Tesi sul tema "Lactic acid bacteria milk cultured"

Probiotics are viable nonpathogenic microbes that positively affect host health. Probiotics inhibit infection, activate immunity, and promote mucosal-barrier development. Many microbes have probiotic activity. Nonetheless, the selection of stable strains and their specific mechanism(s) of action are not fully elucidated. Bacteria from ‘Amabere amaruranu’ cultured milk from Kenya were isolated and identified by PCR sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Isolates were examined for stability to acid and bile, antimicrobial activity, mucin production, and degradation and sensitivity to antibiotics, hence their potential for probiotics. Lactobacillus isolates were acid unstable, bile-stable, nonmucinolytic, and presented antibacterial activity. L. rhamnosus cell fractions increased MUC4 and MUC3 expression in colon cells. Bacillus isolates were acid and bile stable, nonmucinolytic and lacked antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, Lactobacillus isolates that were nonmucinolytic, stable in bile, demonstrated antibacterial activity, sensitive to antibiotics, and stimulated increase MUC4 and MUC3 levels in colon cells could be potential probiotics.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Maas is a traditional fermented milk drink of the indigenous people of Southern Africa and can thus be used to uplift the nutritional status of the South African population, especially for the lower income groups. Furthermore, the problem of lactose intolerance among the Black population can also be addressed by the consumption of Maas. The objective of this study was to screen mesophylic lactic acid bacterial strains (25 in total) from the University of Stellenbosch Food Science Culture Collection for suitable metabolite production and then to produce traditional Maas with a starter culture combination that produces a distinctive acid and traditional flavour. The representative 25 single lactic acid starter strains were identified as Lactococcus lactis subsp. leetis biovar diacetylactis (12 strains), L. leetis subsp. leetis (four strains) and L. leetis subsp. cremoris (nine strains). These strains were inoculated into pasteurised full cream milk and activated for 8 h at 22°C. Pasteurised full cream milk was then inoculated with each of the activated starter strains, incubated at 22°C for 16 h and assessed for acid production abilities (pH = 4.6) under controlled time-temperature conditions. The results of this study showed that nine of the single strains, L. lactis subsp. leetis biovar diacetylactis (S1, S2, S3 and S5), L. teetis subsp. lactis (S13, S15 and S16) and two L. leetis subsp. cremoris strains (S17 and S22), produced sufficient acid, rendering them suitable for the use as starters in the production of traditional Maas. A pH range of 4.3 - 5.1 was reached by the nine single strains after 16 h at 22°C. Two-strain starter combinations were then formed by combining the most suitable single L. leetis subsp. leetis biovar diacetylactis, L. lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains, respectively. From the data, it was concluded that acceptable Maas could be produced with four two-strain combinations (S3S 17, S3S22, S5S17 and S5S22). This selection was again based on suitable acid and metabolite production, as well as on sensory evaluation of the final product. These four two-strain combinations produced sufficient acid to reach a pH in the 4.6 - 4.8 range, and showed a high metabolite concentration for the most suitable compounds and formed a thick, smooth and creamy body texture after 16 h at 22°C. Three-strain combinations formed between the two-strain starter combinations and L. leetis subsp. teetis strains (813, 815 and 816), were also evaluated. With these combinations a lack of a pronounced Maas flavour was found. Thus, it was decided to add aroma producing strains of the species Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum (strain L1) and L. mesenteroides subsp. citrovorum (strain L2) to the three-strain combinations. Four culture combinations (A, B, C and D) were then formed by combining the selected Leuconostoc strains (L1 and L2) with the most suitable Lactococcus strains (83,817,813 and 822). These combinations produced sufficient acid to reach the pH 4.5 - 4.6 range after 14 h at 22°C. Acetaldehyde was the major flavour metabolite formed in the Maas made with these four combinations, with concentrations ranging between 26.6 - 89.3 mg.l ̄ ¹, while other flavour metabolites (ethanol, acetone, diacetyl and 2-butanone) were present at lower concentrations. It was found that three of the four culture combinations (A, C and D) were characterised by a superior, but delicate flavour and a typical characteristic Maas body texture. Fruit flavoured Maas was subsequently prepared with the three most suitable culture combinations (A, C and D) using 11 flavours and a sensory evaluation performed. The statistically evaluated data showed that the appearance, smoothness, flavour intensity, sweetness and overall acceptability were influenced by the type of fruit flavour and the culture combination. Fruit flavour 4 (banana) was the most preferred flavour. The sensory panellists also indicated that the culture combination C gave the best overall acceptability over a three week study period. Data on the shelf-life study of natural unflavoured Maas, prepared with the three culture combinations (A, C and D), showed that the Maas still had an acceptable appearance, taste and good microbiological quality after 15 d at refrigerated temperatures.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Maas is 'n tradisionele gefermenteerde melkdrankie onder die inheemse bevolking van Suid-Afrika en kan gebruik word om die voedingstatus van die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking te verhoog, veral vir die laer inkomste groepe. Bowendien, kan die probleem van laktose intoleransie onder die Swart gemeenskap ook aangespreek word deur die verbruik van Maas. Die doel van hierdie studie was om enkelstam mesofiliese melksuur bakterieë (25 in totaal) van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch Voedselwetenskap Kultuur Versameling te ondersoek vir geskikte metaboliet produksie en tradisionele Maas met 'n kenmerkende suurheid en tradisionele geur met 'n geskikte kultuur kombinasie te produseer. Die toonaangewende 25 enkelstamme is Lactococcus lactis subsp. leetis biovar diacetylactis (12 stamme), L. lactis subsp. lactis (vier stamme) en L. lactis subsp. cremoris (nege stamme). Hierdie stamme was in gepasteuriseerde volroom melk geïnokuleer en geaktiveer vir 8 h teen 22°C. 'n Inokulum van die onderskeie geaktiveerde stamme is hierna in gepasteuriseerde volroom melk geplaas, vir 16 h teen 22°C geïnkubeer en hul vermoë om suur te produseer (pH = 4.6) onder beheerde tyd-temperatuur kondisies is bepaal. Die resultaat van die studie het aangedui dat nege enkelstamme, naamlik L. leetis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis (S1, S2, S3 en S5), L. lactis subsp. leetis (S13, S15 en S16) en twee L. leetis subsp. cremoris (S 17 en S22), geskikte suurheidsvlakke vir die produksie van Maas bereik het. 'n pH vlak van 4.3 - 5.1 is na 16 h teen 22°C deur hierdie nege enkelstamme bereik. Twee-stam kombinasies is onderskeidelik gevorm tussen die geskikte enkel L. lactis subsp lactis biovar diacetylactis, L. lactis subsp. lactis en L. lactis subsp. cremoris stamme. Die gevolgtrekking gemaak uit die data, is dat aanvaarbare Maas voorberei kan word met vier van die twee-stam kombinasies (S3S17, S3S22, S5S17 en S5S22) op grond van suurvorming, metaboliet produksie en sensoriese evaluasie. Hierdie vier kombinasies het genoegsame suur geproduseer om 'n pH vlak van 4.6 - 4.8 bereik, hoë metaboliet konsentrasies geproduseer en 'n dik, gladde en romerige tekstuur aangeneem na 16 h teen 22°C. Drie-stam kombinasies is gevorm tussen die onderskeie twee-stam kombinasies en L. lactis subsp. lactis stamme (813,815 en 816) en ook geëvalueer. Die tekort aan 'n skerp Maas geur in die drie-stam kombinasies het daartoe gelei dat Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum (stam L1) en L. mesenteroides subsp. citrovorum (stam L2) bygevoeg is. Vier kultuur kombinasies (A, B, C en D) is gevorm deur die geselekteerde Leuconostoc stamme (L1 en L2) te kombineer met die mees gepaste Lactococcus stamme (83, 817, 813 en 822). Hierdie kombinasies het genoegsame suur geproduseer wat 'n pH vlak van 4.5 - 4.6 na 14 h teen 22°C bereik het. In die Maas wat met bovermelde kombinasies gemaak is, was die asetaldehied die mees geproduseerde geur metaboliet teen konsentrasies van 26.6 - 89.3 mg.l ̄ ¹. Ander geur metaboliete (etanol, asetoon, diasetiel, 2-butanoon) is in laer konsentrasies geproduseer. Daar is gevind dat drie uit die vier kultuur kombinasies (A, C en D) 'n superieur, delikate geur wat 'n tipies karakteristiek van die Maas gehad het. Vrugte gegeurde Maas geproduseer met die drie kultuur kombinasies (A, C en D) deur 11 geursels te gebruik, is sensories geëvalueer. Die statistiese geëvalueerde data het getoon dat die voorkoms, gladheid, geur intensiteit, soetheid en die algehele aanvaarbaarheid beïnvloed is deur die tipe vrugte geursels en die kultuur kombinasies. Die vrugte geursel 4 (piesang) het voorkeur geniet. Die sensoriese paneellede het ook aangedui dat kultuur kombinasie C die algehele mees aanvaarbare Maas geproduseer het oor die studie periode van drie weke. Data van die rakleeftyd van die natuurlike ongegeurde Maas wat geproduseer is met die drie kultuur kombinasies (A, C en D) het aangedui dat die Maas na 15 d by yskas temperatuur steeds 'n aanvaarbare voorkoms, smaak en goeie mikrobiologiese kwaliteit gehad het.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc )--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Kepi is a refreshing, fermented dairy beverage that differs from other fermented milk products in that it is produced with a mixed microbial community which is confined to discrete grains. These grains can be recovered as a solid matrix at the end of the fermentation and then be reutilised as a starter to ferment the next batch of milk. The grain microbial community consists of a symbiotic association of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria, but the overall composition of the grains has not been completely elucidated. The microbes in the grains are embedded in a protein-polysaccharide Kefiran matrix, which appears essential for grain formation. The mechanism of grain formation is still not fully understood and it thus remains undecided which organism is really responsible for the production of this proteinpolysaccharide matrix. The aim of this study was to isolate, characterise and identify the microbes present in Kefiran from mass cultured South African grains and then to evaluate grain formation with these purified cultures isolated from Kefiran strings using a mass cultivation process. Sixteen strains of lactic acid bacteria and one yeast strain were isolated from Kefiran strings produced during the mass cultivation of South African Kepi grains. API technology, numerical clustering and DNA sequence comparisons were used to identify the purified isolates. The isolates were grouped into seven clusters by numerical clustering and clustering distance from selected reference and marker strains. The heterofermentative lactobacilli were identified as Lactobacillus parakefiri and Lb. kefiri and the homofermentative strains as Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Lb. gallina rum, Lb. acidophilus and Lb. bavaricus. One isolate was found to be a member of the genus Lactobacillus, but was not positively identified to species level. Cultures isolated from Kefiran were evaluated for ability to grain formation by adding 1 x 109 cfu.ml:' bacteria and 1 x 108 cfu.ml' yeast to double pasteurised, full cream milk during the mass cultivation process. It was found that the control and all the cultures in double pasteurised milk showed grain accumulation indicating that other microbes were present in pasteurised and double pasteurised milk which had an influence on the grain forming ability. The cultures isolated from pasteurised and double pasteurised milk included members of the species Pediococcus, Acinetobacter, Lactococcus laetis ssp. lactis, Candida lipolytica, C. guilliermondii, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum, Pseudomonas putida and four isolates of the Bacillus cereus group. It was found that these rod-shaped "milk isolates" resulted in grain accumulation when inoculated into UHT milk and it was concluded that the "milk isolates" did contribute to grain formation. These isolates were then combined with the Kefiran cultures and this resulted in grains very similar to the traditional Kepi grains. These grains were made from Lb. gallinarum in double pasteurised milk as well with a combination of Lb. gallinarum, Lb. acidophilus, Lb. kefiri, Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Candida lambica and Pseudomonas putida in URT milk. The grains were firm, elastic and did not dissolve in water but kept their structure and were retained when sieved. An acceptable Kepi beverage was produced from these grains. From these typically traditional grain characteristics it was concluded that, even though the microbial compositions were probably not the same, the general appearance was similar to traditional grains and that it is thus possible to produce grains from pure single strain Kefiran cultures and "milk isolates". Furthermore, it was possible to produce a Kepilike beverage from these grains, which included similar characteristics as the traditional Kepi beverage.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kepi is "n verfrissende, gefermenteerde suiweldrankie wat van ander gefermenteerde produkte verskil in die opsig dat dit vervaardig word deur Kepi korrels in melk te inkubeer. Die Kepi korrels kan aan die einde van die fermentasie herwin word en weer gebruik word om die volgende lot melk te fermenteer. Die korrels bestaan uit "n simbiotiese samestelling van giste en melksuurbakterieë, maar die presiese samestelling van die korrels is steeds onbekend. Die mikro-organismes is vasgevang in "n proteïen-polisakkaried Kefiran matriks en die Kefiran word as essensieel beskou vir korrelvorming. Die meganisme van korrelvorming bly steeds onbekend en daar is nog nie tot "n gevolgtrekking gekom oor watter organisme die Kefiran produseerder is nie. Die doel van die studie was om die mikro-organismes in Kefiran te isoleer en te identifiseer deur Suid-Afrikaanse Kepi korrels te massa kweek. Hierdie mikroorganismes was dan verder geëvalueer ten opsigte van korrel vorming. Sestien melksuurbakterieë isolate en een gis isolaat is geïsoleer vanuit die Kefiran. API tegnologie, numeriese groepering en DNA volgorde vergelykings was gebruik om die isolate te identifiseer. Die isolate is in sewe groepe verdeel volgens numeriese groepering. Die afstand van verwysings en merker organismes is ook in ag geneem. Die heterofermentatiewe organismes is geïdentifiseer as Lactobacillus parakefiri en Lb. kefiri en die heterofermentatiewe organismes as Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Lb. gallina rum, Lb. acidophilus en Lb. bavaricus. Een isolaat kon nie geïdentifiseer word tot op spesie vlak nie, maar is verwant aan die genus Lactobacillus. Hierdie geïsoleerde Kefiran kulture is geëvalueer ten op sigte van korrelvorming, deur 1 x 109 kve.ml' van die bakterieë en 1 x 108 kve.ml' van die gis by dubbel gepasteuriseerde volroom melk te voeg tydens die massakwekings proses. Die kontrole wat geen bygevoegde kulture bevat nie, sowel as die wat wel bygevoegde kulture bevat, het korrel vorming getoon. Laasgenoemde toon dat daar organismes teenwoordig is in gepasteuriseerde en dubbel gepasteuriseerde melk wat "n rol kan speel tydens korrelvorming. Die kulture wat geïsoleer is vanuit gepasteuriseerde en dubbel gepasteuriseerde melk, sluit in: Pediococcus, Acinetobacter, Lactococcus laetis ssp. lactis, Candida lipolytica, C. guilliennondii, Chryseobacterium menigosepticum, Pseudomonas putida en vier isolate van die Bacillus cereus groep. Hierdie organismes wat uit melk geïsoleer is, het korrelvorming getoon in UHT melk en die gevolgtrekking kan gemaak word dat die "melk organismes" wel "n rol speel tydens korrel vorming. Hierdie "melk isolate" in kombinasie met die Kefiran kulture het korrels tot gevolg gehad wat baie dieselfde was as tradisionele Kepi korrels. Laasgenoemde korrels is gemaak deur Lb. gallina rum in dubbel gepasteuriseerde melk, sowel as deur "n kombinasie van Lb. gallina rum, Lb. acidophilus, Lb. kefiri, Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Candida lambica en Pseudomonas putida in UHT melk. Die korrels was stewig, elasties, het nie opgelos in water nie en het hulle struktuur behou wanneer gesif. Wanneer hierdie tipiese tradisionele korrels se eienskappe in ag geneem word, kan die gevolgtrekking gemaak word dat alhoewel die mikrobiese samestelling van die korrels nie dieselfde is as die tradisionele korrel nie, is die algemene voorkoms en eienskappe dieselfde en dat dit wel moontlik is om korrels te produseer deur isolate geïsoleer vanuit Kefiran en melk. Verder was dit moontlik om "n drankie te vervaardig met die korrels wat baie dieselfde is as tradisionele Kepi.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o perfil de acidificação e a inter-relação entre Streptococcus thermophilus TAO, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LB340, Lactobacillus acidophilus LAC, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LBA, Bifidobacterium lactis BL04 como culturas associadas em leite fermentado. Cinco leites fermentados foram preparados, sendo a composição das co-culturas a variável estudada. O perfil de acidificação foi monitorado e os parâmetros cinéticos, calculados. Os produtos foram submetidos às análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas durante o armazenamento a 4°C. As associações em cultura mista provocaram a redução do tempo de fermentação do leite. Durante os 21 dias de armazenamento o pH e a firmeza dos leites fermentados variaram. Streptococcus thermophilus TAO, Bifidobacterium lactis BL04 e Lactobacillus rhamnosus LBA forneceram contagens acima de 106 log UFC/mL, porém Lactobacillus acidophilus LAC e Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB340 foram inibidos em cultura mista, demonstrando dificuldades de crescimento quando associados às demais bactérias ácido-láticas.
The present study aimed to evaluate the acidification kinectic and inter-relation between Streptococcus thermophilus TAO, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LB340, Lactobacillus acidophilus LAC, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LBA, Bifidobacterium lactis BL04 like association cultures in fermented milk. Five fermented milks were prepared and studied variable analyzed was the co-cultures composition. Acidification was monitored and the kinectic parameters were calculated. The products were submitted to physical chemistry and microbiological analyses during the storage at 4°C. The associations in mixed cultures promoted the reduction of fermentation time of the milks. During 21 days of storage, pH and firmness of fermented milks varied. Streptococcus thermophilus TAO, Bifidobacterium lactis BL04 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus LBA presented counts above 106 log cfu/mL. However, Lactobacillus acidophilus LAC and Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB340 were inhibited in mixed cultures demonstrating that these strains had difficulty to grow when in associated cultures with lactic acid bacteria.

Lactobacillus plantarum and subspecies of Lactobacillus casei were isolated from good quality mature Cheddar cheese and characterized with respect to metabolic functions that would allow their use in cheesemaking. In this way microbiological control of the maturation process with particular emphasis on protein catabolism was achieved. The lactobacilli isolated were selected for low growth rates (and acid production) in milk, and low proteinase activity to allow for their addition in high numbers to cheesemilk together with the normal starter flora (group N streptococci). The growth and acid production of the starter bacteria were unaffected by the presence of the lactobacilli during cheese manufacture and it was found that the added lactobacilli were able to grow and function under the conditions prevalent in Cheddar cheese during maturation. It was also demonstrated that the lactobacilli could be grown in an artificial medium to high numbers under controlled conditions and could be harvested for the preparation of cell concentrates, a necessary characteristic for commercialization. The lactobacilli also metabolized citrate, a potential problem in cheese maturation associated with C02 production but this did not adversely affect the maturation process under the conditions used. Compared to the group N streptococci the non-starter lactobacilli possessed a proteinase system that had a higher temperature optimum and was less affected by heat and sodium chloride. They also possessed a more active peptidase system although both the lactobacilli and the starter organisms possessed a similar range of peptidases. Non-starter lactobacilli were added to normal cheese and cheese made with proteinase negative starter. The added organisms did not adversely affect manufacturing parameters and did not metabolize citrate or lead to the formation of biogenic amines. However protein catabolism rates, particularly with respect to peptide degradation, were increased, as was flavour development and intensity. It was observed that the body and texture of the cheeses was unaffected by the treatment. By controlling both the starter and non-starter microflora in the cheeses a practical system for favourably influencing cheese maturation was possible. The investigation has demonstrated that carefully selected and characterized non-starter lactobacilli can be incorporated into Cheddar cheese manufacture in order to influence flavour development during maturation. Moreover the organisms can be added to the vat stage of manufacture without causing problems to the manufacturing process. This approach is a simple cost effective means of improving the cost of Cheddar cheese production and provides an unique opportunity to improve and control quality of all Cheddar cheese produced.

Le travail a ete aborde dans deux directions: sur laits individuels on a cherche a determiner les correlations eventuelles entre les caracteristiques physico-chimiques du lait et la viscosite du gel lactique; sur laits de melange, il s'est agit d'apprecier l'influence de certains parametres technologiques sur la consistance et la viscosite du gel lactique. Les parametres etudies ont ete: la concentration du lait (augmentation de la teneur en matiere grasse et de la teneur en matiere seche non grasse), les traitements prealables appliques au lait (refroidissement a 40**(o)c et degres de chauffage plus ou moins severes) et la technologie de la coagulation (temperature d'incubation, ph de fin de culture et temperature et vitesse de refroidissemnt). A ete egalement etudiee, sur lait de melange, l'aptitude du lait de chevre au developpement des bacteries du yaourt. Les resultats obtenus permettent de degager un certain nombre de conclusions claires. Le lait de chevre presente une grande variabilite de composition et d'aptitude a la formation d'un gel acide. L'analyse par regression multiple progressive montre que la viscosite du gel est fonction de la teneur en caseine totale et de la proportion de caseine alpha s avec lesquelles elle est correlee positivement; elle est egalement influencee par la taille des micelles et le rapport calcium soluble/calcium total avec lesquels elle est correlee negativement. Pour ameliorer la consistance et la viscosite du gel acide, il faut utiliser de preference un lait frais, augmenter sa teneur en extrait sec total (par addition de poudre et de matiere grasse) chauffer a 80-85**(o)c pendant 10 a 30 minutes, refroidir a 45**(o)c et incuber a cette temperature jusqu'a obtention d'un ph de 4. 3. Une fois ce ph atteint, il faut refroidir rapidement et stocker a 4**(o)c afin d'eviter l'evolution du ph. Le lait de chevre presente une cinetique d'acidification par les bacteries du yaourt differente de celle du lait de vache

La sicurezza e la qualità degli alimenti sono tutt’ora un problema critico per i paesi in via di sviluppo. Le diete a basso contenuto di acido folico, per esempio, possono causare gravi problemi di salute, soprattutto nei bambini. Gravi disturbi legati al tubo neurale (DTN) nei neonati possono derivare infatti da madri che hanno insufficiente apporto di acido folico (400-600 g / giorno) durante il periodo di gravidanza. Inoltre, se non adeguatamente protetti o trattati, I prodotti alimentari possono essere vettori di funghi e batteri patogeni rappresentando una fonte potenziale di malattie per l’uomo e una perdita economica per le industrie agro-alimentari. Nella seguente tesi si è quindi quindi studiato il ruolo di batteri lattici selezionati (LAB) in grado di aumentare il valore nutrizionale del latte attraverso la produzione di acido folico durante il processo di fermentazione. Inoltre, ci si è concentrati sul loro uso come "bio-conservanti" contro funghi e batteri, attraverso la sintesi di composti antimicrobici (batteriocine) in grado di inibire la crescita di funghi filamentosi e/o batteri patogeni.
The safety and quality of food are still a critical issue in developing countries. Diets with a low content of folic acid, for example, may cause serious health problems, especially in children. Severe disorders related to neural tube (NTD) in infants may arise from mothers having inadequate intakes of folic acid (400-600 g/dia) during the mother pregnancy period. Moreover foods, when not properly protected or treated, can be vectors of pathogenic fungi and bacteria thereby representing a potential source of human diseases and an economical loss for the food industry. In the following thesis we have therefore investigated the role of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in increasing the nutritional value of milk through the production of folic acid during the fermentation process. In addition, we focused on their use as “bio-preservatives” against fungal and bacterial spoilage, through the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds (bacteriocins) able to inhibit the growth of filamentous fungi and /or pathogenic bacteria.

Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology (Food Technology) Department of Food Technology Faculty of Applied Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012
The aim of this study was to evaluate bambara groundnut milk (BGNM) subjected to fermentation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as a probiotic beverage with a view to developing value-added product. Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was used to optimise the hydration time and temperature of BGN flour for optimum BGN milk (BGNM) production. The optimum time and temperature was 2 h at 25oC. The effect of variety was assessed on the quality and consumer acceptability of BGNM prepared from five varieties of BGN (black, red, brown, brown-eye, and black-eye) which were representatives of the BGN available in South Africa. BGNM from the five varieties differed significantly (p<0.05) in, lightness, chroma, redness, yellowness, hue and antioxidative activity, while the pH were not significantly different. The four BGNM samples were significantly different (p < 0.05) in appearance, colour, mouthfeel and overall acceptability but not in aroma and taste. A three factor design (4 x 3 x 3) consisting of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. casei and L. plantarum), temperature and fermentation time, were used to estimate the optimal conditions for the production of BGN probiotic beverage (BGNPB). The optimal condition for the production of BGNPB was estimated to be 35oC for 24 h with a desirability of 0.854 for L. bulgaricus. The next promising probiotic was L. plantarum that could be fermented at 35oC for 24 h with 0.843 desirability. BGNM from the red variety were fermented with L. bulgaricus and L. plantarum and L bulgaricus (in combination), making plain and sweetened BGNPB which were evaluated for their quality and consumer acceptability. The four BGNPB samples were significantly different (p < 0.05) in aroma, taste, mouthfeel and overall acceptability but not in appearance and colour. The plain BGNPB were assessed for their proximate composition, antioxidant activity, in vitro probiotic tolerance to simulated gastric juices and bile and a 28 days shelf life study at 5, 15 and 25oC. The protein, total dietary fibre (TDF), ash and antioxidative activity of the BGNPB were significantly different while the fat and carbohydrates were not significantly different. Time and concentration of the gastric juice and bile had significant effects on the percentage bacterial survival of probiotics in the BGNPB. However, the probiotics did survive, in low numbers, in the simulated gastric juice and bile after 180 and 240 minutes of incubation. Titratable acidity, pH, microbial load and colour of the BGNPB were significantly affected by the storage time and temperature during the shelf life study. At the 5oC storage temperature the BGNPB had a right censored shelf life on day 28. At 15oC the shelf life was 18 and 10 days for L bulgaricus and L. plantarum and L. bulgaricus respectively. The outcome of this research showed that a novel BGNPB product can be made from fermenting BGNM with LAB.

Probiotic bacteria are increasingly prevalent in food and nutritional products today. These remarkable microorganisms are capable of imparting exceptional health benefits on their host, including prevention of infection by pathogens and stimulation of immune system function. Their most common mode of delivery is through dairy products (e.g. yogurt), which are also one of their preferred habitats. The interactions between probiotic bacteria and dairy systems have been studied, but are still not well discerned. There is a need for better understanding of these associations, as well as those surrounding the mode of bacterial transfer from the food product to the human gastrointestinal tract. Discoveries into the optimal means of probiotic transport to the body may lead to great advancements in both the design of probiotic foods and their exploitation in the support of human health. Much of the previous research on probiotic bacteria has explored their possible means of adherence in the intestine, as well their strengths in the promotion of human health. Studies relating to their interaction with dairy products are lacking, however, thus this work aims to elucidate some of these aspects. The primary endeavor of this thesis was to develop a technique to quantify the binding affinity of probiotic lactic acid bacteria for milk phospholipids. An additional objective was to exploit these bacteria, as well as dairy ingredients rich in bioactive molecules, in the creation of a highly nutritious food product. In these experiments, a collection of methods were used in progression in order to arrive at a novel protocol to assess binding with excellent reproducibility and simplicity. These included various membrane blotting techniques, as well as thin-layer chromatography. Essentially, phospholipids from both animal-derived standards and milk extracts were applied to a surface (e.g. PVDF membrane), and bacteria were incubated with them to allow binding reactions. The lactic acid bacteria selected for the final assays consisted of four strains of Lactobacillus, including L. reuteri (SD2112 and T-1), L. acidophilus, and L. casei (LC-10). Their adhesion to phospholipids was detected by either colorimetric or fluorescent labeling systems. To illustrate this, the final method developed was a procedure in which bacteria fluorescently stained with acridine orange were allowed to bind to dots of PVDF membrane coated with phospholipids. The results of this study showed that lactic acid bacteria undeniably exhibit selective binding affinity for phospholipids as opposed to other lipids such as triglycerides. The bacteria demonstrated significantly greater binding for a phospholipid extract from milk as opposed to individual phospholipid standards from other sources (p<0.05). Nonetheless, adhesion to all phospholipids was substantially greater than that to triglycerides. These findings, as well as the development of this method, should prove valuable in future research regarding the associations of probiotics with dairy systems. An additional purpose of this thesis was to design a dairy-based food product containing ingredient sources rich in milk bioactives. A gel-type product was created using primarily colostrum, buttermilk powder, and whey protein isolate, as well as selected strains of Lactobacillus. With the inclusion of immunoglobulin-rich colostrum, the product was analyzed alongside fluid milk and colostrum in order to quantify and compare these bioactive molecules. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to complete this, and the results revealed concentrations that would be expected by the literature. Specifically, immunoglobulin G (IgG) was quantified by interpolation from a bovine IgG standard regression curve. The results showed that the concentration of IgG in the gel was nearly twice that of colostrum, and almost eight-fold higher than that of milk. This indicates that use of bioactive-rich substances, such as colostrum, in a food product may serve as a means of delivering more concentrated doses of bioactives than their respective ingredients. The research completed in this thesis is significant in that it contributes a valuable method to the elucidation of bacterial binding interactions with milk components, and also demonstrates the successful application of dairy ingredients to an innovative food product high in beneficial compounds. The insight provided by these studies could encourage further work in improving the understanding of probiotic delivery and advancing the development of bioactive-rich food products.

According to WHO, the addition of fluoride to milk could be considered as an alternative to water fluoridation for community-based caries prevention in childhood. School-based schemes in developing as well as industrial countries have demonstrated substantial benefits on oral health, but there are limited data available on the local events in the oral cavity after consumption of fluoridated milk. The general aim of the present investigations was to investigate the concentration of fluoride obtained in saliva and dental plaque after ingestion of Fmilk and to explore the possible effects on the oral ecology. A series of controlled studies were performed in vivo in which samples of saliva and dental plaque were collected and analysed with respect to fluoride content, microbial composition and acidogenicity. An in vitro study evaluated the effect on enamel lesion formation. In paper I, significantly increased concentrations of fluoride (p<0.05) were disclosed in saliva 15 minutes after drinking the fluoride-containing water or milk. In the plaque samples however, the F-increase remained significantly elevated still after 2 hours. The availability of fluoride from milk was generally somewhat lower than from water but the differences were not statistically significant in either plaque or saliva. In paper II, the fluoride concentration in plaque was further explored after a single intake or habitual consumption of fluoridated milk together with a regular meal. The results showed that cariesinhibiting levels of fluoride persisted up to 4 hours after intake. There were no significant differences between the single intakes when compared with repeated intakes. In paper III, the influence of fluoridated milk on the salivary microorganisms associated with dental caries was evaluated. No significant alterations of the microflora were found compared with baseline. There was a slight reduction in the proportion of mutans streptococci after 2 and 4 weeks during consumption with fluoridated milk but the difference failed to reach statistical significance. In paper IV it was demonstrated that fluoridated milk significantly (p<0.05) could counteract the lactic acid formation in dental plaque as initiated with sucrose. In paper V, laser fluorescence technique was used to monitor the effect of fluoridated milk on enamel lesion formation in an experimental caries model. The results reinforced previous research and showed a hampering effect of fluoridated milk. No side effects were reported in any of the investigations. The findings of this thesis substantiate that milk is a suitable vehicle for fluoride administration and contribute to the understanding and possible explanations for the anti-caries properties of fluoridated milk. The main conclusions were: a) intake of fluoridated milk resulted in significantly elevated fluoride levels in saliva within the first 15 minutes and up to 4 hours in dental plaque when fluoridate milk was consumed together with meal, b) no significant alteration of the salivary microflora was disclosed after habitual intake of fluoridated milk but a delayed carbohydrate-mediated lactic acid formation in suspensions of dental plaque could be demonstrated, c) the fluoride concentrations in plaque were not negatively influence by the food intake, and d) the in vitro findings advocated that fluoride added to milk reduced enamel lesion formation as assessed by laser fluorescence technique in an experimental caries model.According to WHO, the addition of fluoride to milk could be considered as an alternative to water fluoridation for community-based caries prevention in childhood. School-based schemes in developing as well as industrial countries have demonstrated substantial benefits on oral health, but there are limited data available on the local events in the oral cavity after consumption of fluoridated milk. The general aim of the present investigations was to investigate the concentration of fluoride obtained in saliva and dental plaque after ingestion of Fmilk and to explore the possible effects on the oral ecology. A series of controlled studies were performed in vivo in which samples of saliva and dental plaque were collected and analysed with respect to fluoride content, microbial composition and acidogenicity. An in vitro study evaluated the effect on enamel lesion formation. In paper I, significantly increased concentrations of fluoride (p<0.05) were disclosed in saliva 15 minutes after drinking the fluoride-containing water or milk. In the plaque samples however, the F-increase remained significantly elevated still after 2 hours. The availability of fluoride from milk was generally somewhat lower than from water but the differences were not statistically significant in either plaque or saliva. In paper II, the fluoride concentration in plaque was further explored after a single intake or habitual consumption of fluoridated milk together with a regular meal. The results showed that cariesinhibiting levels of fluoride persisted up to 4 hours after intake. There were no significant differences between the single intakes when compared with repeated intakes. In paper III, the influence of fluoridated milk on the salivary microorganisms associated with dental caries was evaluated. No significant alterations of the microflora were found compared with baseline. There was a slight reduction in the proportion of mutans streptococci after 2 and 4 weeks during consumption with fluoridated milk but the difference failed to reach statistical significance. In paper IV it was demonstrated that fluoridated milk significantly (p<0.05) could counteract the lactic acid formation in dental plaque as initiated with sucrose. In paper V, laser fluorescence technique was used to monitor the effect of fluoridated milk on enamel lesion formation in an experimental caries model. The results reinforced previous research and showed a hampering effect of fluoridated milk. No side effects were reported in any of the investigations. The findings of this thesis substantiate that milk is a suitable vehicle for fluoride administration and contribute to the understanding and possible explanations for the anti-caries properties of fluoridated milk. The main conclusions were: a) intake of fluoridated milk resulted in significantly elevated fluoride levels in saliva within the first 15 minutes and up to 4 hours in dental plaque when fluoridate milk was consumed together with meal, b) no significant alteration of the salivary microflora was disclosed after habitual intake of fluoridated milk but a delayed carbohydrate-mediated lactic acid formation in suspensions of dental plaque could be demonstrated, c) the fluoride concentrations in plaque were not negatively influence by the food intake, and d) the in vitro findings advocated that fluoride added to milk reduced enamel lesion formation as assessed by laser fluorescence technique in an experimental caries model.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de cepas de bactérias ácido-láticas (BAL) em remover a aflatoxina M1 (AFM1) em solução tampão fosfato salina (TFS) e em amostras de leite. Nos ensaios com TFS, verificou-se a influência do tempo de contato (15 min. ou 24 horas) entre as células de sete cepas de BAL e AFM1, as diferenças entre a eficiência de remoção das bactérias viáveis e inviabilizadas termicamente, e a estabilidade do complexo BAL/AFM1 formado. As três cepas de BAL com maior percentual (> 33%) de remoção da AFM1 nos ensaios com TFS foram re-avaliadas utilizando-se leite UHT (ultra-high-temperature) desnatado artificialmente contaminado com AFM1. Para isso, foram utilizadas somente células inviabilizadas termicamente, verificando-se o efeito da temperatura (4ºC ou 37ºC) sobre a capacidade de remoção da toxina por 15 minutos. A remoção média da AFM1 pelas cepas de BAL em TFS variou entre 5,60±0,45 e 45,67±1,65% (n=3), sendo que as células inviáveis obtiveram percentuais de remoção de AFM1 significativamente maiores que as células viáveis, em ambos os tempos de contato analisados (15 min. ou 24 horas), não havendo diferença significativa entre os tempos. Observou-se que o complexo BAL/AFM1 obtido nos ensaios com TFS é instável, pois 40,57±4,66 a 87,37±1,82% da AFM1 retida pela bactéria foram recuperados em solução após a lavagem do complexo com TFS. As três cepas de BAL com maior percentual de remoção da AFM1 em TFS (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus e Bifidobacterium lactis) não apresentaram diferenças significativas nos ensaios com leite UHT a 37ºC. Somente B. lactis apresentou maior capacidade de remover a AFM1 do leite UHT a 4ºC. Os resultados demonstraram que a remoção de AFM1 empregando-se as BAL em alimentos é viável para reduzir as concentrações da toxina a níveis seguros. Entretanto, estudos adicionais são necessários a fim de investigar os mecanismos envolvidos na remoção da toxina pelas BAL com vistas à aplicação em indústrias de alimentos.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to remove aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and in milk samples. In the assays with PBS, the influence of contact time (15 min. or 24 hours) between the cells of seven LAB strains and AFM1 was evaluated, as well as the differences between the removal efficiency of viable and non-viable (heat-killed) bacteria, and the stability of AFM1/LAB complex produced. The three LAB strains with the highest percentage (> 33%) of AFM1 removal in the tests with PBS were reevaluated using UHT (ultra-high-temperature) skimmed milk spiked with AFM1. For these assays, only non-viable bacterial cells were used for checking the effect of temperature (4ºC or 37ºC) on the toxin removal capacity during 15 min. The mean AFM1 removal by LAB strains in PBS ranged from 5.60±0.45 and 45.67±1.65% (n=3). Non-viable cells showed AFM1 removal percentages significantly higher than viable cells in both contact times (15 min. or 24 hours), although there were not significant differences between these contact times. The AFM1/LAB complex resulted from the tests with PBS was unstable, as 40.57±4.66 to 87.37±1.82% of AFM1 retained by the bacteria were recovered in solution after washing the complex with PBS. The three LAB strains with the highest percentage of AFM1 removal in the PBS assays (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus and Bifidobacterium lactis) showed no significant differences in the UHT skimmed milk assays at 37ºC. Only B. lactis had greater ability to remove AFM1 in UHT milk at 4ºC. The results demonstrated that the removal of AFM1 by using LAB in foods is viable to reduce the toxin concentrations until safe levels. However, additional studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the toxin removal by LAB aiming its application in food industries.

Além do aspecto nutricional de suma importância, é notória a contribuição do leite humano para o processo de desenvolvimento da microbiota intestinal do recémnascido, um importante mecanismo de defesa do organismo contra doenças infecciosas. O papel do leite humano como fonte de bactérias probióticas, principais constituintes da microbiota intestinal, tem sido tópico de pesquisas recentes. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de determinar e comparar a composição da microbiota de oito amostras de leite humano e verificar o potencial de utilização desse produto como fonte de bactérias probióticas. Para tanto, utilizaram-se cinco meios de cultivos seletivos para contagem presuntiva de gêneros normalmente encontrados em leite humano: lactococos, enterococos, bifidobactérias e propionibactérias. A análise quantitativa da microbiota demonstrou tendência de diminuição da contagem em função do aumento do tempo de lactação. A análise qualitativa confirmou a presença de distintos gêneros de bactérias lácticas potencialmente probióticas com algumas variações entre as amostras de leite humano. Na segunda etapa 800 colônias isoladas a partir dos cinco meios de cultivos e caracterizadas como bactérias lácticas foram selecionadas quanto às suas propriedades probióticas (produção de bacteriocina, tolerância à acidez e a sais biliares, resistência à antibióticos, capacidade de adesão a chapas de aço inoxidável) e tecnológicas (capacidade de crescimento e sobrevivência em leite). Verificou-se que apenas 15 (1,9%) linhagens produziram bacteriocinas com atividade contra Listeria innocua L11 e Micrococcus luteus ATCC®4698, linhagens utilizadas como indicadoras, por meio do método de antagonismo simultâneo em poços, usando ágar MRS. Treze dessas linhagens também apresentaram atividade contra Bacillus cereus CTC 011, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC®7644, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CTC 204 e Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC®15009. As duas linhagens remanescentes demonstraram atividade principalmente contra Listeria monocytogenes ATCC®7644. Nenhuma das quinze culturas produtoras de bacteriocinas apresentou atividade contra as bactérias Gram-negativas Escherichia coli ATCC® 2074 e Salmonella thyphimuirim ATCC® 2364. Por outro lado, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 1602 foi resistente as quinze bacteriocinas selecionadas neste trabalho. Seis linhagens de bactérias lácticas (BALs) foram selecionadas para avaliação das demais propriedades probióticas. Observou-se que uma dessas linhagens diferenciou-se por apresentar sobrevivência a pH 2,0 e a pH 3,0, enquanto as demais mostraram tolerância apenas a pH 3,0. Todas as linhagens selecionadas apresentaram a capacidade de tolerância a 0,3% de sais biliares, de se aderir à superfície de aço inoxidável e de resistência à clindamicina, eritromicina e gentamicina. Quanto às propriedades tecnológicas, todas as seis linhagens apresentaram capacidade de crescimento em leite e não produziram odor desagradável ou pós-acidificação do leite fermentado durante a estocagem a 4ºC por 28 dias. Notou-se, entretanto, diminuição, de, aproximadamente, 2,0 Log UFC.mL-1, na contagem de células viáveis ao final do período de estocagem. Finalmente, por meio da avaliação dos perfis de fermentação de carboidratos e de outras reações bioquímicas, duas das linhagens isoladas de leite humano foram identificadas como Enterococcus durans e quatro como Enterococcus avium. Os 12 resultados permitem concluir que o leite humano é fonte potencial de bactérias com potencial probiótico para aplicação industrial.
In addition to the nutritional aspect of paramount importance, it is clear the contribution of human milk for the development process of the intestinal tract of the newborn, an important mechanism of defense against infectious diseases. The role of human milk as a source of probiotic bacteria, major constituents of the intestinal microbiota, has been the topic of recent research. This work was carried out to determine and compare the composition of the microbiota of eight human milk samples and verify the potential use of this product as a source of probiotic bacteria. For this purpose, we used five selective culture media for counts of presumptive genera commonly found in human milk: lactococcal, enterococci, bifidobacteria and propionibactérias. The quantitative analysis of microbes showed a trend of decreasing counts as a function of time increased lactation. The qualitative analysis confirmed the presence of different kinds of potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria with some variations between samples of human milk. In the second stage 800 colonies isolated from the five culture media and characterized as lactic acid bacteria were selected for their probiotic properties (bacteriocin production, tolerance to acid and bile salts, antibiotic resistance, adhesion to stainless steel plates) and technology (ability to grow and survive in milk). It was found that only 15 (1.9%) produced bacteriocin strains with activity against Listeria innocua L11 and Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698®, strains used as an indicator, by the method of antagonism wells simultaneously, using MRS agar. Thirteen of these strains also showed activity against Bacillus cereus CTC 011, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC® 7644, Lactococcus lactis subsp. CTC 204 lactis and Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 15009®. The two remaining strains showed activity mainly against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644®. None of the fifteen cultures producing bacteriocins active against Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 2074® and Salmonella thyphimuirim ATCC 2364®. Moreover, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 1602® was resistant the fifteen bacteriocins selected in this work. Six strains of lactic acid bacteria (BALs) were selected for analysis of other probiotic properties. It was observed that one of these strains distinguished by presenting survival at pH 2.0 and pH 3.0 while the other showed only tolerance to pH 3.0. All strains were selected for the ability tolerance of 0.3% bile salts, of adhering to stainless steel surface and resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin and gentamycin. The technological properties, all six strains were capable of growth in milk and produced no unpleasant odor or post-acidification of the fermented milk during storage at 4°C for 28 days. It was noted, however, decreased from approximately 2,0 Log UFC.mL-1 in the viable cell count at the end of storage period. Finally, by evaluating the profiles of fermentation of carbohydrates and other biochemical reactions, two of the strains isolated from human milk have been identified as Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus avium as four. The results indicate that human milk is a potential source of probiotic bacteria with potential for industrial application.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A wide variety of traditionally and commercially fermented milks are commonly consumed in various countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Commercially fermented milk is produced on an industrial scale according to well-managed, standardised production processes and starters are used to initiate fermentation. Traditionally fermented milk is prepared domestically and fermentation occurs spontaneously at ambient temperatures. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are responsible for milk fermentation during which they convert the milk carbohydrates to lactic acid, carbon dioxide, alcohol and other organic metabolites. Acetic acid bacteria (AAB), yeasts and mycelial fungi have also been isolated from fermented milks. In this study the microbial consortium present in three traditionally fermented milks, namely omashikwa from Namibia, masse from Mozambique and chekapmkaika from Uganda and two commercially fermented milks, namely chambiko from Malawi and omaere from Namibia, were isolated and enumerated on six different selective media that included MSR + C (specific for lactobacilli), KCA + TTC (specific for lactococci), KCA + V (specific for leuconostocs), MRS + E (specific for AAB), MEA (specific for mycelial fungi) and YPD (specific for yeasts). No significant differences were found between the enumeration values obtained for the three chambiko samples, as well as for enumeration values obtained for the two omaere samples on each of the selective media, indicating low sample variance. Significant differences between enumeration values obtained for the three omashikwa samples were found on all six selective media. Significant differences between enumeration values of the three masse samples and both the chekapmkaika samples were also observed on the selective media. In addition to this, significant differences were observed between average enumeration values obtained for each media between the masse and chekapmkaika, the chambiko and omaere, as well as when the traditional and commercial milks were compared. According to the average enumeration values obtained on each media selective for LAB, the highest bacterial counts were detected on KCA + TTC medium for omaere (2.3 x 106 cfu.ml-1), KCA + V for chambiko (1.8 x 105 cfu.ml-1), KCA + TTC for omashikwa and MRS + C for masse and chekapmkaika (6.2 x 106 and 2.0 x 103 cfu.ml-1, respectively). After isolation and enumeration of the microbes present in each milk, bacterial isolates on the media selective for LAB and AAB were obtained according to the Harrison Disk method. These isolates were identified by amplifying a 1.5 kilobase (kb) part of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by DNA sequencing. The isolates were identified by comparing the sequences obtained to sequences listed in the NCBI database using the BLAST algorithm and searching for the closest relative. The main LAB group present in the omaere was lactococci (94%), in chambiko and chekapmkaika it was lactobacilli (30% and 45%, respectively), in omashikwa it was enterococci (43%) and in masse it was leuconostocs (68%). The same microbial species were present on a number of the selective media used in this study. Lactococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were isolated from MRS + C, KCA + TTC, KCA + V and MRS + E and Leuconostoc spp. were isolated from MRS + C, MRS + E and KCA + V. Hygienic standards during traditional milk fermentation is often poor and, therefore, microbial contaminants were isolated from the traditional milk and these included Acinetobacter johnsonii and Klebsiella pneumoniae from KCA + V, Mesorhizobium loti, Acinetobacter radioresistens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Kluyvera georgiana, Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella oxytoca from KCA + TTC, Staphylococcus spp. from MRS + C and Bacillus spp. from MRS + E. Since the media used for the isolation of the LAB and AAB in this study were not selective further identification of the enumerated microbes is of importance for the identification of the microbial groups present in each fermented milk. The data obtained in this study clearly shows that fermented milks from Sub-Saharan Africa vary significantly from each other in terms of microbial numbers, microbial diversity and the dominant microbial groups present. The microbial diversity of the traditionally fermented milks was more diverse than the microbial diversity of the commercially fermented milks. LAB strains isolated from these traditionally fermented milks can be used to develop novel starters and as a result new commercially fermented dairy products with unique aromas, tastes and characteristics can be produced.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Wye verskeidenheid tradisioneel en kommersieel gefermenteerde melk produkte word algeneem verbruik in verskeie lande van Sub-Sahara Afrika. Kommersieel gefermenteerde melk word geproduseer op groot skaal, deur deeglik bestuurde gestandardiseerde produksieprosesse en 'n beginkultuur word gebruik om fermentasie te inisieer. Tradisioneel gefermenteerde melk word tuis gemaak en fermentasie gebeur spontaan by kamertemperatuur. Melksuurbakterieë (MSB) is verantwoordelik vir melkfermentasie waartydens die bakterieë koolhidrate omskakel na melksuur, koolstofdioksied, alkohol en ander organiese sure. Asetaatsuurbakterieë (ASB), giste en miseliale fungi is ook al van gefermenteerde melk geïsoleer. In hierdie studie is die mikrobiese konsortium teenwoordig in drie soorte tradisioneel gefermenteerde melk, naamlik omashikwa van Namibië, masse van Mosambiek en chekapmkaika van Uganda en twee soorte kommersieel gefermenteerde melk, naamlik chambiko van Malawi en omaere van Namibië, geïsoleer en getel op ses verskillende selektiewe groeimedia insluitend MRS + C (spesifiek vir lactobacilli), KCA + TTC (spesifiek vir lactococci), KCA + V (spesifiek vir leuconostocs), MRS + E (spesifiek vir ASB), MEA (spesifiek vir miseliale fungi) en YPD (spesifiek vir giste). Geen betekenisvolle verskille is gevind tussen die mikrobiese tellings verkry vir die drie chambiko monsters nie, sowel as tussen die mikrobiese tellings verkry vir die twee omaere monsters, op elk van die selektiewe groeimedia, wat dui op lae monster variansie. Betekenisvolle verskille is gevind tussen die mikrobiese tellings verkry vir die drie omashikwa monsters op al ses selektiewe groeimedia. Betekenisvolle verskille is ook waargeneem tussen die mikrobiese tellings van die drie masse monsters en beide die chekapmkaika monsters op die selektiewe groeimedia. Daarbenewens is betekenisvolle verskille waargeneem tussen gemiddelde mikrobiese tellings verkry vir elke groeimedium tussen die masse en chekapmkaika, die chambiko en omaere asook toe die tradisionele en kommersiële melk produkte met mekaar vergelyk is. Volgens die gemiddelde mikrobiese tellings verkry op elk van die groeimedia selektief vir MSB, is die hoogste mikrobiese telling waargeneem op KCA + TTC medium vir omaere (2.3 x 106 kve.ml-1), KCA + V vir chambiko (1.8 x 105 kve.ml-1), KCA + TTC vir omashikwa en MRS + C vir masse en chekapmkaika (6.2 x 106 en 2.0 x 103 kve.ml-1, respektiewelik). Na die isolasie en tel van die mikrobes teenwoordig in elke melk is bakteriese isolate op die media selektief vir MSB en ASB verkry volgends die Harrison Disk metode. Hierdie isolate is geïdentifiseer deur amplifikasie van „n 1.5 kilobasis (kb) gedeelte van die 16S ribosomale RNS (rRNS) geen deur gebruik te maak van die polimerase kettingreaksie gevolg deur DNS klonering. Die isolate is geïdentifiseer deur die gekloneerde insetsels se volgordes te vergelyk met volgordes beskikbaar op die NCBI webwerf deur van die BLAST algoritme gebruik te maak en die naas verwante insetsel op te spoor. Die hoof MSB groep teenwoordig in die omaere was lactococci (94%), in chambiko en chekapmkaika was dit lactobacilli (30% en 45%, respektiewelik), in die omashikwa was dit enterococci (43%) en in die masse was dit leuconostocs (68%). Dieselfde mikrobiese spesies was teenwoordig op verskeie van die selektiewe groeimedia gebruik in hierdie studie. Lactococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. en Lactobacillus spp. is geïsoleer van MRS + C, KCA + TTC, KCA + V en MRS + E en Leuconostoc spp. is geïsoleer van MRS + C, MRS + E en KCA + V. Higiëniese standaarde tydens tradisionele melkfermentasie is dikwels swak en dus is mikrobiese kontaminante geïsoleer van die tradisionele melk produkte insluitend Acinetobacter johnsonii en Klebsiella pneumoniae van KCA + V, Mesorhizobium loti, Acinetobacter radioresistens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Kluyvera georgiana, Enterobacter spp. en Klebsiella oxytoca van KCA + TTC, Staphylococcus spp. van MRS + C en Bacillus spp. van MRS + E. Aangesien die media wat gebruik is vir die isolasie van die MSB en ASB in hierdie studie nie selektief was nie, is verdere identifikasie van die getelde mikrobes belangrik vir die identifikasie van die mikrobiese groepe teenwoordig in elke melk. Die data verkry in hierdie studie dui aan dat gefermenteerde melk produkte van Sub-Sahara Afrika betekenisvol van mekaar verskil in terme van mikrobiese getalle, mikrobiese diversiteit en die dominante mikrobiese groepe teenwoordig. Die mikrobiese diversiteit van die tradisioneel gefermenteerde melk produkte was meer divers as die mikrobiese diversiteit van die kommersieel gefermenteerde melk produkte. MSB spesies geïsoleer van hierdie tradisioneel gefermenteerde melk produkte kan gebruik word om nuwe beginkulture te ontwikkel en gevolglik kan nuwe kommersieel gefermenteerde suiwelprodukte met unieke aromas, smake en eienskappe geproduseer word.

Garantir une bonne texture sans ajouter d’additif texturant est un défi pour les producteurs de yaourts. En effet, la texture d’un gel laitier acide est influencée par la formulation du lait, le procédé de fabrication et les ferments. La difficulté rencontrée est l’interdépendance de ces facteurs au cours de la fermentation avec des évolutions simultanées de la matrice au niveau biologique, biochimique et physicochimique. L’utilisation de ferments lactiques produisant des exopolysaccharides (EPS) est considérée comme une solution efficace pour lutter contre la synérèse. Cependant, leur rôle dans la formation des gels laitiers et dans l’apparition d’éventuels défauts de texture comme les grains est peu connu et mal maîtrisé. L’objectif de ce projet de recherche était donc de caractériser les interactions « formulation/ procédés/ ferments » in situ et de comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeux au cours de la structuration des gels laitiers acides en lien avec les propriétés texturales du produit et l’apparition de défauts de texture (synérèse spontanée et grains). Les performances de différents protocoles d’extraction d’EPS ont été établies pour sélectionner les plus adéquats pour la quantification et la caractérisation des EPS produits. Une approche intégrée et multi-échelle a ensuite été mise en place pour caractériser au niveau moléculaire, microscopique et macroscopique la structuration du gel laitier acide en lien avec l’apparition de défauts de texture. La combinaison de trois formulations de lait, de deux barèmes de pasteurisation et de différents ferments a été étudiée. L’ensemble des résultats ont suggéré que la présence de protéines sériques dénaturées est nécessaire pour la formation de grains, mais aussi que certains ferments pourraient inhiber ce défaut. La microstructure des gels obtenus par ces ferments a montré que les chaînes des cellules bactériennes étaient longues, formant de grands amas principalement situés dans les pores du gel. Pour approfondir l’effet du ferment sur la texture du gel, 7 combinaisons de souches ont été étudiées. L'effet inhibiteur du ferment contre l'apparition des défauts de texture, en particulier les grains, a été confirmé. Cet effet technologique ne dépend pas de la cinétique d’acidification, ni de la teneur en EPS, mais est corrélé aux caractéristiques moléculaires des EPS produits et à la morphologie des souches qui induisent un encombrement stérique dans les pores du gels, empêchant la croissance des grains
It is a challenge for yogurt producers to guarantee a good texture without adding texturing agents. Texture of acid milk gel is influenced by the milk composition, the manufacturing process and the starter cultures. The encountered difficulty is the interdependence of these factors during fermentation with simultaneous biological, biochemical and physicochemical evolutions. Use of exocellular polysaccharide (EPS) producing starter culture is considered as an effective solution to reduce syneresis. However, the role of EPS in the milk gel formation and in the appearance of graininess defect is poorly controlled. The objective of this research project was to characterize the in situ “milk formulation/ process/ starter culture” interactions and to understand the involved mechanisms in the acid milk gel formation related to the gel textural properties and the appearance of texture defects (i.e. spontaneous syneresis and grains). The performance of various EPS extraction protocols has been evaluated to select the most suitable for quantification or characterization of EPS produced. An integrated and multi-scale approach was then conducted to characterize at the molecular, microscopic and macroscopic level the gel formation related to the appearance of texture defects. The combination of three milk formulations, two pasteurization parameters and different starter cultures was studied. All the results have suggested that the presence of denatured WP aggregates is crucial for the formation of grains and some cultures could inhibit this defect. The gel microstructure showed that the bacterial cell chains of these cultures were long, forming large clumps mainly located in the gel pores. To better understand the effect of the starter culture on the gel texture, 7 cultures were studied. The inhibitory effect of culture against the appearance of texture defects, in particular the graininess, was confirmed. This technological effect does not depend on the acidification kinetics or on the EPS content but relates to bacterial microscopic characteristics and the macromolecular properties of the produced EPS, which induce steric hindrance to prevent the growth of the grains

O valor nutricional e as características físico-químicas fazem com que os produtos lácteos caprinos sejam muito apreciados e tenham um alto valor agregado. Muitas bactérias láticas (BAL) possuem a capacidade de produzir compostos com propriedades benéficas à saúde, inclusive vitaminas do grupo B, como a riboflavina (B2) e o folato (B9), que participam de importantes funções metabólicas. O presente estudo objetivou isolar e identificar BAL capazes de produzir folato e riboflavina, utilizando leite de cabra cru e de queijos de cabra como fonte, para em seguida, avaliar a produção destas vitaminas em leite de cabra UHT, para estimar uma possível aplicação na produção de derivados lácteos de cabra com teores mais altos destas vitaminas. Um total de 179 isolados de BAL, sendo 87 provenientes de leite e 92 de queijos, foram obtidas e analisados quanto à produção de folato e de riboflavina extracelular (EC) e intracelular (IC), empregando-se ensaios microbiológicos apropriados. A produção de folato em meio de cultura a 37ºC foi observada em 151 isolados (84,4%) e de riboflavina em 15 isolados (8,4%), sendo que 14 produziram as duas vitaminas concomitantemente. A média da produção folato total (EC + IC) foi 138,8 µg/L, sendo que em 77 isolados (51%) a produção estava acima da média. Houve diferença significativa entre as médias de produção de folato total pelos isolados de leite e de queijo. A média da produção de riboflavina total (EC + IC) foi 363,7 µg/L, sendo que em 9 isolados (60%) a produção foi acima da média. Com base no RAPD-PCR e sequenciamento da porção 16S do rDNA, foram obtidos 19 perfis genéticos diferentes e identificadas 7 espécies, com predominância de Streptococcus thermophilus (7 isolados), Weissella paramensenteroides (6 isolados) e Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (4 isolados). Oito isolados produtores de folato acima da média foram selecionados e submetidos à avaliação da produção de folato em leite de cabra UHT a 37°C, sendo 7 positivas, com média da concentração de folato total de 120,55 µg/L, variando de 12,97 a 261,91 µg/L. Os melhores produtores de folato em leite de cabra UHT foram Lc. lactis subsp. lactis FP368 e St. thermophilus FP34v, FP170v e FP268v. A concentração de folato produzido por estes isolados foi acima da média, evidenciando seu interessante potencial de aplicação na produção de novos derivados lácteos caprinos com teores aumentados desta vitamina. Por outro lado, não foi possível detectar a produção de riboflavina em leite de cabra por nenhum dos isolados testados.
Due to the high nutritional value and physicochemical characteristics, goat milk and cheeses are highly appreciated. Many strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are able to produce vitamins from the B complex, such as riboflavin (B2) and folate (B9). These vitamins have important metabolic roles. The present study aimed to isolate riboflavin- and folate-producing LAB strains from goat milk and cheeses, and evaluate the potential application of those strains in the production of goat dairy products with higher content of these vitamins. A total of 179 LAB isolates were obtained from milk (87) and cheese (92) samples. The isolates were evaluated for production of extra (EC) and intracellular (IC) riboflavin and folate, applying appropriate microbiological methods. Among these isolates, 151 (84.4%) were able to produce folate, while 15 (8.4%) displayed the ability to produce riboflavin, and 14 produced both vitamins. The average production of total folate (EC + IC) was 138.8 µg/L, and the amount of folates produced by 77 isolates (51%) were above this average. The differences observed for the average production of total folate from milk and cheese isolates were statistically significant. For total riboflavin (EC+ IC), the average rate was 363.7 µg/L. Nine isolates (60%) presented production rates above the average. No significant difference was observed between the average production of total riboflafin from milk or cheese isolates (319.3 µg/L and 379.8 µg/L, respectively). Based on RAPD-PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing, 19 different genetic profiles were obtained and 7 species were identified, with predominance of Streptococcus thermophilus (7 isolates), Weissella paramensenteroides (6 isolates), and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (4 isolates). Eight isolates that produced folate above the average were selected and tested for vitamins production in UHT goat milk at 37°C. Seven isolates produced an average of 120.55 µg/L of folate in the milk and concentration varied from 12.97 to 261,91 µg/L. The best folate producers were Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis FP368, Streptococcus thermophilus FP34v, Streptococcus thermophilus FP170v and Streptococcus thermophilus FP268v. The amount of folate produced by these isolates surpassed the average, and was above the amounts described in other studies, evidencing their potential application in the production of goat dairy products with higher content of folate. None of the tested isolates was able to produce riboflavin in UHT goat milk.

Nisina é um peptídeo antimicrobiano natural produzido por Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ATCC 11454 durante a fase exponencial de crescimento. A bacteriocina é usada como conservante natural de alimentos, uma vez que mostra atividade antimicrobiana contra bactérias Gram-positivas e esporos. Tem potencial aplicação em inúmeros campos (farmacêutico, veterinário e cosméticos). O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a cinética de crescimento bacteriano e a produção de nisina em biorreator, utilizando leite desnatado diluído, como um meio de cultura a baixo custo. Também foram avaliados os consumos de açúcar e proteína, formação de ácido lático e adsorção de nisina nas células produtoras durante os processos de produção de nisina. Pré-cultivos com 107 UFC.mL-1 de Lactococcus lactis foram cultivados em biorreator de 2 L contendo 25% de leite desnatado diluído em água (1,5 L, pH 6,7). Os ensaios foram esenvolvidos a 30°C por 52 horas, variando a agitação e aeração: (i) 200 rpm (0,0, 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0 L.min-1) e (ii) 100 rpm (0,0 e 0,5 L.min-1). A atividade de nisina foi avaliada pelo método de difusão em ágar, utilizando Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 como microrganismo sensível à ação de nisina. A melhor concentração de nisina (62,68 mg.L-1 ou 2511,89 AU.mL-1), foi obtida em 16 horas, 200 rpm e sem aeração (kLa = 5,29 x 10-3 h-1). A adsorção de nisina nas células produtoras foram baixas (6,8 - 15,1%), quando comparadas com a atividade do sobrenadante. Estes resultados mostraram que o meio de cultivo composto por leite desnatado diluído favoreceu o crescimento celular e produção associada ao crescimento da nisina. Foram realizados estudos preliminares de liofilização (bioconservação) e purificação por cromatografia da nisina produzida em biorreator. A liofilização apresentou perda da atividade de nisina (24,8%), enquanto a purificação por cromatografia de interação hidrofóbica com resina Butyl-Sepharose, recuperou 40% da atividade da biomolécula, mostrando que ambos os processos poderão ser aplicados à bacteriocina.
Nisin is a natural antimicrobial peptide produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ATCC 11454 during its exponential growth phase. The bacteriocin is used as natural food preservative due to its antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and outgrowth of spores. This property allows its application in numerous fields (pharmaceutical, veterinary and cosmetic). The aim of this work was to study the bacterial growth kinetics of L. lactis and respective nisin production in bioreactor, using diluted skimmed milk as an inexpensive medium. During the production, the consumption of sugar and protein, lactic acid formation and nisin adsorption on the producer strain cells were evaluated. Pre-cultivation with 107 UFC.mL-1 of L. lactis were expanded in a 2 L bioreactor containing 25% diluted skimmed milk in water (1.5 L, pH 6.7). The assays were performed at 30°C for 52 hours, varying agitation and airflow rate: (i) 200 rpm (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 L.min-1) and (ii) 100 rpm (0.0, 0.5 L.min-1). Nisin activity was evaluated through diffusion assays using Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 as sensitive strain. The best nisin concentration (62.68 mg.L-1 or 2511.89 AU.mL-1), was achieved at 16 hours, 200 rpm and with no airflow rate (kLa = 5.29 x 10-3 h-1). The quantity of nisin adsorbed by the producer cells were low (6.8 -15.1%) when compared to the quantity released in the supernatant. These results showed that diluted skimmed milk supported cell growth and growth-associated nisin. Preliminary assays of lyophilization (biopreservation) and purification by chromatography of nisin produced in bioreactor were performed. Lyophilization presented a loss of nisin activity (24.8%) while purification by hydrophobic interaction chromatography with Butyl-Sepharose column recovered 40% of the activity, showing that both processes can be applied to the bacteriocin.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Because of the diversity of its indigenous microbiota, goat milk is considered a good source of new strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with potential for exploitation as alternatives to food biopreservation. The increasing consumer demand for these alternatives justifies studies to investigate the antimicrobial potential of these microorganisms. The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and the antimicrobial action range of autochthonous strains of BAL isolated from goat milk that can be potentially used as biopreservatives in food. The bacteriocinogenic activity against Listeria monocytogenes and stability in different environmental conditions were also the target of this study. Fifty-seven isolates of BAL (33 isolates of Enterococcus spp., and 24 isolates of Lactococcus spp.), previously characterized as bacteriocinogenic by genotypic and phenotypic methods, were subjected to macrorestriction with SmaI and PFGE and their profiles were compared with the results of bacteriocinogenic genes previously searched. High genetic diversity was observed for both genders. Although PFGE showed sufficient discriminatory power, isolates with different results for bacteriocinogenic genes were grouped as identical in both genders. Twelve isolates from Lactococcus spp. and eighteen isolates of Enterococcus spp., representing different pulsotypes, were selected for evaluation of the antimicrobial activity range against 46 target microorganisms (including BAL, pathogens and spoilage microorganisms). Lactococcus strains showed a wide spectrum against the targets, especially against L. monocytogenes and Clostridium spp.. Enterococcus spp., similarly, was able to inhibit various targets, acting mainly against Listeria spp. Gram- negative microorganisms also showed sensitivity to isolates of both genders. Six isolates (four Enterococcus spp., and two Lactococcus spp.) were evaluated for bacteriocinogenic potential against L. monocytogenes strains from different serotypes and all of them were inhibited by bacteriocins produced by these LAB. Additionally, bacteriocins produced by these isolates showed a wide range of stability at different pH values and temperatures. The data showed that goat milk can contain a diverse microbiota able to inhibit microorganisms of interest to the food industry and can be potentially employed in biopreservation of foods produced at different processing conditions.
O leite de cabra, devido a diversidade de sua microbiota autóctone, é considerado uma boa fonte de novas cepas de Bactérias Ácido Láticas (BAL) com potencial para exploração como alternativas à biopreservação de alimentos. A crescente demanda dos consumidores por essas alternativas justifica estudos que investiguem o potencial antimicrobiano desses micro-organismos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade genética e o espectro de ação de cepas de BAL antagonistas autóctones de leite de cabra que podem ser potencialmente utilizadas como biopreservantes em alimentos. A atividade bacteriocinogênica contra Listeria monocytogenes e estabilidade das bacteriocinas em diferentes condições ambientais também foram alvo deste trabalho. Cinquenta e sete isolados de BAL (33 isolados de Enterococcus spp. e 24 isolados de Lactococcus spp.), previamente caracterizados como bacteriocinogênicos por metodologias genotípicas e fenotípicas, foram submetidos à macrorrestrição com a enzima SmaI e PFGE e seus perfis foram comparados aos resultados de genes bacteriocinogênicos previamente pesquisados. Alta variabilidade genética foi observada para ambos os gêneros. Embora o PFGE tenha apresentado poder discriminatório suficiente, isolados com diferentes resultados para genes de bacteriocinas foram agrupados como idênticos em ambos os gêneros. Doze isolados de Lactococcus spp. e dezoito isolados de Enterococcus spp., representativos de diferentes pulsotipos, foram selecionados para avaliação do espectro de ação antimicrobiana contra 46 micro- organismos indicadores (incluindo BAL, micro-organismos deteriorantes e patógenos). Os isolados de Lactococcus spp. demonstraram amplo espectro de ação sobre os micro-organismos alvo, com destaque para a atividade contra os patógenos L. monocytogenes e Clostridium spp.. Enterococcus spp., de modo similar, foi capaz de inibir diversos micro-organismos alvo, apresentando atividade principalmente contra Listeria spp. Cepas Gram-negativas também apresentaram sensibilidade aos isolados de ambos os gêneros. Seis isolados (quatro Enterococcus spp. e dois Lactococcus spp.) foram avaliados quanto ao potencial bacteriocinogênico contra cepas de L. monocytogenes de diferentes sorotipos e todos os sorotipos foram inibidos pelas bacteriocinas produzidas pelas BAL. Adicionalmente, as bacteriocinas produzidas por estes isolados apresentaram ampla faixa de estabilidade em diferentes valores de pH e temperaturas. Os dados obtidos demonstraram que o leite de cabra pode conter uma microbiota bacteriocinogênica diversificada, capaz de inibir micro-organismos de interesse à indústria de alimentos, podendo ser potencialmente empregadas na bioconservação de alimentos produzidos em diferentes condições de processamento.

Zvýšená konzumace fermentovaných mléčných výrobků v posledních letech vede k zavádění nových výrobků na trh. Funkční a probiotické produkty jsou v dnešní době také hojně rozšířeny. Cílem diplomové práce bylo posoudit mikrobiální kvalitu komerčních jogurtů a nefarmakologických probiotických výrobků. Bylo zkoumáno 24 vzorků jogurtů a 8 vzorků probiotických mléčných výrobků. Pozornornost byla zaměřena zvláště na kvantifikaci mikroorganismů v jednotlivých výrobcích a na sledování viability buněk. Většina mléčných produktů obsahovala počty odpovídající minimální požadované hodnotě 1x107cfu/ml. Nicméně byly objeveny produkty, které neobsahovaly živé bakterie nebo obsahovaly jen jejich menší množství. To platí zejména pro běžné jogurty. Probiotické mléčné výrobky v zásadě obsahovaly větší množství bakterií než jogurty, protože je u nich navíc požadováno 1x106cfu/ml minimálního množství specifických bakterií jiných než jogurtových startovacích kultur. Isoláty z fermentovaných mléčných výrobků byly identifikovány jako Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus spp. Isoláty byly poté rozlišeny na jednotlivé kmeny pomocí RAPD použitím tří různých primerů. Byla zjištěna velká různorodost mezi kmeny rodu Lactobacillus spp. používaných různými podniky.

Foram objetivos do presente estudo avaliar os efeitos do inoculante microbiano Silobac® (L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus), na silagem pré-secada de alfafa, em 22 silos, sendo 11 destes submetidos ao tratamento com inoculante. A alfafa foi cortada quando em estádio do meio do florescimento e os silos confeccionados em fardos de aproximadamente 600 kg revestidos com película de PVC branca. Amostras foram coletadas logo após a abertura de cada silo para análise da composição bromatológica e perfil fermentativo. Avaliou-se também, os efeitos desta inoculação sobre o consumo de matéria seca, digestibilidade aparente, produção e composição do leite de doze vacas da raça Holandesa, multíparas, com 135 ± 16,4 dias de lactação, distribuídas em delineamento em reversão simples com seqüência balanceada (\"cross-over\") com dois períodos sucessivos. Os tratamentos corresponderam a silagem pré-secada de alfafa (50,0% de MS e 16,5% de PB) controle ou inoculada. Cada período experimental teve duração de 21 dias, sendo os 5 últimos dias destinados à coleta de dados. Nos resultados relativos à fermentação, o inoculante diminuiu o teor de MS (inoculada = 44,7 vs. controle = 51,2%), aumentou a concentração de ácido acético (2,35 vs. 0,89% MS) e apresentou tendência em aumentar os teores de carboidratos solúveis (2,97 vs. 2,44% MS), em relação ao grupo controle. O inoculante também tendeu em diminuir o escore de bolor obtido à 10 cm de profundidade, mas não a 30 ou 50 cm. Não foram observados efeitos sobre os teores de PB (15,9 vs. 16,4% MS), NIDA (11,2 vs. 11,6% do N total), FDN (47,1 vs. 46,7% MS), FDA (40,2 vs. 39,8% MS), LDA (10,4 vs. 11,1% MS) e amido (0,82 vs. 0,69% MS), DIVMS (61,6 vs. 62,5% MS), poder tampão (52,9 vs. 51,7 meq./100g MS), as concentrações de etanol (0,018 vs. 0,024% MS) e dos ácidos propiônico (0,00 vs. 0,00% MS), butírico (0,00 vs. 0,00% MS) e lático (5,62 vs. 4,45% MS), bem como sobre o pH (4,96 vs. 5,33), sobre as concentrações de N-NH3 (8,19 vs. 5,21% do N total) ou sobre a estabilidade aeróbia. Quanto a digestibilidade, o inoculante aumentou a digestibilidade aparente da MS (81,7 vs. 74,2%), PB (83,1 vs. 74,6%), EE (90,1 vs. 81,7%), ENN (84,1 vs. 78,7%), FB (74,8 vs. 61,9%), FDN (70,0 vs. 58,0%), FDA (75,2 vs. 63,9%), amido (92,7 vs. 88,9%), EB (82,4 vs. 74,7%) e o NDT (80,5 vs. 73,3%), em relação ao grupo controle. Porém, não houve efeito do inoculante sobre o consumo MS digestível (14,5 vs. 13,3 kg/animal/dia, ou 2,67 vs. 2,46% do PV) ou de NDT (14,3 vs. 13,2 kg/animal/dia ou 2,63 vs. 2,43% do PV). Também não se observou efeito da inoculação sobre o CMS (17,8 vs. 17,8 kg/animal/dia), produção de leite (23,0 vs. 22,4 kg/dia), porcentagem de gordura (3,46 vs. 3,47%), proteína (2,96 vs. 2,93%), lactose (4,64 vs. 4,67%), sólidos totais (11,9 vs. 11,9%) e sólidos desengordurados (8,49 vs. 8,48%), nos resultados obtidos com as análises de leite.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of microbial inoculant Silobac® (L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus) on twenty-two big bales of alfalfa haylage, eleven treated with inoculant. Alfalfa crop was harvested at middle bloom stage and conditioned in bales about 600 kg capacity and covered with white tube plastic film. Silage was sampled to proceed chemical analyses after each silo was opened. Also was evaluated the effects of this inoculant on dry matter intake, apparent digestibility, milk yield and composition in twelve Holstein cows, at 135 ± 16.4 days in milk. A cross-over design with two periods of sampling was used. Treatments were alfalfa haylage (50.0% DM and 16.5% CP) control or inoculated. Each experimental period extended for twenty-one days, the last five used for data collection. On chemical composition results, inoculation decreased DM content (inoculated = 44.7 vs. control = 51.3%), increased acetic acid content (2.35 vs. 0.89% DM) and tended to increase WSC content (2.97 vs. 2.44% DM) compared to control. It also tended to decrease mould on depth 10 cm, but not on depth 30 or 50 cm. Treatments did not influence CP (15.9 vs. 16.4% DM), ADIN (11.2 vs. 11.6% of total N), NDF (47.1 vs. 46.7% DM), ADF (40.2 vs. 39.8% DM), ADL (10.4 vs. 11.1% DM) and starch contents (0.82 vs. 0.69% DM), IVDMD (61.6 vs. 62.5% DM), buffering capacity (52.9 vs. 51.7 meq./100g DM), ethylic alcohol (0.018 vs. 0.024% DM), propionic (0.00 vs. 0.00% DM), butyric (0.00 vs. 0.00% DM) and lactic acids contents (5.62 vs. 4.45% DM), pH (4.96 vs. 5.33), NH3-N content (8.19 vs. 5.21% of total N) or aerobic stability. As for digestibility, the inoculation increased apparent digestibility of DM (81.7 vs. 74.2%), CP (83.1 vs. 74.6%), EE (90.1 vs. 81.7%), NFE (84.1 vs. 78.7%), CF (74.8 vs. 61.9%), NDF (70.0 vs. 58.0%), ADF (75.2 vs. 63.9%), starch (92.7 vs. 88.9%), GE (82.4 vs. 74.7%) and TDN (80.5 vs. 73.3%) compared to control. However, it did not influence digestible DMI (14.5 vs. 13.3 kg/animal/day or 2.67 vs. 2.46% of BW), nor TDN (14.3 vs. 13.2 kg/animal/day or 2.63 vs. 2.43% of BW). The inoculation did not also influence DMI (17.8 vs. 17.8 kg/animal/day), milk yield (23.0 vs. 22.4 kg/day), fat (3.46 vs. 3.47%), protein (2.96 vs. 2.93%), lactose (4.64 vs. 4.67%), total solids (11.9 vs. 11.9%) and fat free solids percentage (8.49 vs. 8.48%), on milk analysis results.

Among the wide range of products naturally fermented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), there are the homemade cheeses. These bacteria are inherent to the raw milk and the fermentation process for producing compounds responsible for the flavor and texture of the products. Its use is one of the oldest food preservation techniques, since they are able to produce substances with antagonistic action against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, particularly Listeria monocytogenes, commonly found in refrigerated dairy products. In addition, many lactic acid bacteria have probiotic potential, thus becoming the most attractive one for its use. In North West Frontier region of Rio Grande do Sul a typical cheese is produced, popularly called colonial cheese, which its knowledge of fabrication techniques have been transferred verbally through generations. For being manufactured, in most cases, with raw milk without the addition of starter cultures and under poor conditions of hygiene, it has a diverse unwanted microbial population. This aspect is characterized as a danger to consumers, as well as spoilage organisms that can also serve as a carrier of pathogenic microorganisms. The objective of this study is to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria with probiotic characteristics and bacteriocinogenic from milk and artisan cheeses produced in this region. Thus initially the BAL were isolated and tested for antagonist ability against pathogens, and then checked the ability to produce antimicrobial substances of proteinaceous nature (bacteriocins), as well as resistance to biological barriers, as a criteria for the selection of isolated with probiotic potential. Molecular identification was performed by obtaining and sequencing of 16S rDNA or the ITS region. Subsequently, the isolated were evaluated for antimicrobial resistance of clinical use and the production of the enzyme β-hemolysin as virulence factors. The selected isolated were used as inoculum in cheese produced at a pilot level, with monitoring of physical-chemical and microbiological, over twenty-eight days of maturation under refrigeration. Of total lactic acid bacteria isolated twentyone (34.43%) showed antagonistic potential against pathogenic microorganisms reference. Of these, seven (33.33%) were able to produce antimicrobial substances of nature protein, being classified as possibly bacteriocinogenic and five (23.81%) isolated were shown to possess probiotic potential. The molecular identification of these proved to treat Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus plantarum. The isolated F9 and U5 were selected and added as bacteriocin and probiotic culture, respectively, as a pilot project in cheese artificially contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. No isolated was able to remove this pathogenic organism in the cheese, and the cultivation of bacteriocinogenic shown to be capable of maintaining viable cells of the microorganism stable during the maturation period. The probiotic proved to be able to withstand during the ripening of the cheese, while maintaining a viable cell number in the order of 107 - 108UFC.g-1 cheese, which allows its use with probiotic purpose.
Dentre a variada gama de produtos fermentados naturalmente por bactérias ácido láticas (BAL) encontram-se os queijos artesanais. Estas bactérias são inerentes da matéria-prima leite e durante o processo fermentativo produzem compostos responsáveis pelo flavor e textura dos produtos. Sua utilização constituise em uma das técnicas mais antigas de conservação de alimentos, já que são capazes de produzir substâncias com caráter antagônico frente a micro-organismos deteriorantes e patogênicos, com destaque a Listeria monocytogenes, comumente encontrada em produtos lácteos refrigerados. Além disso, muitas bactérias ácido láticas possuem potencial probiótico, constituindo-se em um atrativo a mais para sua utilização. Na região Fronteira Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul é produzido um queijo típico, popularmente denominado queijo colonial, cujo conhecimento das técnicas de fabricação tem sido transferido verbalmente ao longo das gerações. Por ser fabricado, na grande maioria dos casos, com leite cru, sem a adição de culturas iniciadoras e sob condições deficientes de higiene, possui uma diversificada população microbiana indesejada. Este aspecto se caracteriza como um perigo aos consumidores, já que além de micro-organismos deteriorantes pode também servir como veículo de micro-organismos patogênicos. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi isolar e identificar bactérias ácido láticas com características bacteriocinogênicas e probióticas, de leite e queijos artesanais desta região. Para isso, inicialmente, as BAL foram isoladas e testadas quanto a sua capacidade antagonista frente a micro-organismos patogênicos e então verificada a capacidade de produção de substâncias antimicrobianas de natureza protéica (bacteriocinas). A resistência a barreiras biológicas, como um dos critérios para seleção de isolados com potencial probiótico também foi avaliado. A identificação molecular dos isolados potencialmente bacteriocinogênicos e probióticos foi realizada por meio da obtenção e sequenciamento do rDNA 16S ou da região ITS. Posteriormente, os isolados foram avaliados quanto à resistência a antimicrobianos de uso clínico e à produção da enzima β-hemolisina, como fatores de virulência. Os isolados selecionados foram utilizados como inoculo em queijos produzidos a nível piloto, com monitoramento de parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos, ao longo de vinte e oito dias de maturação, sob refrigeração. Do total de bactérias láticas isoladas, vinte e uma (34,43%) demonstraram potencial antagonista frente a micro-organismos patogênicos de referência. Destas, sete (33,33%) mostraram-se capazes de produzir substâncias antimicrobianas de natureza proteica, sendo classificadas como, possivelmente, bacteriocinogênicas e cinco (23,81%) dos isolados demonstraram possuir potencial probiótico. A identificação molecular destes revelou se tratarem de Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecium e Lactobacillus plantarum. Os isolados F9 e U5 foram selecionados e adicionados como cultura bacteriocinogênica e probiótica, respectivamente, em queijos a nível piloto, artificialmente contaminados com Listeria monocytogenes. Nenhum dos isolados foi capaz de eliminar este microorganismo patogênico nos queijos, porém o cultivo bacteriocinogênico se mostrou capaz de manter as contagens de células viáveis deste micro-organismo estáveis durante o período de maturação. A cultura probiótica se revelou capaz de resistir durante a maturação do queijo, mantendo um número de células viáveis na ordem de 107 - 108UFC.g-1 de queijo, o que permite sua utilização com propósito probiótico.

In der Milchindustrie spielt die Auswahl der Starterkulturen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Herstellung fermentierter Produkte mit gewünschter Textur und entsprechenden sensorischen Eigenschaften. Milchsäurebakterien mit der Fähigkeit extrazelluläre Polysaccharide (EPS) zu synthetisieren sind von besonderem Interesse, da auf Grund der in situ gebildeten Hydrokolloide der Einsatz von Zusatzstoffen vermieden werden kann. Die Wirkung von EPS auf die Produkt-eigenschaften ist in der Literatur bereits mehrfach beschrieben, wird jedoch auf Grund der Vielzahl an unterschiedlichen Stämmen und Fermentationsparametern bzw. einer fehlenden Systematisierung immer noch sehr kontrovers diskutiert. Des Weiteren stellt die wissenschaftliche Aufklärung der komplexen Struktur-Funktionsbeziehungen und der Wechselwirkungen mit anderen Produktkomponenten eine große Herausforderung dar. Um die Zusammenhänge besser verstehen zu können, wurde in dieser Arbeit ein neuer Ansatz gewählt: isolierte und aufgereinigte EPS wurden der Milch vor der Säuerung zugesetzt und die daraus hergestellten Milchgele mit jenen mit in situ produzierten EPS verglichen. In Milchgelen aus Einzelstammkulturen von Streptococcus thermophilus oder Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus wurden EPS‑Gehalte von 40 - 150 mg/kg ermittelt. Die Gele unterschieden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Viskosität und ihres fadenziehenden Charakters, was erste Hinweise auf die Art der gebildeten EPS liefert. Die Synthese größerer Mengen an EPS zur Charakterisierung und Untersuchung ihrer Funktionalität erfolgte entkoppelt von der Produkt­herstellung mit ausgewählten Stämmen in Batch-Fermentationen mit konstantem pH in komplexen oder semidefinierten Medien. S. thermophilus ST‑143 produzierte ~ 300 mg/L fadenziehende EPS, die durch entsprechende Aufreinigungsschritte als drei EPS‑Fraktionen gewonnen werden konnten: freie EPS (EPSf), kapsuläre EPS (EPSk) und ein Gemisch aus beiden (EPSf+k). EPSf haben eine höhere Molekülmasse (M = 2,6 x 10^6 Da) und eine höhere intrinsische Viskosität (1,14 mL/mg) im Vergleich zu EPSk (M = 7,4 x 10^3 Da, 1,4 x 10^5 Da; intrinsische Viskosität = 0,06 mL/mg) und führten bereits in geringen Mengen zu rheologischen Veränderungen. Allerdings scheinen die EPSk Wechselwirkungen zwischen EPSf Molekülen zu unterstützen. In chemisch gesäuerten Milchgelen konnte durch den definierten Zusatz aufgereinigter Fraktionen von EPSf und EPSf+k vor der Säuerung (c = 0 - 0,35 mg/g) erstmals eine konzentrationsabhängige Wirkung aufgezeigt werden. Mit EPSf stieg der maximale Speichermodul der Milchgele als Maß für die Gelsteifigkeit linear an (457 - 722 Pa). EPSk zeigten hingegen keinen Einfluss. Als Modellpolysaccharid wurde vergleichend das gut beschriebene, ebenfalls ungeladene und nicht gelbildende Homopoly­saccharid Dextran herangezogen (c = 0 - 300 mg/g). EPSf und Dextran veränderten die Gelbildung, erhöhten die Steifigkeit stichfester Gele und die Viskosität gerührter Gele in ähnlichem Maße, es waren jedoch deutlich unterschiedliche Konzentrationen notwendig. Die in den Milchgelen beschriebenen Einflüsse können unter anderem auf Depletionseffekte zwischen gleichgeladenen Polymeren (hier Proteine und Polysaccharide) zurückgeführt werden
The selection of suitable starter cultures for the production of fermented milk with a desired texture and corresponding sensory attributes is of great importance for the dairy industry. Lactic acid bacteria with the ability to synthesise extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) are of particular interest, because these in situ produced hydrocolloids may allow to omit the use of additives. Many effects of EPS on product properties are already described in the scientific literature, but are still discussed controversially because of the multitude of different strains and fermentation parameters and, hence, a lack of systematisation. Furthermore, research on the mechanisms behind the structure-function relationship and interactions with other product components is a challenging area. To obtain a deeper understanding of this complex system, a new approach was chosen for the present study: EPS were isolated, purified and added to the milk prior to acidification, and the respective milk gels were compared with those with in situ produced EPS. In milk gels acidified by single strains of Streptococcus thermophilus or Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, EPS contents of 40 - 150 g/kg were determined. The gels differed in viscosity and their ropy character, which is a first indicator for the type of the EPS. To allow for their chemical and technofunctional characterisation, the synthesis of higher amounts of EPS was performed by batch-fermentation at constant pH and decoupled from the product manufacturing with selected strains in complex or semidefined media. S. thermophilus ST‑143 synthesised ~ 300 mg/L ropy EPS, which were isolated as three different EPS fractions by applying particular purification steps: free EPS (EPSf), capsular derived EPS (EPSk) and a mixture of both EPS (EPSf+k). EPSf had a higher molecular mass (M = 2.6 x 10^6 Da) and a higher intrinsic viscosity (1.14 mL/mg) compared to EPSk (M = 7.4 x 10^3 Da, 1.4 x 10^5 Da; intrinsic viscosity = 0.06 mL/mg) and affected the rheological properties of aqueous solutions already at low concentration. However, EPSk appear to support interactions between the EPSf molecules. In chemically acidified milk gels a concentration dependent impact of EPSf and EPSf+k, which were added to the milk prior to acidification (c = 0 - 0,35 mg/g), was described for the first time. The maximum of the storage modulus as a measure for stiffness of the milk gels linearly increased with EPSf content (457 - 722 Pa). With EPSk no effects were observed. For the purpose of comparison dextran, a well described also uncharged and non gelling homopolysaccharide, was used as a model polysaccharide (0 - 300 mg/g). EPSf and dextran affected the gelation, increased gel stiffness of set gels and viscosity of stirred gels to a similar way, but the concentrations needed for that found to be completely different. The effects described for milk gels can be ascribed among others to depletion interactions between similar charged polymers (here proteins and polysaccharides)

L'enrichissement d'aliments courants avec des composés bioactifs aide à promouvoir la santé et réduire le risque de maladies. Cependant, la plupart des bioactifs à propriétés biologiques intéressantes sont de nature hydrophobe et donc présentent des limites d’incorporation dans les aliments dues à leur faible solubilité dans les matrices aqueuses. De plus, leurs activités biologiques se heurtent à des facteurs extrêmes lors des procédés de formulation et de fabrication du produit telle que les fluctuations de pH, de température et de pression. Pour ce, l’encapsulation des bioactifs dans des matrices « biosourcée » s’avèrent être une solution pour améliorer leur biodisponibilité et préserver leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. Dans cette étude, nous avons choisi de traiter le cas de la curcumine, composé phénolique hydrophobe présentant diverses activités biologiques intéressantes telles que notamment une activité antioxydante importante, mais dont l'action est limitée de par sa faible biodisponibilité. Le choix de la matrice d’encapsulation s’est porté sur la micelle de caséine, véritable matrice naturelle et efficace aux propriétés technofonctionnelles variées. Cette thèse a permis de démontrer l’interaction hydrophobe entre la micelle de caséine et la curcumine via les résidus tryptophane. L'incorporation de la curcumine au sein de la micelle de caséine n’influence ni les propriétés structurales (taille, charge de surface et structure interne) ni les propriétés fonctionnelles (gélification) de la micelle. Sachant qu'un des objectifs d'application pourrait être la production d’un yaourt enrichi en curcumine, l’étude de l’interaction entre la curcumine et les bactéries lactiques du yaourt est nécessaire. Il a ainsi été démontré que la curcumine s’adsorbe sur les enveloppes bactériennes de Lactobacillus bulgaricus et préférentiellement sur Streptococcus thermophilus sans inhiber leur croissance et leur pouvoir acidifiant. Une fois en contact avec les micelles de caséines et les LAB, la curcumine se partage entre la micelle et les enveloppes bactériennes pour établir un équilibre. Sachant que la plupart des industries agroalimentaires utilisent dans les étapes de formulation des ingrédients sous forme de poudres plutôt que sous forme liquide, la production d’une poudre de micelle de caséine dopée en curcumine préservant l’activité antioxydante du bioactif tout en conservant les propriétés technofonctionnelles de la micelle de caséine a été réalisée par séchage par atomisation
Enriching common foods with bioactive compounds could help promote health and reduce the risk of diseases. However, most bioactives with interesting biological properties are hydrophobic and therefore have incorporation limits in foods due to their low solubility in aqueous matrices. In addition, their biological activities encounter extreme factors in the formulation and manufacturing processes of the product such as pH, temperature and pressure fluctuations. To this end, the encapsulation of the bioactive elements in "bio" matrices is a solution for improving their bioavailability and preserving their functional properties. In our study, we chose to treat curcumin, a hydrophobic phenolic compound, with various interesting biological activities such as its important antioxidant activity. The choice of the encapsulation matrix was turned to the casein micelle, an effective encapsulation matrix with desired technofunctional properties. This thesis has demonstrated the hydrophobic interaction between the casein micelle and curcumin via tryptophan residues. The addition of curcumin in solution to the casein micelle did not influence the structural properties (size, ζ-potential and internal structure) nor the functional properties (gelling) of the micelle. Knowing that the ultimate goal is the production of yogurt enriched with curcumin, the study of the interaction between curcumin and lactic bacteria of yoghurt is necessary. Indeed, curcumin adsorbs on the bacterial envelopes of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and preferentially on Streptococcus thermophilus without inhibiting their growth and their acidifying power. Once in contact with casein micelles and LABs, curcumin is partitioned between the micelle and the bacterial envelopes to establish a balance. Given that most agro-food industries use more powder rather than aqueous solutions in formulation stages, the production of curcumin-doped casein micelle powder protecting the antioxidant activity of the bioactive while preserving the technofunctional properties of the casein micelle was carried out by spray-drying

As bactérias ácido-láticas (BAL) são micro-organismos que auxiliam nas características organolépticas, funcionais e de bioconservação de produtos fermentados. A utilização do soro de leite como meio de cultivo natural enaltece o conceito da produção de biomoléculas de alto valor agregado, como bacteriocinas, já que é um subproduto gerado por indústrias de laticínios e considerado um agente poluidor. A inulina é um ingrediente prebiótico que promove seletivamente o crescimento de culturas probióticas. Nesse âmbito, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da composição da cultura de Lactococcus lactis (LL) em cocultura com Streptococcus thermophilus (ST) e da suplementação da base de soro de leite com inulina: (i) nos parâmetros cinéticos de acidificacão, (ii) no crescimento celular, (iii) na viscosidade do produto e (iv) na atividade antimicrobiana da nisina. A fermentação do soro de leite com Lactococcus lactis em cocultura com Streptococcus thermophilus proporcionou a maior taxa de acidificação (Vmax=7,93x10-3 upH/min), assim como apresentou o menor tempo para atingir a velocidade máxima de acidificação (Tvmax=1,13 h). A adição de 2% de inulina ao soro de leite fermentado pela cocultura binária fez com que o tempo para completar o cultivo fosse o mais curto (TpH4,5=4,43 h) quando comparado aos demais ensaios. Quanto ao crescimento celular, pode-se observar que a inulina não afetou significativamente a contagem microbiológica, quando as cepas ST e LL foram utilizadas separadamente no processo fermentativo. Em particular, a adição de 4% de inulina reduziu em 1,2 LogUFC/mL e 0,92 LogUFC/mL a contagem de ST e LL (em monocultura), respectivamente. Por outro lado, em coculturas binárias (ST-LL), percebeu-se ganho na contagem microbiológica nos ensaios que receberam suplementação do ingrediente prebiótico, ou seja, quando adicionados 2% e 4% de inulina, houve aumento de 1 LogUFC/mL e de 1,34 LogUFC/mL na contagem de ST, respectivamente. No caso da cepa LL em cocultura com ST, a suplementação de 2% e 4% do prebiótico aumentou em 0,31 LogUFC/mL e 0,75 LogUFC/mL, respectivamente. A concentração de ácido lático também foi mais elevada nos cultivos realizados com a cocultura binária, sendo 4,56 g/L (na ausência de inulina), 5,28 g/L (com adição de 2% de inulina) e 5,71 g/L (com suplementação de 4% de inulina). A viscosidade foi influenciada tanto pela adição de inulina como pelo efeito sinérgico da cocultura, sendo que o maior valor (7,38 mPas) foi obtido pela cocultura ST-LL e pela adição de 4% do ingrediente prebiótico. Quanto à produção de nisina, observou-se que, no cultivo em cocultura (ST-LL), a concentração de 2% de inulina aumentou em 102% a atividade antimicrobiana quando comparada com a cultura pura LL. Vale ressaltar que ambas as cepas satisfizeram os requisitos tecnológicos relativos à produção de laticínios funcionais.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are microorganisms that help in the organoleptic and functional characteristics and in the biopreservation of fermented products. The use of milk whey as a culture medium extols the concept of the production of high value-added biomolecules, such as bacteriocins, since it is a by-product generated by the dairy industry and considered a pollutant. Inulin is a prebiotic ingredient that promotes selectively the growth of probiotic cultures. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of culture composition Lactococcus lactis (LL) in co-culture with Streptococcus thermophilus (ST) and the supplementation of milk whey with inulin on: (i) the acidification kinetic parameters, (ii) the cell growth, (iii) the product viscosity, and (iv) the antimicrobial activity of nisin. The fermentation of milk whey by Lactococcus lactis in coculture with Streptococcus thermophilus provided the highest acidification rate (Vmax = 7.93x10-3 upH/min) and the shortest time to reach the maximum acidification rate ( TVmax = 1.13 h). The addition of 2% inulin in the binary coculture binary led to the shorter time to complete the fermentation (TpH4,5 = 4.43) compared to the other tests. With regard to cell growth, it can be observed that the addition of inulin did not affect the microbiological count of pure cultures of ST and LL strains in the fermentation process. In particular, the addition of 4% inulin reduced by 1.2 Log CFU/mL and 0.92 Log CFU/mL the counts of ST and LL (monoculture), respectively. In the other hand, the binary co-cultures cultivations (ST-LL) with the addition of 2% and 4% inulin increased by 1 LogCFU/mL and 1.34 Log CFU/mL in the case of the ST counts and 0.31 log CFU/mL and 0.75 log CFU/mL the counts of LL, respectively. Lactic acid concentration was higher in cultivations carried out by binary cocultures, thus being 4.56 g/L (in the absence of inulin), 5.28 g/L (with addition of 2% inulin) and 5.71g/L (supplemented with 4% inulin). The viscosity was influenced by the addition of prebiotic ingredient and by the synergistic effect of binary coculture, being the highest value (7.38 mPas) obtained by the addition of 4% inulin. Finally, as regards the production of nisin noted that in the binary coculture cultivations (ST-LL), the concentration of 2% inulin increased at 102% the antimicrobial activity when compared to the pure culture LL. It is worth mentioning that both strains met the technological requirements as regards the production of functional dairy products.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Researches demonstrate that the consumption of fermented milk is beneficial to the health due to the presence of lactic acid bacteria and of the products of the metabolism produced by them during the fermentation of the milk. The objective of this work was to evaluate the action of the lactic bacterias of two commercial marks of fermented milks, one cultivated with Lactobacillus paracasei (L1) and other with Lactobacillus casei (L2), on the weight gain and hematologic and histopathologic parameters of rats Wistar making the indomethacin use. The choice of the drug based on the hypothesis of the existence of the protection of the digestive system and of the histology of the organs of the animals against the possible aggression of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory for the concomitant administration of the fermented milks. Three lots of each fermented milk were used, taking place the count of the viability of the lactic bacterias, gram coloration, catalase and morphologic identification. Simultaneously, 60 rats Wistar males with 90 days, consuming commercial ration and water ad libitum, were divided in 6 groups of 10, being the group LP added of L1; LP + D of L1 + drug; C (control) of water; D, of drug; LC, of L2; and LC + D, of L2 + drug. The animals received the fermented milks (5mL/Kg/day) and/or the drug indomethacin (2mg/Kg/day) for gavage for 40 days, enrolling the weekly weights. After the sacrifice, blood samples were collected for the accomplishment of hemograms and it was verified the weight of the kidneys, spleens and livers, taking place the histopathology of these organs and of the stomachs and intestines. The obtained results were treated with ANOVA, Tukey, Friedman, Duncan, Kruskall-wallis and Wilcoxon (p<0,05), being used the statistical package R. The strains of L1 and L2 resulted in catalase negative, gram positive and morphology of bacilli, presenting final counts of bacteria with superior values to 106 UFC. The fermented milks added to the diets of LP and LC and the addition of the drug to D didn't influence in the weekly weight gain of the animals, but LP+D and LC+D statistically differed of C and D, suggesting there to be interaction among drug-food. In the difference among the initial and final weight of the animals, the groups that received fermented milk resembled each other to the control, except the group LP whose weight gain was inferior; D also presented deficit of weight gain in relation to the group C. The diets didn't influence in the weights of the kidneys of the experimental groups, LP just presented significant difference in terms of spleen weight in relation to the other groups and the weights of the livers of the groups LP, D and LC+D differed in relation to the control group, where D resulted in superior weight of C and LP and LC+D obtained inferior weights to the control group. In the blood parameters, the groups didn't differ to each other in the red and white series, nor in the differential leucocyte count, if not verifying immunostimulatory effects; already in the counts of the platelets, some groups presented statistical difference, however the obtained results were inside of the allowed. The histopathological analysis had not evidenced histology alterations in the stomachs, livers, kidneys and spleens, meeting discreet infiltrated of lymphoid cells in the own sheet of the intestine of the experimental groups.
Pesquisas demonstram que o consumo de leite fermentado é benéfico à saúde devido à presença de bactérias láticas e dos metabólitos produzidos por elas durante a fermentação do leite. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação das bactérias láticas de duas marcas comerciais de leites fermentados, uma cultivada com Lactobacillus paracasei (L1) e outra com Lactobacillus casei (L2), sobre o ganho de peso e parâmetros hematológicos e histopatológicos de ratos Wistar fazendo o uso de indometacina. A escolha da droga baseou-se na hipótese da existência da proteção do trato digestivo e da histologia dos órgãos dos animais contra a possível agressão do antiinflamatório pela administração concomitante dos leites fermentados. Foram utilizados três lotes de cada leite fermentado, realizando-se a contagem da viabilidade das bactérias láticas, coloração de gram, catalase e identificação morfológica. Simultaneamente, 60 ratos Wistar machos com 90 dias, consumindo ração comercial e água ad libitum, foram divididos em 6 grupos de 10, sendo o grupo LP adicionado de L1; LP + D de L1 + droga; C (controle) de água; D, de droga; LC, de L2; e LC + D, de L2 + droga. Os animais receberam os leites fermentados (5mL/Kg/dia) e/ou a droga indometacina (2mg/Kg/dia) por gavagem durante 40 dias, registrandose os pesos semanais. Após o sacrifício, amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas para a realização de hemogramas e verificou-se o peso dos rins, baços e fígados, realizando-se a histopatologia destes órgãos e dos estômagos e intestinos. Os dados obtidos foram tratados com ANOVA, Tukey, Friedman, Duncan, Kruskall-wallis e Wilcoxon (p<0,05), utilizando-se o pacote estatístico R. As cepas de L1 e L2 resultaram em catalase negativas, gram positivas e morfologia de bacilos, apresentando contagens finais de bactérias com valores superiores a 106 UFC/mL. Os leites fermentados adicionados às dietas de LP e LC e a adição da droga ao grupo D não influenciaram no ganho de peso semanal dos animais, mas LP+D e LC+D diferiram estatisticamente de C e D, sugerindo haver interação entre droga-alimento. Na diferença entre o peso inicial e final dos animais, os grupos que receberam leite fermentado assemelharam-se ao controle, exceto o grupo LP cujo ganho de peso foi inferior; D também apresentou déficit de ganho de peso em relação ao grupo C. As dietas não influenciaram nos pesos dos rins dos grupos experimentais, apenas LP apresentou diferença significativa em termos de peso de baço em relação aos demais grupos e os pesos dos fígados dos grupos LP, D e LC+D diferiram em relação ao grupo controle, onde D resultou em peso superior a C e LP e LC+D obtiveram pesos inferiores ao grupo controle. Nos parâmetros sanguíneos, os grupos não diferiram entre si nas séries vermelha e branca, nem na contagem diferencial dos leucócitos, não se constatando efeito imunoestimulador; já nas contagens das plaquetas, alguns grupos apresentaram diferença estatística, porém os resultados obtidos encontraramse dentro da faixa permitida. As análises histopatológicas não evidenciaram alterações na histologia dos estômagos, fígados, rins e baços, apresentando discreto infiltrado de células linfóides na lâmina própria do intestino dos grupos experimentais.

Work size - 60 pages, including 35 pictures, 1 table. List of literature - 44 sources. The beginning of the work -2004 09 01, the end of the work - 2006 05 15. Purpose of work: To explore, what influence the additive lysozyme on technological properties of milk which are important in manufacture of fermental cheeses and sour - milk products has. In work presents the analysis of lysozyme influence on the technological properties of. The results show that lysozyme prevent to develop of undesirable microorganisms and positively influences on the quality of fermented milks. It was established that the additive of lysozyme prolongs the duration of the bactericidal phase. The investigation of the rennet formation time has shown that the clothing of the milk in samples with lysozyme formed 12 - 15  faster as in compared with the control sample without lysozyme. Besides, it is established, that the additive of lysozyme intensifies the process removal of the whey. The research investigation show that in samples with lysozyme, whey distinguish in smaller optical density as compared with control samples. The development of lactic bacteria during fermentation process was examined too. It was found that lysozyme influence on this process is very insignificant. It was established that the additive of lysozyme insignificant reduces viscosity and acidity of fermented milk gels.

Les bifidobactéries sont exposées à de nombreux stress, liés aux conditions environnementales rencontrées lors de la production, du stockage au froid, et pendant la digestion des laits fermentés. Afin d'améliorer leur survie, cette étude vise la compréhension des mécanismes de dégradation de l'état physiologique de différentes souches de Bifidobacterium soumises aux stress froid et acide et au stress gastro-intestinal simulé in vitro. Elle ambitionne également d'établir des relations entre la résistance aux différents stress et la teneur en acides gras membranaires et des laits biologiques et conventionnels. Les résultats montrent que l'activité acidifiante des bifidobactéries est souche-dépendante et qu'elle augmente lorsque les bactéries sont associées aux bactéries lactiques du yaourt, avec du lait biologique et lorsque la température d'incubation est fixée à 42°C au lieu de 37°C. La cultivabilité et la survie des souches ont été déterminées après fermentation, après stockage à 4°C pendant 7 à 28 jours, et pendant un processus de digestion simulé in-vitro dans un digesteur dynamique reproduisant le tractus gastro-intestinal. Ces caractéristiques sont améliorées dans les laits fermentés biologiques par rapport aux produits conventionnels, lorsque la fermentation est effectuée à 42°C jusqu'à pH 4,4, et lorsque les laits fermentés sont maintenus à 28°C pendant 12 heures avant d'être refroidi à 4°C. Ces procédures de fabrication spécifiques génèrent ainsi une adaptation physiologique des bifidobactéries aux stress. Pendant la digestion in-vitro, la cultivabilité des bifidobactéries se dégrade moins lorsque la fermentation se déroule en lait biologique plutôt qu'en lait conventionnel et, dans une moindre mesure, lorsque les procédures d'adaptation sont appliquées pendant la fabrication du lait fermenté. Ces résultats sont liés aux teneurs plus élevées en acides gras insaturés, en particulier en acides trans-vaccénique, linoléique conjugué et α-linolénique, qui caractérisent les produits biologiques. Ces profils d'acides gras particuliers aux laits biologiques permettent aux bifidobactéries de modifier leur composition en acides gras membranaires, en augmentant leur teneur en acides gras insaturés et en raccourcissant la longueur moyenne des chaînes d'acides gras saturés, adaptant ainsi leur fluidité membranaire. Lorsque les procédures de fabrication spécifiques sont mises en oeuvre pour induire une adaptation physiologique des bifidobactéries, la composition en acides gras des membranes se modifie différemment de ce qui est observé en lait biologique. Cette différence indique ainsi que d'autres mécanismes biologiques d'adaptation sont probablement impliqués, en particulier au niveau protéomique. Finalement, cette étude démontre que les modifications au niveau de la membrane contribuent à moduler la résistance aux stress technologique et gastro-intestinal de souches de Bifidobacterium.

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Introduction: The damage caused by the formation of free radicals in the body of animals and humans has presented significative results, once the physiopathology of different types of sickness, such as diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cancer, among others, follows the binding with the action of these highly reactive components. To reduce the effects caused by them, alternatives in medication are being developed, in order to act as therapeutic adjuvants or prophylactics, like in the case of lactic beverages fermented with probiotic microorganisms. This occurs due to the advantages obtained by both the intrinsic nutrients of these beverages, as well as the microorganisms that forms them, beyond the products of their fermentation. A bacteria species with probiotic properties well-known by their antioxidant potential is the Lactobacillus acidophilus, that is used in fermentation processes for the production of fermented milk, mainly with functional aspects. Objective: Gathering evidences about the antioxidant aspect shown in fermented lactic beverages that contain Lactobacillus acidophilus, by “in vitro” and “in vivo” experimental design tests, besides, evaluating the evidences regarding the other characteristics related to the manufacture of these beverages, like the physical-chemical, microbiologic, antioxidants and methodologic aspects, with the intention of clarifying if these probiotic properties really interfere with the antioxidant aspects of the samples, as well as with the other important aspects for the production of fermented lactic beverages. Material and Methods: A systematic review was done in the data bases: Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, Science Direct, Scifinder, Web of Science, Scielo and Agrícola, considering the following criteria: “antioxidant activity”, “oxidative stress”, “Lactobacillus acidophilus”, “lactic beverage”, “fermented milk”, “yogurt”, “in vitro techniques” and “in vivo”, related with the boolean operators “AND” and “OR”, moreover the manual search for studies on this area that could be of interest. The articles gathered through all the research sources had their titles and abstracts evaluated according to the pre-established inclusion criteria being, basically, the presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the constitution of fermented milks, whether isolated or in association with other bacteria, and that had their contents evaluated about their antioxidant aspect. The studies that followed these criteria had their contents fully read. Subsequently, all data of interest were extracted from the included articles, evaluated and compared with literature data for control samples (pure milk) or samples of similar microbiological composition, and also compared with data from brazilian legislation, when available. Results and Discussion: Through the entire data bases searched, 1751 articles were retrieved and read in terms of title and summary. Out of these, 36 articles were selected and fully read, and from them, eight articles followed the inclusion criteria for “in vitro” tests. For “in vivo” tests, six articles were fully read, and considering that only one of them followed the inclusion criteria, it was not possible, therefore, to develop a comparative research for this methodologic design, considering the selected search strategy. Thus, from these eight articles related to “in vitro” experiments, a total of 17 samples of interest were comprehended in the microbiologic constitution requirements, showing at least the presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus, which included three fermented milks (Subgroup A = 17.65%), eight acidophilic milks (Subgroup B = 47.06%) and three yogurts (Subgroup C = 35.29%). From the total declared cellular materials, 66.67% of these were characterized as intracellular content free of cells, being the rest, cellular content without breaking. Regarding the microbiologic constitution, it was possible to verify that, after the intentional presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus, the second most frequent used microorganism was Streptococcus thermophilus, followed by Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Regarding the evaluation of antioxidant activity, the analytic technique used with more frequency was that which evaluates the eliminatory capacity of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, followed by the method of elimination of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical. Based on the profile of antioxidant activity, subgroup B was classified as being the best characterized, due to emcompass, in general, greater number of tests of antioxidant activity in relation to the others. In addition, when constituted by Lactobacillus acidophilus, almost all of the samples evaluated presented consistent results for the antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the importance of association between different analytical methods for evaluation of antioxidant activity is emphasized, due to the greater precision of the recovered results and consequent scientific support given to the study. Besides, it could be verified that, when there is presence of the probiotic of interest in the constitution of the studied food, the antioxidant activity is enhanced, which leads to understand that in fact the microorganism has that characteristic. On the other hand, when in presence of other microorganisms, whether they are probiotic or not, the antioxidant activity is still increased, although not in a proportional way, leading to the understanding that only the presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus is able to provide sufficient antioxidant protection to food in which it is added. Thus, lactic fermented beverages that contain this probiotic could be consumed with the premise of antioxidant protection, mainly by individuals that suffer from sicknesses with physiopathologies related to oxidative stress.
Introdução: O dano causado pela formação de radicais livres no organismo de animais e humanos tem apresentado resultados significativos, uma vez que a fisiopatologia de diversos tipos de doenças, como diabetes, hipertensão, aterosclerose, câncer, entre outras, possui ligação com a ação destes compostos altamente reativos. Para a redução dos malefícios causados por eles, alternativas não medicamentosas estão sendo desenvolvidas, a fim de atuarem como adjuvantes terapêuticos ou profiláticos, como é o caso das bebidas lácteas fermentadas com microrganismos probióticos. Isso ocorre em função das vantagens obtidas tanto pelos nutrientes intrínsecos destas bebidas, bem como dos microrganismos que as constituem, além de seus produtos de fermentação. Uma espécie bacteriana com propriedade probiótica notadamente conhecida por seu potencial antioxidante é o Lactobacillus acidophilus, utilizado em processos fermentativos para a obtenção de leites fermentados, e preferencialmente com aspectos funcionais. Objetivo: Reunir evidências sobre o aspecto antioxidante apresentado por bebidas lácteas fermentadas em presença de Lactobacillus acidophilus, a partir de ensaios com desenhos experimentais “in vitro” e “in vivo”, além de avaliar as evidências a respeito das demais características vinculadas à fabricação destas bebidas, como os aspectos físico-químicos, microbiológicos, antioxidantes e metodológicos, com a intenção de esclarecer se o referido probiótico realmente interfere no aspecto antioxidante das amostras, bem como nos demais aspectos de interesse para a fabricação de leites fermentados. Material e Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados: Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, Science Direct, Scifinder, Web of Science, Scielo e Agrícola, considerando os seguintes termos de busca: “antioxidant activity”, “oxidative stress”, “Lactobacillus acidophilus”, “lactic beverage”, “fermented milk”, “yogurt”, “in vitro techniques” e “in vivo”, associados aos operadores booleanos “AND” e “OR”, além da busca manual por estudos na área que pudessem ser de interesse. Os artigos recuperados por meio de todas as fontes de busca tiveram os seus títulos e resumos avaliados de acordo com os critérios de inclusão preestabelecidos, sendo eles, basicamente, a presença de Lactobacillus acidophilus na constitução de leites fermentados, isolado ou em associação com outras bactérias, e que tiveram os seus conteúdos avaliados quanto ao aspecto antioxidante. Os estudos que atenderam a esses critérios tiveram os seus conteúdos lidos na íntegra. Na sequência, todos os dados de interesse foram extraídos dos artigos incluídos, avaliados e comparados com dados de literatura para amostras controle (leite puro) ou amostras de constituição microbiológica semelhante, e ainda, comparados com dados da legislação brasileira quando disponíveis. Resultados e Discussão: Por meio das bases de dados pesquisadas, 1751 artigos foram recuperados e lidos em termos de título e resumo. Desses, 36 artigos foram selecionados e tiveram seus conteúdos lidos na íntegra, e, a partir deles, oito artigos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão para estudos “in vitro”. Para estudos “in vivo”, seis artigos foram lidos na íntegra, sendo que apenas um deles atendeu aos critérios de inclusão, não sendo possível, portanto, o desenvolvimento de uma pesquisa comparativa para o referido desenho metodológico, considerando a estratégia de busca escolhida. Dessa forma, a partir dos oito artigos envolvendo experimentos “in v vitro”, um total de 17 amostras de interesse se enquadraram no requisito de constituição microbiológica, por apresentarem no mínimo a presença de Lactobacillus acidophilus, as quais incluíram três leites fermentados (Subgrupo A = 17,65%), oito leites acidófilos (Subgrupo B = 47,06%) e seis iogurtes (Subgrupo C = 35,29%). Do total de materiais celulares declarados, 66,67% deles foram caracterizados como conteúdo intracelular livre de células, sendo o restante, o conteúdo celular sem rompimento. Quanto à constituição microbiológica, foi possível verificar que, após a presença intencional de Lactobacillus acidophilus, o segundo microrganismo mais frequentemente utilizado foi Streptococcus thermophilus, seguido por Lactobacillus bulgaricus. No que se refere à avaliação da atividade antioxidante, a técnica analítica empregada com maior frequência foi aquela que avalia a capacidade eliminatória do radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), seguida pelo método de eliminação do radical 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS). Com base no perfil de atividade antioxidante, o subgrupo B foi classificado como sendo o melhor caracterizado, em função de ter englobado, no geral, maior número de testes de atividade antioxidante em relação aos demais. Em adição, quando constituídas por Lactobacillus acidophilus, quase a totalidade das amostras avaliadas apresentaram resultados consistentes para a atividade antioxidante. Conclusão: Partindo dos resultados obtidos, enfatiza-se a importância da associação entre diferentes métodos analíticos para a avaliação da atividade antioxidante, devido à maior precisão dos resultados recuperados e consequente respaldo científico conferido ao estudo. Além disso, verifica-se que, quando a presença do probiótico de interesse se encontra na constituição do alimento estudado, a atividade antioxidante é exaltada, o que leva a entender que de fato o microrganismo apresenta tal característica. Por outro lado, quando em presença de outros microorganismos, probióticos ou não, a atividade antioxidante é ainda melhorada, mas não de forma proporcional, levando à compreensão de que apenas a presença de Lactobacillus acidophilus é capaz de fornecer proteção antioxidante suficiente ao alimento em que for acrescentado. Dessa forma, bebidas lácteas fermentadas em presença desse probiótico poderiam ser consumidas com a premissa de proteção antioxidante, principalmente por indivíduos acometidos pordoenças com fisiopatologias envolvidas com o estresse oxidativo.

Nous avons étudié la présence de bactéries lactiques capables de produire des bactériocines dans des fromages traditionnels Slovènes. Dans cinq échantillons de Tolminc (fromage au lait de vache) et quatre échantillons de Kraški ovčji sir (fromage au lait de brebis), nous avons recherché la présence de 19 gènes de bactériocines par PCR. L'ADN a été extrait directement à partir des fromages ainsi qu'à partir de consortia microbiens de ces fromages isolés sur gélose CATC, Rogosa et M17. Nous avons utilisé des tests par diffusion sur gélose pour déterminer l'activité antimicrobienne des consortia sur différentes bactéries indicatrices. L'activité anti-staphylococcique a aussi été déterminée in situ dans du lait et du fromage. L'avantage compétitif des souches productrices de bactériocines a été évalué en effectuant des repiquages successifs des consortia dans du lait. Lors de ces essais, nous avons suivi la présence de différents déterminants génétiques de bactériocines ainsi que l'activité antimicrobienne des consortia. Ces mêmes propriétés ont aussi été déterminées pour des souches individuelles productrices de bactériocines, qui ont été isolées du consortium initial ou de consortia obtenus après propagation dans le lait. La mise en évidence de gènes de bactériocines par PCR dépendait de l'efficacité d'extraction de l'ADN. L'extraction de l'ADN total était plus efficace lorsque l'homogénéisation du fromage était réalisée avec une solution de citrate de sodium. Dans l'ADN issu des fromages et consortia microbiens, nous avons détecté plusieurs gènes de bactériocines. Leur nombre diminuait lors de la propagation dans le lait, ce qui indique un faible avantage compétitif des souches productrices de bactériocines. Les résultats n'ont montré un avantage compétitif que pour des souches comportant des déterminants génétiques de la cytolysine. Nous n'avons détecté une production de bactériocines dans les fromages que lorsque qu'une culture pure d'une souche productrice de nisine A a été ajoutée. La différence entre la détection de déterminants génétiques de bactériocines et l'activité antimicrobienne montre la complexité qui relie ces deux propriétés.En raison des limitations concernant les tests par diffusion sur gélose pour détecter l'expression des gènes in situ, nous avons mis en place une méthode moléculaire basée sur la reverse transcription et la PCR en temps réel. Cette méthode sera très utile pour de futures études concernant le rôle des bactériocines dans les fromages.

碩士
國立臺南大學
自然科學教育學系碩士班
93
Five species of high exopolysaccharide（EPS）lactic acid bacteria were isolated from local fermented milk and identified as Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Leuconostoc spp., L. rhamnosus, L. delb. lactis and L. paracasei. The L. delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus had the highest EPS production assay among the five species bacteria, above all, L. paracasei was the first isolated from Taiwan milk products. The cultural studies had shown that the better microbial counts and EPS products for five species of lactic acid bacteria were under MEPS-2 medium at 15℃. Post- fermented milk culture medium at 37℃ for 24 hours followed by at 10℃ for 48 hours and single-strain starter culture instead of mixed-strain starter culture had maximum EPS production. The mean productions of EPS was 1.5 times and microbial counts was 103-106 times in single-strain starter culture compare with mixed-strain starter culture. It also showed the same trend of EPS products and microbial counts. The results suggested that the EPS production was suppressed by mixed-strain starter culture.

碩士
大葉大學
生物產業科技學系碩士在職專班
93
In this study, the cell growth concentration of the fermented milk inoculated with the strain of AB lactic acid bacteria from various (A, B, C) brands of commercial drinking yoghurts in a home-made (DIY) fermentor was investigated. It was found that AB lactic acid bacteria in the fermented milk with initial 8% NFNS (non-fat milk solid) was recovered at a level of over 7 log CFU/mL, where the cell counts was7.42, 8.28and 8.53 log CFU/mL for A, B and C brand, respectively, after 8 h of cultivation in a home-made fermentor. The pH of the fermented milk declined and the titratable acidity rose during the cultivation period. After 12 h of cultivation the fermented milks were then held at 4℃ cold room for a period of 14 days. Population of the AB lactic acid bacteria reduced at the 4th, 8th, 2nd day of storage time for A, B and C brand, respectively, while the pH of the fermented milks little decreased during the storage period and the titratable acidity reached a maximum after 10 day. The growth test of coliform and E. coli for the fermented milk in the home-made fermentor was not detectable. It will be good and safe for consumers to drink the fermented milk made in the DIY drinking-yoghurt fermentor at home.

碩士
國立中興大學
食品科學系
92
The purpose of this investigation was to assess the anti-allergic effect of fermented milk of Streptococcus thermophilus MC, Lactobacillus acidophilus B, Lactobacillus bulgaricus Lb, Lactobacillus bulgaricus 448, and Bifidobacterium longum B6. Female BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with ovalbumin/complete Freund’s adjuvant to evaluate the specific immune response of mice fed with fermented milk by judging from cytokine, antibody and nitric oxide analysis. Both cultures of spontaneous and OVA-stimulated splenocytes from mice fed with L. bulgaricus Lb of fermented milk expressed significant reduction of IL-4 and promotion of IFN-γ secretion as compared with milk-fed controls. The IL-4 of spontaneous secretion of splenocytes from mice fed with milk fermented with S. thermophilus MC or L. acidophilus B was significantly decreased. When mice fed milk fermented with L. acidophilus B, L. bulgaricusm 448 or B. longum B6, the secretion of IL-6 from cultures of spontaneous or LPS-stimulated peritoneal cells significantly decreased. All tested LAB decreased the secretion of TNF- of LPS-stimulated peritoneal cells from OVA/CFA-primed mice (P < 0.05) and demonstrated the effect of anti-inflammation. The milk fermented with S. thermophilus MC was able to significantly stimulate the secretion of NO from peritoneal cell of mice by activating macrophage. The ratio of IFN-γ to IL-4 of spontaneous secretion of splenocytes, milk fermented with L. bulgaricus Lb significantly increased. The result of anti-OVA-IgE antibody from serum of OVA/CFA-primed mice indicated that S. thermophilus MC is more anti-allergic than that of milk fermented with other tested strains.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
102
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a well-known non-protein amino acid, which is widely distributed in animals and plants. GABA has been reported to be a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and show antihypertensive activity. This aims of this research are to manufacture a GABA-enriched fermented milk by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fish intestines and to evaluate the probiotic potential property of the GABA-producing LAB. Preliminarily, lactic acid bacteria strains were isolated from healthy fish intestine from previous study. Ten lactic acid bacteria strains of 126 LAB strains were screened based on the capacity of synthesizing GABA. And ten GABA-producing strains show that none of them exhibited hemolytic activity. Moreover, five strains exhibited partial bile salt hydrolase activity, including the strain FPS 2520. FPS 2520 also showed a high percentage of adhesion to monolayer of Caco-2 cells. Strain FPS 2520 demonstrated high survival viability to gastrointestinal conditions simulating stomach and duodenum passage. Optimal conditions of strain FPS 2520 for producing GABA in whole milk were: 10% reconstituted whole milk, initial inoculum size of 5 log CFU/mL, addition of 20 mM MSG, 1% brown sugar, and 0.5% yeast extract during fermentation at 37oC for 48 hours. The results indicated FPS 2520 show a probiotic potential property and have a great application in milk fermentation for the production of G (10.67 mg/mL), and the IC50 of ACEI-inhibitory activity is 0.28 ± 0.02 mg/mL. Besides lactic acid bacteria number slightly decreased, pH value, titratable acidity and GABA concentration didn’t have significant difference compare to control at 4oC for 14 days. Using mixed strains, GABA-producing strain FPS 2520 and proteinase-positive FKR 3737 could significantly enhance the GABA production about 14.74 mg/mL.

碩士
嘉南藥理科技大學
生物科技系暨研究所
92
The lactic acid bacteria are widely distributed in the nature, and have been greatly used for a long time since they have useful characteristics. In recent years, the lactic acid bacteria were also applied in the development of healthy food. In this study, eight lactic acid bacteria-like strains were isolated from the fresh milk, and later it has been proved that these strains were lactic acid bacteria-like through examination. These bacteria were all positive in skim milk curdling, the same as in Gram stain but negative in catalase reaction. These eight lactic acid bacteria-like strains were further identified with API 50 CHL test kit. This experimentation tells us these strains have high similarities, which are all with Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei , Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus pentosaceus. In order to identify the phylogeny hierarchy of the isolated bacteria, the 16S rRNA genes were identified in four strains. The amplification of the 16S rRNA gene were subjected by PCR tests with universal primers, and the PCR products were subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. The 16S rDNA sequences from the four strains were compared with the reference strains which were held in GenBank. The above show high similarities and the four isolates were Lactobacillus sp. L1, Pediococcus acidilactici Lac1, Enterococcus faecium M43 and Enterococcus sp. M51. Moreover, further analyses were done to identify if the feasibility of the four lactic acid bacteria can be probiotics strains. The strain capabilities of tolerance to gastric juice and resistance to bile salt were done. The results showed that the four lactic acid bacteria can be both tolerant to gastric juice and resistant to bile salts. The antibiotic susceptibility and inhibition to pathogenic bacteria were tested. These four lactic acid bacteria were resistant to kanamycin and gentamicin, and no apparent inhibitions to pathogenic bacteria were found.

碩士
國立澎湖科技大學
食品科學研究所
100
In the study, 133 bacteria have been isolated from pickle, fermented vegetables and other food. Expect to be able to develop the good lactic acid bacteria which can remove the antinutritional factors (raffinose and stachyose) of soy and change the isoflavone- glucosides into isoflavone- aglycones, reduce the cholesterol. Develop the functional product of lactic acid bacteria that is suitable for ferment soybean milk. C119 in the screening of 133 strains has the highest capacity to generate the α-galactosidase (intra-cellular activities is 0.0143μmol/ml、exocellular activities is 0.0553μmol/ml), C35 has the highest capacity to generate the β- glucosidases (intra-cellular activities is 0.0727μmol/ml、exocellular activities is 0.0577μmol/ml), C75 has the best ability reduce down the cholesterol (reduceing-cholesterol is 38.48%). Strains C75 and C119 were identified with API 50 CHL system and 16s rDNA, the results are Lactobacillus fermentum. Strains C35 is Lactobacillus brevis which was identifed by the Synbio Tech company. Since C35, C75 and C119, have good properties, we can use these three strain, as starter to ferment the soybean milk in the future to develop fermented soybean milk which can remove the antinutritional factors (raffinose and stachyose) of soy and change the isoflavone- glucosides into isoflavone- aglycones, reduce the cholesterol…and so on.

碩士
國立高雄海洋科技大學
水產養殖研究所
99
The main purpose of this paper is selected lactic acid bacteria in aquatic animal research and for future applications. Bacteria isolated from fish intestinal, according to lactic acid bacteria of characteristics as Bergey's Manual described to isolated . Using Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Samolnella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis in suppression test. Selected from the inhibition of lactic acid bacteria isolated in better one, and testing the growth promoting effect of fish. The experiment was divided into four parts. First experiment: The selective medium MRS (Mann Rogosa and Sharp) separation of the intestinal tract of cultured fish species, use the biochemical tests and protein electrophoresis to summarized the composition proteins of isolated bacteria, and identificated by 16s ribosomal RNA. Biochemical characteristics of lactic acid bacteria strains were screened 69 strains, according to type of protein composition and induction with Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus sakei, Leuconostoc holzapfelii, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcus stilesii, Weissella cibaria, Weissella confusa, Weissella paramesenteroides, Weissella viridescens 10 different groups of lactic acid bacteria species, and which the distribution of P. acidilactici as most bacteria. Experiment II: the isolated lactic acid bacteria in TSA (Tryptic Soy Agar) in the anchor zone of inhibition test paper for E. coli, Streptococcus sp., Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and B. subtilis. For antibacterial activity test, the results of 981101mfia2– W. confusa, 981213spi1– W. paramesenteroides. The inhibition of 980727mfia1– P. acidilactici was the most excellent of Streptococcus sp., Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To B. subtilis, The inhibitory effect of P. acidilactici most significant; W. confusa and W. paramesenteroides of Streptococcus sp. and Salmonella sp. effect is more significant. Experiment III: the pathogenic test, intraperitoneal injection to tilapia 981101mfia2, 981213spi1 and 980727mfia1 of 109 cfu /0.2 ml per fish of bacteria and control group were injected saline. Experient for 7 days, the results showed that the mixture of all bacterium injection treatment not fatal and not cause stress reactions as loss of appetite or vitality. Experiment IV: promoting the growth experiment, fish were feeding 20 % in 981101mfia2、981213spi1 and 980727mfia1 of the 109cfu bacilli, such as volume mixed MRS broth of control. After four weeks, the assessment of the feed conversion rate (Feed Conversion Ratio, FCR) and (Specific Growth Rate, SGR). Add lactic acid bacteria group can increased of feeding behavior and feeding volume, the all three treatment groups in the SGR and FCR values were also significantly increased, and 981101mfia2 and 981213spi1 were most excellent.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1994.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-50).

博士
國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
95
Abstract Fresh low-fat milk was fermented with five mixed lactic acid bacteria for up to 30 hr at 42 oC (MF30) as control group. A protease, prozyme 6, was added 5 hr (MFH30) after the beginning of fermentation as experiment group. The whey was separated from the fermented milk and freeze-dried. The effect of fermentation method on inhibitory activity against angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), lipoxygenase (LOX) and antihypertensive effect of whey powder were investigated. As the fermentation time extended to 30 hr, pH decreased from 6.60 to 3.72 and 3.75, the content of combined amino acid increased 1,451.8 to 1,547.3 and 24,927.3 mg/100 g, respectively, for MF30 and MFH30. Soluble protein content, peptide content, free amino acid content and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) of MFH30 were 195.9, 402.8, 192.8 mg/g and 80.6 mg/100 g, respectively were 7, 18, 42 and 1.2 times higher than MF30. MFH30 showed the lowest IC50 value on ACE being 0.24 mg peptide/mL. The whey powders (MF30 and MHF30) were further hydrolyzed by gastrointestinal proteases, peptide content increased from 22.0 to 63.6 and 400.0 to 476.4 mg/g, IC50 value increased from 0.63 to 0.74 and 0.25 to 0.27 mg peptide/mL, respectively. MFH30 showed the lowest IC50 value on LOX being 0.47 mg powder/mL and could reduce the LOX-catalyzed low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. The relative percentage of bile acid binding capacity by whey powders (MF30 and MHF30) were 22.1 and 39.3% in comparison to cholestyramine. The molecular weight distribution of whey for MFH30 was between 1,260-360 Da by gel filtration using Sephadex G-15, and showed five major fraction. In MFH30 group, fraction had molecular weight 420-360 Da showed the highest inhibitory efficiency ratio (IER) being 226.7%/mg/mL. Further, this fraction was purified and identified by reversed-phase HPLC. The amino acid sequences of two ACE inhibitory peptides were Gly-Thr-Trp and Gly-Val-Trp, of which the IC50 values were 464.4 and 240.0 μM, respectively. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) were reduced 22.6 and 21.5 mm Hg, respectively, after 8 weeks of oral administration of diluted whey (12.5 mg powder/mL containing 0.5% NaCl) in MFH30 group. And serum very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) + LDL- cholesterol concentration of SHR fed diluted whey was significantly lower than that fed water (containing 0.5% NaCl). The maximal decrease of SBP and DBP were 24.2 and 21.8 mm Hg 4 hr after oral administration of whey (150 mg powder/kg body weight) in MFH30 group.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
食品科技研究所
92
Abstract Isoflavone is an important category of flavonoids and belongs to the phytoestrogen class. There are twelve major isoflavone isomers found in soybean. Isoflavone aglycones (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) are thought to be the most bioactive isomers among the isoflavones. This study investigated the changes of isoflavone composition and activity of β-glucosidase during the fermentation of soymilk with lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus BCRC 14085, Lactobacillus acidophilus BCRC 14079) and bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium infantis BCRC 14633, B. longum B6) alone or simultaneously. On the other hand, the changes of isoflavone contents of the fermented soymilk products under different packaging and storage conditions were investigated. The results showed that soymilk after fermentation, the contents of isoflavone malonylglucosides, acetylglucosides and β-glucosides decreased significantly. On the contrary, the amount of aglycones, (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) increased significantly. Among all the fermented soymilks tested, the greatest increase in the contents of aglycones and the highest β-glucosidase activity were noted in soymilk fermented with Streptococcus thermophilus, followed by that fermented with S. thermophilus and Bifidobacterium longum simultaneously. It was also noted that as the fermentation time was extended, the contents of aglycones and activity of β-glucosidase in soymilk was raised. Fermented soymilks kept in dark glass bottles retained isoflavone contents much more than those kept in glass bottles exposure to light during the storage period. A better retention of isoflavone was noted in dried fermented soymilk that was held in dessicant and deoxidant containing bottle and stored at 4℃. On the other hand, retention of isoflavone in dried fermented soymilk was the poorest which was held in bottle without dessicant and deoxident and stored at 25℃.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
動物科學技術學研究所
105
“Probiotics” are live microorganisms that provide health benefits on the host, when administered in adequate amounts. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are regarded as “Generally recognized as safe (GRAS)”, and are mainly involving in the fermentation of traditional fermented foods, especially in fermented milk products. For centuries, the nomadic peoples of Mongolia have been producing various kinds of traditional fermented milk products such as Airag (fermented mare’s milk) and Tarag (fermented milk of cows, goats and yaks). To explore the potential probiotic strains, it is very important to develop the culture collection at the first step. In this study, culture- and molecular-based methods were used to investigate the potential LAB probiotic strains in the traditional Mongolian fermented milk products. Based on Enterobacterial Reptitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) profiles, a total of 106 isolates isolated from five Mongolian traditional fermented milk products were categorized into 40 different strains, and identified as belonging to 8 species (Lactobacillus crustorum, Lactobacillus diolivorans, Lactobacillus kefiri, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum, Lactococcus. lactis, Leuconostoc lactis, and Leuconostoc pseudomensenteroides) by 16S rRNA and housekeeping gene (pheS and rpoA) sequencing. Lactobacillus kefiri was isolated as the predominant species (24 strains), followed by Lb. crustorum (6 strains). By the screening tests, survival in low pH and bile salt and production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) were characterized as the potential probiotic abilities. As a result, almost of the strains in Lb. crustorum, Lb. diolivorans, and Lb. kefiri showed high survival ability in artificial gastric (pH 3.0) and intestinal (0.3% bile) juices. And, almost of the strains in the Lb. crustorum and Lb. kefiri species showed high ability to produce EPS. Finally, features of survival abilities in low pH and bile salt, and EPS production demonstrated that the two Lb. crustorum strains (MCC0017, MCC0029) could be novel prospective probiotics.