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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Ionic strength"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 9 giugno 2025

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Ionic strength"

1

Kreusser, Jannette, Fabian Jirasek, and Hans Hasse. "Influence of Salts on the Adsorption of Lysozyme on a Mixed-Mode Resin." Adsorption Science & Technology 2021 (January 23, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6681348.

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Mixed-mode chromatography (MMC), which combines features of ion exchange chromatography (IEC) and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), is an interesting method for protein separation and purification. The design of MMC processes is challenging as adsorption equilibria are influenced by many parameters, including ionic strength and the presence of different salts in solution. Systematic studies on the influence of those parameters in MMC are rare. Therefore, in the present work, the influence of four salts, namely, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and ammonium sulfate, on the adsorption of lysozyme on the mixed-mode resin Toyopearl MX-Trp-650M at pH 7.0 and 25°C was studied systematically in equilibrium adsorption experiments for ionic strengths between 0 mM and 3000 mM. For all salts, a noticeable adsorption strength was observed over the entire range of studied ionic strengths. An exponential decay of the loading of the resin with increasing ionic strength was found until approx. 1000 mM. For higher ionic strengths, the loading was found to be practically independent of the ionic strength. At constant ionic strength, the highest lysozyme loadings were observed for ammonium sulfate, the lowest for sodium chloride. A mathematical model was developed that correctly describes the influence of the ionic strength as well as the influence of the studied salts. The model is the first that enables the prediction of adsorption isotherms of proteins on mixed-mode resins in a wide range of technically interesting conditions, accounting for the influence of the ionic strength and four salts of practical relevance.

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2

Pham, T. V., and K. C. Westaway. "Solvent effects on nucleophilic substitution reactions. III. The effect of adding an inert salt on the structure of the SN2 transition state." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 74, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 2528–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v96-283.

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The nitrogen and secondary α-hydrogen–deuterium kinetic isotope effects found for the SN2 reaction between thiophenoxide ion and benzyldimethylphenylammonium ion at different ionic strengths in DMF at 0 °C indicate that the structure of the transition state changes markedly with the ionic strength of the reaction mixture. In fact, a more reactant-like, more ionic, transition state is found at the higher ionic strength. This presumably occurs because a more ionic transition state is more stable in the more ionic solvent. Key words: transition state, ionic strength, secondary α deuterium kinetic isotope effects, nitrogen isotope effects, SN2.

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3

Dolling, PJ, and GSP Ritchie. "Estimates of soil solution ionic strength and the determination of pH in West Australian soils." Soil Research 23, no. 2 (1985): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850309.

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The average ionic strength of 20 West Australian soils was found to be 0.0048. The effects of three electrolytes (deionized water, CaCl2 and KNO3), three ionic strengths (0.03, 0.005 and soil ionic strength at field capacity, Is) and two soil liquid ratios (1:5 and 1:10) on the pH of 15 soils were investigated. pH measurements in solutions of ionic strength 0.005 differed the least from measurements made at Is. The differences that occurred in comparisons with distilled water or CaCl2 of ionic strength 0.03 (0.01 M) were much greater (20.4 pH units). An extractant with an ionic strength of 0.005 may provide a more realistic measure of pH in the field than distilled water or 0.01 M CaCl2 for West Australian soils.

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4

Dickhout, Janneke, Rob Lammertink, and Wiebe de Vos. "Membrane Filtration of Anionic Surfactant Stabilized Emulsions: Effect of Ionic Strength on Fouling and Droplet Adhesion." Colloids and Interfaces 3, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids3010009.

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Membranes hold great potential to be used for the successful treatment of oily waste water, but membrane fouling leads to substantial decreases in performance. Here we study the impact of ionic strength on membrane fouling from an emulsion stabilized by the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS). For this we use a unique combinatorial approach where droplet adhesion to a cellulose surface in a flow cell is compared to membrane fouling (flux decline) on a cellulose membrane. In the initial membrane fouling stages droplet adhesion dominates. While the flow cell demonstrates a high number of droplets adhering especially at high ionic strengths (100 mM NaCl), the strongest flux decline is observed at intermediate (10 mM NaCl) ionic strength. This suggests that the fouling mechanism must be different, with pore blocking expecting to dominate at intermediate ionic strength. At the later fouling stages the porosity of the cake layer plays a key role in the flux reduction. At low ionic strength, oil droplets repel each other strongly and an open, more permeable, cake layer is formed. However at higher ionic strength, a screening of charge interactions leads to a lower porosity and thereby a lower flux. This leads to a clear trend: with a higher ionic strength a higher flux decline is observed. Flux recovery is high at all ionic strengths, in line with the observation in the flow cell that oil droplets can easily be sheared of a cellulose surface at all ionic strengths. This work thus highlights the critical effect of the ionic strength on membrane fouling by anionically stabilized emulsions. Moreover it shows how the use of an optical flow cell can provide key insights to help explain observations in more standard membrane fouling experiments.

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5

Altamash, Tausif, Wesam Ahmed, Saad Rasool, and Kabir H. Biswas. "Intracellular Ionic Strength Sensing Using NanoLuc." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020677.

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Intracellular ionic strength regulates myriad cellular processes that are fundamental to cellular survival and proliferation, including protein activity, aggregation, phase separation, and cell volume. It could be altered by changes in the activity of cellular signaling pathways, such as those that impact the activity of membrane-localized ion channels or by alterations in the microenvironmental osmolarity. Therefore, there is a demand for the development of sensitive tools for real-time monitoring of intracellular ionic strength. Here, we developed a bioluminescence-based intracellular ionic strength sensing strategy using the Nano Luciferase (NanoLuc) protein that has gained tremendous utility due to its high, long-lived bioluminescence output and thermal stability. Biochemical experiments using a recombinantly purified protein showed that NanoLuc bioluminescence is dependent on the ionic strength of the reaction buffer for a wide range of ionic strength conditions. Importantly, the decrease in the NanoLuc activity observed at higher ionic strengths could be reversed by decreasing the ionic strength of the reaction, thus making it suitable for sensing intracellular ionic strength alterations. Finally, we used an mNeonGreen–NanoLuc fusion protein to successfully monitor ionic strength alterations in a ratiometric manner through independent fluorescence and bioluminescence measurements in cell lysates and live cells. We envisage that the biosensing strategy developed here for detecting alterations in intracellular ionic strength will be applicable in a wide range of experiments, including high throughput cellular signaling, ion channel functional genomics, and drug discovery.

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6

Borah, Priyanka, та Venkata S. K. Mattaparthi. "Effect of Ionic Strength on the Aggregation Propensity of Aβ1-42 Peptide: An In-silico Study". Current Chemical Biology 14, № 3 (28 грудня 2020): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212796814999200818103157.

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Background: Aggregation of misfolded proteins under stress conditions in the cell might lead to several neurodegenerative disorders. Amyloid-beta (Aβ1-42) peptide, the causative agent of Alzheimer’s disease, has the propensity to fold into β-sheets under stress, forming aggregated amyloid plaques. This is influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, metal ions, mutation of residues, and ionic strength of the solution. There are several studies that have highlighted the importance of ionic strength in affecting the folding and aggregation propensity of Aβ1-42 peptide. Objective: To understand the effect of ionic strength of the solution on the aggregation propensity of Aβ1-42 peptide, using computational approaches. Materials and Methods: In this study, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on Aβ1-42 peptide monomer placed in (i) 0 M, (ii) 0.15 M, and (iii) 0.30 M concentration of NaCl solution. To prepare the input files for the MD simulations, we have used the Amberff99SB force field. The conformational dynamics of Aβ1-42 peptide monomer in different ionic strengths of the solutions were illustrated from the analysis of the corresponding MD trajectory using the CPPtraj tool. Results: From the MD trajectory analysis, we observe that with an increase in the ionic strength of the solution, Aβ1-42 peptide monomer shows a lesser tendency to undergo aggregation. From RMSD and SASA analysis, we noticed that Aβ1-42 peptide monomer undergoes a rapid change in conformation with an increase in the ionic strength of the solution. In addition, from the radius of gyration (Rg) analysis, we observed Aβ1-42 peptide monomer to be more compact at moderate ionic strength of the solution. Aβ1-42 peptide was also found to hold its helical secondary structure at moderate and higher ionic strengths of the solution. The diffusion coefficient of Aβ1-42 peptide monomer was also found to vary with the ionic strength of the solution. We observed a relatively higher diffusion coefficient value for Aβ1-42 peptide at moderate ionic strength of the solution. Conclusion: Our findings from this computational study highlight the marked effect of ionic strength of the solution on the conformational dynamics and aggregation propensity of Aβ1-42 peptide monomer.

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7

Bucko, Sandra, Jaroslav Katona, Ljiljana Popovic, Zuzana Vastag, and Lidija Petrovic. "Functional properties of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seed protein isolate and hydrolysate." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 81, no. 1 (2016): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc150615081b.

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Pumpkin seed protein isolate (PSPI) was enzymatically hydrolysed by pepsin to obtain pumpkin seed protein hydrolysate, PSPH. Investigation on solubility, interfacial and emulsifying properties of both PSPI and PSPH was conducted under different conditions of pH (3-8) and ionic strength (0-1 mol/dm3 NaCl). PSPI had the lowest solubility, i.e. isoelectric point (pI), at pH 5. PSPH had higher solubility than PSPI over whole range of pH and ionic strengths tested. Decrease in surface and interfacial tension evidenced that both PSPI and PSPH adsorb at air/protein solution and oil/protein solution interface. Emulsions (20 % oil in water) stabilized by 1 g/100cm3 PSPI or PSPH solution were prepared at pH 3, 5 and 8 and ionic strength of 0 and 0.5 mol/dm3 NaCl. PSPH stabilized emulsions from coalescence at all pH and ionic strengths tested. PSPI was able to stabilize emulsions at pH 3 and 0 mol/dm3 NaCl, and at pH 8 regardless of ionic strength, while emulsions at pH 5 and both 0 and 0.5 mol/dm3 NaCl and at pH 3 when ionic strength was increased separated to oil and serum layer immediately after preparation. All emulsions were susceptible to creaming instability.

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8

Manono, Malibongwe, Kirsten Corin, and Jenny Wiese. "The Effect of the Ionic Strength of Process Water on the Interaction of Talc and CMC: Implications of Recirculated Water on Floatable Gangue Depression." Minerals 9, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9040231.

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Previous studies speculate that hydroxo species present in flotation pulps at pH > 9, particularly those of polyvalent cations, selectively adsorb onto gangue minerals. Such species supposedly enhance the depressive action of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) onto gangue via an acid-base interaction between the positively charged mineral surface and the negatively charged CMC molecule. Thus, the hydrophilicity of gangue minerals is enhanced, preventing the dilution of the concentrate. However, as there is little evidence to support these claims for complex process waters of increasing ionic strength, it is important to investigate. Adsorption data and mineral surface charge analyses provide a fundamental understanding of how electrolytes and their ionic strengths affect gangue mineral-depressant adsorption. It is strongly anticipated that decoupling these effects will allow process operators to tailor their process water quality needs towards best flotation operating regimes and, in the long run, effect closed water circuits. Thus, using talc as a proxy for naturally floatable gangue common in sulfidic Cu–Ni–PGM ores, this work investigates the influence of the ionic strength of process water on the adsorption of CMC onto talc for a perspective on how saline water in sulfidic ores would affect the behavior and therefore management of floatable gangue. In the presence of CMC, the microflotation results showed that the rate of talc recovery decreased with increasing ionic strength of process water. Increases in ionic strength resulted in an increase in the adsorption of CMC onto talc. Talc particles proved to have been more coagulated at higher ionic strength since the settling time decreased with increasing ionic strength. Furthermore, the zeta potential of talc particles became less negative at higher ionic strengths of process water. It is thus proposed that increases in the ionic strength of process water increased the zeta potential of talc particles, enhancing the adsorption of CMC onto talc. This in turn created a more coagulated nature on talc particles, increasing their hydrophilicity and thereby retarding floatability.

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9

Kosmulski, Marek, and Jarl B. Rosenholm. "High ionic strength electrokinetics." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 112, no. 1-3 (December 2004): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2004.09.005.

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10

Sundman, Ola, Per Persson, and Lars-Olof Öhman. "Comparison between specific surface complexation and Donnan ion-exchange models for describing the adsorption of cations on kraft fibres – literature evidence and EXAFS study of Cu(II) binding." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 25, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2010-25-02-p178-184.

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Abstract A compilation of the applied experimental conditions when studying metal ion adsorption onto kraft fibres, and the resulting conclusion, revealed that the ionic strength conditions used during the experiments were an important dividing factor. At low ionic strengths, the conclusion has regularly been that the Donnan ion-exchange model could correctly predict the adsorption while, at higher ionic strengths, it has often been concluded that the formation of specific metal-ion fibre complexes must be assumed. To study this apparent influence from the presence of monovalent sodium ions, Cu K-edge EXAFS spectra of Cu2+ ions adsorbed to kraft fibres were collected in media of “0” to 100 mM NaCl. Combined with previous data, these measurements confirmed that at very low ionic strength, the importance of specific interactions between the chemically modified cellulose fibres and the Cu(II) ions significantly decreased. For a detailed description of the adsorption phenomenon, both types of interactions must be considered simultaneously. For most technical and engineering applications, however, the Donnan model can be used at low ionic strength conditions, i.e. I ≲ 10 mM. At higher ionic strengths, though, the inclusion of specific complexes in the model is necessary for correctly describing the adsorption of di- and trivalent cations with strong complex forming properties.

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Tesi sul tema "Ionic strength"

1

Beriet, Carine. "Microelectrode studies in low ionic strength media." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241602.

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2

Blair, Laura May. "Optimizing growth in low ionic strength solutions and the ameliorative effects of increased ionic strength on copper toxicity in Triticum aestivum (wheat) /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22574.pdf.

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3

Weidgans, Bernhard M. "New fluorescent optical pH sensors with minimal effects of ionic strength." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=97274679X.

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4

Marcera, Donna M. "Conformational studies of carboxymethylcellulose in aqueous saline solutions as a function of ionic strength /." Online version of thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10684.

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5

Deeyaa, Blessing D. "DNA Photocleavage by 9-Aminomethylanthracene Dyes at pH 7.0: Ionic Strength Effects." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/chemistry_theses/39.

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DNA photosensitizers are compounds that are capable of binding in to DNA strands through groove binding, intercalation, or electrostatic interactions. Excitation of these agents by light generates reactive oxygen species which causes extensive photo-oxidative damage to genomic DNA. Physiological concentrations of NaCl and KCl are ~ 150 mM and 260 mM within the cell nucleus where DNA is contained. Unfortunately, the ability of most photosensitizers to bind to double-helical DNA is reduced and photocleavage yields are diminished as concentrations of salt increase. The aim of this project is to observe the photocleavage of pUC19 plasmid DNA induced by N1,N1-bis(9-anthrymethyl)triethylenetetraamine tetrahydrochloride (AL-VIII 23) 1 or N,N-dimethyl-N’-(9-methylanthracenyl)ethylenediamine (NMEA) 2 in presence of salt. Spectroscopic titrations and DNA melting assays were used to study binding modes and affinities of both dyes to the helix upon the addition of salt.

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6

He, Yongtian. "Chromate reduction and immobilization under high pH and high ionic strength conditions." Columbus, OH : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1047476794.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xix, 219 p.: ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Samuel J. Traina, Environmental Science Graduate Program. Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-219).

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Carvajal-Figueroa, Maria Teresa 1959. "Solubility of quinoline in aqueous systems: Effect of pH and ionic strength." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291584.

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Nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds are commonly found in gas waste and coal cleaning residue. Within this general compound class, quinoline is especially important because it has the potential to induce liver carcinoma and it also has a high solubility in water. The pH-solubility profile of quinoline was determined in citrate-phosphate buffer at different ionic strengths. The pKa was observed to change with ionic strength. The intrinsic solubility is always reported as a constant. However, in this study the intrinsic solubility was observed to vary with ionic strength. The solubility of quinoline is dependent on pH as well as the ionic strength. At pH values lower than the pKa (4.96), quinoline is in the protonated form (QH⁺), and enhanced solubility was observed. At pH values higher than the pKa, quinoline is in the neutral form (Q) which is the form that determines intrinsic solubility (So). So decreased with increasing ionic strength. This observation can be explained as a salting out effect. From the solubility data the apparent ionization constant, pKa, of quinoline was obtained for the different systems.

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8

Patterson, Adele. "Retention properties of porous graphite." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342124.

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Hossain, Mohammad Moshin. "Effects of HCO3- and ionic strength on the oxidation and dissolution of UO2." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Chemistry, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4172.

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<p>The kinetics for radiation induced dissolution of spent nuclear fuel is a key issue in the safety assessment of a future deep repository. Spent nuclear fuel mainly consists of UO<sub>2</sub> and therefore the release of radionuclides (fission products and actinides) is assumed to be governed by the oxidation and subsequent dissolution of the UO<sub>2</sub> matrix. The process is influenced by the dose rate in the surrounding groundwater (a function of fuel age and burn up) and on the groundwater composition. In this licentiate thesis the effects of HCO<sub>3</sub>- (a strong complexing agent for UO2<sup>2+</sup>) and ionic strength on the kinetics of UO<sub>2</sub> oxidation and dissolution of oxidized UO<sub>2</sub> have been studied experimentally.</p><p>The experiments were performed using aqueous UO<sub>2 </sub>particle suspensions where the oxidant concentration was monitored as a function of reaction time. These reaction systems frequently display first order kinetics. Second order rate constants were obtained by varying the solid UO<sub>2 </sub>surface area to solution volume ratio and plotting the resulting pseudo first order rate constants against the surface area to solution volume ratio. The oxidants used were H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>(the most important oxidant under deep repository conditions), MnO<sub>4</sub>- and IrCl<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup>. The kinetics was studied as a function of HCO<sub>3</sub>- concentration and ionic strength (using NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>as electrolytes).</p><p>The rate constant for the reaction between H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and UO<sub>2</sub> was found to increase linearly with the HCO3- concentration in the range 0-1 mM. Above 1 mM the rate constant is independent of the HCO3- concentration. The HCO<sub>3</sub>- concentration independent rate constant is interpreted as being the true rate constant for oxidation of UO<sub>2</sub> by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> [(4.4 ± 0.3) x 10-6 m min-1] while the HCO3- concentration dependent rate constant is used to estimate the rate constant for HCO<sub>3</sub>- facilitated dissolution of UO<sub>2</sub>2+ (oxidized UO<sub>2</sub>) [(8.8 ± 0.5) x 10-3 m min-1]. From experiments performed in suspensions free from HCO<sub>3</sub>- the rate constant for dissolution of UO<sub>2</sub>2+ was also determined [(7 ± 1) x 10<sup>-8 </sup>mol m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>]. These rate constants are of significant importance for simulation of spent nuclear fuel dissolution.</p><p>The rate constant for the oxidation of UO<sub>2</sub> by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (the HCO<sub>3</sub>- concentration independent rate constant) was found to be independent of ionic strength. However, the rate constant for dissolution of oxidized UO<sub>2</sub> displayed ionic strength dependence, namely it increases with increasing ionic strength.</p><p>The HCO<sub>3</sub>- concentration and ionic strength dependence for the anionic oxidants is more complex since also the electron transfer process is expected to be ionic strength dependent. Furthermore, the kinetics for the anionic oxidants is more pH sensitive. For both MnO<sub>4</sub>- and IrCl<sub>6</sub>2- the rate constant for the reaction with UO<sub>2 </sub>was found to be diffusion controlled at higher HCO3- concentrations (~0.2 M). Both oxidants also displayed ionic strength dependence even though the HCO<sub>3</sub>- independent reaction could not be studied exclusively.</p><p>Based on changes in reaction order from first to zeroth order kinetics (which occurs when the UO<sub>2</sub> surface is completely oxidized) in HCO<sub>3</sub>- deficient systems the oxidation site density of the UO<sub>2</sub> powder was determined. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>and IrCl<sub>6</sub>2- were used in these experiments giving similar results [(2.1 ± 0.1) x 10-4 and (2.7 ± 0.5) x 10<sup>-4</sup> mol m<sup>-2</sup>, respectively].</p>

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Hossain, Mohammad Moshin. "Effects of HCO₃- and ionic strength on the oxidation and dissolution of UO₂ /." Stockholm : Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4172.

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Libri sul tema "Ionic strength"

1

Reed, Donald T., Sue B. Clark, and Linfeng Rao, eds. Actinide Speciation in High Ionic Strength Media. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8690-0.

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2

Rosbach, Klaus. Theoretische und praktische Untersuchungen der "low ionic strength solution" in der Blutgruppen-Serologie. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 1985.

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3

Johnsson, Patricia A. A computer program for geochemical analysis of acid-rain and other low-ionic-strength, acidic waters. West Trenton, N.J: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.

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4

Turner, J. D. Development of an optical pH sensor for the range 7-10pH units suitable for low ionic strength solutions. Manchester: UMIST, 1995.

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5

W, Farrar Jerry, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in October 1992, T-121 (trace constituents), M-124 (major constituents), N-36 (nutrients), N-37 (nutrients), P-19 (low ionic strength) and Hg-15 (mercury). Golden, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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W, Farrar Jerry, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in October 1992, T-121 (trace constituents), M-124 (major constituents), N-36 (nutrients), N-37 (nutrients), P-19 (low ionic strength) and Hg-15 (mercury). Golden, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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W, Farrar Jerry, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in October 1992, T-121 (trace constituents), M-124 (major constituents), N-36 (nutrients), N-37 (nutrients), P-19 (low ionic strength) and Hg-15 (mercury). Golden, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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W, Farrar Jerry, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in October 1992, T-121 (trace constituents), M-124 (major constituents), N-36 (nutrients), N-37 (nutrients), P-19 (low ionic strength) and Hg-15 (mercury). Golden, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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W, Farrar Jerry, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in October 1992, T-121 (trace constituents), M-124 (major constituents), N-36 (nutrients), N-37 (nutrients), P-19 (low ionic strength) and Hg-15 (mercury). Golden, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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10

W, Farrar Jerry, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in October 1994: T-131 (trace constituents), T-133 (trace constituents), M-132 (major constituents), N-43 (nutrients), N-44 (nutrients), P-23 (low ionic strength) and Hg-19 (mercury). Golden, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Ionic strength"

1

Gooch, Jan W. "Ionic Strength." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 902. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14051.

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2

Pardue, Harry L. "Effects of Ionic Strength." In Chemical Equilibria, 1–16. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429429897-1.

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3

Burgot, Jean-Louis. "Definitions of Acids and Bases: Strength of Acids and Bases." In Ionic Equilibria in Analytical Chemistry, 51–75. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8382-4_4.

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4

Zhang, Dequan, Xin Li, Li Chen, Chengli Hou, and Zhenyu Wang. "Effects of Ionic Strength on Protein Phosphorylation." In Protein Phosphorylation and Meat Quality, 237–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9441-0_11.

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5

Choppin, Gregory R. "Near Field and Far Field Interactions and Data Needs For Geologic Disposal of Nuclear Waste." In Actinide Speciation in High Ionic Strength Media, 3–10. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8690-0_1.

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6

Karraker, D. G. "Plutonium (VI) Solubility Studies in Savannah River Site High-Level Waste." In Actinide Speciation in High Ionic Strength Media, 171–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8690-0_10.

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7

Bronikowski, M., O. S. Pokrovsky, M. Borkowski, and G. R. Choppin. "UO2 2+ and NpO2 + Complexation with Citrate in Brine Solutions." In Actinide Speciation in High Ionic Strength Media, 177–85. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8690-0_11.

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8

Chen, Jian-Feng, Gregory R. Choppin, and Robert C. Moore. "Complexation and Ion Interactions in Am(III)/EDTA/NaCl Ternary System." In Actinide Speciation in High Ionic Strength Media, 187–97. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8690-0_12.

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9

Labonne-Wall, N., G. R. Choppin, C. Lopez, and J.-M. Monsallier. "Interaction of Uranyl with Humic and Fulvic Acids at High Ionic Strength." In Actinide Speciation in High Ionic Strength Media, 199–211. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8690-0_13.

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10

Aguilar, Richard, Hans W. Papenguth, and Fred Rigby. "Retardation of Colloidal Actinides Through Filtration in Intrusion Borehole Backfill at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)." In Actinide Speciation in High Ionic Strength Media, 215–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8690-0_14.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Ionic strength"

1

Case, Raymundo P., Dale R. McIntyre, and Hernan E. Rincon. "Effect of Brine Ionic Strength on Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistance of High Strength Low Alloy Steel." In CORROSION 2016, 1–15. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07685.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract The present study evaluates the effect of the brine’s ionic strength upon the sulfide stress cracking resistance. The experimental design considers the molar content of H2S in the associated gas and the NaCl concentration in the test brine as the independent variables. All tests are performed at room temperature and 1 atmosphere pressure, and the solutions are kept at constant pH of 3.5 and 4.5 through the experiments. The SSC resistance evaluation is performed on grade C110 low alloy steel by means of the notched tensile slow strain rate (NTSSRT) method to assess the value of the threshold stress intensity for SSCC (KIth). The results indicate that at constant brine ionic strength the SSCC cracking resistance decreases monotonically with increase of the activity of dissolved H2S. Furthermore the experiments show that at constant dissolved H2S activity the KIth values increase with the brine ionic strength. The results suggest that the dissolved H2S activity alone does not describe the relationship between the sour environment and the susceptibility to SSCC. Other parameters, such as dissolved Hydrogen in the steel must be considered.

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2

Dick, Austin, Kushal K. Iyyapareddy, Aktaruzzaman Al Hossain, and Carlos Colosqui. "ELECTROKINETIC ENERGY CONVERSION AT LOW IONIC STRENGTH: NANOSCALE TOPOGRAPHY AND SURFACE CONDUCTION." In 10th Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference (TFEC), 947–58. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1615/tfec2025.htm.056602.

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3

Free, Michael L., Wanlin Wang, and Dong Y. Ryu. "The Application of Equations to Predict Corrosion Inhibition in Aqueous Media Based upon Surfactant Properties and Solution Ionic Strength." In CORROSION 2003, 1–14. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03625.

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Abstract Effective use of surfactants for corrosion inhibition requires appropriate information about the application environment and metal as well as the properties of the surfactant. Surfactant adsorption, which is a prerequisite to corrosion inhibition by surfactant molecules, is dependent on the properties of the surfactant and metal as well as the solution environment. Among the most important surfactant and environmental factors that determine corrosion inhibition using surfactant molecules are the surfactant chain length, surfactant functional group, and the solution ionic strength. This paper presents a methodology and appropriate formulas that allow for the prediction of corrosion inhibition using surfactants of varying chain lengths and functional groups in solutions with varying ionic strengths.

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4

Al-Thubaiti, Musaed M., Amy Kan, and Mason B. Tomson. "The Temperature and Ionic Strength Dependence of the Solubility Product Constants of Acidic Calcium and Ferrous Phosphonate Phases in Oilfield Brine." In CORROSION 2004, 1–19. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04390.

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Abstract In this paper, we are presenting the results of the first quantitative study to characterize the initial interaction between acidic scale inhibitor and rock material during squeeze treatment. The precipitation of ferrous and calcium phosphonates was performed in batch experiments, under acidic conditions for a range of temperatures and ionic strengths. The stoichiometries of the precipitates, were found to be Fe1.25H3.5NTMP and Ca1.25H3.5NTMP, where NTMP is nitrilotris-(methylenephosphonic acid). Using a speciation model developed by Rice University, concentrations of free calcium, iron and phosphonate were calculates, from which the solubility product constants were derives as a function of temperature and ionic strength. In addition, column experiments were performed to test the presence of these phases and the effects of iron ions on the retention of NTMP.

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5

Wang, Xin, Zhaoyi Dai, Yue Zhao, Chong Dai, Saebom Ko, Samridhdi Paudyal, Xuanzhu Yao, Cianna Leschied, Amy T. Kan, and Mason B. Tomson. "Zinc Sulfide Solubility Modeling in Aqueous Solution at High Temperature, Pressure, and Ionic Strength." In CONFERENCE 2022, 1–15. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-17763.

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Abstract In this study, the solubility of zinc sulfide has been collected from the literature at pH 2 to 11, temperature 23 to 250 °C, pressure 0.6 to 150 bar, and ionic strength 0 to 4.6 m. A solubility model has been developed based on the combination of Pitzer theory calculated activity coefficient and speciation of the Zn-HS-OH-Cl aqueous system. In total, around 230 solubility data were collected as the input database, the model was fitted in Matalab 2020a with the particle-swarm optimization. The updated model is able to predict the ZnS solubility saturation index (SI) with 95% confidence interval 0.04 SI unit, which suggested good accuracy under model conditions. Due to the extremely low solubility of the ZnS itself, these errors correspond to only around 0.07 ppm of [Zn(II)], which is less than the error of measurement for field samples. For all pH conditions, Zn-HS complexes and Zn-Cl complexes have strong influence on the aqueous soluble zinc solubility. This new model with accurate ZnS solubility prediction will help field operators to better control the ZnS scaling and corrosion problem.

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6

Ning, Jing, Hui Li, Yuhchae Yoon, and Sridhar Srinivasan. "Review of Key Factors Related to Sour Service Material Selection for HPHT Oil & Gas Production Applications." In CORROSION 2019, 1–13. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13400.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Failure of Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) steels in highly sour applications often stems from corrosion and Environmentally-Assisted Cracking (EAC). EAC of high strength low alloy carbon steels, typically used in well completions, has been a problem of major concern for the reliable exploitation of reservoirs that produce or condense significant amounts of water alongside dissolved CO2 and H2S. A critical issue in selecting OCTG steels, considered suitable for sour service evaluation, is selection of representative laboratory conditions of the actual High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) service environments. This is due to the non-availability of reliable sour ionic model(s) to characterize and quantify non-ideal sour gas/solution behavior at HPHT conditions. Such ionic model(s) will form the foundation for designing / specifying experimental environments and lab tests to ascertain optimized H2S serviceability limits of potential sour service metallurgy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current understanding of H2S ionic / thermodynamic modeling for HPHT applications as a precursor to predicting physical chemistry. This involves characterizing the role of key parameters such as H2S gas partial pressure, gas fugacity, aqueous chemical activity, species concentrations, and ionic strength. Also, addressed as part of this review are evaluations of recent studies incorporating advanced thermodynamic models at HPHT conditions in assessing EAC susceptibility of OCTG steels in sour media. The objectives of this review paper are to identify the key challenges and limitations facing the current EAC cracking limits per NACE MR0175 / ISO15156 and make recommendations for best practices in selecting materials for HPHT sour upstream production applications.

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7

Kan, A. T., A. J. Gerbino, J. E. Oddo, and M. B. Tomson. "A Mechanistic Interpretation of the Precipitation and Dissolution of Divalent Metal Phosphonate." In CORROSION 1993, 1–14. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93459.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract An electrostatic model is developed to model the pH, temperature, and ionic strength dependence of phosphonate ionization and complex formation. Using the approach, two calcium phosphonate precipitates have been studied. The initial calcium phosphonate phase formed is an amorphous material. Using a dialysis process, the amorphous solid gradually transforms into a crystalline solid via removal of phosphonate. The solubility product of the amorphous phase is 10−49.4. The crystalline material is three orders' magnitudes less soluble than the amorphous phase. The pH, temperature, and ionic strength dependence of the precipitation is discussed. The transformation between the two solids is a function of both temperature and solution to solid ratio. The precipitation--solid transformation--dissolution process can be used to model the retention and release of phosphonate following an inhibitor squeeze in oil and gas fields. Inhibitor squeezes and returns of five different oil and gas wells of widely different geological, physical, and chemical conditions are compared using this mechanistic interpretation.

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8

Kopitzke, Steven, Kevin Cook, Alexander Lilly, and Victor Rodriguez-Santiago. "Electrodeposition of Aluminum on an a286 Substrate from Ionic Liquids." In CORROSION 2019, 1–8. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13591.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Galvanic corrosion is a serious issue that affects all aircraft platforms within the Naval Aviation Enterprise. Due to tolerance constraints or other design limitations, deposition of a metal film as a sacrificial coating is utilized as a method of protection. One such process is the deposition of aluminum onto high strength steel substrates via the ion vapor deposition (IVD) process. While this process is effective in mitigating corrosion, the facilities required to perform this task are highly specialized, and the deposition process is line-of-sight only. To address these shortfalls, we have developed a method allowing for the electrodeposition of aluminum onto stainless steel using ionic liquid chemistries. This increases the ease with which the system could be installed on-site while increasing the rate at which components could be repaired. To achieve this concept, a plating bath chemistry was adopted, focusing on utilizing ionic liquid mixtures to provide the chemical and electrochemical features necessary for aluminum deposition. This chemistry, coupled with an optimized pulse plating process, has led to a system which can successfully deposit high quality pure aluminum onto A286 stainless steel, providing protection against galvanically driven corrosion

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9

Atkinson, Gordon, K. U. G. Raju, Robert D. Howell, and Miroslaw Mecik. "A Comprehensive Scale Prediction Program for Oil and Gas Production." In CORROSION 1993, 1–13. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93276.

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Abstract A program has been developed for the prediction of BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4, CaSO4·2H2O and CaCO3 scale formation. The effects of temperature, pressure, and ionic strength are considered using fundamental thermodynamics. The information needed for sulfate and CaCO3 scale prediction are presented. Examples of practical application in single brines and brine mixtures are given.

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10

Wang, Xin, Saebom Ko, Alex Yi-Tsung Lu, Guannan Deng, Yue Zhao, Chong Dai, Samridhdi Paudyal, Amy T. Kan, and Mason B. Tomson. "New Approach to Iron Sulfide Scale Modeling and Prediction at pH 4-7." In CORROSION 2020, 1–11. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14532.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract In this study, a plug flow reactor was built to investigate iron sulfide scale precipitation at various temperatures, pH and ionic strength conditions and two pieces of carbon steel C1018 coupons were put inside as reaction surfaces. The ferrous ion and total sulfide in collected effluent samples were measured to determine precipitation kinetics and solubility. The solid that formed on the steel surfaces were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The solubility data from this study and literature were collected and fitted by Matlab to build up a reliable FeS solubility prediction model. The experimental results show that mackinawite is the predominant precipitated scale and could be stable for a week at pH higher than 6.0. Iron sulfide precipitation is under diffusion control, accelerated by high temperature and ionic strength. At pH 6 – 7, the aqueous phase neutral species, such as FeSaq0, plays an important role in the solubility and precipitation kinetic. Based on this study, a new solubility model that combines Pitzer theory and ion-complexes (speciation of ferrous ion) has been developed for iron sulfide solubility calculation and scale prediction.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Ionic strength"

1

Xu, Tianfu. TOUGHREACT Testing in High Ionic Strength Brine Sandstone Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/941168.

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2

Norton, John D., Wendy E. Benson, Henry S. White, Bradford D. Pendley, and Hector D. Abruna. Voltammetric Measurement of Bimolecular Electron-Transfer Rates in Low Ionic Strength Solutions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada229913.

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3

Pople, John A. The structure of pH dependent block copolymer micelles: charge and ionic strength dependence. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/799988.

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4

Norton, John D., and Henry S. White. Effect of Comproportionation on the Voltammetric Reduction of Methyl Viologen in Low Ionic Strength Solutions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada242444.

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5

Nash, Charles A., L. Larry Hamm, Frank G. Smith, and Daniel J. McCabe. Ion Exchange Distribution Coefficient Tests and Computer Modeling at High Ionic Strength Supporting Technetium Removal Resin Maturation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1166936.

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6

Phillips, S. L., C. A. Phillips, and J. Skeen. Hydrolysis, formation and ionization constants at 25/sup 0/C, and at high temperature-high ionic strength. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5911914.

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7

Phillips, S. Calculation of thermodynamic properties for monomeric U(IV) hydrolysis products at 298. 15 K and zero ionic strength. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7159143.

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8

Pendley, Bradford D., Hector D. Abruna, John D. Norton, Wendy E. Benson, and Henry S. White. Analysis of Voltammetric Half-Wave Potentials in Low Ionic Strength Solutions and Voltammetric Measurement of Ion Impurity Concentrations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada229774.

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9

Pendley, Bradford D., Hector D. Abruna, John D. Norton, Wendy E. Benson, and Henry S. White. Analysis of Voltammetric Half-Wave Potentials in Low Ionic Strength Solutions and Voltammetric Measurement of Ion Impurity Concentrations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada229908.

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10

Swanson, Juliet. Effects of Salt Concentration, Ionic Strength, and Water Activity on the Growth of a WIPP Archaeal Isolate, Halobacterium sp. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1900474.

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