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1
Nuruzzaman, M., Hans Lambers, Michael D. A. Bolland e Erik J. Veneklaas. "Phosphorus uptake by grain legumes and subsequently grown wheat at different levels of residual phosphorus fertiliser". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, n. 10 (2005): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05060.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A considerable portion of the phosphorus (P) fertilisers applied in agriculture remains in the soil as sorbed P in the forms of various P compounds, termed residual P. Certain grain legume crops may be able to mobilise residual P through root exudates, and thus increase their own growth, and potentially that of subsequent cereal crops. The first objective of this pot experiment was to compare the growth and P uptake of 3 legume crop species with that of wheat grown in a soil with different levels of residual P. Another objective was to determine whether the influence of legumes on subsequent P uptake by wheat was due to legume-induced changes in the rhizosphere, or to the presence of legume roots. White lupin (Lupinus albus L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in a soil containing 25.7, 26.4, 30.8, 39.0, or 51.9 mg/kg of bicarbonate-extractable P and sufficient amounts of nitrogen to suppress nodulation and dinitrogen fixation. Differences among the species in root dry mass were much larger than those in shoot dry mass. Faba bean produced the greatest root dry mass. All the legumes exuded carboxylates from their roots, predominantly malate, at all soil P levels. Rhizosphere concentrations of carboxylates were highest for white lupin, followed by field pea and faba bean. All of the investigated legumes enhanced the growth of the subsequently grown wheat, compared with wheat grown after wheat, even at relatively high levels of soil P. The positive effect on growth was not dependent on the incorporation of the legume roots into the soil. The legumes also caused a modest increase in wheat shoot P concentrations, which were higher when roots were incorporated into the soil. Because of the increased growth and tissue P concentrations, wheat shoot P content was 30–50% higher when grown after legumes than when grown after wheat. The study concludes that the legume crops can enhance P uptake of subsequently grown wheat, even at relatively high levels of residual P.
2
Kahurananga, J. "Intercropping Ethiopian Trifolium Species with Wheat". Experimental Agriculture 27, n. 4 (ottobre 1991): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700019359.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SUMMARYTrials were conducted in 1987 and 1988 to test methods of intercropping annual Ethiopian clovers, Trifolium spp, with wheat. Several different clover varieties, sowing methods, plant spacings, planting dates and rates of phosphorus application were compared. Planting in single or double alternative rows 20 cm apart did not affect wheat grain and straw yield but broadcast sowing of Trifolium in wheat rows 20 cm apart reduced wheat yield. The Trifolium species used significantly affected legume yield. Phosphorus fertilizer increased yield significantly, especially that of the legume component. The trials indicated that the intercropping of Ethiopian clovers in wheat has potential under African highland conditions.Siembra simultanea de trigo/ Trifolium en Etiopía
3
Florek, Joanna, e Dorota Czerwińska-Kayzer. "BIOLOGICAL BENEFITS FROM GROWING LEGUME CROPS IN THE CONTEXT OF PROTECTING PRODUCTION FACTORS". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, n. 2 (3 giugno 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2157.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this paper was to show the economic rationale behind growing legume plants in crop rotation. To pursue that objective, this paper presents a modified profitability accounting method for agricultural production which takes biological benefits into consideration. The following sequence of crop rotation was used in this study: forage pea – winter rape – winter wheat. An assumption was made that, from an economic point of view, the after-effect of legume crops on soil and yields of subsequent crops is an important factor which, however, is disregarded in calculations. Research suggests that legume crop growing brings measurable benefits in following years. As regards forage pea, rape and wheat, biological benefits represented 2%, 19% and 12% of total income, respectively, in the study period. Feedback from respondents suggests that 25% of the interviewees do not reduce nitrogen fertilization input in the years after growing legume crops. In turn, as much as 83% of farmers surveyed do not reduce their phosphorus and potassium fertilization rates for subsequent crops. However, agricultural producers usually fail to take account of additional biological benefits brought about by legumes when assessing their economic competitiveness against cereals and rape.
4
Ghosh, Probir Kumar, Kali Krishna Hazra, Madasur Subbabhat Venkatesh, Chandra Sekhar Praharaj, Narendra Kumar, Chaitanya Prasad Nath, Ummed Singh e Sati Shankar Singh. "Grain legume inclusion in cereal–cereal rotation increased base crop productivity in the long run". Experimental Agriculture 56, n. 1 (10 settembre 2019): 142–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000243.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractSustainability of cereal-based cropping systems remains crucial for food security in South Asia. However, productivity of cereal–cereal rotations has declined in the long run, demonstrating the need for a sustainable alternative. Base crop, that is, common crop in different crop rotations, productivity could be used as a sustainability indicator for the assessment of different long-term crop rotations. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of grain legume inclusion in lowland rice–wheat (R-W) and upland maize–wheat (M-W) rotation on system’s base crop (rice in lowland and wheat in upland crop rotations) productivity and sustainability and also in soil fertility. Mung bean (April–May) inclusion in R-W rotation increased rice grain yield by 10–14%. In upland, mung bean inclusion in M-W rotation increased wheat grain yield by 5–11%. Replacing wheat with chickpea in R-W rotation increased rice grain yield by 5–8%. Increased base crop productivity in legume inclusive rotations was attributed to significant improvement in panicle (rice) or spike (wheat) attributes. Increased soil organic carbon and available nitrogen and phosphorus in the legume inclusive rotations significantly influenced the base crop productivity in both the production systems. Among the crop rotations, R-W-Mb (in lowland) and M-W-Mb (in upland) rotations had the highest system productivity and net return. Therefore, intensification/diversification of cereal–cereal rotations with grain legume could improve soil fertility and sustain crop productivity.
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Rose, Terry J., Bingah Hardiputra e Zed Rengel. "Wheat, canola and grain legume access to soil phosphorus fractions differs in soils with contrasting phosphorus dynamics". Plant and Soil 326, n. 1-2 (16 aprile 2009): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-9990-4.
Testo completo
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Armstrong, R. D., G. Millar, N. V. Halpin, D. J. Reid e J. Standley. "Using zero tillage, fertilisers and legume rotations to maintain productivity and soil fertility in opportunity cropping systems on a shallow Vertosol". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, n. 2 (2003): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01175.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The effect of 2 tillage practices (zero v. conventional), fertiliser application (nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc), and pulse–cereal rotation on changes in soil mineral nitrogen, plant-available water in the soil, grain yield and protein, and key soil fertility parameters (total nitrogen, organic carbon) in the Central Highlands of Queensland were examined between 1991 and 1998. Four pasture treatments (perennial legume, perennial grass, annual legume and legume–grass mixes) were included in January 1995, following previously unsuccessful attempts to grow lucerne and annual medics. The experiment was conducted as an opportunity cropping system on an open downs soil at Gindie that is representative of a large proportion (70%) of soils in the Central Highlands. Tillage practice did not affect the amount of mineral nitrate or the plant-available water content of the soil at planting, except in 1991 and 1998 when plant-available water content was higher under conventional tillage than zero tillage. However, zero tillage improved grain yield in 2 of 4 years (wheat in 1992; sorghum in 1996), increased uptake of nitrogen in every crop and produced greater grain protein levels in both wheat crops grown than conventional tillage. There were grain responses to nitrogen + phosphorus fertilisers (wheat in 1991 and sorghum in 1997). Grain protein was increased with applications of nitrogen regardless of whether phosphorus was added in 3 of the 4 crops planted. Sowing a pulse did not significantly increase grain yields in the following crop although it did increase soil mineral nitrogen at planting. Soil nitrate remained low in control (P0N0) plots (<39 kg N/ha) when crops were planted each year but increased significantly (average 84 kg N/ha) following a long fallow of 3.5 years resulting from drought. Plant-available water content of the soil at sowing was lower where chickpeas had been grown the previous season than with wheat. Neither tillage practice nor fertiliser application affected soil organic carbon or soil total nitrogen concentrations in the topsoil. However, all pasture treatments improved soil total nitrogen compared with continuous cropping, and with the exception of annual pasture legumes, also improved soil organic carbon after only 2 seasons. Largest improvements in soil fertility (total nitrogen and organic carbon) occurred with perennial species. It was concluded that zero tillage practices can have beneficial impacts on grain yields as well as minimising environmental degradation such as soil erosion in this region. However, if soil fertility levels are to be maintained, or improved, perennial pasture rotations will need to be used as current levels of fertiliser application or rotations with pulses had no significant beneficial effect.
7
Suñer, Liliana, Juan Galantini e Gabriela Minoldo. "Soil Phosphorus Dynamics of Wheat-Based Cropping Systems in the Semiarid Region of Argentina". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/532807.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The dynamics of soil P forms and particle size fractions was studied under three wheat-based cropping sequences in production systems of Argentina. The whole soil and its coarse (100–2000 µm) and fine (0–100 µm) fractions were analyzed to determine Bray-Kurtz extractable (Pe), organic (Po), inorganic (Pi), and total (Pte) phosphorus. The reference soil was determined at time 0 and compared to a four-year period (time 9 to 12) in three crop sequences: wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)-cattle grazing on natural grasses (WG), continuous wheat (WW), and wheat-legume (WL). Levels of Pe showed differences over time, from 10 to 16 µg g−1in WG, in line with agriculture and cattle grazing alternate sequences. In WW, P level increased with time, while in WL systems a significant decrease in P from 33.7 to 10.4 µg P g−1was found during the legume period. Soil P values varied between reference soil and soil samples in year nine and between treatments. Pi was significantly lower in WW, and its concentration increased with time. The coarse fraction of the reference plots had significantly higher levels of Po and Pi than the cultivated treatments, probably a consequence of the particulate organic matter decomposition and coarse mineral particle weathering. The observed changes in Pi content could be attributed to differences in occluded P equilibrium under different soil environments (mainly pH) and crop-tillage-climatic interaction.
8
Singh, D. K., R. Strahan, N. Christodoulou e S. Cawley. "Validating economic and environmental sustainability of a short-term summer forage legume in dryland wheat cropping systems in south-west Queensland". Animal Production Science 49, n. 10 (2009): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09016.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The present study set out to test the hypothesis through field and simulation studies that the incorporation of short-term summer legumes, particularly annual legume lablab (Lablab purpureus cv. Highworth), in a fallow–wheat cropping system will improve the overall economic and environmental benefits in south-west Queensland. Replicated, large plot experiments were established at five commercial properties by using their machineries, and two smaller plot experiments were established at two intensively researched sites (Roma and St George). A detailed study on various other biennial and perennial summer forage legumes in rotation with wheat and influenced by phosphorus (P) supply (10 and 40 kg P/ha) was also carried out at the two research sites. The other legumes were lucerne (Medicago sativa), butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) and burgundy bean (Macroptilium bracteatum). After legumes, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) was sown into the legume stubble. The annual lablab produced the highest forage yield, whereas germination, establishment and production of other biennial and perennial legumes were poor, particularly in the red soil at St George. At the commercial sites, only lablab–wheat rotations were experimented, with an increased supply of P in subsurface soil (20 kg P/ha). The lablab grown at the commercial sites yielded between 3 and 6 t/ha forage yield over 2–3 month periods, whereas the following wheat crop with no applied fertiliser yielded between 0.5 to 2.5 t/ha. The wheat following lablab yielded 30% less, on average, than the wheat in a fallow plot, and the profitability of wheat following lablab was slightly higher than that of the wheat following fallow because of greater costs associated with fallow management. The profitability of the lablab–wheat phase was determined after accounting for the input costs and additional costs associated with the management of fallow and in-crop herbicide applications for a fallow–wheat system. The economic and environmental benefits of forage lablab and wheat cropping were also assessed through simulations over a long-term climatic pattern by using economic (PreCAPS) and biophysical (Agricultural Production Systems Simulation, APSIM) decision support models. Analysis of the long-term rainfall pattern (70% in summer and 30% in winter) and simulation studies indicated that ~50% time a wheat crop would not be planted or would fail to produce a profitable crop (grain yield less than 1 t/ha) because of less and unreliable rainfall in winter. Whereas forage lablab in summer would produce a profitable crop, with a forage yield of more than 3 t/ha, ~90% times. Only 14 wheat crops (of 26 growing seasons, i.e. 54%) were profitable, compared with 22 forage lablab (of 25 seasons, i.e. 90%). An opportunistic double-cropping of lablab in summer and wheat in winter is also viable and profitable in 50% of the years. Simulation studies also indicated that an opportunistic lablab–wheat cropping can reduce the potential runoff + drainage by more than 40% in the Roma region, leading to improved economic and environmental benefits.
9
Rokhsana, Fahima, Rezwana Yeasmin e Akhter Nahar. "Studies on the development and storage stability of legume and vegetable based soup powder". Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 32, n. 3 (8 gennaio 2008): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v32i3.547.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Legumes are important constituents of Bangladeshi diet and provide a considerable portion of dietary proteins, minerals, and vitamins. The ready to eat soup powder prepared from legume and vegetables in the laboratory can provide an improved nutritional status. Incorporating processed rice, corn, and processed wheat flour as the starch source, three different samples of soup powder were prepared. Protein source was derived from legumes and vegetable paste was used as a mineral source. All these three developed formulations have a protein value ranging from 19.00 to 19.40% and calorie content 347 to 353 Kcal/100g (Table 2). Sensory evaluation of the products revealed a reasonable acceptance of the sample prepared from wheat flour. The selected soup powder contains 19.40 percent protein and 350 Kcal of energy per 100g. Commercially available soup powder was compared with all samples in the light of its nutritional values. Protein and energy content of the selected sample is comparable with the commercial one, which contain only 7.77 percent protein and 297 Kcal energy per 100 g. Prepared soup powder is also a good source of carbohydrate and minerals, mainly iron, calcium & phosphorus. Storage study was conducted to determine the shelf life of the developed food product. Statistical analysis shows that there is no significant difference during the storage of the selected soup powder for six months DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v32i3.547Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 32(3) : 451-459, September 2007
10
Doolette, Ashlea, Roger Armstrong, Caixian Tang, Chris Guppy, Sean Mason e Ann McNeill. "Phosphorus uptake benefit for wheat following legume break crops in semi-arid Australian farming systems". Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 113, n. 3 (23 febbraio 2019): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-019-09977-0.
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Pearse, Stuart J., Erik J. Veneklaas, Greg R. Cawthray, Mike D. A. Bolland e Hans Lambers. "Carboxylate release of wheat, canola and 11 grain legume species as affected by phosphorus status". Plant and Soil 288, n. 1-2 (21 settembre 2006): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9099-y.
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Harries, Martin, Ken C. Flower e Craig A. Scanlan. "Sustainability of nutrient management in grain production systems of south-west Australia". Crop and Pasture Science 72, n. 3 (2021): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20403.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Balancing nutrient inputs and exports is essential to maintaining soil fertility in rainfed crop and pasture farming systems. Soil nutrient balances of land used for crop and pasture production in the south-west of Western Australia were assessed through survey data comprising biophysical measurements and farm management records (2010–15) across 184 fields spanning 14 Mha. Key findings were that nitrogen (N) inputs via fertiliser or biological N2 fixation in 60% of fields, and potassium (K) inputs in 90% of fields, were inadequate to balance exports despite increases in fertiliser usage and adjustments to fertiliser inputs based on rotations. Phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) balances were positive in most fields, with only 5% returning losses >5 kg P or 7 kg S/ha. Within each of the three agroecological zones of the survey, fields that had two legume crops (or pastures) in 5 years (i.e. 40% legumes) maintained a positive N balance. At the mean legume inclusion rate observed of 20% a positive partial N budget was still observed for the Northern Agricultural Region (NAR) of 2.8 kg N/ha.year, whereas balances were negative within the Central Agricultural Region (CAR) by 7.0 kg N/ha.year, and the Southern Agricultural Region (SAR) by 15.5 kg N/ha.year. Hence, N budgets in the CAR and SAR were negative by the amount of N removed in ~0.5 t wheat grain, and continuation of current practices in CAR and SAR fields will lead to declining soil fertility. Maintenance of N in the NAR was achieved by using amounts of fertiliser N similar to other regions while harvesting less grain. The ratio of fertiliser N to legume-fixed N added to the soil in the NAR was twice that of the other regions. Across all regions, the ratio of fertiliser N to legume-fixed N added to the soil averaged ~4.0:1, a major change from earlier estimates in this region of 1:20 under ley farming systems. The low contribution of legume N was due to the decline in legume inclusion rate (now 20%), the low legume content in pastures, particularly in the NAR, and improved harvest index of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), the most frequently grown grain legume species. Further quantifications of the effects of changing farming systems on nutrient balances are required to assess the balances more accurately, thereby ensuring that soil fertility is maintained, especially because systems have altered towards more intensive cropping with reduced legume production.
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Aina, A. B. J., N. K. Oyesanya, T. A. Fadipe, O. R. Aina, O. A. Farinde, O. E. Akanbi e O. A. Akinsoyinu. "Ruminal evaluation of nutrient profiles of some legume forages, agricultural by-products and Baobab bark in sheep". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 33, n. 1 (16 gennaio 2021): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v33i1.2149.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The crude protein (CP) ether extract (EE), acid detergent fibre, (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Magnesium (Mg) and Copper (Cu) degradability profiles of two legume forages (Tephrosia bracteolata and Stylosanthes hamata), two agricultural by-products (wheat ofsal and Rice bran) and Adansonia digitata (Baobab) bark that usually form part of feed materials commonly used in compounding small ruminant concentrate seed were estimated using nylon-bag technique, based on 5x 5 factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design in 2-way classification Factor A was the different feedstuffs (Tephrosia, Stylo, Baobak bark, Whear offal and Rice bran) while factor B was the different incubation periods (0, 6, 12, 24 and 48h) using individual animal as replicate. Results indicated that as incubation periods increased, the extent of disappearance of the test nutrients of each sample increased while the rate of degradation of each sample varied according/y: The trends of the extent of nutrient disappearance were in the following order: CP: Tephrosia (15.2 +0.14%) > Wheat offal (13.10+0.13%) > Stylo (12.24+0.36)> Rice bran (5.76 + 0.09%) > Baobab bark (3.05 +0.33%) EE: Stylo (9.53 + 0.2296) > Rice bran (5.74 +0.27%) > Wheat offal (2.13 +0.34%)= Baobab bark /2.13 + 0.33%)> Tephrosia (0.35 +0.7394). ADF: Rice bran (53.94 + 7.21%)> Baobab bark (46.87 + 5.34%)> Stylo (34.37+3.07%)> Tephrosia (31.01+4.46%)>Wheat offal (27.50 + 2.0896). NDF: Rice bran (58.11+6.29%)>Baobab bark (47.26+7.12%)>Tephrosia (44.14+3.05%)>Stylo (40.46+3.2296)>Wheat offal (25.29+4.21%) Ca: Tephrosia (0.855+0.18%)> Stylo (0.843+0.19%)> Rice bran (0.308+0.09%)> Wheat offal (0.204+0.04%)>Baobab bark (0.140+0.09%). P: Wheat offal (3.09+0.26%)> Rice bran (1.95+0,10%)> Baobab bark (0.76+0.21%)>Stylo (0.45+0.19%)> Tephrosia (0.09+0.01%). Mg: Tephrosia (0.495+0.31%)>Rice bran (0.234+0.21%)>Wheat offal (0.179+0.30%)>Stylo (0.160+0.23%)>Baobab bark (0.1/6+0.23%) Cu! Stylo (46.65+8. 1796)>Rice bran (37.79+4.7%)>Baobab hark (26.89+2.6%)>Tephrosia (18.51+2.70%)>Wheat ofsal (11.44+2.8%). Baobab bark was the least and slowest in the extent and rate of nutrients released into the rumen. Rice bran was also the second highest in terms of fast release of EE, P, Mg and Cu into the rume, suggesting that it can supply a reasonable level of EE, P, Mg and Cu, in addition to fastest release of +DF and NDF when fed or included in the concentrate supplement for ruminants. Wheat offal is also reasonably rich in crude protein and phosphorus. The two agricultural by-products are therefore good sources of nutrients for ruminants. The two legume forages (Tephrosia and Stylo) are fairly richer in CP, EE, Ca, Mg and Cw than other feedstuffs and they readily released their nutrients faster, and to a larger extent, than other feedstuffs. The inclusion of the two forages in the concentrate supplement, or fed as hay or silage can therefore be recommended in ruminant production, particularly when fast release of the nutrients is required while Baobab bark can be recommended when slow release of nutrient will be beneficial to the requirement of the animal
14
Ajal, James, e Martin Weih. "Nutrient Accumulation Pattern in Mixtures of Wheat and Faba Bean Is Strongly Influenced by Cultivar Choice and Co-Existing Weeds". Biology 11, n. 5 (20 aprile 2022): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11050630.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cereal–legume mixtures are often associated with higher yields than the components grown as sole crops, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The study aims to evaluate how different cultivars in a two-species wheat–faba bean mixture influence above- and below-ground nitrogen (N) accumulation in the plant biomass, whether crop mixing affected the accumulation of other nutrients relative to the accumulation of N and phosphorus (P), and how the nutrient accumulation pattern in sole crops and mixtures is influenced by weed competition. Using a growth container experiment, we investigate nutrient accumulation patterns on specific wheat and faba bean cultivars grown as sole crops and mixtures, and with and without weed competition. We found that cereals in the mixture accumulated more N than in the sole crops, and the cultivar used influenced biomass accumulation in the legumes. Competition from weeds reduced the amount of plant N pools accumulated in the crop plant biomass. Based on stoichiometric scaling exponents, the plant neighbor affected the accumulation of other nutrients relative to the accumulation of N and P. These results are relevant for species and cultivar selection, all of which are important prerequisites for maximizing mixture performance.
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Nuruzzaman, M., Hans Lambers, Mike DA Bolland e Erik J. Veneklaas. "Phosphorus benefits of different legume crops to subsequent wheat grown in different soils of Western Australia". Plant and Soil 271, n. 1-2 (aprile 2005): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-2386-6.
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Wang, Ying, Petra Marschner e Fusuo Zhang. "Phosphorus pools and other soil properties in the rhizosphere of wheat and legumes growing in three soils in monoculture or as a mixture of wheat and legume". Plant and Soil 354, n. 1-2 (25 novembre 2011): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-1065-7.
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Mesfin, Shimbahri, Girmay Gebresamuel, Mitiku Haile, Amanuel Zenebe e Girma Desta. "Mineral Fertilizer Demand for Optimum Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Yield Potentials of Legumes in Northern Ethiopia". Sustainability 12, n. 16 (10 agosto 2020): 6449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166449.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Farmers in Northern Ethiopia integrate legumes in their cropping systems to improve soil fertility. However, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) potentials of different legumes and their mineral nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) demands for optimum BNF and yields are less studied. This study aimed to generate the necessary knowledge to enable development of informed nutrient management recommendations, guide governmental public policy and assist farmer decision making. The experiment was conducted at farmers’ fields with four N levels, three P levels, and three replications. Nodule number and dry biomass per plant were assessed. Nitrogen difference method was used to estimate the amount of fixed N by assuming legume BNF was responsible for differences in plant N and soil mineral N measured between legume treatments and wheat. The result revealed that the highest grain yields of faba bean (2531 kg ha−1), field pea (2493 kg ha−1) and dekeko (1694 kg ha−1) were recorded with the combined application of 20 kg N ha−1 and 20 kg P ha−1. Faba bean, field pea and dekeko also fixed 97, 38 and 49 kg N ha−1, respectively, with the combined application of 20 kg N ha−1 and 20 kg P ha−1; however, lentil fixed 20 kg ha−1 with the combined application of 10 kg N ha−1 and 10 kg P ha−1. The average BNF of legumes in the average of all N and P interaction rates were 67, 23, 32 and 16 kg N ha−1 for faba bean, field pea, dekeko and lentil, respectively. Moreover, faba bean, field pea, dekeko and lentil accumulated a surplus soil N of 37, 21, 26 and 13 kg ha−1, respectively, over the wheat plot. The application of 20 kg N ha−1 and 20 kg P ha−1 levels alone and combined significantly (p < 0.05) increased the nodulation, BNF and yield of legumes; however, 46 kg N ha-1 significantly decreased BNF. This indicated that the combination of 20 kg N ha−1 and 20 kg P ha−1 levels is what mineral fertilizer demands to optimize the BNF and yield of legumes. The results of this study can lead to the development of policy and farmer guidelines, as intensification of the use of legumes supplied with starter N and P fertilizers in Northern Ethiopian cropping systems has the multiple benefits of enhancing inputs of fixed N, improving the soil N status for following crops, and becoming a sustainable option for sustainable soil fertility management practice.
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Rose, Terry J., Rachel H. Wood, Deirdre B. Gleeson, M. T. Rose e L. Van Zwieten. "Removal of phosphorus in residues of legume or cereal plants determines growth of subsequently planted wheat in a high phosphorus fixing soil". Biology and Fertility of Soils 52, n. 8 (13 agosto 2016): 1085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-016-1143-3.
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Khan, Imad, Amanullah, Aftab Jamal, Adil Mihoub, Omer Farooq, Muhammad Farhan Saeed, Mancinelli Roberto, Emanuele Radicetti, Adil Zia e Muhammad Azam. "Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Organic Supplements Increased Wheat Productivity and Profitability under Limited and Assured Irrigation Regimes". Agriculture 12, n. 11 (24 ottobre 2022): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111754.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Crop wastes could be applied in conjunction with synthetic fertilizers to satisfy crop nutritional needs and enhance soil fertility. A field experiment was carried out during winter 2019–2020 at the AMK Research Farm (Palatoo) Mardan, KPK (Pakistan) to investigate the combined effect of phosphorous (PS) and organic sources (OSs) on wheat productivity under different irrigation regimes. The experimental factors were: two irrigation regimes (limited and full irrigation), three inorganic sources of phosphorus (triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP) and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP)) applied at 90 kg ha−1, and three organic amendments (farmyard manure (FYM), mung bean residue (MBR), and canola residue (CR)) applied at a rate of 10 t ha−1. A control plot (no phosphorus or organic supply) was included. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was adopted. Among the fertilization strategies, SSP + FYM outperformed all other P fertilizers combined with legume or nonlegume residues in terms of grains per spike−1 (52), thousand-grain weight (41.6 g), biological yield (9.7 t ha−1), and grain yield (4 t ha−1). Under full irrigation, improved yield, yield components, and profits were obtained compared to the limited irrigation regime. Three clusters were obtained after applying an Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) conferred the positive effects of inorganic P with FYM on the wheat yield and its related parameters. This study indicated that the productivity of wheat under the SSP + FYM fertilization strategy was found to be more economical with respect to the benefit–cost ratio (BCR). The combined application of SSP + FYM was more profitable in terms of a higher BCR (3.25) than other treatments under the full irrigation regime.
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Song, Yantao, Guangdi Li e Richard Lowrie. "Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus resorption improves wheat grain yield in rotation with legume crops in south-eastern Australia". Soil and Tillage Research 209 (maggio 2021): 104978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.104978.
Testo completo
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Miheguli, Rehemuti, Jeff J. Schoenau e Paul G. Jefferson. "Yield and Uptake of Phosphorus by Wheat and Canola Grown after Two Years of Forage Legume and Annual Crops". American Journal of Plant Sciences 09, n. 09 (2018): 1807–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2018.99132.
Testo completo
22
Campbell, C. A., F. Selles, J. T. Harapiak e G. P. Lafond. "Relative cost to soil fertility of long-term crop production without fertilization". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, n. 3 (1 luglio 1996): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-071.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
An earlier analysis of yield trends of stubble-wheat in six cropping systems, over 35 yr, in a thin Black Chernozemic soil at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, showed that fertilizer improved soil quality, while absence of fertilizer, combined with frequent fallowing, led to soil degradation. The inclusion of a legume green manure crop in the rotation failed to maintain soil fertility, apparently because legumes do not supply P. Because the fertility and stored moisture effects were confounded, we conducted a growth chamber experiment to quantify soil responses to N and P in these six cropping systems. Soil from the top 15-cm of the rotation phase that had just grown two successive wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops was used. Various factorial combinations of ammonium nitrate-N and triple superphosphate-P were applied at N/P2O5 rates up to 200/200 kg ha−1. Soil moisture was maintained in the available range. Regression analysis showed that the fallow-wheat-wheat (F-W-W) and continuous wheat (Cont W) systems that had not been fertilized in 35 yr, and which had moderate amounts of NaHCO3-P, only responded to N. In contrast, the green manure (GM)- and hay (H)- containing systems, which had also not been fertilized before had low levels of NaHCO3-P and responded to both N and P. In the field, the yields of wheat grown on stubble in 1991 rated: Cont W (N + P) > F-W-W (N + P) > F-W-W-H-H-H > Cont W > GM-W-W > F-W-W. However, in the growth chamber the rating was: Cont W (N + P) > F-W-W-H-H-H > GM-W-W > Cont W > F-W-W (N + P) > F-W-W. We suggest that the growth chamber results more accurately reflect the present fertility status of these soils, because fertility is no longer confounded with soil moisture. Grain yields in the growth chamber were directly proportional to the previously measured initial potential rate of N mineralization, indicating the value of the latter parameter as a useful index of soil N fertility. Key words: Nitrogen, phosphorus, soil degradation, legumes, fertilizers
23
Gallaher, Courtney, e Sieglinde S. Snapp. "Organic management and legume presence maintained phosphorus bioavailability in a 17-year field crop experiment". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, n. 3 (31 ottobre 2013): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000380.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractLegumes have been shown to enhance bioavailability of phosphorus (P) from sparingly soluble pools, yet this functional trait remains underutilized in agriculture, and is untested at decadal scales. Management and legume presence effects on temporal soil properties were evaluated in a 17-year field crop experiment using soil samples collected in 1992, 2000 and 2006. Management systems compared included: (1) conventional corn–soybean–wheat rotation (C–S–W), (2) organic (C–S–W+red clover), (3) alfalfa and (4) early successional field. To evaluate the effects of long-term management versus recent management (residues and P fertilizer) on P and bio-availability to soybean, subplots of soybean were established with and without P-fertilizer (30 kg P ha−1), and compared to subplots and main plot with the long-term system. We evaluated soil properties (C, total P, Bray extractable inorganic P, particulate organic matter phosphorus) and soybean P uptake, biomass and yield. Recent fertilizer P inputs had no detectable influence on soil P, and total soil P stayed stable at ~350 mg P kg−1, whereas inorganic P (Pi) declined from an initial value of 54 to an average of 35 mg P kg−1. A P balance was constructed and showed a net loss of −96.7 kg P ha−1 yr−1 for the organic system, yet Bray-Pi and soybean P uptake were maintained under organic production at similar levels to the conventional, fertilized system. Particulate organic matter P was 57, 82 and 128% higher in organic, alfalfa and successional treatments, respectively, compared to conventional. A similar pattern was observed for soil C, soybean yield and bioavailable P, which were 20–50% higher in the organic, alfalfa and successional systems relative to conventional. This study provides evidence that long-term management history influences bioavailability of P.
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Rose, Terry J., Paul Damon e Zed Rengel. "Phosphorus-efficient faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes enhance subsequent wheat crop growth in an acid and an alkaline soil". Crop and Pasture Science 61, n. 12 (2010): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10205.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a carboxylate-exuding legume that enhances the phosphorus (P) nutrition of subsequently grown cereals. In an earlier study we found variation in soil P acquisition among 50 faba bean genotypes, but little is known about the rhizosphere processes that may contribute to P efficiency and whether these processes impact on the growth of subsequent cereal crops. In this study, we investigated rhizosphere dynamics (P fractions depleted, pH and carboxylate exudation) in three P-inefficient and five P-efficient faba bean genotypes in a glasshouse study on soils differing in P dynamics. The results suggest that P efficiency in the acidic soil was not driven by rhizosphere processes, consistent with earlier findings that root growth parameters contributed to P efficiency in this soil. In contrast, in the alkaline soil the most P-efficient genotypes had the highest malate exudation, which might enhance P solubilisation. For the first time, we showed a faba bean genotype-specific enhancement of growth and P uptake of subsequently grown wheat plants. This genotypic variation could be exploited to further increase the benefit of faba beans in rotation with wheat on P-limited soils.
25
Anil, Ajin S., Vinod K. Sharma, Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta, Chittar M. Parihar, Siba P. Datta, Mandira Barman, Kapil A. Chobhe, Chiranjeev Kumawat, Abhik Patra e Surendra Singh Jatav. "Impact of Long-Term Conservation Agriculture Practices on Phosphorus Dynamics under Maize-Based Cropping Systems in a Sub-Tropical Soil". Land 11, n. 9 (5 settembre 2022): 1488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091488.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Over the past decade, scientific studies have increasingly concentrated on the effects of global phosphorus (P) scarcity on food security. A comprehensive strategy that considers demand reduction and recycling possibilities is needed to address the global P scarcity. Reduced tillage along with crop residue retention could decrease fixation of P in soil, improve labile P content and enhance organic-P (Po) buildup and its mineralization by phosphatases; this could be an extra benefit of conservation agriculture (CA) in soils. To study the impact of long-term CA on soil organic and inorganic P fractions and their distribution, a long-term field trial was conducted under a maize-based cropping system with different tillage (zero tillage (ZT), permanent bed (PB) and conventional till (CT) and cropping system (maize–wheat–mungbean (MWMb), maize–chickpea–sesbania (MCS), maize–mustard–mungbean (MMuMb) and maize–maize–sesbania (MMS)). Phosphorus dynamics were studied through sequential fractionation (organic and inorganic P) at 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. The findings showed that a higher amount of soluble and loosely bound P (SL-P) was detected in ZT among the inorganic P fractions, whereas iron-bound P (Fe-P), aluminum-bound P (Al-P), reductant soluble P (RES-P) and calcium-bound P (Ca-P) were found higher in CT in both soil depths. Among Organic-P fractions, moderately labile and non-labile Po was found higher in PB and ZT but, in the case of labile Po, it was found insignificant with respect to tillage operations. Significant synergistic effects of winter legume (chickpea) with summer legumes (sesbania and mungbean) in crop rotation were observed on SL-P, Labile Po, Humic acid-Po, Alkaline phosphatase and MBP at 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depths. Given the potential relevance of understanding P dynamics for efficient P management in long-term conservation agriculture practices, our findings offers critical new insight for the P management for sustainable development.
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Craig, J. P., e R. R. Weil. "Nitrate Leaching to a Shallow Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain Aquifer as Influenced by Conventional No-Till and Low-Input Sustainable Grain Production Systems". Water Science and Technology 28, n. 3-5 (1 agosto 1993): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0475.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In December, 1987, the states in the Chesapeake Bay region, along with the federal government, signed an agreement which called for a 40% reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus loadings to the Bay by the year 2000. To accomplish this goal, major reductions in nutrient loadings associated with agricultural management practices were deemed necessary. The objective of this study was to determine if reducing fertilizer inputs to the NT system would result in a reduction in nitrogen contamination of groundwater. In this study, groundwater, soil, and percolate samples were collected from two cropping systems. The first system was a conventional no-till (NT) grain production system with a two-year rotation of corn/winter wheat/double crop soybean. The second system, denoted low-input sustainable agriculture (LISA), produced the same crops using a winter legume and relay-cropped soybeans into standing wheat to reduce nitrogen and herbicide inputs. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in groundwater were significantly lower under the LISA system. Over 80% of the NT groundwater samples had NO3-N concentrations greater than 10 mgl-1, compared to only 4% for the LISA cropping system. Significantly lower soil mineral N to a depth of 180 cm was also observed. The NT soil had nearly twice as much mineral N present in the 90-180 cm portion than the LISA cropping system.
27
Yan, Jun, Xiao Zeng Han, Zhao Jun Ji, Yan Li, En Tao Wang, Zhi Hong Xie e Wen Feng Chen. "Abundance and Diversity of Soybean-Nodulating Rhizobia in Black Soil Are Impacted by Land Use and Crop Management". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, n. 17 (20 giugno 2014): 5394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01135-14.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACTTo investigate the effects of land use and crop management on soybean rhizobial communities, 280 nodule isolates were trapped from 7 fields with different land use and culture histories. Besides the knownBradyrhizobium japonicum, three novel genospecies were isolated from these fields. Grassland (GL) maintained a higher diversity of soybean bradyrhizobia than the other cultivation systems. Two genospecies (Bradyrhizobiumspp. I and III) were distributed widely in all treatments, whileBradyrhizobiumsp. II was found only in GL treatment. Cultivation with soybeans increased the rhizobial abundance and diversity, except for the soybean monoculture (S-S) treatment. In monoculture systems, soybeans favoredBradyrhizobiumsp. I, while maize and wheat favoredBradyrhizobiumsp. III. Fertilization decreased the rhizobial diversity indexes but did not change the species composition. The organic carbon (OC) and available phosphorus (AP) contents and pH were the main soil parameters positively correlated with the distribution ofBradyrhizobiumspp. I and II andBradyrhizobium japonicumand negatively correlated withBradyrhizobiumsp. III. These results revealed that different land uses and crop management could not only alter the diversity and abundance of soybean rhizobia, but also change interactions between rhizobia and legume or nonlegume plants, which offered novel information about the biogeography of rhizobia.
28
Pismennaya, Elena Vyacheslavovna, Margarita Yuryevna Azarova e Lyudmila Gennadievna Kurasova. "Influence of winter wheat varieties and precursors on soil fertility, grain yield and quality in Stavropol territory". Agrarian Scientific Journal, n. 8 (31 agosto 2020): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i8pp32-37.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Research was conducted on the basis of JSC "Agrohleboprodukt" branch "Agrokevsalinsky" Ipatovsky district of Stavropol territory in 2017-2019 to determine the feasibility of sowing varieties of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on sunflower and chickpeas with No-till technology. The production experience was carried out on an area of 3000 m2. The scheme of the experiment is 2-factors: varieties (factor A) – Zustrich (St.), Bagira, Bagrat; precursors (factor B) – sunflower and chickpeas.
The climate of the zone is arid. The average annual temperature is 10.3°С. The average annual precipitation is 36.1 mm. The soil of the farm is dark chestnut carbonate heavy loam. Indicators of water resistance (for sunflower and chickpeas was 49.5 – 49.9 % and 66.7 – 68.2 % respectively) and the coefficient of structure (1.9 – 2.1 and 2.1 – 2.3 respectively) of dark chestnut soil before sowing varieties of winter wheat had optimal values for all predecessors. On average, the soil density for the growing season for sunflower is 1.28 g/cm3, chickpeas – 1.20 g/cm3. For varieties from sowing to the full ripeness phase, the soil density increases by 4.8 % and 2.5 % respectively. On average, the reserve of productive moisture for the growing season for sunflower is 64.7 g/cm3, chickpeas – 76.2 g/cm3. The greatest moisture availability is observed when sowing sunflower and chickpeas in the Bagrat variety – 66.2 mm and 78.8 mm respectively.
The content of humus in the soils of the farm is 2.62 – 2.69 %, exchange potassium – 362.5 – 400.5 mg/kg; mobile phosphorus – 32.7 – 37.0 mg/kg; nitrogen – 13.4 – 13.9 mg/kg. In terms of humus content during the growing period, Bagrat varieties have the highest indicators for sunflower and legume precursors (2.62 % and 2.70 %), as well as for exchange potassium, mobile phosphorus and nitrogen (365.7 – 403.0 mg/kg; 33.2 – 37.4 mg/kg; 14.4 – 14.9 mg/kg).
The average yield for sunflower and chickpea varieties is 4.44 t/ha and 4.67 t/ha respectively. Bagrat variety proved to be the most productive for both predecessors (for sunflower – 4.72 t/ha, for chickpeas – 5.00 t/ha) with high grain quality indicators (the amount of raw gluten – 27.1 %, nature – 726.4 g/l, vitreous – 86.3 %). The constructed trend models reflected a very high relationship between the predecessors, soil fertility indicators and winter wheat yield (r=1.0).
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Perfilyev, N. V., e O. A. Vyushina. "Agrophysical and agrochemical properties of dark grey forest soils under different systems of basic tillage". Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 51, n. 3 (29 luglio 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2021-3-2.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The effect of long-term use of different systems of basic tillage of dark grey forest soils on the agrophysical properties, nutrient regime and yield of grain crops in grain-fallow crop rotations was determined. The study was carried out in the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals in a stationary experiment in 1996-2018. The traditional moldboard and resource-saving systems of basic tillage were studied. The experiment took place during the third-sixth rotations of two grain-fallow crop rotations spread in time and space: bare fallow - winter rye - spring wheat - spring vetch - spring barley; bare fallow - winter rye - spring wheat - spring wheat - spring barley. When cultivating a grain crop that completes a grain-fallow crop rotation, in the fourth field after the fallow with a legume forecrop (spring vetch), it is advisable to use systems of basic tillage with elements of minimization. These include non-moldboard and combined tillage with subsurface loosening by a plow with SibIME tines to a depth of 20-22 cm differentiated with stubble-mulch at 12-14 cm and disk harrowing at 10-12 cm. The studied tillage systems ensured the conditions of the water regime, soil composition and nutritional regime close to the moldboard tillage system. The yield of barley almost equal to the moldboard system was formed: against the background of natural land fertility - 2.97-3.03 t/ha, with the use of N40P40P40 - 3.47-3.65 t/ha. Application of tillage systems with minimization elements in a grain-fallow crop rotation without planting a leguminous crop with a given crop for a repeated grain crop (wheat) led to the following results. Productive moisture availability in the soil layer 0-1.0 m decreased by 8.6-28.0%, the nutrient regime worsened significantly, especially nitrogen (by 15.5-43.8%) and phosphorus (by 39.1-51.1%), with the negative differentiation of soil fertility, and reduction of grain yield by 0.09-0.40 t/ha.
30
Reuter, DJ, CB Dyson, DE Elliott, DC Lewis e CL Rudd. "An appraisal of soil phosphorus testing data for crops and pastures in South Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, n. 7 (1995): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950979.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Data from more than 580 field experiments conducted in South Australia over the past 30 years have been re-examined to estimate extractable soil phosphorus (P) levels related to 90% maximum yield (C90) for 7 crop species (wheat, barley, oilseed rape, sunflower, field peas, faba beans, potato) and 3 types of legume-based pasture (subterranean clover, strawberry clover, annual medics). Data from both single-year and longer term experiments were evaluated. The C90 value for each species was derived from the relationship between proportional yield responsiveness to applied P fertiliser rates (determined as grain yield in crops and herbage yield in ungrazed pastures) and extractable P concentrations in surface soils sampled before sowing. Most data assessments involved the Colwell soil P test and soils sampled in autumn to 10 cm depth. When all data for a species were considered together, the relationship between proportional yield response to applied P and soil P status was typically variable, particularly where Colwell soil P concentration was around C90. When data could be grouped according to common soil types, soil surface texture, or P sorption indices (selected sites), better relationships were discerned. From such segregated data sets, different C90 estimates were derived for either different soil types or soil properties. We recommend that site descriptors associated with the supply of soil P to plant roots be determined as a matter of course in future P fertiliser experiments in South Australia. Given the above, we also contend that the Colwell soil P test is reasonably robust for estimating P fertiliser requirements for the diverse range of soils in the agricultural regions of the State. In medium- and longer term experiments, changes in Colwell soil P concentration were measured in the absence or presence of newly applied P fertiliser. The rate of change (mg soil P/kg per kg applied P/ha) appeared to vary with soil type (or soil properties) and, perhaps, cropping frequency. Relatively minor changes in soil P status were observed due to different tillage practices. In developing P fertiliser budgets, we conclude that a major knowledge gap exists for estimating the residual effectiveness of P fertiliser applied to diverse soil types under a wide range of South Australian farming systems.
31
Lester, David W., Colin J. Birch e Chris W. Dowling. "Fertiliser N and P applications on two Vertosols in north-eastern Australia. 2. Grain P concentration and P removal in grain from two long-term experiments". Crop and Pasture Science 60, n. 3 (2009): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08232.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Within north-eastern Australia’s grain-production region there are few reports outlining nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertiliser effects on grain P concentration and P removal in grain. Two long-term N × P fertiliser experiments with different cultivation durations were conducted, one at ‘Colonsay’ on the Darling Downs in southern Queensland (commencing 1985 after 40 years of cultivation), and the other at ‘Myling’ on the north-west plains of New South Wales (commencing 1996 after 9 years of cultivation). Applications of N and P fertiliser independently influenced both grain P concentration and P removal for a range of summer and winter cereal and legume crops. Generally, if N fertiliser application increased grain yield, the grain P concentration decreased as grain yield increased; however, if grain yield did not respond to N fertiliser, grain P concentration was unaffected. P fertiliser applications typically increased grain P concentration. Wheat and barley grain P concentrations were generally higher in this subtropical region than reported values from temperate regions in Australia. Grain sorghum values were similar to those from subtropical areas overseas, but were greater than reported values from more tropical production zones. Mungbean and chickpea grain P concentrations were consistent with other reported values. Experimental results indicated grain P concentrations for estimating grain P removal in the northern grains region of 3400 mg/kg for sorghum, 3500 mg/kg for wheat and barley, and 4000–4500 mg/kg for mungbean. At both sites, grain P removal was greater with summer and winter cereals than with legume crops. Larger grain yields with N fertiliser application had the largest influence on grain P removal at the Colonsay site, with an additional 23.3 kg P/ha removed from plots with 80 kg N/ha applied compared with nil N over 5 analysed crops from 1998 to 2003. Grain P removal was 20.9, 17.1, and 19.7 kg P/ha in the 3 sorghum crops at this site in this period. Thus, application of P at 10 kg P/ha.crop for this 5-crop study period did not replace P removed. In the predominantly winter-cropped Myling experiment with a shorter duration of cultivation and smaller N fertiliser response, cumulative removal was more influenced by P fertiliser, with 10 kg fertiliser P/ha.crop generally sufficient to provide replacement P. These results support findings of negative P balances recently reported for grain production in this region and suggest a need for further investigation into the implications of a continuing negative P balance on the sustainability of grain production.
32
Lester, David W., Colin J. Birch e Chris W. Dowling. "Corrigendum to: Fertiliser N and P applications on two Vertosols in north-eastern Australia. 2. Grain P concentration and P removal in grain from two long-term experiments". Crop and Pasture Science 61, n. 2 (2010): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08232_co.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Within north-eastern Australia's grain-production region there are few reports outlining nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertiliser effects on grain P concentration and P removal in grain. Two long-term N�נP fertiliser experiments with different cultivation durations were conducted, one at ?Colonsay' on the Darling Downs in southern Queensland (commencing 1985 after 40 years of cultivation), and the other at ?Myling' on the north-west plains of New South Wales (commencing 1996 after 9 years of cultivation). Applications of N and P fertiliser independently influenced both grain P concentration and P removal for a range of summer and winter cereal and legume crops. Generally, if N fertiliser application increased grain yield, the grain P concentration decreased as grain yield increased; however, if grain yield did not respond to N fertiliser, grain P concentration was unaffected. P fertiliser applications typically increased grain P concentration. Wheat and barley grain P concentrations were generally higher in this subtropical region than reported values from temperate regions in Australia. Grain sorghum values were similar to those from subtropical areas overseas, but were greater than reported values from more tropical production zones. Mungbean and chickpea grain P concentrations were consistent with other reported values. Experimental results indicated grain P concentrations for estimating grain P removal in the northern grains region of 3400�mg/kg for sorghum, 3500�mg/kg for wheat and barley, and 4000–4500�mg/kg for mungbean. At both sites, grain P removal was greater with summer and winter cereals than with legume crops. Larger grain yields with N fertiliser application had the largest influence on grain P removal at the Colonsay site, with an additional 23.3�kg�P/ha removed from plots with 80�kg�N/ha applied compared with nil N over 5 analysed crops from 1998 to 2003. Grain P removal was 20.9, 17.1, and 19.7�kg�P/ha in the 3 sorghum crops at this site in this period. Thus, application of P at 10�kg�P/ha.crop for this 5-crop study period did not replace P removed. In the predominantly winter-cropped Myling experiment with a shorter duration of cultivation and smaller N fertiliser response, cumulative removal was more influenced by P fertiliser, with 10�kg fertiliser P/ha.crop generally sufficient to provide replacement P. These results support findings of negative P balances recently reported for grain production in this region and suggest a need for further investigation into the implications of a continuing negative P balance on the sustainability of grain production.
33
MANNA, M. C., P. K. GHOSH, B. N. GHOSH e K. N. SINGH. "Comparative effectiveness of phosphate-enriched compost and single superphosphate on yield, uptake of nutrients and soil quality under soybean–wheat rotation". Journal of Agricultural Science 137, n. 1 (agosto 2001): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859601008942.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Low organic matter concentration coupled with low native soil phosphorus (P) concentrations is a major constraint limiting the productivity of a soybean–wheat system on Vertisols in the Indian semi-arid tropics. In a 3-year field study (1996–99), the performance of four different composts obtained from legume straw (Glycine max Merr.L), cereal straw (Triticum aestivum), oilseed straw (Brassica juncea L.) and city rubbish were compared, and also with chemical fertilizers in terms of degree of maturity, quality of compost, improvement in soil organic matter, biological activities of soil and yields of soybean and wheat. Phospho-sulpho-nitrocomposts (phosphocomposts) were prepared containing approximately 2·5 to 4·2% P and 1·4 to 2·3% N, in an aerobic decomposition process for 4 months by adding an aqueous slurry of 1:1 (dry weight) cow dung, 2·2% P in the form of low grade Mussorie phosphate rock (7·5% P), 10% pyrite (S, 22·2%) and 0·5% urea N, and bioinoculums such as the cellulose decomposers Paecilomyces fusisporus and Aspergillus awamori, and P-solubilizing organisms i.e. Bacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas striata. The maturity indexes were strongly associated with the source of materials, chemical composition and degree of decomposition. The matured composts had lower C/N ratios (8·2 to 21·7) and water soluble carbohydrates (0·23 to 0·43%) and larger ratios of cation exchange capacity/total organic carbon (CEC/TOC) and lignin/cellulose than the initial. The matured compost increased total P, water soluble P, citrate soluble P, total N and NO3-N and the application of phosphocompost at the rate of 10 t/ha gave plant growth dry matter accumulation, seed yield and P uptake by soybean equivalent to single superphosphate at 26·2 kg P/ha. The continuous turnover of enriched phosphocompost increased soil microbial biomass C and the activity of enzymes compared to application of chemical fertilizer.
34
Shalygina, A. A. "INFLUENCE OF CLOVER SIDERATION ON THE QUALITY INDICATORS OF WINTER WHEAT". Scientific Life 16, n. 4 (2021): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2021-16-4-477-484.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Grain production, in which winter wheat occupies the main place, is the leading branch of agriculture of the RSO – Alania. It largely determines the overall financial results of many agricultural enterprises. However, in recent years, the republic has practically stopped growing strong wheat. In some years, the state's procurement amounted to 20 thousand tons or more. The production of valuable winter wheat has significantly decreased. Studies show that obtaining high yields of winter cereals can go not only due to new varieties, modern chemicalization, the use of high doses of mineral fertilizers, but also due to the improvement of agricultural techniques for its cultivation. Therefore, at present there is a need to search for cost-effective technologies, the introduction of which will reduce the cost of production while increasing the productivity of the crop, with high-quality indicators of winter wheat grain, with the condition of preserving the fertility of the soil and the environment. One of the attempts to solve this problem was the use of sown clover seedling for winter wheat. Enriching the soil with nutrients, including nitrogen, clover biomass contributed to obtaining not only a high yield of winter wheat, but also grain with high quality indicators corresponding to strong wheat. To obtain strong wheat, a system, a complex of organizational and agrotechnical measures is necessary, which includes many components: the right choice of a predecessor, the place of winter wheat in the crop rotation; high-quality seeds that correspond to high reproductions, sowing conditions, optimal sowing times and seeding rates, high-quality tillage, timely care and protection of winter wheat crops from pests, diseases and weeds, fertile fertilized soil, harvesting in optimal terms and without losses. Increasing soil fertility through the use of legume siderate (clover) is a cheap and profitable way, one of the links of the soil protection system of agriculture. In the areas of the forest-steppe zone, against the background of high agricultural technology, but without special additional techniques, strong wheat does not work. The main factors limiting the quality of grain in these areas are lodging, high contamination, diseases, lack of nitrogen, abundance of precipitation falling during the period of filling, grain maturation and harvesting. In this regard, various options for growing winter wheat in (2017-2019) were studied in the experimental field of the SCNIIGPSH VNC RAS in a stationary crop rotation, according to the scheme: 1. Oats for green feed, followed by semi-steam tillage-control; 2. Harvesting of sown clover for green feed in the budding-flowering phase followed by plowing; 3. Plowing of sown clover in the budding-flowering phase. In the experiment, clover was used as an intermediate green fertilizer, since it uses only part of the growing season. Clover was planted under the cover of the main crop-oats for green feed. The soil of the experimental site is leached chernozem of heavy loamy mechanical composition with the occurrence of pebbles at a depth of 30-35 cm. Agrochemical indicators: The content of humus is 5-6%, total nitrogen is 0.40%, phosphorus is 0.20-0.30% and potassium is 1.62-1.90%, PH=5.7. Meteorological conditions during the years of research were diverse in terms of heat supply. Significant fluctuations were observed both in the amount and distribution of precipitation, and in the temperature regime, which caused the unequal intensity of meteorological factors in general.
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Cominelli, Eleonora, Roberto Pilu e Francesca Sparvoli. "Phytic Acid and Transporters: What Can We Learn from low phytic acid Mutants?" Plants 9, n. 1 (5 gennaio 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010069.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Phytic acid has two main roles in plant tissues: Storage of phosphorus and regulation of different cellular processes. From a nutritional point of view, it is considered an antinutritional compound because, being a cation chelator, its presence reduces mineral bioavailability from the diet. In recent decades, the development of low phytic acid (lpa) mutants has been an important goal for nutritional seed quality improvement, mainly in cereals and legumes. Different lpa mutations affect phytic acid biosynthetic genes. However, other lpa mutations isolated so far, affect genes coding for three classes of transporters: A specific group of ABCC type vacuolar transporters, putative sulfate transporters, and phosphate transporters. In the present review, we summarize advances in the characterization of these transporters in cereals and legumes. Particularly, we describe genes, proteins, and mutants for these different transporters, and we report data of in silico analysis aimed at identifying the putative orthologs in some other cereal and legume species. Finally, we comment on the advantage of using such types of mutants for crop biofortification and on their possible utility to unravel links between phosphorus and sulfur metabolism (phosphate and sulfate homeostasis crosstalk).
36
Pszczółkowska, Agnieszka, Adam Okorski, Jacek Olszewski, Gabriel Fordoński, Sławomir Krzebietke e Alina Chareńska. "Effects of pre-preceding leguminous crops on yield and chemical composition of winter wheat grain". Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 12 (30 novembre 2018): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/340/2018-pse.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The after-effects of pre-preceding crops (second year), i.e. legumes and spring wheat, and nitrogen fertilization rate (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N/ha) on the yield and chemical composition of winter wheat grain were analysed in a field experiment conducted in 2013–2015. Winter wheat was characterized by higher yield when sown after blue lupine (increase of 0.23 t/ha) and faba beans with a determinate growth habit (increase of 0.37 t/ha) than after spring wheat. Grain yield increased significantly with a rise in nitrogen fertilization rate (by 2.03, 3.47 and 4.02 t/ha, respectively). The species of pre-preceding crops had no significant effect on the phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium content of winter wheat grain. Winter wheat grown after faba beans with an indeterminate growth habit was most abundant in nitrogen. The applied nitrogen fertilizer rates did not modify the concentrations of phosphorus, magnesium and calcium in winter wheat grain. The nitrogen content of grain increased significantly with a rise in nitrogen fertilization rates. A significant increase in manganese and zinc levels was observed when spring wheat was the pre-preceding crop and the iron content of grain increased significantly when winter wheat was grown after peas and blue lupine.
37
Valdés-López, Oswaldo, e Georgina Hernández. "Transcriptional Regulation and Signaling in Phosphorus Starvation: What About Legumes?" Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 50, n. 10 (ottobre 2008): 1213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00758.x.
Testo completo
38
Iminov, A., SH Kuziboev, O. Matchonov e M. Atabaev. "Organic contents of residues and nutrients in the short-row crop rotation systems in typical agricultural lands of Uzbekistan". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1068, n. 1 (1 luglio 2022): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012031.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The presence of 0.411% nitrogen, 0.152% phosphorus, 0.209% potassium in the root part of winter wheat, also the presence of 0.207% nitrogen, 0.116% phosphorus, 0.137% potassium element in the stubble part, 1.21% nitrogen, 0.32% phosphorus, 0.5% potassium the root part of legumes, 0.39% nitrogen, 0.2% phosphorus, 0.71% potassium the stubble part, 1.25% nitrogen, 0.88% phosphorus, 1.1% potassium the root part of the bean, 0.86% nitrogen, 0.32% phosphorus, 1.1% potassium the stubble part, 1.38% nitrogen, 0.90% phosphorus, 1.0% potassium the root part of the mung bean, 1.22% nitrogen, 0.29 phosphorus, 1.3% potassium in the stubble part and 0.90% nitrogen, 0.33% phosphorus, 0.99% potassium in the root part of mixed siderite (perco + oats + green peas), 0.61% nitrogen, 0.22% phosphorus and 0.68% potassium the stubble part were found in this research. If the total remnant of stubble and root was 2.74 tons/ha when the norm of mineral fertilizers was N180P125K90 kg/ha in winter wheat, in the case of soybean cultivation as a secondary crop, the norm of mineral fertilizers in winter wheat was N180P125K90 kg/ha+15 tons/ha in the soybean with the use of organic-mineral compost was 2.96 tons/ha, which is 0.22 tons/ha higher than in the background with only mineral fertilizers were observed that 31.1–44.9 kg/ha of total nitrogen remained after soybean per 1 ha. It was found that the norms of mineral fertilizers used in the treatment and care of nitragin before sowing the seeds of mung bean and soybeans grown as a secondary crop after winter wheat affected the amount of root and root residues that left the plants in the soil, 0.73-0.93 tons/ha of roots in the soil, 1.30-1.49 tons/ha of sorghum and 0.81-1.04 tons/ha of roots and 1.70% of soybeans grown as secondary crops, 1.92 tons/ha of ore residues were found to remain.
39
Taylor, AC, e WJ Lill. "Wheat crop surveys in southern New South Wales. 4. The response by grain yield and other wheat attributes to weeds". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, n. 6 (1986): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860709.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Regular hand-weeding was undertaken in experiments located in 167 wheat crops in southern New South Wales from 1967 to 1970 to quantify the effect of weeds on 10 wheat attributes at flowering or maturity. Short annual grasses, skeleton weed, wild oats and annual legumes were the most widespread weeds, all of which tended to occur in mixed stands. At wheat flowering, over all sites, wheat DM, nitrogen concentration, nitrogen uptake, phosphorus uptake and number of ears were increased (P< 0.05) by 11.2, 3.3, 14.4, 13.6 and 7.8%, respectively by weeding; wheat phosphorus concentrations did not respond to weeding. At maturity, grain yield and nitrogen yield increased after weeding (P< 0.05) by 17.3 and 1 7.0%, respectively, but grain protein and kernel weight did not respond to weeding. Regression procedures were used to relate wheat responses to total weed DM and the DM of 8 weed classes. At flowering, for every 100 g of DM removed, wheat DM, nitrogen uptake, phosphorus uptake and ear number increased by 52.3 g m-2, 958 mg m-2, 92.6 mg m-2and 18.7 m-2, respectively. At maturity, grain yield and grain nitrogen yield increased by 31.9 g m-2 and 665 mg m-2, respectively, for every 100g m-2 of weed DM present at flowering. The regressions also showed that, at both flowering and maturity, fumitory, annual grasses and sundry weeds (a group made up of weeds not sufficiently widespread to consider separately) appeared to be the most aggressive weeds. Consideration of standardised responses of the wheat attributes increased by weeding showed that they all responded similarly when corrected for scale of measurement.
40
Touhami, Driss, Richard W. McDowell e Leo M. Condron. "Role of Organic Anions and Phosphatase Enzymes in Phosphorus Acquisition in the Rhizospheres of Legumes and Grasses Grown in a Low Phosphorus Pasture Soil". Plants 9, n. 9 (11 settembre 2020): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091185.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Rhizosphere processes play a critical role in phosphorus (P) acquisition by plants and microbes, especially under P-limited conditions. Here, we investigated the impacts of nutrient addition and plant species on plant growth, rhizosphere processes, and soil P dynamics. In a glasshouse experiment, blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in a low-P pasture soil for 8 weeks with and without the single and combined addition of P (33 mg kg−1) and nitrogen (200 mg kg−1). Phosphorus addition increased plant biomass and total P content across plant species, as well as microbial biomass P in white clover and ryegrass. Alkaline phosphatase activity was higher for blue lupin. Legumes showed higher concentrations of organic anions compared to grasses. After P addition, the concentrations of organic anions increased by 11-,10-, 5-, and 2-fold in the rhizospheres of blue lupin, white clover, wheat, and ryegrass, respectively. Despite the differences in their chemical availability (as assessed by P fractionation), moderately labile inorganic P and stable organic P were the most depleted fractions by the four plant species. Inorganic P fractions were depleted similarly between the four plant species, while blue lupin exhibited a strong depletion of stable organic P. Our findings suggest that organic anions were not related to the acquisition of inorganic P for legumes and grasses. At the same time, alkaline phosphatase activity was associated with the mobilization of stable organic P for blue lupin.
41
ZENTNER, R. P., C. A. CAMPBELL, E. D. SPRATT e H. REISDORF. "EFFECT OF CROP ROTATION AND N AND P FERTILIZER ON YIELDS OF SPRING WHEAT GROWN ON A BLACK CHERNOZEMIC CLAY". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, n. 4 (1 ottobre 1987): 965–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-134.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The effects of crop sequence, rotation length, and fertilization on yields of spring wheat were examined for 14 crop rotations over a 25-yr period on a Black Chernozemic heavy clay soil at Indian Head, Saskatchewan. Plots that were fertilized with N and P received the generally recommended rates for the region during the first 18 yr but in the last 7 yr fertilizers were applied based on soil tests. Yields of fertilized wheat grown on fallow were similar for the 2-yr fallow-wheat and the 3-yr fallow-wheat-wheat rotations (25-yr avg. 2505 kg ha−1). Yields of fertilized wheat grown on stubble were also similar within the monoculture rotations. During the first 18 yr, yields of fertilized stubble-wheat averaged 1656 kg ha−1 or about 64% of comparable fallow-wheat yields; but, during the last 7 yr, stubble-wheat yields were generally similar to those obtained on fertilized fallow. Removal of the straw each year from a 3-yr fallow-wheat-wheat rotation did not affect fallow- or stubble-wheat yields. Application of recommended rates of N and P fertilizer increased the 25-yr fallow-wheat yields by 11% (from 2254 to 2505 kg ha−1); the yield increases were significant about 70% of the time. On stubble, application of N and P fertilizer increased wheat yields by 47% (from 1130 to 1656 kg ha−1) during 1960–1977 and by 142% (from 935 to 2263 kg ha−1) during 1978–1984. The yield increase from fertilizing stubble-wheat was significant in 24 of 25 yr. Including grass-legume forage, or legume green manure crops in the rotation increased yields of wheat grown on the unfertilized partial fallow by 15–24% and on unfertilized stubble by 33–71%; the yields were similar and sometimes higher than those obtained on fallow in the well-fertilized monoculture wheat rotations. In comparison, the yields of unfertilized stubble-wheat in the cereal-forage rotations were generally similar to those obtained on fertilized stubble in monoculture rotations during 1960–1977, though they were lower during 1978–1984 when the monoculture rotations began receiving fertilizer based on soil tests. Yields of wheat grown on flax stubble that received fertilizer at the average rate of 68 kg ha−1 N plus 22 kg ha−1 P2O5 since 1978 were generally similar to yields obtained on fertilized fallow (avg. 2546 kg ha−1). These yields averaged 13% higher than yields of wheat grown on cereal stubble in monoculture rotations that received slightly more fertilizer N. Yields of fallow- and stubble-wheat were generally maintained over time with the application of recommended rates of N and P fertilizers, or by inclusion of legume-forage crops in the rotation, but yields of unfertilized stubble-wheat declined with time possibly reflecting declining soil fertility.Key words: Wheat, nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer, crop sequence, cereal forage rotations, legume green manure crops
42
Grembecka, Małgorzata, e Piotr Szefer. "Elemental Profiles of Legumes and Seeds in View of Chemometric Approach". Applied Sciences 12, n. 3 (1 febbraio 2022): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031577.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study aimed to evaluate fourteen elements’ profiles of legumes and oilseeds, of various geographical origins, available on the Polish market. They were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS) and spectrophotometric method (phosphorus) in 90 analytical samples. In general, legumes were characterized with lower mean concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, P, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Cr than oilseeds. However, the concentrations ranges within each group differed significantly (p < 0.05). Calcium content varied between 6.2 and 243.5 mg/100 g in legumes and 38.4 and 2003 mg/100 g in oilseeds. In the case of Fe, its concentration was between 1.99 mg/100 g and 10.5 mg/100 g in legumes, and 2.05 mg and 12.15 mg/100 g in seeds. All the samples were characterized with Pb concentration below the LOQ (30 µg/100 g). In the case of Cd, its presence (>LOQ, 9 µg/100 g) was confirmed in one sample of legumes (soybean) and five samples of seeds (poppy seeds, roasted linseeds, hulled wheat, linseed, and sunflower seeds). The detected Cd content in every sample, except for soybean and hulled wheat, exceeded the permissible European standards. According to Kruskal-Wallis test results, Mg, Na, K, P, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Cd content depended on the type of the analyzed product, while in the case of botanical provenance such relationship was recorded for most of the analyzed components, except for Fe, Cr, and Co. Factor and cluster analyses classified the analyzed samples in view of their botanical species and type based on their mineral composition.
43
Ruiz, Tomás Pérez, Manuel Hernández Córdoba e Roque Ortiz González. "A Rapid Method for the Determination of Chlorine, Phosphorus, and Sulfur in Flours of Grains and Legumes Using Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Flourescence Spectrometry". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, n. 4 (1 luglio 1991): 625–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.4.625.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract A rapid method for the determination of chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur In commercial flours of wheat, barley, maize, rice, field bean, and soybean by wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry has been developed. The flours are strained through a 425 μm sieve, then pelletized and measured. The total analysis time for the quantitation of chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur is less than 20 min per sample. Calibration is carried out using a standard additions method with mixed standards. The method is accurate and precise, and appears to be adequate for routine analyses.
44
Kaltovich, I., T. Savelyeva e A. Antipina. "ANALYSIS OF PROSPECTIVE TYPES OF LEGUMES AND CEREALS AND THEIR PROCESSING PRODUCTS FOR USE AS PART OF COMBINED MEAT PRODUCTS". Topical issues of processing of meat and milk raw materials, n. 15 (21 dicembre 2021): 194–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/2220-8755-2020-15-194-206.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the nutritional and biological value, functional and technological indicators of legumes (beans, peas) and grain crops and their processed products (cereals (pearl, oat, millet, rice, barley, semolina, buckwheat), flour (wheat, rye, amaranth, oat, barley, millet, buckwheat)) It was found that this plant raw material is a source of protein, essential amino acids (indices of essential amino acids up to 2.01), polyunsaturated fatty acids, mineral substances - potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, which make it possible to meet the daily need for these micronutrients up to 70.0% (with consumption of 100 g), is characterized by improved functional and technological parameters, which confirms the prospects of its use in meat products characterized by balanced amino acid, fatty acid and mineral composition.
45
Shatokhin, Alexander A,, Omari G. Chamurliev, Alexander V. Zelenev, Georgy O. Chamurliev e Elena S. Vorontsova. "Field crop rotations in organic agriculture of the Volgograd region". BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700152.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Soil fertility in biologized crop rotations depends on the saturation of them with legumes and sideral crops, perennial grasses, the involvement of grain crops in the organic matter cycle. The crop rotation was studied: 1) four-field grain and steam: clean steam winter wheat chickpeas spring barley (control); 2) five-field grain and steam: occupied steam (clover green manure) winter wheat chickpeas spring barley mustard + clover; 3) seven-field grain and grass: occupied steam (green manure oats) winter wheat mustard chickpeas safflower dyeing spring barley sainfoin (hatcher field); 4) semi-field grass and grassland: occupied steam (phacelia green manure) winter wheat spring wheat chickpeas grain sorghum spring barley alfalfa (hatchery field). The highest balance of organic matter was ensured in a five-field grain-steam crop rotation with clover for green manure +1.92 t/ha, in this crop rotation the highest balance was observed for nitrogen +23.8 kg/ha and phosphorus +1.3 kg/ha, grain harvest from 1 ha of arable land 0.51 t/ha. The greatest balance of potassium was ensured in the seven-field grain and grass-crop rotation with facet on green manure +8.8 kg/ha. The highest humus balance was observed in a seven-field grain-grass-crop rotation with oats per green manure +0.12 t/ha.
46
Grant, R. F., M. Dyck e D. Puurveen. "Nitrogen and phosphorus control carbon sequestration in agricultural ecosystems: modelling carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances at the Breton Plots with ecosys under historical and future climates". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 100, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2020): 408–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2019-0132.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Perennial legumes in crop rotations increase soil C sequestration from greater productivity with N2 fixation. Here, we corroborated increases in soil organic carbon (SOC) and harvests modelled in 5 yr wheat–oats–barley–alfalfa/brome–alfalfa/brome (5Y) vs. 2 yr wheat–fallow (WF) rotations with those measured from 1929 to 2018. Harvest and SOC gains of 100–150 g C m−2 yr−1 and 15–25 g C m−2 yr−1 were modelled and measured in 5Y vs. WF rotations with different fertilizer and manure amendments. Modelled gains were closely related to annualized rates of N2 fixation by alfalfa of 8–10 g N m−2 yr−1. However, N2 fixation also drove increases in modelled N2O emissions of ca. 0.06 g N m−2 yr−1, which partially offset gains in SOC. Gains in harvest, SOC, and N2O emissions of 60–90 g C m−2 yr−1, 15 g C m−2 yr−1, and 0.05 g N m−2 yr−1 were modelled and measured in both rotations with amendments of N + P relative to unamended treatments. Harvest and SOC gains were smaller, and leaching and N2O losses larger, with amendments of N without P. After 100 yr of RCP 8.5 climate change, harvests in WF changed little from those in baseline runs, whereas those in 5Y rose with N + P because of increased N2 fixation. SOC declined in WF with all amendments and could only be raised in 5Y with N + P amendments. These model findings indicated the importance of N2 fixation and P amendments in determining responses of agroecosystem productivity and C sequestration to climate change.
47
Bell, Michael J., Philip W. Moody, Geoffrey C. Anderson e Wayne Strong. "Soil phosphorus—crop response calibration relationships and criteria for oilseeds, grain legumes and summer cereal crops grown in Australia". Crop and Pasture Science 64, n. 5 (2013): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12428.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Australian cropping systems are dominated by winter cereals; however, grain legumes, oilseeds and summer cereals play an important role as break crops. Inputs of phosphorus (P) fertiliser account for a significant proportion of farm expenditure on crop nutrition, so effective fertiliser-use guidelines are essential. A national database (BFDC National Database) of field experiments examining yield responses to P fertiliser application has been established. This paper reports the results of interrogating that database using a web application (BFDC Interrogator) to develop calibration relationships between soil P test (0–10 cm depth; Colwell NaHCO3 extraction) and relative grain yield. Relationships have been developed for all available data for each crop species, as well as for subsets of those data derived by filtering processes based on experiment quality, presence of abiotic or biotic stressors, P fertiliser placement strategy and subsurface P status. The available dataset contains >730 entries but is dominated by data for lupin (Lupinus angustifolius; 62% of all P experiments) from the south-west of Western Australia. The number of treatment series able to be analysed for other crop species was quite small (<50–60 treatment series) and available data were sometimes from geographic regions or soil types no longer reflective of current production. There is a need for research to improve information on P fertiliser use for key species of grain legumes [faba bean (Vicia faba), lentil (Lens culinaris), chickpea (Cicer arietinum)], oilseeds [canola (Brassica napus), soybean (Glycine max)] and summer cereals [sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), maize (Zea mays)] in soils and farming systems reflecting current production. Interrogations highlighted the importance of quantifying subsurface P reserves to predict P fertiliser response, with consistently higher 0–10 cm soil test values required to achieve 90% maximum yield (CV90) when subsurface P was low (<5 mg P/kg). This was recorded for lupin, canola and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Crops grown on soils with subsurface P >5 mg/kg consistently produced higher relative yields than expected on the basis of a 0–10 cm soil test. The lupin dataset illustrated the impact of improving crop yield potentials (through more effective P-fertiliser placement) on critical soil test values. The higher yield potentials arising from placement of P-fertiliser bands deeper in the soil profile resulted in significantly higher CV90 values than for crops grown on the same sites but using less effective (shallower) P placement. This is consistent with deeper bands providing an increased and more accessible volume of profile P enrichment and supports the observation of the importance of crop P supply from soil layers deeper than 0–10 cm. Soil P requirements for different species were benchmarked against values determined for wheat or barley (Hordeum vulgare) grown in the same regions and/or soil types as a way of extrapolating available data for less researched species. This approach suggested most species had CV90 values and ranges similar to winter cereals, with evidence of different soil P requirements in only peanut (Arachis hypogaea – much lower) and field pea (Pisum sativum – slightly higher). Unfortunately, sorghum data were so limited that benchmarking against wheat was inconclusive.
48
Dabré, Élisée Emmanuel, Mohamed Hijri e Colin Favret. "Influence on Soybean Aphid by the Tripartite Interaction between Soybean, a Rhizobium Bacterium, and an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus". Microorganisms 10, n. 6 (11 giugno 2022): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061196.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobia in legumes has been proven to increase plant growth and yield. To date, studies of the effects of these interactions on phytophagous insects have shown them to be context-dependent depending on the inoculant strain, the plant, and the insect species. Here, we document how a symbiosis involving an AM fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis; a rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium japonicum; and soybean, Glycine max, influences the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines. Soybean co-inoculated with the AM fungus–rhizobium pair increased the plant’s biomass, nodulation, mycorrhizal colonization, nitrogen, and carbon concentrations, but decreased phosphorus concentration. Similar effects were observed with rhizobium alone, with the exception that root biomass was unaffected. With AM fungus alone, we only observed an increase in mycorrhizal colonization and phosphorus concentration. The aphids experienced an increased reproductive rate with the double inoculation, followed by rhizobium alone, whereas no effect was observed with the AM fungus. The size of individual aphids was not affected. Furthermore, we found positive correlation between nitrogen concentration and aphid population density. Our results confirm that co-inoculation of two symbionts can enhance both plant and phytophagous insect performance beyond what either symbiont can contribute alone.
49
Эседуллаев, Сабир, Sabir Esedullaev, Иван Мельцаев e I. Meltsaev. "Biologized crop rotation – the main factor for fertility increases of sod-podzolic soils and arable land productivity in the Upper Volga". Agrarian Bulletin of the 190, n. 11 (14 novembre 2019): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/article_5dcd861e3d2300.42959538.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. The purpose of the study was to study the influence of biologized crop rotation with six fields by 50 %, saturated with legumes, on soil fertility and crop productivity on typical sod-podzolic light loamy soils of the Upper Volga. As a result of field experiments and laboratory studies, new data and knowledge about the effect of crop bipolarization on its productivity and the properties of sod-podzolic soil were obtained. For the first time in the region, it has been studied and established that use of legumes in the crop rotation instead of organic fertilizers partially contributes to the replenishment of the soil with organic matter and nitrogen in the form of organic residues and nodule bacteria, which leads to a decrease in the degradation of soil fertility or even to some improvement. By the end of rotation of the crop rotation when applying (NPK) 90 kg/ha compared with the control version (without NPK), in the biologized crop rotation, the humus content increased by 0.14 %, the acidity of the soil solution slightly decreased by 0.25 units, the content of nitrate nitrogen increased by 59 %, mobile phosphorus – by 72.8 % and exchange potassium – by 70.4 %. The density of soil compaction as a whole in a layer of 0–20 cm in occupied steam, under spring wheat and oats amounted to 1.22–1.24 g/cm3, in other crops (where treatment was not carried out for 2 years) – 1.35–1.39 g/cm3. Mineralization of flax tissue more actively occurred under clover 1st and 2nd years of use – 35.6–42.7 % and 31.0 and 37.3 % and in the employed (vetch-oat) – 26.5–34.4 %, less intensively under winter wheat – 20.9–27.5 and oats – 20.1–25.2 % and very weakly under spring wheat – 13.0–16.5 % at the control and the level of mineral nutrition, respectively. There were fewer weeds in winter wheat sowings – 84 pcs/m2, since it is more competitive with them, oats – 112 pcs, clover – 131 pcs, in a couple – 124 pcs and spring wheat – 138 pcs/m2. Productivity of crops to a greater extent was determined by the applied fertilizers. In fertilized plots, compared with the control, the productivity of the oatmeal mixture was 36.2 % higher, spring wheat – 24.4 %, clover 1st year of use – by 36.2 %, 2nd year of use – by 45.7 %, winter wheat – by 25.7 % and oats – by 30 %.
50
Latati, Dokukin, Aouiche, Rebouh, Takouachet, Hafnaoui, Hamdani, Bacha e Ounane. "Species Interactions Improve Above-Ground Biomass and Land Use Efficiency in Intercropped Wheat and Chickpea under Low Soil Inputs". Agronomy 9, n. 11 (16 novembre 2019): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110765.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Little is known about how the performance of legumes symbiosis affects biomass and nutrient accumulation by intercropped cereals under the field condition. To assess the agricultural services of an intercropping system; durum wheat (Triticum turgidum durum L.cv. VITRON) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.cv. FLIP 90/13 C) were cultivated as both intercrops and sole cropping during two growing seasons under the field trial, to compare plant biomass, nodulation, N and phosphorus (P) uptake, and N nutrition index. Both the above-ground biomass and grain yield and consequently, the amount of N taken up by intercropped durum wheat increased significantly (44%, 48%, and 30%, respectively) compared with sole cropping during the two seasons. However, intercropping decreased P uptake by both durum wheat and chickpea. The efficiency in use of rhizobial symbiosis (EURS) for intercropped chickpea was significantly higher than for chickpea grown as sole cropping. The intercropped chickpea considerably increased N (49%) and P (75%) availability in durum wheat rhizosphere. In the case of chickpea shoot, the N nutrition (defined by the ratio between actual and critical N uptake by crop) and acquisition were higher in intercropping during only the first year of cropping. Moreover, biomass, grin yield, and resource (N and P) use efficiency were significantly improved, as indicated by higher land equivalent ratio (LER > 1) in intercropping over sole cropping treatments. Our findings suggest that change in the intercropped chickpea rhizosphere-induced parameters facilitated P and N uptake, above-ground biomass, grain yield, and land use efficiency for wheat crop.