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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Measurement values"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 25 aprile 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Measurement values"

Pratomo, Triaji, Eko Yulianto e Zulkifli Zein. "Core values measurement". International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, n. 3 (1 maggio 2021): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i3.1145.

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Indonesia's state-owned enterprises are now on the verge of adopting a new management system called values-based management (VBM) or management by values (MBV) initiated by the Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises (SoE) by introducing a set of core values, namely AKHLAK (abbreviation from Bahasa Indonesia's words: Amanah / Trustworthy, Kompeten / Competent, Harmonis / Harmonious, Loyal, Adaptif / Adaptive, and Kolaboratif / Collaborative). This study uses an inductive/qualitative approach to understand how these core values are measured. The implication of this study will help SoEs to decide whether to use indirect or direct measurement methods in their effort to translate core values into values-based management. The initial finding shows the sample SoEs do not have a solid understanding of the differences between direct and indirect values assessments yet utilize the method of choice quite exclusively and extensively.

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Wilrich, Peter-Th. "Rounding of measurement values or derived values". Measurement 37, n. 1 (gennaio 2005): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2004.08.005.

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Fomicheva, T. V. "Measurement of values differentiation in sociology: management aspect". Social’naya politika i sociologiya 14, n. 3 (2015): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2071-3665-2015-14-3-2-80-85.

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Burger, Joanna. "Measurement of Environmental Values". Ecology 75, n. 7 (ottobre 1994): 2144–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941619.

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Smith, Daniel Scott. "Notes on the Measurement of Values". Journal of Economic History 45, n. 2 (giugno 1985): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700033878.

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Historians frequently use values to explain behavior. Since their studies focus on the behavior, they have neglected to measure values and change in values. The current practices of historians of values will not yield conclusions usable in the history of behavior.

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McIntyre, D. A. "In situ measurement of U-values". Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 6, n. 1 (febbraio 1985): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014362448500600101.

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Schlater, Jean D., e M. Suzanne Sontag. "Toward the Measurement of Human Values". Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 23, n. 1 (settembre 1994): 4–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077727x940231002.

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THOMPSON, JOHN W. "Polarity and the Measurement of Values". Theoria 30, n. 1 (11 febbraio 2008): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-2567.1964.tb01080.x.

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Song, Juwon. "Imputation of Missing Values with Incomplete Measurements due to Measurement Errors". Korean Data Analysis Society 23, n. 5 (30 ottobre 2021): 2065–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2021.23.5.2065.

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Kvasnikov, V., A. Perederko, L. Kuzmich e V. Kotetunov. "Processing of Measurement Results for Mechanical Values by Intellectual Equipment Systems (Uncertainty Conditions)". Metrology and instruments, n. 4 (7 settembre 2019): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(4)2019.34-38.

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This article is devoted to the measurement of mechanical quantities. The proposed methods are directed to the mechanical values of the intellectual devices of the system (in conditions of uncertainty). At the present stage of the development of intellectual systems, the issue of creating methods for rapid processing of the obtained results, determining the accuracy of their measurement in real time, in particular in solving management problems and making decisions under uncertainty, remains an issue. The result of the measurement of mechanical quantities, in particular the cost of thermal energy by intelligent instrumentation systems (IPS), is complete, provided that it is accompanied by an estimate of its accuracy [1]. The processing accuracy of the measurement results depends on the type of measurement, the number of experimental data, the accuracy requirements of the measurement, and so on. Only during direct one-time measurements the result of the study may be the result of the measurement (provided that the systematic errors of measurement are not corrected). In other measurements, processing can be done using standardized techniques (eg statistical methods), or require the creation of special algorithms. In general, the processing involves the following steps [2, 3, 4]: preliminary analysis of the results of observations (primary measurements), their systematization of the rejection of obviously false results; Correction of the influence of systematic effects (study of measurement conditions, calculation and amendment); analysis of the effects of random effects, testing hypotheses about their distribution, selection of the best estimates of the required values; evaluation of the accuracy characteristics of a numerical algorithm, its stability; execution of calculations in accordance with the chosen algorithm; analysis of the results; submission of measurement results and characteristics of their accuracy in the appropriate form. Each type of measurement has its own characteristics and therefore the specific content of these operations of processing the results of a particular type of measurement has certain differences. The approaches to processing the results of measurement of mechanical quantities by intelligent instrumental systems, in particular estimating the accuracy of measurements under uncertainty, are substantiated.

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Tesi sul tema "Measurement values"

DANIONI, FRANCESCA VITTORIA. ""UNDERSTANDING HUMAN VALUES IS A NEVER-ENDING PROCESS": CHALLENGES IN VALUES MEASUREMENT". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/57794.

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L’obiettivo generale del progetto di ricerca è quello di riflettere sul tema della misurazione dei valori nell’ambito delle scienze psicosociali. Secondo la Teoria di Schwartz, i valori sono definiti come obiettivi desiderabili e transituazionali che servono come principi guida nella vita delle persone per guidare e determinare le azioni e gli atteggiamenti. I valori sono stati prevalentemente indagati tramite l’utilizzo di strumenti self-report per raccogliere dati quantitativi. Tuttavia, le risposte a questi strumenti possono essere influenzate da diversi bias, come ad esempio la desiderabilità sociale, oppure possono dipendere dalla tendenza a riflettere in modo introspettivo delle persone che rispondono. Ciò accade principalmente perché i valori sono per definizione ciò che è desiderabile e sono inoltre concetti astratti. Sulla base di queste riflessioni, i Capitoli 1 e 2 considerano in modo teorico ed empirico gli strumenti self-report di misura dei valori e i bias che possono influenzare le risposte a questi strumenti. I Capitoli 3, 4, 5 e 6 considerano invece un recente sviluppo nel campo della misurazione dei valori, ovvero la possibilità di studiare questo costrutto adottando la prospettiva della cognizione sociale implicita, utilizzando quindi strumenti indiretti per acquisire conoscenza sul tema. Nel presente lavoro sono stati sviluppati due strumenti indiretti utili alla misurazione di valori, il Values Implicit Association Task and the Values Lexical Decision Task; tali strumenti sono stati anche analizzati in funzione della loro relazione con gli strumenti self-report di valori e con un outcome comportamentale.
The general aim of the present research project was to reflect on the measurement of values in the field of psychosocial sciences. According to Schwartz’s Theory, values are defined as desirable and trans-situational goals that serve as guiding principles in people's life to select modes, means, and actions. They have been mainly investigated using self-report instruments to gather quantitative data. However, respondents’ answers on these measures may be influenced by different response biases, such as for example socially desirable responding, or may depend on respondents’ tendency to introspection. This is mainly because values are by definition what is desirable, and they are abstract concepts. Based on this Chapters 1 and 2 theoretically and empirically deal with the available self-report measures of values and with the possible biases which are likely to influence respondents’ answers. Chapters 3 to 6 consider instead a recent trend in the field of values measurement, which is the possibility of studying values adopting an implicit social cognition perspective, that is using indirect measures to gain knowledge on the topic. Two indirect measures aimed at measuring values, namely the Values Implicit Association Test and the Values Lexical Decision Task, are here developed and considered in terms of their relations with self-report measures of values and with behavioural outcomes.

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Cox, Bryce Kevin. "The Influence of Ambient Temperature on Green Roof R-values". PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/142.

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Green roofs can be an effective and appealing way to increase the energy efficiency of buildings by providing active insulation. As plants in the green roof transpire, there is a reduction in heat flux that is conducted through the green roof. The R-value, or thermal resistance, of a green roof is an effective measurement of thermal performance because it can be easily included in building energy calculations applicable to many different buildings and situations. The purpose of this study was to determine if an increase in ambient temperature would cause an increase in the R-value of green roofs. Test trays containing green roof materials were tested in a low speed wind tunnel equipped to determine the R-value of the trays. Three different plant species were tested in this study, ryegrass (Lolium perenne), sedum (Sedum hispanicum), and vinca (Vinca minor). For each test in this study the relative humidity was maintained at 45% and the soil was saturated with water. The trays were tested at four different ambient temperatures, ranging from room temperature to 120ºF. The resulting R-values for sedum ranged from 1.37 to 3.28 ft²h°F/BTU, for ryegrass the R-values ranged from 2.15 to 3.62 ft²h°F/BTU, and for vinca the R-values ranged from 3.15 to 5.19 ft²h°F/BTU. The average R-value for all the tests in this study was 3.20 ft²h°F/BTU. The results showed an increase in R-value with increasing temperature. Applying an ANOVA analysis to the data, the relationship between temperature and R-value for all three plant species was found to be statistically significant.

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Al, Mutawa Tariq I. M. S. "Adoption of internal performance values for measurement of customer satisfaction". Thesis, Brunel University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436485.

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Lee, Po-Ying. "The nature of values and valuation : theory, measurement and application". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243834.

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Hall, Martin Lewis Walter. "Systems thinking and human values : towards a practical organisational intervention methodology". Thesis, University of Lincoln, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387702.

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Jiang, Yanxia. "MEASUREMENT OF J-INTEGRAL VALUES OF DENTAL CERAMICS BY DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1453880114.

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Solomons, Inez Denise. "A conceptual exploration of the teaching and assessment of values within the South African Outcomes-Based curriculum /". Thesis, Online access, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_gen8Srv25Nme4_3915_1277409913.pdf.

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Erasmus, Juanita Esther. "A performance measurement model incorporating 360-degree evaluation of corporate values / Juanita Esther Erasmus". Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/746.

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Corporate governance and management by values have become vital for organisations in South Africa. Recent allegations of corruption, corporate failures and the abuse of leadership power highlight the need for solid moral and ethical foundations. A set of shared values in an organisation may prove to be a significant competitive advantage. The competence of employees as reflected through the evaluation of their individual job goals has been widely measured for many years. Currently, limited information is available on the measurement and evaluation of the conformance of employees to corporate values. This study explores the conformance of individual members to core values as part of a regular, systematic performance measurement system. Introducing such a system may assist in enforcing accountability for individual ethical behaviour. Literature on the topic advises that the core values of an organisation should be carefully and correctly identified before individual conformance to the values can be measured. Managing by values entails that preferred behaviours should be entrenched in all codes, policies, and procedures of an organisation, including the performance measurement system. A 360-degree evaluation is considered the most appropriate method to evaluate individual conformance to corporate values. Information gathered from the model development part of this study indicates the following: 360-Degree evaluation of values conformance may be incorporated into any existing performance measurement system that conforms to the criteria established in this study. A performance/values template used for the evaluation of job performance and values conformance results effectively differentiates employees into categories. The model developed in this study was effectively implemented and tested in an organisation. It is expected that the implementation of the model will enhance the performance of individuals and ultimately facilitate the creation of a motivating climate within the organisation.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

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Cross, Heather Amanda. "Lidar measurement of boundary layer evolution to determine values of the entrainment coefficient A". Thesis, University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/482.

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The Soil Moisure-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) was conducted as part of the larger Soil Moisture Experiments (SMEX) field campaign in the Walnut Creek watershed near Ames, Iowa over the period from 15 June to 11 July 2002. As part of that work, measurements of the height of the boundary layer were gathered using a vertically staring lidar, and a method was developed for calculating the value of the entrainment parameter, A, from boundary layer geometry. The entrainment heat flux is of major importance to boundary layer models, representing the amount of energy that is supplied to the boundary layer by entrainment from the air above, which contributes to the growth of the boundary layer. The entrainment parameter, A, is defined as the ratio of the virtual potential temperature heat fluxes at the surface and at the top of the boundary layer. Most of the suggested values of A range between 0.1 and 0.3, with A=0.2 considered to be a good average to use in most modeling. In this paper we calculate the value of the entrainment parameter A based on entrainment zone geometry and examine a relationship between the entrainment parameter A, the vertical potential temperature gradient, and boundary layer development. The results here indicate that during some periods of boundary layer growth, the entrainment coefficient does not maintain a constant value. It is a characteristic that changes depending on the stage of boundary layer evolution.

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Hovatter, Thomas W. "MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS BASED ON ATTRIBUTES". Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1791777781&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2009.
"Department of Workforce Education and Development." Keywords: Effective leadership, Full-range leadership, Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Personal Values Profile, Transactional leadership, Transformational leadership, Leadership. Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-133). Also available online.

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Libri sul tema "Measurement values"

Mannion, Caolan Michael. Values and their measurement in consumer research. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1993.

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Walker, R. The measurement of large values of airborne sound insulation. London: BBC, 1986.

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The measurement of environmental and resource values: Theory and methods. 2^a ed. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 2003.

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The measurement of environmental and resource values: Theory and methods. Washington, D.C: Resources for the Future, 1993.

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Atlas of roentgenographic measurement. 6^a ed. Saint Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1990.

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1922-, Lusted Lee B., e Teates Charles D, a cura di. Atlas of roentgenographic measurement. 5^a ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1985.

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Reid, R. A. Soil density target values. Pierre, S.D: South Dakota Dept. of Transportation, Office of Research, 2001.

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Roder, H. M. Experimental thermal conductivity values for mixtures of methane and ethane. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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Roder, H. M. Experimental thermal conductivity values for mixtures of methane and ethane. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Preparation and validation of commutable frozen human serum pools as secondary reference materials for cholesterol measurement procedures: Approved guideline. Wayne, Pa: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1999.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Measurement values"

MacAdam, David L. "Determination of Tristimulus Values". In Color Measurement, 56–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-38681-0_5.

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De Bièvre, Paul. "Traceability of (values carried by) reference materials". In Traceability in Chemical Measurement, 64–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27093-0_9.

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Mari, Luca, Mark Wilson e Andrew Maul. "Values, scales, and the existence of properties". In Measurement across the Sciences, 143–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65558-7_6.

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Kuselman, Ilya, Alexander Weisman e Wolfhard Wegscheider. "Traceable property values of in-house reference materials". In Traceability in Chemical Measurement, 269–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27093-0_47.

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Blagbrough, Ian S., Abdelkader A. Metwally e Andrew J. Geall. "Measurement of Polyamine pK a Values". In Methods in Molecular Biology, 493–503. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-034-8_32.

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Tsafack Chetsa, Ghislain Landry. "AI Performance Measurement: Think Business Values". In Towards Sustainable Artificial Intelligence, 43–65. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7214-5_5.

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Ng, Yew-Kwang. "Happiness as the Only Intrinsic Value". In Happiness—Concept, Measurement and Promotion, 41–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4972-8_5.

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AbstractAs happiness is directly experienced by the individual as valuable, its normative value needs no additional justification. Things like institutions and moral principles may be used to promote happiness directly and indirectly. In time, they may be mistakenly valued for their own sake, while ultimately their values should be based on their contribution to happiness. We are born, brought up, and socially influenced to have certain preferences which are largely consistent with our own happiness. Where they diverge, then apart from the effects on the happiness in the future and of others (hence really no divergence in the longer/wider perspective of happiness), ultimately it is happiness that is really consistent with rationality. Arguments for happiness as the only intrinsic value are made and defended against objections or opposite arguments (including ‘Rather be unhappy Socrates than a happy pig’, Kant's categorical imperatives, Rawls’ maximin, etc.). The apparent acceptability of these opposing positions is due either to our imperfect rationality and/or inadequate account on the effects in the future and on others.

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Fabri, Peter J. "Interpreting Outcomes: Cause and Effect and p-Values". In Measurement and Analysis in Transforming Healthcare Delivery, 139–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40812-5_10.

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Khorramdel, Lale, Matthias von Davier, Eugenio Gonzalez e Kentaro Yamamoto. "Plausible Values: Principles of Item Response Theory and Multiple Imputations". In Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment, 27–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47515-4_3.

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Torres, Cláudio V., Elaine R. Neiva e Sharon Glazer. "Values in Organizations: Theory, Measurement, and Theoretical Reflections". In Assessing Organizational Behaviors, 191–221. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81311-6_9.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Measurement values"

Romito, Alessandro. "Null Values and Quantum State Discrimination". In Quantum Information and Measurement. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/qim.2013.th4a.1.

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Dressel, J., e A. N. Jordan. "Weak values are universal in von Neumann measurements". In Quantum Information and Measurement. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/qim.2013.w6.50.

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Abdalova, Elena, e Svetlana Karelskaia. "Accounting Measurement Matrices: Subject and Values". In 5th International Conference on Accounting, Auditing, and Taxation (ICAAT 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaat-16.2016.1.

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Boyd, Robert W. "Weak values and direct measurement of the quantum wavefunction". In Quantum Information and Measurement. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/qim.2013.w4a.3.

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Raichl, Petr, e Petr Marcon. "An IoT-Based Datalogger of Environmental Values". In 2021 13th International Conference on Measurement. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/measurement52780.2021.9446796.

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Frigo, Guglielmo, e Marco Agustoni. "Phasor Measurement Unit and Sampled Values: Measurement and Implementation Challenges". In 2021 IEEE 11th International Workshop on Applied Measurements for Power Systems (AMPS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/amps50177.2021.9586036.

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O'Leary, Paul, e Matthew Harker. "Inverse boundary value problems with uncertain boundary values and their relevance to inclinometer measurements". In 2014 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2014.6860725.

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Menzies, David, Natalia Korolkova e Alexander Lvovsky. "Weak values and entanglement concentration". In QUANTUM COMMUNICATION, MEASUREMENT AND COMPUTING (QCMC): Ninth International Conference on QCMC. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3131391.

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Vanslette, Kevin, e Ariel Caticha. "Quantum measurement and weak values in entropic dynamics". In BAYESIAN INFERENCE AND MAXIMUM ENTROPY METHODS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: Proceedings of the 36th International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering (MaxEnt 2016). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4985372.

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Tan, Y. M., W. Yin e A. J. Peyton. "Non-contact measurement of water surface level from phase values of inductive measurements". In 2012 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2012.6229527.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Measurement values"

Carranza, R., e R. Rebak. Notes on the Measurement of pH Values. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maggio 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15016344.

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Holland, M. K. Applicability of International and DOE Target Values to ALD Destructive Measurement Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/806914.

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echiam, Ostchega, Tatiana Nwankwo, Michele Chiappa, Jessica Graber e Nguyen Duong T. Series 2–187: Comparing Blood Pressure Values Obtained by Two Different Protocols: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017–2018. National Center for Health Statistics, aprile 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104185.

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Suh, Jooyeoun, Changa Dorji, Valerie Mercer-Blackman e Aimee Hampel-Milagrosa. Valuing Unpaid Care Work in Bhutan. Asian Development Bank, novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200065-2.

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A growing body of scholarly literature has attempted to measure and value unpaid care work in various countries, but perhaps only the government statistical agencies in the United States and the United Kingdom have seriously undertaken periodic and systematic measures of the time spent on unpaid work at the national level, and partially incorporated those values into their gross domestic product(GDP). One country that has been ahead of its time on aspects of societal welfare measurement is Bhutan, which produces the Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index. However, until the first GNH Survey, in 2008, Bhutan did not have any sense of the size and distribution of unpaid work, despite its strong societal norms about the value of volunteering and community work. This paper is the first to estimate the value of unpaid care work in Bhutan. It shows the pros and cons of various approaches and their equivalent measures of unpaid care work as a share of GDP. As with similar studies on the topic, this paper also finds that women spend more than twice as much time as men performing unpaid care work, regardless of their income, age, residency, or number of people in the household. The paper also provides recommendations for improving the measurement of unpaid care work in Bhutan.

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Saarnio, Karri, Mika Vestenius e Katriina Kyllönen. Attestation of conformity of particulate matter measurements (HIVATO) 2019–2020. Finnish Meteorological Institute, dicembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361331.

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The National Reference Laboratory for Air Quality (NRL) ensures the high quality of air quality measurements in Finland by organising audits and intercomparison campaigns. In this project, the conformity of the particulate matter measurements was evaluated with a particular focus on the measurement used for calculating the average exposure index (AEI) of Finland. The representativity and applicability of the AEI measurements made at the Kallio station in Helsinki were evaluated. It was noticed that the results of the Kallio measurement represent well the average fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations and the yearly based trend of fine particles in Finland. In addition, the yearly average concentrations of fine particles have been smaller than the AEI limit value of 8.5 µg/m3, at all individual urban background stations in Finland since year 2015. The measurement results made with the PM monitor used for AEI measurement, i.e. TEOM 1405 analyser at the Kallio station, were compared to the results from the reference method that follows the standard SFS-EN 12341:2014. It was noticed that the uncertainty requirement of 25% was reached and therefore the quality of the measurement is sufficient to use it for the calculation of AEI. However, the fine particle concentrations were generally very low and therefore the requirements given in the standard SFS-EN 16450:2017 for an intercomparison against the reference method were not perfectly fulfilled. This report presents also results from intercomparison measurements made for automated continuous measurement systems (AMS). At the Virolahti station and at the Mäkelänkatu station in Helsinki, PM10 and PM2.5 measurements were compared. In Kuopio and in Lahti, intercomparison measurements were made for PM2.5 only. Based on the results from these intercomparisons, the calibration coefficients both for PM10 and PM2.5 were defined for the first time in Finland for a FIDAS 200 analyser that is a new PM monitor in the Finnish market. It was concluded that FIDAS 200 analysers can be used for the PM measurements in Finland when the calibration coefficients are applied for the data; however, one must note that the presented calibration coefficients do not fulfil the requirements given for the demonstration of equivalence (DoE). Nevertheless, these coefficients are recommended to be used until the official coefficients will be delivered from the next DoE campaign. Two AMS (SHARP 5030 and TEOM 1405) were compared to the reference method for the measurements of PM10 and PM2,5 in Virolahti and in Helsinki, respectively. It was revealed that the calibration coefficients based on the DoE in Kuopio (2014–2015) do not always fit ideally at different locations and seasons due to differences in the environmental characteristics of the measurement sites. Therefore, NRL recommends that DoE should be organised every five years and in between the DoE’s so called ongoing-intercomparison measurements should be carried out continuously. In the ongoing-intercomparison, suitability of the calibration coefficients from DoE will be verified in different locations with varying environmental characteristics. The ongoing-intercomparison campaigns should take place at one site from a half a year to one year and after that, the campaign should continue at a different location similarly. This would ensure that the influence of seasonal differences to the suitability of coefficients will be verified at each measurement site.

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Kyllönen, Katriina, Karri Saarnio, Ulla Makkonen e Heidi Hellén. Verification of the validity of air quality measurements related to the Directive 2004/107/EC in 2019-2020 (DIRME2019). Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361256.

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This project summarizes the results from 2000–2020and evaluates the trueness andthequality control (QC) procedures of the ongoing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)and trace element measurements in Finlandrelating to Air Quality (AQ) Directive 2004/107/EC. The evaluation was focused on benzo(a)pyrene and other PAH compounds as well as arsenic, cadmium and nickel in PM10and deposition. Additionally, it included lead and other metals in PM10and deposition, gaseous mercury and mercury deposition, andbriefly other specificAQ measurements such as volatile organic compounds (VOC)and PM2.5chemical composition. This project was conducted by the National Reference Laboratory on air quality and thiswas the first time these measurements were assessed. A major part of the project was field and laboratory audits of the ongoing PAH and metal measurements. Other measurements were briefly evaluated through interviews and available literature. In addition, the national AQ database, the expertise of local measurement networks and related publications were utilised. In total, all theseven measurement networks performing PAH and metal measurements in 2019–2020took part in the audits. Eleven stations were audited while these measurements are performed at 22 AQ stations in Finland. For the large networks, one station was chosen to represent the performance of the network. The audits included also six laboratories performing the analysis of the collected samples. The audits revealed the compliance of the measurements with the AQ Decree 113/2017, Directive 2004/107/EC and Standards of the European Committee for Standardization(CEN). In addition, general information of the measurements, instruments and quality control procedures were gained. The results of the laboratory audits were confidential,but this report includes general findings, and the measurement networks were informed on the audit results with the permission of the participating laboratories. As a conclusion, the measurementmethodsusedwere mainly reference methods. Currently, all sampling methods were reference methods; however, before 2018 three networks used other methods that may have underestimated concentrations. Regarding these measurements, it should be noted the results are notcomparable with the reference method. Laboratory methods were reference methods excluding two cases, where the first was considered an acceptable equivalent method. For the other, a change to a reference method was strongly recommended and this realized in 2020. For some new measurements, the ongoing QC procedures were not yet fully established, and advice were given. Some networks used consultant for calibration and maintenance, and thus theywere not fully aware of the QC procedures. EN Standards were mostly followed. Main concerns were related to the checks of flow and calculation of measurement uncertainty, and suggestions for improvement were given. When the measurement networks implement the recommendations given inthe audits, it can be concluded that the EN Standards are adequately followed in the networks. In the ongoing sampling, clear factors risking the trueness of the result were not found. This applies also for the laboratory analyses in 2020. One network had concentrations above the target value, and theindicative measurementsshould be updated to fixed measurements.

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Mizrach, Amos, Sydney L. Spahr, Ephraim Maltz, Michael R. Murphy, Zeev Schmilovitch, Jan E. Novakofski, Uri M. Peiper et al. Ultrasonic Body Condition Measurements for Computerized Dairy Management Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568109.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):

The body condition (BC) score is recognized in the dairy industry as an essential tool for managing the energy reserves of the dairy cow, which is essential for sustaining optimal and efficient production over several lactations. The current use of BC scoring depends on the accuracy of subjective visual estimates, and this limits its kusefulness as a management aid in the dairy industry. A measuring tool that would frequently provide objective data on the cow's body reserves would be a major contribution to efficient dairy herd management. Ultrasonic sensors have the potential to be developed into an efficient BC measuring device, and the experimental use of such sensors for subcutaneous fat thickness (SDFT) estimates, as an indication for BC in beef cattle, supports this assumption. The purposes of this project were: 1. To compare visual BC scoring and ultrasonic fat thickness with on-line automated body weight (BW) measurements as monitors of nutritional adequacy of dairy cows at various stages of lactation. 2. To determine the effects of variation in digestive fill in early and late lactation on the accuracy of body weight measurements in lactating cows. 3. To modify an existing ultrasonic system and develop a specialized, low-cost sensor for repeatable determination of body condition scores by users with minimal training and skill. 4. To develop a standard for the assignment of body condition scores based on ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness. The procedure to execute these objectives involved: 1. Frequent measurement of BW, milk yield (MY), BC (visually scored) and subdermal fat thickness ultrasonically measured of dairy cows, and data analysis on average and individual basis. 2. Testing and selection of an appropriate special-purpose sensor, finding an optimum body location for working an ultrasonic measurement, prcessing the signals obtained, and correlating the resulting measurements with performance responses in lactating cows. Linking the ultrasonic signals to BC scores, and developing a BC scoring data acquisition system are the first steps towards fulfilling the necessary requirements for incorporating this device into an existing dairy herd management system, in order to provide the industry with a powerful managment tool. From the results obtained we could conclude that: 1. BC does not correlate with BW changes during all stages of lactation, although in general terms it does. These results were confirmed by individual cow BW and BC data obtained during the course of lactation, that were supported by individual objective ultrasonic measurement of SDFT. 2. BW changes reflect energy metabolism reliably ony after peak milk yield; early in lactation, a decrease in BW expresses mobilization of body reserves only qualitatively, and not quantitatively. 3. Gastrointestinal content increases throughout the whole period during which dry matter intake (DMI) increases. The drastic increase very early in lactation prevents the use of BW changes as a basis for quantitative estimatio of energy meatabolism; at this stage of lactation, konly a BC score or any other direct measurements willl provide a quantitative estimate of energy metabolism. 4. Ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness can be used to quantify changes that correlate with the actual condition of the cow, as assessed by performance and the traditional way of scoring. 5. To find the best site on the cow's body at which to obtain responses to BC and its changes in the course of lactation, additional sites have to be examined. From the present study, it seems that the sites between ribs 12 and 13 have the potential for this purpose. 6. The use of templates made it easier to repeat measurements at a desired site and spot. However, the convenient easy-to-handle way to standardize the measurement, described in this study, koffers scope for improvement. 7. The RF peak values of the A-mode are better indicators of the location of fat layer borders than image analysis, from the point of view of future commercial development. 8. The distances between the RF peaks of the A-mode can be automatically measured by suitable software, for future commercial development. 9. Proper analysis of daily body weight and milk yield data can provide the necessary information on body condition changes during lactation, until a direct BC measurement device is developed. 10. In any case, at least one visual BC assessment has to be done, preferably immediately after calving, for calibration purposes.

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Pradhan, Nawa Raj. Estimating growing-season root zone soil moisture from vegetation index-based evapotranspiration fraction and soil properties in the Northwest Mountain region, USA. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), settembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42128.

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Abstract (sommario):

A soil moisture retrieval method is proposed, in the absence of ground-based auxiliary measurements, by deriving the soil moisture content relationship from the satellite vegetation index-based evapotranspiration fraction and soil moisture physical properties of a soil type. A temperature–vegetation dryness index threshold value is also proposed to identify water bodies and underlying saturated areas. Verification of the retrieved growing season soil moisture was performed by comparative analysis of soil moisture obtained by observed conventional in situ point measurements at the 239-km2 Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, USA (2006–2009), and at the US Climate Reference Network (USCRN) soil moisture measurement sites in Sundance, Wyoming (2012–2015), and Lewistown, Montana (2014–2015). The proposed method best represented the effective root zone soil moisture condition, at a depth between 50 and 100 cm, with an overall average R2 value of 0.72 and average root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.042.

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Dogan, Adnan, Cuneyt Uyak, Nurhan Keskin, Anil Akcay, Ruhan Ilknur, Gazioglu Sensoy e Sezai Ercisli. Grapevine Leaf Area Measurements by Using Pixel Values. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, giugno 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2018.06.07.

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López-Soto, Jamie F., e Bryant A. Robbins. Laboratory measurements of the erodibility of gravelly soils. U.S. Army E ngineer Research and Development Center, novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42443.

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Abstract (sommario):

The critical shear stress and erodibility of soil are fundamental parameters for modeling embankment breaching. Unfortunately, very few studies have examined the erosion characteristics of soils consisting predominantly of particles larger than sand. This report presents results of an experimental study in which the erosion characteristics of gravelly soils were measured. A flume apparatus was developed in which 0.45-m-square samples were extruded into confined flow. A mechanical laser system allowed the measurement of scour in real time, resulting in a continuous and automated erosion test. The critical shear stress of a uniform gravel was found to match the expected values based on the Shields diagram, while tests that were composed largely of gravel but contained other soils, such as sand, silt, and clay, varied significantly with the critical shear stress and erodibility, depending highly on the characteristics of the finer soils.

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