to Pilati (2002, 2006). Once we argue that in those cases, the whole sentence is new information - thus presenting large focus projection - all elements end up in a high position in the derivation. On the other hand, VOS order in EP, presents narrow focus as the sentence subject. The consequence for the syntactic derivation is that the object moves via scrambling into an intermediate position in Spec,TP. In other words, the derivation of VOS order in EP involves movement to a lower position if compared to the one targeted in BP
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutora em Linguística
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7

Tandale, Monish Deepak. "Adaptive dynamic inversion of nonlinear systems subjected to control saturation constraints". Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5994.

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The adaptive dynamic inversion control methodology uses dynamic inversion to calculate the control, and adaptation to compensate for the errors in the inversion due to model uncertainties. Traditionally, adaptive control assumes full authority control and lacks an adequate theoretical treatment for control in the presence of actuator saturation limits. The objective of this research is to investigate the problems introduced in the adaptive dynamic inversion control scheme due to bounds on the control, and design control strategies to overcome these problems. The unique contribution of this research is that it identifies the maximum possible domain of attraction considering the control position limit, and uses a switching control strategy to contain the plant within the maximum possible domain of attraction. Another novel idea is that of a direction consistent control constraint mechanism which maintains the resultant direction of the rate of change of state the same as that of the desired, even in the presence of control saturation. This research uses a modified adaptation mechanism to prevent incorrect adaptation arising from trajectory errors due to control saturation. Mathematical development of the control laws and the adaptation mechanisms is presented along with rigorous proofs for convergence of the tracking error and stability of the overall control scheme. Finally, numerical simulation results are presented to validate the control methodology.
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8

Pérez, Ramírez Joel. "Cuestionamiento y evaluación de las inversiones en tecnología de información". Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/99911.

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La presente investigación se enfoca al siguiente cuestionamiento de que tan rentables son las inversiones en tecnología de información (sistemas de cómputo, computadoras, hadware, software), así como su fatibilidad técnica y económica.
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ALBARRAN, MARIN RICARDO ETBAAL. "PROYECTO DE INVERSIÓN PARA LA EXPANCIÓN Y COBERTURA DE MERCADO: CASO PRÁCTICO RT-MÉXICO SERVICES & PROPERTIES SA DE CV". Tesis de Licenciatura, UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DEL ESTADO DE MEXICO, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/94444.

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En el capítulo uno se presenta un marco conceptual general sobre los proyectos de inversión, así como los estudios que se deben realizar para su formulación y evaluación; y los elementos que los integran: estudio de mercado (oferta, demanda, precios, canales de comercialización y agentes económicos que en ellos participan); estudio técnico (localización, tamaño e ingeniería del proyecto y organización); estudio económicofinanciero (amortización de los recursos financieros –decreciente, constante y decreciente-, presupuesto de inversión – inversión fija, inversión diferida y capital de trabajo- presupuesto de costos e ingresos y punto de equilibrio, estados financieros – balance general-); estudio financiero (estado de resultados: depreciación, amortización, flujo neto de efectivo, valor actual neto, tasa interna de retorno, período de recuperación de la inversión, relación beneficio/costo-), estudio económico-social (económico: generación de empleos, valor agregado, contribución al crecimiento económico, a la balanza de pagos, a la inversión, al ingreso per cápita, el desarrollo regional y al consumo; social: costo-beneficio, costo mínimo, costo impacto). En el segundo capítulo se expone el contexto general sobre el alquiler automotriz partiendo de sus antecedentes históricos y de los conceptos relacionados: transporte, arrendamiento, arrendatario. En la parte final se presentan los aspectos más importantes de la empresa RT-México Servicies & Propieties, la cual es el objeto de estudio del trabajo de tesis. En capítulo tercero se desglosa el proyecto de inversión “Proyecto de inversión para la expansión y la cobertura de mercado: caso práctico RT-México Services Properties, S.A. de C.V” derivado del análisis de pre-inversión encaminado a analizar las situación actual de la empresa, incrementar la cobertura de mercado y mejorar su competitividad. Los apartados de este capítulo comprenden el estudio de mercado a partir del cual se identificaron los elementos de mercado (oferta, demanda, precios y canales de comercialización); el estudio técnico que permitió determinar la ubicación macro y micro geográfica en la ciudad de México (CDMX) y en Querétaro; el estudio financiero a través del cual se obtuvieron los principales indicadores financieros para la evaluación (flujo neto de efectivo, valor actual neto, tasa interna de retorno, periodo de recuperación de la inversión, punto de equilibrio y análisis de sensibilidad); la evaluación económica y social INTRODUCCIÓN v a fin de determinar la contribución del proyecto al Producto Interno Bruto Estatal, la generación de empleos directos e indirectos y los beneficios al desarrollo económico de la región.
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Lahousse, Karen. "The distribution of postverbal nominal subjects in French : a syntactic, semantic and pragmatic analysis". Paris 8, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA082346.

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Cette thèse propose une description et une analyse systématiques et globales de la distribution des sujets nominaux postverbaux en français. Bien que le français soit souvent décrit comme une langue à ordre de mots sujet-verbe (SV: JeanS arrivaV), dans certains contextes, le sujet peut suivre le verbe (VS: Alors arrivaV JeanS). Toutes les approches récentes globales de la distribution de VS portent sur un seul des aspects syntaxique, sémantique et pragmatique. La présente étude, par contre, offre une description de la distribution de VS qui prend en considération des critères syntaxiques et pragmatiques et une analyse qui incorpore les propriétés syntaxiques, sémantiques et pragmatiques de la construction VS et de la phrase dans laquelle VS apparaît
This dissertation gives a systematic and comprehensive description and analysis of the distribution of postverbal nominal subjects in French. Although Modern French is often described as a language with a generalized subject-verb word order (SV: JeanS arrivaV), in some contexts, the subject can follow the verb (VS: Alors arrivaV JeanS). All recent global approaches to VS have privileged either a syntactic, or a semantic or a pragmatic analysis. The present study challenges these approaches by offering a detailed description of the distribution of VS based on both syntactic and pragmatic factors, and an analysis which involves syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties of both the VS construction and the context it appears in
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Alvarez, Pardo Cesar Adan. "Simulador de Portafolio de Inversión para Pequeños y Grandes Inversionistas". Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/80282.

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Simulador de portafolios de Inversión para Pequeños y Grandes Inversionistas
En este trabajo se desarrolló un simulador de portafolio de inversiones en la plataforma de Microsoft Excel haciendo uso de la herramienta Visual Basic para Aplicaciones. Para el desarrollo del simulador, se utilizó la metodología de la Teoría Moderna de Portafolio, siendo el objeto de estudio los precios de las acciones de 10 empresas inscritas en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores, normalizando la serie del rendimiento por el método de suaviza miento exponencial simple para una mejor toma de decisiones.
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Mendoza, Guerero Mahuizotl, e Alvarez Karina Sánchez. "Proyecto de Inversión de Una Planta Recicladora de Pet en México 2015". Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/80283.

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Proyecto de Inversión de una Planta Recicladora de Pet en MÉXICO 2015
En este proyecto se presenta una planta recicladora de botellas pos-consumo de tereftalato de polietileno mejor conocido como PET por sus siglas en inglés. La presentación de este proyecto se divide en los siguientes capítulos:  Empresa  Características y propiedades del PET  Estudio de mercado  Estudio técnico  Estudio administrativo  Estudio económico  Evaluación económica A continuación se describe brevemente el contenido de cada uno de estos capítulos, mismos que se desglosaran más adelante. En el primer capítulo como introducción al tema se presentan las características, elementos, organización y clasificación de las empresas así como el concepto de Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (PyMEs) y sus ventajas en la actualidad. Tomando en cuenta que el PET es el material al cual está enfocado el proyecto, en el segundo capítulo se mencionan las características, propiedades, ventajas y métodos de reciclaje del PET. Una vez finalizados los dos capítulos anteriores, se procede a detallar los estudios necesarios para la creación del proyecto. La realización del estudio de mercado permite conocer las necesidades de los consumidores y la aceptación de un nuevo producto dentro del mercado. Esto conlleva a la investigación de un registro de la demanda y oferta, los criterios para establecer un precio competitivo, la definición del canal de distribución, la v estrategia de comercialización y promoción para abordar los canales correctos para la captación de nuevos clientes. El objetivo del estudio técnico es determinar la ubicación óptima para la instalación del proyecto, el proceso de producción, insumos, maquinaria y mano de obra necesaria para su operación y una distribución de planta mediante la aplicación de métodos y técnicas de ingeniería como método Systematic Layout Planning (SLP), diagrama de bloque, de flujo y de recorrido. En el estudio administrativo se describe la organización, la definición de las funciones de la empresa y los aspectos legales para lograr que el negocio se lleve a cabo en tiempo y forma. Con respecto al estudio económico se describen los costos generados y la inversión inicial para obtener la obra civil, maquinaria, mobiliario, etc. Se realiza el cálculo de los costos de producción, ventas y administración que en conjunto forman los costos de operación, además determinar indicadores financieros como la depreciación, el flujo de efectivo, los estados de resultados, entre otros. Por último se desarrolla la evaluación económica del proyecto para conocer la rentabilidad y el beneficio económico del mismo, por medio del método del Valor Presente Neto (VPN) y de la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Se concluye presentado los resultados que se generaron con la realización del anteproyecto.
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MARTÍNEZ, HERNÁNDEZ PEDRO. "PROYECTO DE INVERSIÓN PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE LILIS (Lilium sp.) BAJO AMBIENTES CONTROLADOS EN SAN PEDRO CHOLULA MUNICIPIO DE OCOYOACAC, MÉXICO". Tesis de Licenciatura, UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE MÉXICO, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/94665.

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En este estudio se describen las características viables para la puesta en marcha del proyecto. La empresa Flolium S.P.R. de C.V. será establecida en la comunidad de San Pedro Cholula Municipio de Ocoyoacac Estado de México. Teniendo facilidad a vías de comunicación permitiendo reducir tiempo y costos en el traslado de materias primas y del producto final. De acuerdo al diagnóstico FODA las capacidades, recursos y factores climáticos que se tienen en la comunidad de San Pedro Cholula son favorables para lograr el desarrollo de la empresa, se tiene el terreno el cual tiene disponibilidad de agua lo cual nos permite tener una producción continua sin problema logrando satisfacer a los consumidores de variables nichos de mercado.
Hoy en día debido a la problemática, desde el punto de vista laboral, debemos de fomentar el autoempleo, la profesión de ingeniero agrónomo en floricultura nos permite crear diversas actividades laborales, por ello esta propuesta tiene como finalidad crear una fuente de sustento, invirtiendo tiempo, esfuerzo y capital. La formulación de proyecto de inversión nos permite lograr éxito disminuyendo los riesgos que se pudieran presentar en el establecimiento y desarrollo de la empresa. La elaboración de este proyecto de inversión en la producción de lilis (Lilium sp.) consolida la planeación y organización de la empresa que desea iniciar su desarrollo. Por tal motivo se desarrolla un análisis integral incluyendo aspectos necesarios para el adecuado despliegue de un negocio florícola, creando técnicas para lograr un valor agregado a la producción de lilis (Lilium sp) altamente competitivo. El Lilium sp es una flor de calidad, muy apreciada por el consumidor, lo que asegura una buena demanda en el mercado. El asentamiento del presente proyecto será en la localidad de San Pedro Cholula perteneciente al municipio de Ocoyoacac, Estado de México. Su clima predominante es templado subhúmedo, con una temperatura media anual de 18°C. San Pedro Cholula se encuentra a 2575m sobre el nivel del mar. (Vivemex, 2014) Debido a que existe información sobre oferta y demanda del consumo de flores ornamentales, en especial del cultivo de Lilium para este proyecto, se toma como referencia siendo útil para la elaboración del Estudio de Mercado.
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Ferreira, Ivana Kátia de Souza. "Os verbos inacusativos e a inversão do sujeito em sentenças declarativas do português brasileiro". Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/4037.

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This academic work deals with the unaccusative verbs and the free inversion of the subject in declarative sentences in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). This study is based on a bibliographic review, in the light of the Generative Syntax, under the Government-Binding (GB) Theory. It is proposed by Chomsky (1981), in accordance with the Principles and Parameters model. Firstly, a summary of the fundamental topics (Lexicon, Verb Subcategorization, Case Theory, θ-Theory, Argument Structure) within the GB is made, not to mention that these topics are absolutely related to the main subject. Thereafter, the unaccusative verbs (monoargumental) and their particularity are presented. A comparison is made between the unaccusative and the inergative verbs. Although they are both monoargumental verbs, they have different syntactic structures from each other. Their Dstructures show such differences.The unaccusative verbs subcategorize a Determiner Phrase (DP) complement (in the object place), while the inergative ones select an external argument. When the inversion of the DP subject occurs, it remains in its original position within the Verb Phrase (VP). According to relevant authors (Pontes, 1986; Kato, 2000; Menuzzi, 2003) to this work, the unaccusative verbs are compatible with the V(erb)S(ubject) order in BP. The occurance of two kinds of agreement is verified in the sentences when the DP subject occupies the post-verbal position. When the verb agrees with the post-verbal DP subject ([pro] Chegaram as visitas), the agreement results from a chain between the post-verbal DP subject and the null expletive pro. When the verb remains in the 3rd person of singular ([pro] Chegou as visitas), it reveals that the agreement is with the pre-verbal null expletive pro, singular according to Mioto et al. (2007). The agreement with the pre-verbal expletive is likewise in French. However in French the pre-verbal expletive is not null; it is the lexical one il.
Este trabalho trata sobre os verbos inacusativos e a livre inversão do sujeito em sentenças declarativas do português brasileiro (PB). É um estudo, com base em revisão bibliográfica, à luz da Sintaxe Gerativa, sob a perspectiva da Teoria da Regência e da Ligação (TRL), proposta por Chomsky (1981), em conformidade com o modelo Princípios e Parâmetros. Primeiramente, é feito um apanhado de tópicos fundamentais (Léxico, Subcategorização Verbal, Teoria do Caso, Teoria Theta, Estrutura de Argumentos) para a TRL, bem como relacionados ao assunto a ser discutido. Após essa exposição, são apresentados os verbos inacusativos (monoargumentais) e as suas especificidades. É feita uma comparação entre os verbos inacusativos e os inergativos, tendo em vista serem ambos monoargumentais. Apesar disso, apresentam estruturas sintáticas completamente distintas. Suas estruturas-D mostram tais diferenças. Os inacusativos subcategorizam um Determiner Phrase (DP) complemento (posição de objeto).Os inergativos selecionam somente argumento externo. Quando ocorre a inversão do DP sujeito, este permanece em sua posição de base, dentro do V(erb)P(hrase). De acordo com autores relevantes (Pontes, 1986; Kato, 2000; Menuzzi, 2003) para este trabalho, os verbos inacusativos são compatíveis com a ordem V(erbo)S(ujeito) no PB. Nas sentenças VS com inacusativos, são verificadas duas possibilidades de concordância. Quando o verbo concorda com o DP sujeito pós-verbal ([pro] Chegaram as visitas), a concordância resulta da cadeia entre o DP sujeito pós-verbal e o expletivo nulo pro pré-verbal. Quando o verbo permanece na 3ª pessoa do singular ([pro] Chegou as visitas), a concordância é realizada com o expletivo nulo pro pré-verbal, que, de acordo com Mioto et al. (2007), é singular. A concordância com o expletivo pré-verbal é como no francês, por exemplo. Porém, no francês, o expletivo pré-verbal não é nulo, é lexical (Il).
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Trejo, Adrián Gustavo. "El uso de Instrumentos Financieros de Inversión como una estrategia para fortalecer el ahorro para el retiro (pensión por régimen 1997) en México". Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/110989.

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16

Santana, Bárbara Melissa [UNESP]. "La Majorité Opprimée: ironia e inversão na crítica a imagens de feminino e masculino". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/149872.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Este trabalho se volta à análise discursiva do curta metragem francês La Majorité Opprimée, dirigido por Eleonore Pourriat e lançado da rede social Youtube em 2010. A obra selecionada como corpus desta pesquisa explora as relações entre os gêneros masculino e feminino a partir da inversão das performances de gêneros na sociedade contemporânea. A inversão que embasa a narrativa critica e ironiza a desigualdade de gêneros naturalizada nessas relações no mundo contemporâneo, em específico, a sociedade francesa do século XXI. Ao destacar a inversão e a ironia da obra como objetos de análise, nos aprofundamos no estudo dos estereótipos de feminilidade e masculinidade representados em La Majorité Opprimée, bem como nos voltamos à análise da crítica ao patriarcado que é feita no curta a partir da inversão das performances de gênero. O aprofundamento dessas questões leva em consideração a constituição histórica dos gêneros masculino e feminino, que se articula, ao longo do texto, com a contextualização dos sujeitos masculino e feminino sob um olhar cultural ao longo da história. O trabalho se fundamenta nas materialidades verbivocovisuais que compõem o enunciado em questão, com base teórica nos estudos do Círculo de Bakhtin sobre enunciado, signo ideológico, sujeito, dialogia e gênero discursivo, além de ter como referência escritos de Judith Butler e Simone de Beauvoir. A partir do arcabouço teórico bakhtiniano, olhamos para os sujeitos semiotizados na obra como representações dos sujeitos feminino e masculino do mundo contemporâneo e os entendemos como construções sociais e históricas, aspecto que se constitui como fio condutor do trabalho.
This work turns to the discursive analysis of the french short film La Majorité Opprimée, directed by Eleonore Pourriat and released on the social network Youtube. The video selected as corpus of this research explores the female and male gender relations from the inversion of the gender performance in the contemporary society. This inversion that bases the critical narrative and ironizes the gender inequality naturalized in this relations in the contemporary world, in specific, the twenty-first french society. By hightlitening the inversion and irony in the video as the object of the analysis, we go deeper in the studies of femininity and masculinity stereotypes represented in La Majorité Opprimée, and we turn to the analysis of the patriarchy critical that is made in the short movie from the gender performance inversion. The dedication to this problems consider the male and female gender historical constitution, that is articulated to the cultural and historical contextualization throughout the history. This work is fundamented in the verbocovisual materialities that are part of the enunciate analyzed, with theoretical basis in the Bakhtin Circle studies about enunciate, ideological sign, subject, dialogy and discursive gender, in addition to references from Judith Butlers and Simoe de Beauvoir studies. From the bakhtinian base, we consider the subjects semiotized in the video as male and female representation from the contemporary world, and we understand them as historical and social constructions, element that conducts this work.
FAPESP: 2015/11895-4
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Gibrail, Alba. "Contextos de formação de estruturas de tópico e foco no português clássico". [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269028.

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Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland Galves
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta dissertação descreve os contextos de formação de estruturas de tópico e foco do português clássico. Investigamos o comportamento linguístico de autores portugueses nascidos entre os séculos 16 e 19. O resultado de nossa investigação define uma gramática de natureza-V2 no licenciamento dessas construções. O resultado obtido também revela que a posição de realização dos clíticos é fortemente correlacionada com a posição ocupada pelo sintagma topicalizado em CP. Considerando os efeitos-V2 que emergem na formação dessas construções, assumimos o português clássico como uma gramática de natureza V2, com propriedades similares ao português antigo. Como hipótese de trabalho, propomos que o verbo finito se move para o núcleo Fin nas sentenças principais e subordinadas dessa gramática. Por outro lado, esta pesquisa mostra que ocorrem mudanças na frequência de uso e nas configurações estruturais dessas construções a partir do século 18. Assumimos que as mudanças estruturais são desencadeadas por uma nova gramática em uso na língua nesse período histórico. O resultado alcançado em nossa investigação permite-nos apresentar os fatores sintáticos e prosódicos que motivam a mudança gramatical. Apresentamos, nesta dissertação, análises para justificar a ausência de efeitos de localidade na formação de estruturas de tópico e foco em contextos de sentenças de ordens V2/V3/V4. As análises propostas estão ancoradas no Projeto Cartográfico de Rizzi (1997; 2004a)
Abstract: This research describes the contexts of structure formation of Topic and Focus in Classical Portuguese. We investigated the linguistic behavior of Portuguese authors born between 16th century and 19th century. The result of our research defines a V2 grammar which produces different forms of these structures. The result obtained also shows that the clitic placement is strongly correlated with the position occupied by topicalized phrase in CP. Considering the V2 effects on the formation of these structures, we assume Classical Portuguese as a V2 grammar, with similar syntactic proprieties to the Old Portuguese. As a working hypothesis, we propose that the finite verbs moves to Fin head in the main and subordinate sentences. Moreover, this research shows some changes related to the frequency and to the structural configurations of these V2 sentences in this language from 18th century. We assume that these structural changes are triggered by a new grammar in use in this language in this historical period. The result achieved in this research allows us to present the factors which motivated the grammatical change. We present some analyses to justify the absence of locality effects in the formation of Topic and Focus structures in sentences that project V2/V3/V4 orders. The proposed analyses are anchored in Rizzi's Cartography Project (1997, 2004a)
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutor em Linguística
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18

Spidahl, Anne Marie. "Inversion". The University of Montana, 2010. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-06172010-105119/.

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Kamm, Jochen. "Inversion and Joint Inversion of Electromagnetic and Potential Field Data". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-215673.

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In this thesis, four inversion problems of different scale and difficulty are solved. Two of them are electromagnetic inverse problems. Two more are joint inversion problems of potential field data and other types of data. First, a linear approximation, which is a generalization of the low-induction-number approximation standard in slingram dual-loop interpretation is developed and used for rapid two and three dimensional inversion. The approximation takes induction within a background half-space into account and can thus be applied in conductive scenarios, where otherwise a rigorous electromagnetic modeling would be required. Second, a three-dimensional inversion of airborne tensor very-low-frequency data with a rigorous forward modeling at its core is developed. For dealing with the large scale of the forward problem, a nested fast-Fourier-transform-based integral equation method is introduced, wherein electromagnetic interactions are arranged according to their range and larger ranges are treated with less accuracy and effort. The inversion improves the traditional interpretation through data derived maps by providing a conductivity model, thus constraining the upper few hundred meters of the crust down to the shallowest conductor and allowing the study of its top in three dimensions. The third inversion problem is the the joint inversion of refraction and geoelectric data. By requiring the velocity and resistivity models to share a common, laterally variable layered geometry, easily interpretable models, which are reasonable in many geological near surface situations (e.g., groundwater exploration in Quaternary sediments), are produced directly from the joint inversion. Finally, a joint inversion of large scale potential field data from a gabbro intrusion is presented. Gravity and magnetic data are required to abide to a petrophysical constraint, which is derived from extensive field sampling. The impact of the constraint is maximized under the provision that both data sets are explained equally well as they would be through individual inversions. This leads to a simple and clearly defined intrusion geometry, consistent for both the density and magnetic susceptibility distribution. In all presented inversion problems, field data sets are successfully inverted, the results are appraised through synthetic tests and, if available, through comparison with independent data.
Diese Arbeit hat die Lösung von vier geophysikalischen Umkehraufgaben, sogenannten Inversionsproblemen, zum Gegenstand. Zwei dieser Aufgaben befassen sich mit der Inversion elektromagnetischer Daten, zwei weitere sind Probleme der kombinierten Inversion von Datensätzen aus unterschiedlichen geophysikalischen Messverfahren. Im ersten Problem wird die für die Auswertung elektromagnetischer Zweispulensystemdaten typische lineare Näherung der kleinen Induktionszahlen als Bornsche Näherung verallgemeinert, ihre Anwendbarkeit durch exakte Berücksichtigung der Induktionsvorgänge in einem beliebigen homogenen Halbraum von schlechtleitenden auf gutleitende Untergründe ausgedehnt und schließlich zur zwei- und dreidimensionalen Inversion eingesetzt. Dadurch kann auch im leitfähigen Untergrund eine aufwändige exakte Modellierung vermieden werden. Im zweiten Problem wird eine dreidimensionale Inversion von flugzeuggestützten Längstwellenmessungen entwickelt und als ihre Grundlage eine exakte elektromagnetische Rechnung erdacht. Damit wird traditionelle kartengestützte Dateninterpretation durch ein dreidimensionales Leitfähigkeitsmodell ergänzt, welches die oberen hundert bis dreihundert Meter der Erdkruste bis hin zur Tiefe des obersten Leiters abbildet, so dass dessen Oberflächenform erkundet werden kann. Die enorme Problemgröße wird durch eine Fouriertransformationsmethode bewältigt, welche die elektromagnetischen Wechselwirkungen nach ihrer Reichweite einteilt, die Fernwirkungen mit entsprechend verringerter Genauigkeit behandelt und dadurch eine erhebliche Anzahl an Rechnungen einspart. Im dritten Problem werden refraktionsseismische und geoelektrische Messungen kombiniert, indem sowohl das Geschwindigkeits- als auch das Widerstandsmodell mit einer gemeinsamen, lateral veränderlichen und durch beide Datensätze bestimmten Schichtstruktur versehen werden. Ein solches, durch Schichten definiertes Inversionsergebnis, stellt in vielen oberflächennahen Anwendungen, beispielsweise im Grundwasserbereich, ein sinnvolles Abbild der Erde dar. Im vierten Problem werden Schweremessungen und Magnetfeldmessungen, die über einer Gabbrointrusion aufgenommen wurden, mittels einer empirischen petrophysikalischen Beziehung vereinigt, welche aus Labormessungen an einer großen Anzahl von Gesteinsproben abgeleitet wurde. Hierbei wird der Einfluss dieser Modellkopplung solange maximiert, wie beide Datensätze mit derjenigen Genauigkeit angepasst werden können, welche vorher in Einzelinversionen erreicht wurde. Das Ergebnis ist ein einfaches, geometrisch konsistentes Modell der Verteilungen von Dichte und magnetischer Suszeptibilität. In allen vier Aufgaben wurden erfolgreich reale Felddaten invertiert. Die Güte der Ergebnisse wurde mittels synthetischer Experimente untersucht und, so vorhanden, mit unabhängigen Informationen verglichen.
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Forbriger, Thomas. "Inversion flachseismischer Wellenfeldspektren". [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB9228704.

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21

Wind, Maarten de. "Inversion in French /". Groningen : Dept. of General Linguistics, University of Groningen, 1995. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=007025044&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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22

Garipova, Yulia V. "Borehold resistivity inversion". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53031.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-111).
by Yulia V. Garipova.
M.S.
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23

Sharma, Arvind Kumar. "Quantitative Stratigraphic Inversion". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30172.

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We develop a methodology for systematic inversion of quantitative stratigraphic models. Quantitative stratigraphic modeling predicts stratigraphy using numerical simulations of geologic processes. Stratigraphic inversion methodically searches the parameter space in order to detect models which best represent the observed stratigraphy. Model parameters include sea-level change, tectonic subsidence, sediment input rate, and transport coefficients. We successfully performed a fully automated process based stratigraphic inversion of a geologically complex synthetic model. Several one and two parameter inversions were used to investigate the coupling of process parameters. Source location and transport coefficient below base level indicated significant coupling, while the rest of the parameters showed only minimal coupling. The influence of different observable data on the inversion was also tested. The inversion results using misfit based on sparse, but time dependent sample points proved to be better than the misfit based on the final stratigraphy only, even when sampled densely. We tested several inversion schemes on the topography dataset obtained from the eXperimental EarthScape facility simulation. The clustering of model parameters in most of the inversion experiments showed the likelihood of obtaining a reasonable number of compatible models. We also observed the need for several different diffusion-coefficient parameterizations to emulate different erosional and depositional processes. The excellent result of the piecewise inversion, which used different parameterizations for different time intervals, demonstrate the need for development or incorporation of time-variant parameterizations of the diffusion coefficients. We also present new methods for applying boundary condition on simulation of diffusion processes using the finite-difference method. It is based on the straightforward idea that solutions at the boundaries are smooth. The new scheme achieves high accuracy when the initial conditions are non vanishing at the boundaries, a case which is poorly handled by previous methods. Along with the ease in implementation, the new method does not require any additional computation or memory.
Ph. D.
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Deshpande, Kiran B. "Studies On Phase Inversion". Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/285.

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Agitated dispersions of one liquid in another immiscible liquid are widely used in chemical industry in operations such as liquid-liquid extraction, suspension polymerisation, and blending of polymers. When holdup of the dispersed phase is increased, in an effort to increase the productivity, at a critical holdup, the dispersed phase catastrophically becomes the continuous phase and vice versa. This phenomenon is known as phase inversion. Although the inversion phenomenon has been studied off and on over the past few decades, the mechanism of phase inversion (PI) has yet not become clear. These studies have however brought out many interesting aspects of PI, besides unravelling the effect of physical and operational variables on PL Experiments show that oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) dispersions behave very differently, e.g water drops in w/o dispersions contain oil droplets in them, but oil drops in o/w dispersions contain none, dispersed phase hold up at which inversion occurs increases with agitation speed for w/o dispersions but decreases for o/w dispersions. A common feature of both types of dispersions however is that as agitation speed is increased to high values, inversion holdups reach a constant value. A further increase in agitation speed does not change inversion hold up. Although this finding was first reported a long time ago, the implications it may have not received any attentions. In fact, the work reported in the literature since then does not even mention it. The present work shows that this finding has profound implications. Starting with the finding that at high agitation speed inversion hold up does not change with agitation speed, the present work shows that inversion hold up also does not change with agitator diameter, type of agitator and vessel diameter. In these experiments, carried out in agitated vessel, energy was introduced as a point source. The experiments carried out with turbulent flow in annular region of two coaxial cylinders, inner one rotating, in which energy is introduced nearly uniformly throughout the system, show that the inversion holdup remains unchanged. These results indicate that constant values of inversion holdups for a given liquid-liquid systems (o/w and w/o) are properties of the liquid-liquid systems alone, independent of geometrical and operational parameters. A new hypothesis is proposed to explain the new findings. Phase inversion is considered to occur as a result of imbalance between breakup and coalescence of drops. Electrolytes, which affect only coalescence of drops, were therefore added to the system to investigate the effect of altering coalescence of drops on phase inversion. The experiments performed in the presence of electrolyte KI at various concentrations indicate that addition of electrolyte increases the inversion holdup for both o/w and w/o dispersions for three types of systems: non polar-water, polar-water and immiscible organic-organic. Higher the concentration of electrolyte used, higher was the holdup required for phase inversion. These findings indicate that while the addition of electrolyte increases coalescence of drops in lean dispersions, it has exactly opposite effect on imbalance of breakage and coalescence of drops at high holdups near phase inversion point. The opposite effect of electrolytes in lean and concentrated dispersions could be explained qualitatively, but only in part in the light of a new theory, involving multi-particle interactions. The phase inversion phenomenon is quantified in a simple manner by testing the breakage and coalescence rate expressions available in literature. It has been found that, equilibrium drop size (where breakage and coalescence events are in dynamic equilibrium) approaches infinity near phase inversion holdup which is not an ex perimentally observed fact. To capture the catastrophic nature of phase inversion, two steady state approach is proposed. The two steady states namely the stable steady state and unstable steady state, are achieved by modifying the expression for coalescence frequency on the basis of (i) shear coalescence mechanism and, (ii) recognising the fact that at high dispersed phase holdup the droplets are already in contact with each other at all times and hence rendering the second order coales cence process to a first order one. Using two steady states approach, catastrophic phase inversion is shown to occur at finite drop size.
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25

Seifert, Emanuel Enrico. "Inversion de Fourier ponctuelle /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=3776.

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26

Buland, Arild. "Bayesian Seismic AVO Inversion". Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-2005.

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Seismic analysis is a key element in successful exploration and production of natural resources. During the last decades, seismic methodology has had a significant progress with respect to both acquisition, processing and analysis. Despite all the new tec hnology, the uncertainty related to seismic analysis is still large, and even worse, the uncertainty is often not systematically assessed.

In this thesis, the uncertainty aspect of seismic amplitude versus offset (AVO) in version is assessed using a Bayesian approach to inversion. The main objective is to estimate elastic material parameters with associated uncertainty from large seismic data sets, but the in versionproblem also includes estimation of seismic wavelets and the noise level. State of the art statistical methodology is applied to attack these current and crucial geophysical problems. The core part of the work is presented in four separate papers written for geophysical journals, constituting Chapter 2 through 5 in this thesis. Each of the papers is self-contained, with exception of the references which are placed in a separate bibliography chapter.


Paper I, II and III: copyright SEG Paper III: copyright EAGE
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27

Thomassen, Espen. "Full-waveform inversion studies". Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9722.

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In this master thesis, full-waveform inversion (FWI) was applied to a synthetic, and very complex, geological structure containing a salt body. The main objective was to evaluate the capabilities of FWI to estimate velocities in this context, and more specially below the salt. Seismic depth imaging is now the preferred seismic imaging tool for today's most challenging exploration projects. Seismic depth imaging problem usually requires the definition of a smooth background velocity model before determining the short wavelength component of the structure by pre-stack depth migration. It is well established that success of pre-stack depth migration in complex geological media strongly depends from the definition of the background velocity model. Standard tools for building velocity models generally fail to reconstruct the correct sub-salt velocities. Sub-salt imaging is a very challenging problem and a lot of resources are spent trying to solve this problem, since salt bodies in the sub-surface are known to be very good hydrocarbon traps. In this master thesis, the work have been performed on a modified version of the 2004 BP velocity benchmark model. This model represents a very interesting salt context, where conventional imaging methods can not provide any good results. After describing the seismic inversion problem, and the FWI theory and code used in this work, the application to the 2004 BP benchmark model is described. FWI was first applied to the synthetic data using a starting model derived by smoothing the true velocity model. This is an easy way to ensure an adequate starting model, as the method is very dependent on a good starting model. In the inversion process 17 frequency components were used, ranging between 1 and 15 Hz. This resulted in a velocity model that accurately recovered both the salt body and the sub-salt velocities. The average deviation between the true and estimated sub-salt velocities was found to be approximately 6 %. A more realistic starting model was then derived using first-arrival traveltime tomography, a well known method for obtaining velocity models. FWI was applied to this starting model, and the result was also positive when using this starting model. The salt body was well delineated, whereas the sub-salt velocities were generally more inaccurate than for the previous application. The sub-salt velocity difference was increased to roughly 10 %. However, if more effort had been spent on reconstructing a more accurate starting model, the results might have improved. When fewer frequency components are used in the inversion, the result declined. A test using only 6 frequency components showed that the final reconstructed model suffered from a lack of recovered wavenumbers, especially at the deeper and more complex parts of the model. In such a complex medium as the 2004 BP benchmark model, it is hence necessary to introduce wavenumbers by including a sufficient number of frequency components in the inversion process. Other tests that were conducted showed that, in this particular case, the non-linearity of the inversion problem increased with higher frequencies, and was reduced by larger offset ranges included in the seismic data. The inversion is hence sensitive to the starting frequency as well as the starting model. The results in this master thesis demonstrate that FWI has a great potential in reconstructing sub-salt velocities in salt media. For the future, both applying the method to real data from a salt basin area, and develop a migration tool and test the effect of FWI on a migrated image, are interesting challenges.

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28

Vandamme, Thibaud. "Simulation-inversion des diagraphies". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/24046/1/Vandamme_thibaud.pdf.

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L’évaluation des formations géologiques consiste en l’analyse et la synthèse de données de différentes sources, de différentes échelles (microscopique à kilométrique) et acquises à des dates très variables. Le processus conventionnel de caractérisation des formations relève alors de l’interprétation physique spécialisée de chacune de ces sources de données et leur mise en cohérence par des processus de synthèse essentiellement d’ordre statistique (corrélation, apprentissage, up-scaling…). Il s’avère cependant qu’une source de données présente un caractère central : les diagraphies. Ces mesures physiques de différentes natures (nucléaires, acoustiques, électromagnétiques…) sont réalisées le long de la paroi d’un puits à l’aide de différentes sondes. Elles sont sensibles aux propriétés in situ des roches, et ce, sur une gamme d’échelle centimétrique à métrique intermédiaire aux carottes et données de test de production. De par leur profondeur d’investigation, les données diagraphiques sont particulièrement sensibles au phénomène d’invasion de boue se produisant lors du forage dans l’abord puits. Traditionnellement, l’invasion est modélisée de façon frustre au moment de l’interprétation diagraphiques par un simple effet piston. Ce modèle simple permet d’honorer le bilan de volume mais ne prend aucunement en compte la physique réelle d’invasion et prive, de fait, les diagraphies de toute portée dynamique. Des essais de modélisation de l’historique d’invasion couplés aux données diagraphiques ont déjà été élaborés par différents laboratoires et une abondante littérature sur le sujet est disponible. Les limitations majeures de ces approches résident dans le caractère sous déterminé des problèmes inverses issus de ces modèles physiques et dans le fait que la donnée diagraphique est réalisée en général sur un intervalle de temps inadaptée au regard du développement de l’invasion. Nous proposons une approche différente qui s’attèle non pas à décrire la physique de l’écoulement mais celle de l’équilibre radial des fluides dans le domaine envahi lorsque les diagraphies sont acquises. Nous montrons qu’en introduisant quelques contraintes pétrophysiques supplémentaires, il est possible d’inverser efficacement la distribution des propriétés dynamiques pour chaque faciès géologique. L’inversion prend en compte le phénomène d’invasion radial dans la zone à eau ainsi que l’équilibre capillaire vertical caractérisant le profil de saturation dans le réservoir pour chaque facies. A chaque profondeur du puits, sont ainsi obtenues perméabilités, pressions capillaires et facteurs de cimentation avec leurs incertitudes ainsi que les lois pétrophysiques propres à chaque faciès. Cette méthode a été appliquée à deux puits réels. En guise de validation, les résultats d’inversion ont été comparés aux mesures laboratoire faites sur carotte. De plus, les perméabilités inversées ont été comparées aux transitoires de pression de mini-tests. La cohérence des résultats montre que, d’une part, les hypothèses de base du modèle sont validées et que, d’autre part, l’approche fournit une estimation fiable de grandeurs dynamiques à toute échelle pour chaque faciès réservoir, et ce, dès l’acquisition des données diagraphiques. L’approche d’inversion proposée a permis de lever une limitation majeure des précédentes tentatives de prédiction des propriétés dynamiques par les diagraphies en reconsidérant la problématique non pas sous l’angle d’une modélisation phénoménologique exacte mais en l’abordant de manière globale à l’échelle d’une chaîne d’étude complète. Cette approche permet de fait une mise en cohérence très précoce des données, d’identifier les faciès d’intérêt et de qualifier les besoins véritables en données. Cet outil s’avère très puissant pour qualifier et caractériser les hétérogénéités pétrophysiques des formations et aider ainsi à résoudre le problème de mise à l’échelle des grandeurs dynamiques
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29

Irabor, Kenneth Otabor. "Reflection full waveform inversion". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/60594.

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The Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) gradient is composed of a low wavenumber tomographic component and a high wavenumber migration component. A successful application of FWI requires that the low wavenumber parts of the model be recovered before the high wavenumbers. This process becomes difficult in datasets dominated by pre-critical angle reflection energies. Reflection waveform inversion (RWI) has been proposed as an alternative to help bootstrap the FWI method for reflection data. In this thesis, I have made a novel contribution to RWI using Finite Di fference Explicit Wavefi eld Decomposition (FDEWD). This method improves the wavefi eld decomposition process by cleanly decomposing the wavefi elds into four components using fi nite diff erence method and Fourier transform. Four component wavefi elds travelling left, right, up and down are simultaneously derived in this method compared to just opposite directions possible with most other methods. FDEWD also lacks the evanescent energy present in traditional Fourier based separation. The extra layer of separation introduced by FDEWD ensures that the tomographic component of the gradient is formed by energies propagating within and close to the first Fresnel zone, hence yielding a cleaner tomographic update. The FDEWD method developed here was then used in an RWI context to successfully invert a synthetic dataset and a blind dataset. The scheme involved a migration update step with an exaggerated step length and a tomographic update step with true step length computation. The results obtained shows that the new method produces superior results compared to the method based on direct separation of the total wavefi elds. FDEWD also allows for transmission FWI to be performed without the need to mute the data in any way. We have implemented the scheme here in a 2-D constant density acoustic wave equation. It is, however, possible to extend this method to 3-D, anisotropic and elastic problems.
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30

Lu, Xiaolin. "Seismic ray impedance inversion". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6085.

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This thesis investigates a prestack seismic inversion scheme implemented in the ray parameter domain. Conventionally, most prestack seismic inversion methods are performed in the incidence angle domain. However, inversion using the concept of ray impedance, as it honours ray path variation following the elastic parameter variation according to Snell’s law, shows the capacity to discriminate different lithologies if compared to conventional elastic impedance inversion. The procedure starts with data transformation into the ray-parameter domain and then implements the ray impedance inversion along constant ray-parameter profiles. With different constant-ray-parameter profiles, mixed-phase wavelets are initially estimated based on the high-order statistics of the data and further refined after a proper well-to-seismic tie. With the estimated wavelets ready, a Cauchy inversion method is used to invert for seismic reflectivity sequences, aiming at recovering seismic reflectivity sequences for blocky impedance inversion. The impedance inversion from reflectivity sequences adopts a standard generalised linear inversion scheme, whose results are utilised to identify rock properties and facilitate quantitative interpretation. It has also been demonstrated that we can further invert elastic parameters from ray impedance values, without eliminating an extra density term or introducing a Gardner’s relation to absorb this term. Ray impedance inversion is extended to P-S converted waves by introducing the definition of converted-wave ray impedance. This quantity shows some advantages in connecting prestack converted wave data with well logs, if compared with the shearwave elastic impedance derived from the Aki and Richards approximation to the Zoeppritz equations. An analysis of P-P and P-S wave data under the framework of ray impedance is conducted through a real multicomponent dataset, which can reduce the uncertainty in lithology identification.Inversion is the key method in generating those examples throughout the entire thesis as we believe it can render robust solutions to geophysical problems. Apart from the reflectivity sequence, ray impedance and elastic parameter inversion mentioned above, inversion methods are also adopted in transforming the prestack data from the offset domain to the ray-parameter domain, mixed-phase wavelet estimation, as well as the registration of P-P and P-S waves for the joint analysis. The ray impedance inversion methods are successfully applied to different types of datasets. In each individual step to achieving the ray impedance inversion, advantages, disadvantages as well as limitations of the algorithms adopted are detailed. As a conclusion, the ray impedance related analyses demonstrated in this thesis are highly competent compared with the classical elastic impedance methods and the author would like to recommend it for a wider application.
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31

Levy, Shlomo. "Inversion of reflection seismograms". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25815.

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A method for the estimation of impedance or pseudo-velocity sections from the information contained in CMP stacked sections, the corresponding stacking velocities and sonic and density logs (when available) is presented. The method relies on a linear programming approach for the reconstruction of full-band reflectivities, and utilizes linearized relations between the multiple free reflectivity functions and average or point-wise impedance or velocity values. The reconstruction procedure requires the solution of an underdetermined set of equations and hence a minimum structure condition is imposed on the desired solution. This condition guaranties the uniqueness of the obtained solution in the sense that it is the solution that features the least amount of impedance variations as a function of travel-time (or depth). Since the presented inversion yields minimum structure solutions, it is argued that features which appear on the obtained result are strictly demanded by the data and are not artifacts of the inversion scheme. A number of physical assumptions are required by the presented inversion. These are summarized below in point form: (1) The earth reflectivity function is non-white and can be reasonably represented by a sparse spike train. (2) The observed CMP stacked section is a reasonable representation of the multiple-free normal-ray section with reasonably correct relative amplitude relations. (3) The residual wavelet on the stacked section is to a good approximation a zero-phase wavelet with a relatively flat spectrum. (4) The estimated stacking velocities can be inverted to yield an acceptable representation of the averages of the true earth velocity model. Since in a realistic environment some of the above assumptions may be violated, all the corresponding relations in the presented inversion scheme include appropriate uncertainty terms. That is, all the information components considered in the inversion are satisfied only to within some prespecified error bounds. A number of possibilities for speeding up the inversion scheme are described. It is shown that utilizing the expected trace-to-trace coherency of seismic reflection data yields considerable reduction in computational efforts. Finally, a number of steps required for a successful completion of the inversion are described. In particular, the problems of preinversion data scaling and the correction of the residual wavelet's phase are discussed in some detail.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
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32

Hubbertz, Andrew Paul. "Subject clitics and subject extraction in Somali". Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32079883.html.

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33

Potard, Blaise. "Inversion acoustique-articulatoire avec contraintes". Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00580811.

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Cette thèse porte sur 1'ínversion acoustique-articulatoire, c'est-à-dire la récupération des mouvements des articulateurs de la parole à partir du signal sonore. Nous présentons dans ce mémoire une évolution importante des méthodes de tabulation à codebooks utilisant une table de correspondants acoustique-articulatoire précalculée à l'aide d'un modèle de synthèse acoustique. En dehors de la méthode d'inversion proprement dite, nous présentons également l'introduction de deux types de contraintes : des contraintes phonétiques génériques, issues de l'analyse par des experts humains de l'invariance articulatoire des voyelles, et des contraintes visuelles, c'est-à-dire des contraintes obtenues automatiquement à partir de l'enregistrement et l'analyse d'images en stéréovision du locuteur.
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34

Rattan, Amarpreet. "Character Polynomials and Lagrange Inversion". Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/1029.

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In this thesis, we investigate two expressions for symmetric group characters: Kerov?s universal character polynomials and Stanley?s character polynomials. We give a new explicit form for Kerov?s polynomials, which exactly evaluate the characters of the symmetric group scaled by degree and a constant. We use this explicit expression to obtain specific information about Kerov polynomials, including partial answers to positivity questions. We then use the expression obtained for Kerov?s polynomials to obtain results about Stanley?s character polynomials.
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35

Hou, Cong. "Automated synthesis for program inversion". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49037.

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We consider the problem of synthesizing program inverses for imperative languages. Our primary motivation comes from optimistic parallel discrete event simulation (OPDES). There, a simulator must process events while respecting logical temporal event-ordering constraints; to extract parallelism, an OPDES simulator may speculatively execute events and only rollback execution when event-ordering violations occur. In this context, the ability to perform rollback by running time- and space-efficient reverse programs, rather than saving and restoring large amounts of state, can make OPDES more practical. Synthesizing inverses also appears in numerous other software engineering contexts, such as debugging, synthesizing “undo” code, or even generating decompressors automatically given only lossless compression code. This thesis mainly contains three chapters. In the first chapter, we focus on handling programs with only scalar data and arbitrary control flows. By building a value search graph (VSG) that represents recoverability relationships between variable values, we turn the problem of recovering previous values into a graph search one. Forward and reverse programs are generated according to the search results. For any loop that produces an output state given a particular input state, our method can synthesize an inverse loop that reconstructs the input state given the original loop's output state. The synthesis process consists of two major components: (a) building the inverse loop's body, and (b) building the inverse loop's predicate. Our method works for all natural loops, including those that take early exits (e.g., via breaks, gotos, returns). In the second chapter we extend our method to handling programs containing arrays. Based on Array SSA, we develop a modified Array SSA from which we could easily build equalities between arrays and array elements. Specifically, to represent the equality between two arrays, we employ the array subregion as the constraint. During the search those subregions will be calculated to guarantee that all array elements will be retrieved. We also develop a demand-driven method to retrieve array elements from a loop, in which each time we only try to retrieve an array element from an iteration if that element has not been modified in previous iterations. To ensure the correctness of each retrieval, the boundary conditions are created and checked at the entry and the exit of the loop. In the last chapter, we introduce several techniques of handling high-level constructs of C++ programs, including virtual functions, copying C++ objects, C++ STL containers, C++ source code normalization, inter-procedural function calls, etc. Since C++ is an object-oriented (OO) language, our discussion in this chapter can also be extended to other OO languages like Java.
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Resnick, Jodi A. "Negative inversion in modern hebrew". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000890.

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37

Kazeem, Akintunde. "Flow induced phase inversion emulsification". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267627.

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38

Cox, Benjamin Timothy. "Geoacoustic inversion in shallow water". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310654.

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39

Pike, Brian Henry. "Functionalism, qualia and spectrum inversion". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293880.

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40

Potard, Blaise Laprie Yves. "Inversion acoustique-articulatoire avec contraintes". S. l. : Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2008_0085_POTARD.pdf.

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41

Valenciano, Alejandro A. "Imaging by wave-equation inversion /". May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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42

Thomas, Lisa M. "Expertise and the inversion effect". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2002. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844088/.

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It has often been argued that the processing of faces is 'special' relative to the processing of other objects and there is much evidence in support of this notion. One source of evidence is the inversion effect, which occurs when faces presented upright are recognised significantly better than faces presented upside down. This effect of stimulus inversion has been shown to impair face recognition to a greater extent than for any other object class. It is this disproportionate effect that has been given as one source of evidence that face processing is special. However, other research has argued that effects of inversion can be found for non-face stimuli providing that there is sufficient development of expertise with them and that these stimuli can be defined by a common prototype. This thesis further explores this idea. Inversion effects were investigated for both prototypically and non-prototypically defined, abstract, chequerboard stimuli and compared with those for faces. When subjects learned to categorise chequerboard stimuli that were defined by a common prototype equal size inversion effects were found to those observed for faces. However, inversion effects were not observed for category training with multiple exemplars of chequerboard stimuli that were not defined by a common prototype. Together the findings are consistent with the idea that inversion effects are a general phenomenon resulting from the acquisition of category expertise with any prototype defined stimulus category. They undermine the inversion effect as a source of evidence for the specialness of face processing. Further, using a new Moving Windows technique, additional experiments investigated the underlying mechanisms responsible for the effects of inversion found for faces and chequerboards. These showed that the diagnostic image regions searched differ across the two stimulus classes. However, on the basis of the results, it is argued that the inversion effects found for both could result from impaired processing of second-order configural information.
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Agullo, Yohan. "Inversion stratigraphique multicomposante avant sommation". Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112338.

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Cette thèse est l'extension à des données multicomposantes d'une méthode d'inversion stratigraphique de données sismiques monocomposantes avant sommation, l'objectif étant d'améliorer la détermination des paramètres élastiques du réservoir. En complément des ondes de compression PP, les ondes converties PS ont prouvé leur intérêt pour l'imagerie sous des zones saturées en gaz et leur potentiel est très important pour la caractérisation de la lithologie, des fluides, de la fracturation. . . Néanmoins traiter simultanément les données PP et PS reste problématique car elles sont disponibles à des échelles de temps différentes. Pour utiliser conjointement les données PP et PS, nous proposons une méthode en trois étapes : inversions stratigraphiques monocomposantes des données PP puis PS ; détermination de la loi de correspondance des temps PP et PS ; inversion stratigraphique multicomposante. La méthode de détermination de la loi de correspondance PP-PS est basée sur la minimisation de l'écart entre les impédances S obtenues par les inversions stratigraphiques monocomposantes PP et PS. L'inversion stratigraphique monocomposante avant sommation a été adaptée au cas de données multicomposantes en laissant chaque type de données dans sa propre échelle de temps afin d'éviter de déformer l'ondelette sismique. Les résultats obtenus sur un jeu de données synthétiques PP-PS réalistes montrent d'une part que la détermination de la loi de conversion PP-PS suivant la méthode proposée est réalisable, et d'autre part que l'inversion jointe des données PP et PS avec la loi de conversion PP-PS obtenue améliore les résultats du modèle de sous-sol par rapport aux inversions monocomposantes
This thesis present the extension of monocomponent seismic prestack data stratigraphic inversion method to multicomponent data, with the objective of improving the determination of reservoir elastic parameters. In addiction to the PP pressure waves, the PS converted waves proved their interest for imaging under gas clouds ; and their potential is highly significant for the characterization of lithologies, fluids, fracturations. . . Nevertheless the simultaneous use of PP and PS data remains problematic because of their different the time scales. To jointly use the information contained in PP and PS data, we propose a method in three steps: first, monocomponent stratigraphic inversions of PP then PS data; second, estimation of the PP to PS time conversion law; third, multicomponent stratigraphic inversion. For the second point, the estimation of the PP to PS conversion law is based on minimizing the difference between the S impedances obtained from PP and PS monocomponent stratigraphic inversion. The prestack monocomponent stratigraphic inversions was adapted to the case of multicomponent data by leaving each type of data in its own time scale in order to avoid the distortion of the seismic wavelet. The results obtained on a realistic synthetic PP-PS case show on one hand that determining PP to PS conversion law (from the monocomponent inversion results) is feasible, and on the other hand that the joint inversion of PP and PS data with this conversion law improves the results compared to the monocomponent inversion ones. Although this is presented within the framework of the PP and PS multicomponent data, the developed methodology adapts directly to PP-SS data for example
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44

Robert-Veillette, Laurent. "Inversion globale de transformations isoparamétriques". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25630.

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Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2014-2015
Ce mémoire porte sur les transformations isoparamétriques quadratiques dans le contexte de la méthode des éléments finis, mais en gardant un point de vue théorique. Le but est de trouver des critères d’inversibilité afin de pouvoir appliquer des techniques d’adaptation de maillage avec des éléments quadratiques (courbes). Le premier chapitre introduit le sujet en présentant les difficultés qui surviennent avec les éléments quadratiques. Le deuxième chapitre présente une revue des principaux résultats sur le sujet et une caractérisation des conditions d’inversibilité en deux dimensions. Finalement, le troisième chapitre étudie ce qui se passe en trois dimensions et tente d’apporter des idées pour l’inversibilité dans un cas particulier.
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45

Guasch, Lluis. "3D elastic full-waveform inversion". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9974.

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Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) is a depth imaging technique that takes advantage of the full information contained in recorded seismic data. FWI provide high resolution images of subsurface properties, usually seismic velocities or related parameters, although in theory it could image any property used to formulate the wave equation. The computational cost of the methodology has historically limited its application to 3D acoustic approximations but recent developments in hardware capabilities have increased computer power to the point that more realistic approximations are viable. In this work the traditional acoustic approximation is extended to include elastic effects by introducing the elastic wave equation as the governing law that describes wave propagation. I have developed a software based on finite-differences to solve the elastic wave equation in 3D, which I applied in the development of a full-waveform inversion algorithm. The software is fully parallelised for both distributed and shared-memory systems. The first level of parallelisation distributes seismic sources across cluster nodes. Each node solves the 3D elastic wave equation in the whole computational domain. The second level of parallelisation takes advantage of present multi-core computer processor units (CPU) to decompose the computational domain into different volumes that are solved independently by each core. Such parallel design allows the algorithm to handle models of realistic sizes, increasing the computational times only a factor of two compared to those of 3D acoustic full-waveform inversion on the same mesh. I have also implemented a perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition to reproduce a semi-infinite model geometry and prevent spurious reflections from the model boundaries from contaminating the modelled wavefields. The inversion algorithm is based upon the adjoint-state method, which I reformulated for the wave equation that I implemented, which was based on particle-velocities and stresses, providing a comparison and demonstration of equivalence with previous developments. To examine the performance of the code, I have inverted several synthetic problems of increasing realism. I have principally used only pressure sources and receivers to assess the potential of the method's application to the most common industry surveys: streamer data for offshore and vertical geophones (only one component) for onshore exploration surveys. The results show that the imaged properties increase with the heterogeneity of the models, due to the increase in P-S-P conversions which provides the main source of information to invert shear-wave velocity models from pressure sources and receivers. It remains to demonstrate the inversion of field datasets and my future research project will focused on achieving this goal.
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46

Lefsaker, Martine. "Characterization of alkyd emulsions : Characterization of phase inversion and emulsification properties pre- and post-inversion". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for kjemisk prosessteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22425.

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This report presents the results of work performed in cooperation with the Binding lab (Jotun AS) and the Colloid and Polymer Chemistry group at Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).The research performed is on the emulsification process of alkyds by catastrophic phase inversion (CPI). Focus has been on the development of emulsion properties such as viscosity, conductivity and optical density, during the emulsification process. The definition of properties at inversion point, from a water-in-oil (w/o) to an oil-in-water (o/w) continuous emulsion, and the influence changes in these properties have on emulsion quality. The techniques used to investigate the properties are the conductivity, the e-critical cell, the Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and a cone and plate rheometre. One emulsification has also been evaluated using Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). A brief introduction to alkyds and alkyd emulsions is provided along with general theory on surfactants and emulsification procedures. Trends that illustrate the importance of the development of, and changes in, these properties on the emulsification process and emulsion quality has been investigated. Emulsifications with alternative emulsification systems and process conditions were performed in order to investigate possible deviations from the trends further illustrating the importance of the property development. The reference system proves to be a robust system with a clear trend in the development of the properties. The emulsion quality for the reference system, determined by the droplet size distribution, was not significantly affected by small deviations and failures in the process conditions. The reference system shows clear trends in the property development, and especially the viscosity proves to be an important property. Surfactants, and surfactant amounts and combinations, seems to be important for the viscosity development, along with the alkyd properties.The trend showed that the emulsification process could be divided in to four periods. First an introduction period, then a period where significant changes in the properties occur prior to a period covering the inversion point and finally a period where the inverted emulsion is stabilized.
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47

Foisy, Gilles J. L. "Subject/Matter". PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5203.

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The process of obtaining the Master of Fine Arts degree led me to probe the aims and methods of my artmaking. What emerged and became uppermost was the issue of form and content or perhaps form versus content. While highly concerned with the formal aspects of art, content (subject matter) would not fade from my intentions or cease to occupy my mind. Through much "soul searching" and inquiries into numerous materials both familiar and new to me, I concluded that my intended content was about my experience of being. I further distilled my conclusion and focused on my ontological experience in terms of the self (subject) as contained by the body (matter). I realized that the successful and specific translation of my intentions into my artistic works had become one of the core issues in my artmaking endeavors. Thus, clarification of subject matter emerged as a core issue from the two year process and focused my attention. The many mediums I worked with helped to increase my sensitivity to the inherent nature, characteristics, and behaviors of materials. The body of work exhibited in the Autzen Gallery m Neuberger Hall from June 5th through the 20th reflects the preliminary residuals of this process.
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48

Jones, Kyle T. "Marcuse's Subject". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1429621118.

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49

Fu, Shuai. "Inversion probabiliste bayésienne en analyse d'incertitude". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766341.

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Ce travail de recherche propose une solution aux problèmes inverses probabilistes avec des outils de la statistique bayésienne. Le problème inverse considéré est d'estimer la distribution d'une variable aléatoire non observée X a partir d'observations bruitées Y suivant un modèle physique coûteux H. En général, de tels problèmes inverses sont rencontrés dans le traitement des incertitudes. Le cadre bayésien nous permet de prendre en compte les connaissances préalables d'experts surtout avec peu de données disponibles. Un algorithme de Metropolis-Hastings-within-Gibbs est proposé pour approcher la distribution a posteriori des paramètres de X avec un processus d'augmentation des données. A cause d'un nombre élevé d'appels, la fonction coûteuse H est remplacée par un émulateur de krigeage (méta-modèle) H chapeau. Cette approche implique plusieurs erreurs de nature différente et, dans ce travail, nous nous attachons a estimer et réduire l'impact de ces erreurs. Le critère DAC a été proposé pour évaluer la pertinence du plan d'expérience (design) et le choix de la loi a priori, en tenant compte des observations. Une autre contribution est la construction du design adaptatif adapté a notre objectif particulier dans le cadre bayésien. La principale méthodologie présentée dans ce travail a été appliquée a un cas d' étude d'ingénierie hydraulique.
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50

Sen, Caner. "Tsunami Source Inversion Using Genetic Algorithm". Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612939/index.pdf.

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Tsunami forecasting methodology developed by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration&rsquo
s Center for Tsunami Research is based on the concept of a pre-computed tsunami database which includes tsunami model results from Mw 7.5 earthquakes called tsunami source functions. Tsunami source functions are placed along the subduction zones of the oceans of the world in several rows. Linearity of tsunami propagation in an open ocean allows scaling and/or combination of the pre-computed tsunami source functions. An offshore scenario is obtained through inverting scaled and/or combined tsunami source functions against Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) buoy measurements. A graphical user interface called Genetic Algorithm for INversion (GAIN) was developed in MATLAB using general optimization toolbox to perform an inversion. The 15 November 2006 Kuril and 27 February 2010 Chile tsunamis are chosen as case studies. One and/or several DART buoy measurement(s) is/are used to test different error minimization functions with/without earthquake magnitude as constraint. The inversion results are discussed comparing the forecasting model results with the tide gage measurements.
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