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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Minimum number of individuals"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 18 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Minimum number of individuals"

Vaduvesković, Igor, e Marija Djuric. "Mass grave complexity effects on the minimum number of individuals estimation". Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology 16, n. 1 (14 novembre 2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-019-00186-3.

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Domínguez-Rodrigo, Manuel. "Critical review of the MNI (minimum number of individuals) as a zooarchaeological unit of quantification". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 4, n. 1 (15 novembre 2011): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-011-0082-z.

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Naidu, Ashwin, Lindsay A. Smythe, Ron W. Thompson e Melanie Culver. "Genetic Analysis of Scats Reveals Minimum Number and Sex of Recently Documented Mountain Lions". Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 2, n. 1 (1 giugno 2011): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/042010-jfwm-008.

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Abstract Recent records of mountain lions Puma concolor and concurrent declines in desert bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis mexicana on Kofa National Wildlife Refuge in Arizona, United States, have prompted investigations to estimate the number of mountain lions occurring there. We performed noninvasive genetic analyses and identified species, individuals, and sex from scat samples collected from the Kofa and Castle Dome Mountains. From 105 scats collected, we identified a minimum of 11 individual mountain lions. These individuals consisted of six males, two females and three of unknown sex. Three of the 11 mountain lions were identified multiple times over the study period. These estimates supplement previously recorded information on mountain lions in an area where they were historically considered only transient. We demonstrate that noninvasive genetic techniques, especially when used in conjunction with camera-trap and radiocollaring methods, can provide additional and reliable information to wildlife managers, particularly on secretive species like the mountain lion.

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Qi, Mingze, Hongzhong Deng e Yong Li. "Minimum Memory-Based Sign Adjustment in Signed Social Networks". Entropy 21, n. 8 (25 luglio 2019): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21080728.

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In social networks comprised of positive (P) and negative (N) symmetric relations, individuals (nodes) will, under the stress of structural balance, alter their relations (links or edges) with their neighbours, either from positive to negative or vice versa. In the real world, individuals can only observe the influence of their adjustments upon the local balance of the network and take this into account when adjusting their relationships. Sometime, their local adjustments may only respond to their immediate neighbourhoods, or centre upon the most important neighbour. To study whether limited memory affects the convergence of signed social networks, we introduce a signed social network model, propose random and minimum memory-based sign adjustment rules, and analyze and compare the impacts of an initial ratio of positive links, rewire probability, network size, neighbor number, and randomness upon structural balance under these rules. The results show that, with an increase of the rewiring probability of the generated network and neighbour number, it is more likely for the networks to globally balance under the minimum memory-based adjustment. While the Newmann-Watts small world model (NW) network becomes dense, the counter-intuitive phenomena emerges that the network will be driven to a global balance, even under the minimum memory-based local sign adjustment, no matter the network size and initial ratio of positive links. This can help to manage and control huge networks with imited resources.

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Ansaloni, Tommaso, Sílvia Aucejo e Josep A. Jacas. "Estimating the intrinsic rate of increase of Tetranychus urticae: which is the minimum number of immature individuals to consider?" Experimental and Applied Acarology 41, n. 1-2 (2 marzo 2007): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10493-007-9051-8.

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Gilinsky, Norman L., e J. Bret Bennington. "Estimating numbers of whole individuals from collections of body parts: a taphonomic limitation of the paleontological record". Paleobiology 20, n. 2 (1994): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012719.

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Paleoecologists have long sought to obtain estimates of the sizes of extinct populations. However, even in ideal cases, accurate counts of individuals have been hampered by the fact that many organisms disarticulate after death and leave their remains in the form of multiple, separated parts. We here analyze the problem of estimating numbers of individuals from collections of parts by developing a general counting theory that elucidates the major contributing variables. We discover that the number of unique individuals of a particular species that are represented in a fossil collection can be described by an intricate set of relationships among (1) the number of body parts that were recovered, (2) the number of body parts that were possessed by organisms belonging to that species, and (3) the number of individuals of that species that served as the source of the parts from which the paleontological sample was obtained (the size of the “sampling domain”). The “minimum number of individuals” and “maximum number of individuals” methods currently used by paleontologists to count individuals emerge as end members in our more general counting theory. The theory shows that the numbers of individuals of a species that are represented in a sample of body parts is fully tractable, at least in a theoretical sense, in terms of the variables just mentioned. The bad news is that the size of the “sampling domain” for a species can never be known exactly, thus placing a very real limit on our ability to count individuals rigorously. The good news is that one can often make a reasonable guess regarding the size of the sampling domain, and can therefore make a more thoroughly informed choice regarding how to estimate numbers of individuals. By isolating the variables involved in determining the numbers of individuals in paleontological samples, we are led to a better appreciation of the limits, and the possibilities, that are inherent in the fossil record.

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Wu, Jing Li. "A Practical Heuristic Algorithm for the Minimum Founder Set Reconstructive Problem". Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (novembre 2011): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.549.

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It has been generally accepted that current-day population evolved from a small number of specific sequences called founders, and the genomic sequences (called recombinants) of individuals within the population are composed of segments from the founders due to recombination. In this paper, the minimum founder set problem is studied. A practical heuristic algorithm HMFS is presented for solving the problem, which partitions the sites of founders into three parts and reconstructs them respectively. Experimental results show that HMFS can solve the minimum founder set problem fast and effectively. Furthermore, when the number of recombinants and SNP sites grows large, HMFS is still able to find satisfied solution to this problem very quickly. Hence it is practical in realistic applications

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Mason, Roger D., Mark L. Peterson e J. A. Tiffany. "Weighing and Counting Shell: A Response to Glassow and Claassen". American Antiquity 65, n. 4 (ottobre 2000): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694427.

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Glassow discusses several "problems" with the use of minimum number of individuals (MNI) in archaeological shellfish analysis, including the difficulty of identifying non-repetitive elements (NRE) to species level for several taxa. However, these problems, especially fragmentation, are more critical for the weight method than for MNI estimates. We have successfully identified thousands of NRE for all species common in southern California coastal archaeological sites. We also suggest that a measure, such as MNI, that provides estimates of numbers of individuals is a more reliable and valid measure with which to address most research questions. The weight method only provides a measure of the weight of some of the fragments from the shells of those individuals.

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Bayzid, Md Shamsuzzoha, Md Maksudul Alam, Abdullah Mueen e Md Saidur Rahman. "HMEC: A Heuristic Algorithm for Individual Haplotyping with Minimum Error Correction". ISRN Bioinformatics 2013 (28 gennaio 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/291741.

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Haplotype is a pattern of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a single chromosome. Constructing a pair of haplotypes from aligned and overlapping but intermixed and erroneous fragments of the chromosomal sequences is a nontrivial problem. Minimum error correction approach aims to minimize the number of errors to be corrected so that the pair of haplotypes can be constructed through consensus of the fragments. We give a heuristic algorithm (HMEC) that searches through alternative solutions using a gain measure and stops whenever no better solution can be achieved. Time complexity of each iteration is for an SNP matrix where and are the number of fragments (number of rows) and number of SNP sites (number of columns), respectively, in an SNP matrix. Alternative gain measure is also given to reduce running time. We have compared our algorithm with other methods in terms of accuracy and running time on both simulated and real data, and our extensive experimental results indicate the superiority of our algorithm over others.

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Lenzuni, Paolo, Pierangelo Tura e Pierfrancesco Cervino. "Identification of the Minimum Number of Measurements Required for Thermal Comfort Assessment in Large Workplaces". Annals of Work Exposures and Health 63, n. 7 (21 giugno 2019): 729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz046.

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Abstract Optimization of resources is the key to improve our ability to perform multiple tasks with limited time and money. In the context of thermal comfort assessment, optimization becomes important in large rooms where tens of individuals perform similar tasks. This work focuses on the identification of the minimum number of measurement points that allows an accurate description of the thermal environment. Accuracy of description is assumed if no significant loss of information is associated to the transition from the ‘primary’ thermal map based on all available measurement points to a ‘secondary’ thermal map based on a reduced set of measurement points. The concept of ‘no significant loss’ is quantified by requiring that the difference in PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) between the two maps is kept <0.1 in the vast majority (95%) of points. PMV is a standardized synthetic index that is used worldwide for quantifying thermal comfort (ISO 7730, 2005) taking into account both environmental (thermo-hygrometric) and personal (activity, clothing) quantities. We show that the uncertainty induced by the degraded resolution of the thermal map has a limited impact on the overall uncertainty on PMV. Application of the method to a few test environments shows that the room size perpendicular to the main window and the windows orientation play the largest role in determining spatial inhomogeneity in thermal maps. A minor concurring factor is the room area.

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Tesi sul tema "Minimum number of individuals"

Parmentier, Sandy. "Une nouvelle méthode d'estimation du nombre minimum d'individus(NMI) par une approche allométrique : le NMI par exclusions. : applications aux séries ostéologiques de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20698/document.

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L’estimation du Nombre Minimum d’Individus (NMI) constitue une étape essentielle de l’étude des ensembles osseux, à la fois en contexte funéraire et médico-légal. En anthropologie funéraire, cette estimation va permettre d’affiner les profils paléodémographiques mais aussi de proposer de meilleures hypothèses quant à la gestion et l’utilisation de l’espace funéraire, tandis qu’en anthropologie médico-légale, elle revêt un intérêt majeur en vue de l’identification des victimes et des implications judiciaires qui en résultent.Les méthodes actuellement connues permettant d’estimer le NMI possèdent certaines limites dépendantes de la subjectivité des critères utilisés. Considérant ces limites, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode mise en place via une approche biométrique basée sur le principe de l’allométrie. A partir d’une sélection de 136 mesures ostéométriques, nous avons calculé les paramètres de 18360 équations de régressions linéaires permettant d’obtenir la prédiction d’une mesure biométrique à partir d’une autre ainsi que les bornes de l’intervalle de prédiction individuelle à 99% associé.Nous avons élaboré un outil informatique de tests itératifs permettant d’obtenir, à partir de l’exclusion très hautement probable d’appartenance des os à un même individu, une estimation du NMI.Les résultats du NMI par exclusions obtenus dans diverses applications montrent que ce NMI se révèle être particulièrement performant dans de nombreux cas.Au final, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode, objective et fiable, d’estimation du Nombre Minimum d’Individus - le NMI par exclusions - pouvant être utilisée aussi bien en contexte funéraire que dans un cadre médico-légal
Estimation of the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) constitutes an essential stage of the study of commingled remains, both in physical and forensic anthropology. In physical anthropology, this estimation allow to improve paleodemographic profiles but also to propose better hypotheses as for the management and the use of the funeral space, whereas in forensic anthropology, it takes a major interest in identification procedures of victims and in the judicial involvement which result from it.Nowadays used methods estimating the MNI possess certain limits dependent on the subjectivity of the used criteria. Considering these limits, we propose a new method organized through a biometric approach based on the allometric principle. From a selection of 136 osteometric measures, we calculated the parameters of 18360 equations of linear regressions allowing us to obtain the prediction of a biometric measure from another one as well as the borders of the interval of individual prediction at 99 %.We elaborated a computer tool of iterative tests allowing to obtain, from the very highly likely exclusion from membership of bones in the same individual, an estimation of the MNI.The results of the MNI by exclusions obtained in different applications show that this NMI is particularly successful in numerous cases.In the final, we propose a new method, objective and reliable, of estimation of the Minimum Number of Individuals - the MNI by exclusions - useful as well in archaeological and forensic context

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Zhang, Shiyu. "Lens design using a minimum number of glasses". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186835.

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Currently, there are hundreds of optical glasses available from glass manufacturers. Due to increasing environmental limitations on the use of certain raw materials used to make these glasses, there is now an economic desire to minimize the number of glasses used in lens design. This dissertation presents the results of a study to create a suggested universal catalogue that contains the minimum number of glasses needed to satisfy most possible lens designs. Three different lens libraries were studied using the global optimization method and the most frequently chosen glasses were then compiled into the suggested universal glass catalogue. Two highly different systems, a nearly symmetric double Gauss lens, and a highly asymmetric eyepiece are used in the glass selection process. As part of this study, the relationship between the error function and the number of glasses chosen is studied, and in addition, a glass range study is also carried out. A suggested universal glass catalogue constructed from this study that contains nine glasses is presented.

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Owens, Kayla Denise. "Properties of the Zero Forcing Number". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2216.

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The zero forcing number is a graph parameter first introduced as a tool for solving the minimum rank problem, which is: Given a simple, undirected graph G, and a field F, let S(F,G) denote the set of all symmetric matrices A=[a_{ij}] with entries in F such that a_{ij} doess not equal 0 if and only if ij is an edge in G. Find the minimum possible rank of a matrix in S(F,G). It is known that the zero forcing number Z(G) provides an upper bound for the maximum nullity of a graph. I investigate properties of the zero forcing number, including its behavior under various graph operations.

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Akbari-Dilmaghani, Rahim. "Design methods for cellular neural networks with minimum number of cloning templates coefficients". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286671.

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Miao, Cheng Hsi. "The design of phased synthetic aperture imaging systems using a minimum number of elements". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185625.

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The research described in this report resulted from my participation in the design study for the Phased-Array Imaging Telescope. To maintain high transmission, a practical system should contain a minimum number of components. This consideration leads to the concept of shared symmetries between the subtelescope and final collector. This report presents an approach to the design of such arrays, and examines the implications of including aspheric correction for the telescope array. As expected, the number of elements in this correction design concept seems to work well. Four array systems based on this concept are presented; each uses only one spherical mirror as the beam collector. The effects of changing the primary mirror's relative aperture, and of changing the system length, on the symmetry and order of aberrations arising from the use of an eccentric aspheric, are explained in this report. The subtle limitations of techniques for adding special surfaces for decentered aspheric correction to optical design programs are discussed as well. Two additional design concepts are examined and compared. A preliminary tolerancing analysis is performed, and error budgets developed. An adaptive element is considered for relaxing the alignment and fabrication tolerances.

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Sinkovic, John Henry. "The Minimum Rank Problem for Outerplanar Graphs". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3722.

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Given a simple graph G with vertex set V(G)={1,2,...,n} define S(G) to be the set of all real symmetric matrices A such that for all i not equal to j, the ijth entry of A is nonzero if and only if ij is in E(G). The range of the ranks of matrices in S(G) is of interest and can be determined by finding the minimum rank. The minimum rank of a graph, denoted mr(G), is the minimum rank achieved by a matrix in S(G). The maximum nullity of a graph, denoted M(G), is the maximum nullity achieved by a matrix in S(G). Note that mr(G)+M(G)=|V(G)| and so in finding the maximum nullity of a graph, the minimum rank of a graph is also determined. The minimum rank problem for a graph G asks us to determine mr(G) which in general is very difficult. A simple graph is planar if there exists a drawing of G in the plane such that any two line segments representing edges of G intersect only at a point which represents a vertex of G. A planar drawing partitions the rest of the plane into open regions called faces. A graph is outerplanar if there exists a planar drawing of G such that every vertex lies on the outer face. We consider the class of outerplanar graphs and summarize some of the recent results concerning the minimum rank problem for this class. The path cover number of a graph, denoted P(G), is the minimum number of vertex-disjoint paths needed to cover all the vertices of G. We show that for all outerplanar graphs G, P(G)is greater than or equal to M(G). We identify a subclass of outerplanar graphs, called partial 2-paths, for which P(G)=M(G). We give a different characterization for another subset of outerplanar graphs, unicyclic graphs, which determines whether M(G)=P(G) or M(G)=P(G)-1. We give an example of a 2-connected outerplanar graph for which P(G) ≥ M(G).A cover of a graph G is a collection of subgraphs of G such that the union of the edge sets of the subgraphs is equal to the E(G). The rank-sum of a cover C of G is denoted as rs(C) and is equal to the sum of the minimum ranks of the subgraphs in C. We show that for an outerplanar graph G, there exists an edge-disjoint cover of G consisting of cliques, stars, cycles, and double cycles such that the rank-sum of the cover is equal to the minimum rank of G. Using the fact that such a cover exists allows us to show that the minimum rank of a weighted outerplanar graph is equal to the minimum rank of its underlying simple graph.

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Khazaka, Rami, Marius Grundmann, Marc Portail, Philippe Vennéguès, Marcin Zielinski, Thierry Chassagne, Daniel Alquier e Jean-François Michaud. "Realization of minimum number of rotational domains in heteroepitaxied Si(110) on 3C-SiC( 001)". American Institute of Physics, 2016. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31228.

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Structural and morphological characterization of a Si(110) film heteroepitaxied on 3C-SiC(001)/ Si(001) on-axis template by chemical vapor deposition has been performed. An antiphase domain (APD) free 3C-SiC layer was used showing a roughness limited to 1 nm. This leads to a smooth Si film with a roughness of only 3 nm for a film thickness of 400 nm. The number of rotation domains in the Si(110) epilayer was found to be two on this APD-free 3C-SiC surface. This is attributed to the in-plane azimuthal misalignment of the mirror planes between the two involved materials. We prove that fundamentally no further reduction of the number of domains can be expected for the given substrate. We suggest the necessity to use off-axis substrates to eventually favor a single domain growth.

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Lezowski, Pierre. "Questions d’euclidianité". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14642/document.

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Nous étudions l'euclidianité des corps de nombres pour la norme et quelques unes de ses généralisations. Nous donnons en particulier un algorithme qui calcule le minimum euclidien d'un corps de nombres de signature quelconque. Cela nous permet de prouver que de nombreux corps sont euclidiens ou non pour la norme. Ensuite, nous appliquons cet algorithme à l'étude des classes euclidiennes pour la norme, ce qui permet d'obtenir de nouveaux exemples de corps de nombres avec une classe euclidienne non principale. Par ailleurs, nous déterminons tous les corps cubiques purs avec une classe euclidienne pour la norme. Enfin, nous nous intéressons aux corps de quaternions euclidiens. Après avoir énoncé les propriétés de base, nous étudions quelques cas particuliers. Nous donnons notamment la liste complète des corps de quaternions euclidiens et totalement définis sur un corps de nombres de degré au plus deux
We study norm-Euclideanity of number fields and some of its generalizations. In particular, we provide an algorithm to compute the Euclidean minimum of a number field of any signature. This allows us to study the norm-Euclideanity of many number fields. Then, we extend this algorithm to deal with norm-Euclidean classes and we obtain new examples of number fields with a non-principal norm-Euclidean class. Besides, we describe the complete list of pure cubic number fields admitting a norm-Euclidean class. Finally, we study the Euclidean property in quaternion fields. First, we establish its basic properties, then we study some examples. We provide the complete list of Euclidean quaternion fields, which are totally definite over a number field with degree at most two

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Spangenberg, Ulrich. "Development of a robust output-only strain based damage detection technique for wing-like structures, requiring a minimum number of sensors". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30065.

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In recent years more emphasis has been placed on in-situ condition based monitoring of engineering systems and structures. Aerospace components are manufactured from composite materials more often. Structural health monitoring (SHM) systems are required in the aerospace industry to monitor the safety and integrity of the structure and will ensure that composites reach its full potential within the industry. Damage detection techniques form an integral part of such SHM systems. With this work a damage detection technique is developed for intended eventual use on composite structures, but starting first on isotropic structures. The damage mechanism that is of interest is delamination damage in composites. A simple numerical equivalent is implemented here however. Two damage indicators, the strain cumulative damage factor (SCDF) and the strain-frequency damage level (SFDL) are introduced. The respective damage indicators are calculated from output-only strain and acceleration response data. The effectiveness of the system to detect damage in the structure is critically evaluated and compared to other damage detection techniques such as the natural frequency method. The sensitivity to damage and performance of both these indicators is examined numerically by evaluating two deterministic damage cases. The numerical study is enhanced through the use of an updated finite element model. The minimum number of sensors capable of detecting the presence and locate damage spatially is determined from numerical simulations. Monte Carlo type analysis is performed by letting the damaged area vary stochastically and calculating the respective damage indicators. The model updating procedure from measured mobility frequency response functions (FRFs) is described. The application of the technique to real structures is examined experimentally. Two test structures with two different damage scenarios are examined. The spatial location and presence of damage can be established from both the SCDF and SFDL values, respectively. The spatial location obtained from the SCDF values corresponded to the known damage location for both the numerical and experimental study. The SFDL proved to be more sensitive than the natural frequency method and could be used to calculate the level of damage within the structure.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
unrestricted

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Sandgren, Johanna. "Array-based Genomic and Epigenomic Studies in Healthy Individuals and Endocrine Tumours". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kirurgiska vetenskaper, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129533.

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The human genome is a dynamic structure, recently recognized to present with significant large-scale structural variation. DNA-copy number changes represent one common type of such variation and is found both between individuals and within the somatic cells of the same individual, especially in disease states like cancer. Apart from DNA-rearrangements, epigenomic changes are increasingly acknowledged as important events in the maintenance of genomic integrity. In this thesis, different array-based methods have been applied for global genomic and epigenomic profiling of both normal and cancer cells. In paper I, a genomic microarray was established and used to determine DNA-copy number variants (CNVs) in a cohort of 76 healthy individuals from three ethnic populations. We identified 315 CNV regions that in total encompassed ~3,5% of the genome. In paper II, the array was utilized to discover CNVs within several differentiated tissues from the same subject. Six variants were identified providing evidence for somatic mosaicism. In paper III and IV we studied pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, rare endocrine tumours that most often present as benign and sporadic with unclear genetic/epigenetic cause. Genome-wide DNA-copy number analysis of 53 benign and malignant samples in paper III revealed numerous common and novel chromosomal regions of losses and gains. High frequencies of relatively small overlapping regions of deletions were detected on chromosome 1p arm, encompassing several candidate tumour suppressor genes. In paper IV, an epigenomic map for two histone modifications associated with silent (H3K27me3) or active (H3K4me3) gene transcription, was generated for one malignant pheochromocytoma. Integrated analysis of global histone methylation, copy number alterations and gene expression data aided in the identification of candidate tumour genes. In conclusion, the performed studies have contributed to gain knowledge of CNVs in healthy individuals, and identified regions and genes which are likely associated with the development and progression of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma.

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Libri sul tema "Minimum number of individuals"

Service, United States Internal Revenue. Alternative minimum tax for individuals. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1990.

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United States. Internal Revenue Service. Alternative minimum tax for individuals. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1989.

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United States. Internal Revenue Service. Alternative minimum tax for individuals. 8^a ed. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1987.

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United States. Internal Revenue Service. Alternative minimum tax for individuals. 8^a ed. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1988.

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Radzik, Tomasz. Tight bounds on the number of minimum-mean cycle cancellations. Stanford, CA: Computer Science Department, Stanford University, 1990.

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Office, General Accounting. Agriculture payments: Number of individuals receiving 1990 deficiency payments and the amounts : fact sheet for the Honorable Charles E. Schumer, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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Wilson, Robert M. On the correlation between maximum amplitude and smoothed monthly mean sunspot number during the rise of the cycle: From t=0-48 months past sunspot minimum. Linthicum Heights, MD: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information, 1998.

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An act to direct the Secretary of Health and Human Services to grant a waiver of the requirement limiting the maximum number of individuals enrolled with a health maintenance organization who may be beneficiaries under the Medicare or Medicaid programs in order to enable the Dayton Area Health Plan, Inc., to continue to provide services through January 1994 to individuals residing in Montgomery County, Ohio, who are enrolled under a State plan for medical assistance under title XIX of the Social Security Act. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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United States. Congress. House. A bill to amend title II of the Social Security Act and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to protect the integrity and confidentiality of Social Security account numbers issued under such title, to prohibit the establishment in the federal government of any uniform national identifying number, and to prohibit federal agencies from imposing standards for identification of individuals on other agencies or persons. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. To direct the Secretary of Health and Human Services to waive the application to the District of Columbia Chartered Health Plan, Inc., of the requirement under Title XIX of the Social Security Act that limits the maximum number of individuals enrolled with a health maintenance organization who may be beneficiaries under the Medicare or Medicaid programs: Report (to accompany H.R. 4252) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Minimum number of individuals"

Kendell, Ashley, e P. Willey. "Crow Creek Bone Bed Commingling: Relationship Between Bone Mineral Density and Minimum Number of Individuals and Its Effect on Paleodemographic Analyses". In Commingled and Disarticulated Human Remains, 85–104. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7560-6_6.

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de Berg, Mark, Amirali Khosravi, Sander Verdonschot e Vincent van der Weele. "On Rectilinear Partitions with Minimum Stabbing Number". In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 302–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22300-6_26.

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Kostochka, Alexandr, Tomasz Łuczak, Gábor Simonyi e Eric Sopena. "On the minimum number of edges giving maximum oriented chromatic number". In Contemporary Trends in Discrete Mathematics, 179–82. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/dimacs/049/12.

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Di Giacomo, Emilio, Walter Didimo, Giuseppe Liotta e Henk Meijer. "Computing Radial Drawings on the Minimum Number of Circles". In Graph Drawing, 251–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31843-9_26.

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Durocher, Stephane, e Saeed Mehrabi. "Computing Partitions of Rectilinear Polygons with Minimum Stabbing Number". In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 228–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32241-9_20.

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Kageyama, S. "Connected Designs with the Minimum Number of Experimental Units". In Linear Statistical Inference, 99–117. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7353-1_9.

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Chandran, L. Sunil, e L. Shankar Ram. "On the Number of Minimum Cuts in a Graph". In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 220–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45655-4_25.

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Kamma, Lior, e Zeev Nutov. "Approximating Survivable Networks with Minimum Number of Steiner Points". In Approximation and Online Algorithms, 154–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18318-8_14.

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Bertolazzi, Paola, Giuseppe Di Battista e Walter Didimo. "Computing orthogonal drawings with the minimum number of bends". In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 331–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-63307-3_72.

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Kastner, Julia, Alexander Koch, Stefan Walzer, Daiki Miyahara, Yu-ichi Hayashi, Takaaki Mizuki e Hideaki Sone. "The Minimum Number of Cards in Practical Card-Based Protocols". In Advances in Cryptology – ASIACRYPT 2017, 126–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70700-6_5.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Minimum number of individuals"

Purwar, Anurag, e Akshay Jadhav. "A Novel Six-Bar Mechanism for Executing Motion Trajectories of Sit-to-Stand Transformation in a Multifunctional Mobility Assist Device". In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67470.

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This paper presents a novel six-bar Sit-to-Stand (STS) linkage mechanism integrated in a multi-functional assistive device1, that helps improve mobility of individuals with lower extremity weaknesses. The six-bar linkage follows the J-shaped trajectory of the shoulder-joint and maintains orientation of the supporting bar for the comfort and ergonomics. An overall goal was to design a device that is comfortable to the user during STS transformation, compact, light-weight, portable and one that requires minimum number of external actuators. By following the natural posture and movement of certain joints, a biomechanically correct STS motion is achieved. A natural motion ensures minimum stresses on joints and muscles and if the user can move their legs, they can undergo ambulation therapy and stimulate functional neural pathways. Dynamic analysis is done on the mechanism to design a frame and to select actuators for lifting a person weighing 300lbs. The device was tried by individuals with lower extremity weaknesses and the results showed that it lifts users well and also helps balance and stabilize them during ambulation.

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Brasoava, Adriana, Radu Danescu, David Wells e Nayan Reddy. "Optimum Number Density of Blocks Released in Fluidic Self-Assembly of Microelectronics". In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72768.

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An experimental study was conducted to demonstrate the existence and estimate the value of an optimum number density of silicon plates (blocks) in a fluidic self-assembly process used for parallel assembling of microelectronics. Blocks ranging in size from 350 to 1050 microns were released under water over an inclined substrate and allowed to move gravitationally to fill indentations (receptors) of matching shape. The performance of the process was evaluated in terms of the time necessary to achieve filling. Results indicate that there is an optimum block density for which the filling time is minimum. If the density is too high, blocks in contact with each other form agglomerations that reduce the mobility of individual blocks and prevent them from aligning properly with the receptors to fill them. The optimum area fraction covered by blocks was relatively similar for the three sizes of blocks considered. The findings amend a common belief that the FSA performance increases indefinitely with the density of blocks released. Economic advantages of a limited block density at industrial scale are discussed.

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Davison, Craig R., e A. M. Birk. "Automated Fault Diagnosis for Small Gas Turbine Engines". In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30029.

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In one possible model of distributed power generation a large number of users will operate individual, gas turbine powered, cogeneration systems. These systems will be small, relatively inexpensive, and installed in locations without ready access to gas turbine maintenance experts. Consequently an automated method to monitor the engine and diagnose its health is required. To remain compatible with the low cost of the power system the diagnostics must also be relatively inexpensive to install and operate. Accordingly a minimum number of extra sensors should be used and the analysis performed by a common personal computer system. The current work automates the diagnosis of component faults by comparing the engine’s operating trends to the trends for known faults. This allows the relative percentage chance of each fault occurring to be determined. The likelihood of each fault is then compared, to determine which component is degrading. The technique can be adapted to compare the engines historic operating trend or a single operating point. In this initial work a computer model was used as a test bed and 5 faults were introduced individually. The technique successfully diagnosed the faulty component using either the operating trend or a single operating point.

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Lin, Yu-Long, e D. C. H. Yang. "Automatic Development Generation for Thin-Walled Objects". In ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1994-0079.

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Abstract This paper presents an analytical study on automatic development generation of thin-walled objects. Formulas based on mechanism theory are derived to determine the required number of seam lines for developing thin-walled objects. Subsequently, the seam line locations are determined via the identification of the minimum required seam line number at each vertex. An algorithm based on spanning tree technique has been developed to automatically generate all possible developments. Configurations with geometrical violations can be automatically detected and deleted. In addition, a new unfolding technique based on individual surface transformation has been presented. This technique requires less computational time in the unfolding process than the traditional sequential transformation method.

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Wickenhauser, Patrick L., e David K. Playdon. "Quantitative Pipeline Risk Assessment and Maintenance Optimization". In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0451.

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The quantitative risk assessment tool was used to calculate the failure rates, failure consequences and risk levels along the pipeline. Safety risk was characterized by the individual risk ratio, which was defined as the maximum individual risk associated with a given segment divided by the tolerable individual risk. Tolerable individual risk values were defined as a function of population density following the approach developed by MIACC and the UK HSE. Financial risk was expressed in dollars per km-year and included a dollar equivalent for public perception. The recommended maintenance plan was defined as the minimum cost option that achieved a tolerable safety risk. The first step in developing the plan was to identify all segments that do not meet tolerable risk criteria (i.e., segments with an individual risk ratio greater than 1). For each of these segments a number of potential maintenance scenarios that address the dominant failure threats were selected. A cost optimization analysis was then carried out in which the total expected cost associated with each maintenance option was calculated as the sum of implementing the option plus the corresponding financial risk component, amortized over the inspection interval. This analysis was used to identify the minimum cost alternative that meets the individual risk constraint. Outcomes of the analysis included the best maintenance option (e.g., inline inspection, hydrostatic test) and the optimal time interval for segment re-evaluation.

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Barnard, Jason M. "Propagating ASME PCC-1 Appendix A Compliance". In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63228.

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In November 2013 the revised ASME PCC-1 “Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Joint Assembly” were published including Appendix A, “Training and Qualification of Bolted Joint Assembly Personnel.” This Appendix outlines a training, examination and qualification system for ensuring a consistent level of knowledge and experience for bolting assemblers and specialists working on bolted flange joint assemblies. The ultimate objective is a mobile workforce capable of bolting ASME plant with a minimum performance standard safely and with no subsequent leaks. Major operators and contractors involved in oil and gas, petrochemical and power generation, or any industry that uses bolted flange joint assemblies, can benefit from PCC-1. Benefit recognition has begun with operators now specifying PCC-1 compliance in their procedures and bid packages. However, nearly three years after the introduction of Appendix A the number of Qualifying Organizations approved to deliver the program and individuals qualified via these programs remains stubbornly small in comparison with other programs and insufficient to meet the future safety demands of the industry or the objective of PCC-1 and Appendix A. This technical paper reviews key elements of Appendix A, compares Appendix A with other international qualifications and suggests recommendations intended to increase recognition and compliance with these guidelines. The recommendations and expected benefits follow from an extensive review of work by other organizations and published data concerned to reduce recorded leaks from bolted joints, including: a) Implementation lessons learned from a Qualifying Organization and Review Organization. b) Current international qualifications and the differing routes to achieve each qualification including: 1) ASME PCC-1 Appendix A Training and Qualification of Bolted Joint Assembly Personnel. 2) European standard EN1591-4 Qualification of personnel competency in the assembly of the bolted connections of critical service pressurized systems. 3) Engineering Construction Industry Training Board (ECITB) Mechanical Joint Integrity (MJI) technical training standards and Step Change in Safety Mechanical Joint Integrity Route to Competence Guidance 4) Additional country specific qualifications c) Program effectiveness study of the Engineering Construction Industry Training Board (ECITB) Mechanical Joint Integrity (MJI) program and the Step Change in Safety Hydrocarbon Release (HCR) model set up to achieve leak reduction in the UK North Sea sector. Finally, the paper will conclude with outlining the benefits to be gained globally through standardization of international qualification programs to enable true portability including: a) The need to increase the number of auditable Qualifying Organizations able to deliver the program, qualify individuals and engage operator/contractors in the process. b) Importance of effective communication and summary of the guidelines.

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Mhetras, Shantanu, Je-Chin Han e Ron Rudolph. "Film-Cooling Effectiveness From Shaped Film Cooling Holes for a Gas Turbine Blade". In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50916.

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The effect of film cooling holes placed along the span of a fully-cooled high pressure turbine blade in a stationary, linear cascade on film cooling effectiveness is studied using the Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) technique. Six rows of compound angled shaped film cooling holes are provided on the pressure side while four such rows are provided on the suction side of the blade. The holes have a laidback and fan-shaped diffusing cross-section. Another three rows of holes are drilled on the leading edge to capture the effect of showerhead film coolant injection. The film cooling hole arrangement simulates a typical film cooled blade design used in stage 1 rotor blades for gas turbines used for power generation. A minimum blowing ratio is defined for each film hole row and tests are performed for 1.0x, 1.33x, 1.67x, 2.0x and 2.67x of this minimum value. Tests are performed for an inlet Mach number of 0.36 with a corresponding exit Mach number of 0.51. The flow remains subsonic in the throat region. The corresponding free stream Reynolds number, based on the axial chord length and the exit velocity, is 1.3 million. Turbulence intensity level at the cascade inlet is 5% with an integral length scale of around 5cm. Results show that varying blowing ratios can have a significant impact on film-cooling effectiveness distribution. Large spanwise variations in effectiveness distributions are also observed. Results also show that the effectiveness magnitudes from superposition of effectiveness data from individual rows are comparable with that from full coverage film cooling.

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Fakheri, Ahmad, e Maryam Fazel. "Optimization of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Networks". In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59513.

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A methodology is presented for the optimization of a network of shell and tube heat exchangers connected in series. For a given total rate of heat transfer and the known inlet and exit temperatures of the hot and cold fluids, the total area of the heat exchanger network is minimized. In the proposed methodology, the heat exchangers are assumed to be different. This is a generalization compared to the traditional approach where all the heat exchangers are taken to have the same area and the same LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference) correction factor. In the traditional approach the minimum number of identical shells, for which a feasible solution exists and meets the design criteria, is used as the optimum solution. The proposed optimization approach shows that using larger number of smaller heat exchangers results in less overall heat exchanger area due to the more efficient operation of the individual heat exchangers.

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Kiefner, John. "Peer Review of the Plausible Profiles Corrosion Assessment Model". In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9254.

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Abstract An enhanced corrosion assessment model has been developed by TC Energy. The new model is called the “Plausible Profiles Model for Corrosion Assessment” or “Psqr” for short and is described in three IPC 2020 papers1,2,3. The Psqr model uses a probabilistic approach for creating a number of plausible profiles along a corroded area. The predicted failure pressure for each plausible profile is calculated using RSTRENG, resulting in a probabilistic distribution of predicted failure pressures. The predicted failure pressure for the corroded area is taken to be the lower 5th percentile value of the distribution. TC Energy requested that PRCI sponsor an independent review of the Psqr model by subject matter experts (SMEs). The PRCI Corrosion Technical Committee and TC Energy jointly selected a team of SMEs to conduct the review. The team was comprised of the following individuals: • Maher Nessim — C-FER Technologies • Ming Gao — Blade Energy Partners • Ravi Krishnamurthy — Blade Energy Partners • Phil Hopkins — Independent Consultant • Andrew Cosham — Ninth Planet Engineering • Michael Rosenfeld — RSI Pipeline Solutions • Bruce Nestleroth — Kiefner and Associates, Inc. • John Kiefner — RSI Pipeline Solutions This paper describes the work carried out by the SMEs and presents their findings and conclusions. Basically, they found that the model is more accurate and exhibits less scatter than existing models such as RSTRENG, B31G, and Modified B31G4. They recommended that the Psqr Model be implemented in conjunction with a high-quality corrosion management plan such as that outlined in TC Energy’s technical report5, and they recommended specific minimum Psqr-predicted failure stress levels for use on pipelines being operated at maximum stress levels ranging from 40% of SMYS to 80% of SMYS.

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Jaubert, Jean-Noe¨l, Romain Privat e Michel Molie`re. "Ethanol and Distillate Blends: A Thermodynamic Approach to Miscibility Issues". In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22126.

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In the recent years, the quest for an ever wider cluster of sustainable primary energies has prompted an increasing number of attempts to combine the emission sobriety of bio fuels with the energy density advantage of fossil fuels. A number of compositions incorporating hydrocarbons, ethanol and in some cases limited amounts of water have been proposed, especially in the forms of micro emulsions, with a variable success. Indeed due to markedly different physical and chemical properties, ethanol and gasoil are able to blend and form homogeneous solutions only in limited proportion ranges. Indeed, such mixtures often give rise to liquid-liquid equilibrium. A key parameter is thus the Minimum Miscibility Temperature (MMT), i.e. the temperature above which ethanol and gasoil become completely miscible. In fact, commercial gasoils do not constitute a monolithic product but display in the contrary a large span of compositions that influence the stability of these blends. In this context, the LRGP laboratory (Laboratoire Re´actions et Ge´nie des Proce´de´s) has undertaken an investigation program intended to understand the factors underlying the stability of ethanol/gasoil blends. The approach is based on the calculation of the liquid-liquid phase diagrams formed by anhydrous ethanol and a mixture of various hydrocarbons representative of the diesel oil pool using the group contribution concept. Indeed, for correlating thermodynamic properties, it is often convenient to regard a molecule as an aggregate of functional groups; as a result, some thermodynamic properties (heat of mixing, activity coefficients) can be calculated by summing group contributions. In this study, the universal quasichemical functional group activity coefficient (UNIFAC) method has been employed as it appears to be particularly useful for making reasonable estimates for the studied non ideal mixtures for which data are sparse or totally absent. In any group-contribution method, the basic idea is that whereas there are thousands of chemical compounds of interest in chemical technology, the number of functional groups that constitute these compounds is much smaller. Therefore, if we assume that a physical property of a fluid is the sum of contributions made by the molecule’s functional groups, we obtain a possible technique for correlating the properties of a very large number of fluids in terms of a much smaller number of parameters that characterize the contributions of individual groups. This paper shows the large influence exerted by the paraffinic, aromatic and naphthenic character of the gasoil but also the sulfur content of the fossil fraction on the shape of the liquid-liquid phase diagram and on the value of the minimum miscibility temperature.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Minimum number of individuals"

Pritchett, Lant, e Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), aprile 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.

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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.

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Whitaker, Keith W., e W. D. Hairston. Assessing the Minimum Number of Synchronization Triggers Necessary for Temporal Variance Compensation in Commercial Electroencephalography (EEG) Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada568650.

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Ruosteenoja, Kimmo. Applicability of CMIP6 models for building climate projections for northern Europe. Finnish Meteorological Institute, settembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361416.

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In this report, we have evaluated the performance of nearly 40 global climate models (GCMs) participating in Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The focus is on the northern European area, but the ability to simulate southern European and global climate is discussed as well. Model evaluation was started with a technical control; completely unrealistic values in the GCM output files were identified by seeking the absolute minimum and maximum values. In this stage, one GCM was rejected totally, and furthermore individual output files from two other GCMs. In evaluating the remaining GCMs, the primary tool was the Model Climate Performance Index (MCPI) that combines RMS errors calculated for the different climate variables into one index. The index takes into account both the seasonal and spatial variations in climatological means. Here, MCPI was calculated for the period 1981—2010 by comparing GCM output with the ERA-Interim reanalyses. Climate variables explored in the evaluation were the surface air temperature, precipitation, sea level air pressure and incoming solar radiation at the surface. Besides MCPI, we studied RMS errors in the seasonal course of the spatial means by examining each climate variable separately. Furthermore, the evaluation procedure considered model performance in simulating past trends in the global-mean temperature, the compatibility of future responses to different greenhouse-gas scenarios and the number of available scenario runs. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were likewise explored in a qualitative sense, but owing to the non-existence of data from multiple GCMs, these variables were not incorporated in the quantitative validation. Four of the 37 GCMs that had passed the initial technical check were regarded as wholly unusable for scenario calculations: in two GCMs the responses to the different greenhouse gas scenarios were contradictory and in two other GCMs data were missing from one of the four key climate variables. Moreover, to reduce inter-GCM dependencies, no more than two variants of any individual GCM were included; this led to an abandonment of one GCM. The remaining 32 GCMs were divided into three quality classes according to the assessed performance. The users of model data can utilize this grading to select a subset of GCMs to be used in elaborating climate projections for Finland or adjacent areas. Annual-mean temperature and precipitation projections for Finland proved to be nearly identical regardless of whether they were derived from the entire ensemble or by ignoring models that had obtained the lowest scores. Solar radiation projections were somewhat more sensitive.

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Peitz, David, e Naomi Reibold. White-tailed deer monitoring at Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas: 2005–2020 trend report. A cura di Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, aprile 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285087.

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From 16 years (2005–2020) of monitoring trends in white-tailed deer within a defined survey area of Arkansas Post National Memorial, we have been able to demonstrate both population declines and recoveries. The adjusted count of deer had a seven-fold increase between 2007 and 2011 following a two-year decline and a three-fold increase between 2017 and 2019 following a six-year decline. Overall, the deer population has declined slightly, averaging a 0.5% reduction in herd size annually. The number of deer in the survey area ranged from 16.77 ± 21.26 (mean + 95% CI) individuals/km2 in 2007 to 118.95 ± 39.03 individuals/km2 in 2011. The amount of visible area surveyed each year varied between 0.25 and 0.47 km2 (coefficient of variation = 16.47%). If the white-tailed deer population becomes too large, this poses several problems for Arkansas Post National Memorial. First, it adds a level of complexity to implementing active natural resource management critical to preventing the cultural landscapes of Arkansas Post National Memorial from changing into something that has little resemblance to the historical character of the park. Deer deferentially browse native vegetation over exotic vegetation, thus promoting the spread of exotic species, and the success of tree planting can be curtailed by heavy deer browsing. Second, controlling deer related disease, some of which can affect domestic livestock and human health in and around the park, becomes increasingly difficult when there are more deer. Third, as additional ancillary data suggests, the largely unreported and costly deer-vehicle collisions in and around Arkansas Post National Memorial have the potential to increase if the deer populations grow.

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Busso, Matías, María P. González e Carlos Scartascini. On the Demand for Telemedicine: Evidence from the Covid-19 Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, aprile 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003225.

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Telemedicine can expand access to health care at relatively low cost. Historically, however, demand for telemedicine has remained low. Using administrative records and a difference-in-differences methodology, we estimate the change in demand for telemedicine experienced after the onset of the COVID-19 epidemic and the imposition of mobility restrictions. We find a 233 percent increase in the number of telemedicine calls and a 342 percent increase in calls resulting in a medication being prescribed. The effects were mostly driven by older individuals with pre-existing conditions who used the service for internal medicine consultations. The demand for telemedicine remains high even after mobility restrictions were relaxed, which is consistent with telemedicine being an experience good. These results are a proof of concept for policymakers willing to expand access to healthcare using advances in technology.

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Scrivens, Ryan, Steven M. Chermak, Joshua D. Freilich, Thomas W. Wojciechowski e Richard Frank. Detecting Extremists Online: Examining Online Posting Behaviors of Violent and Non-Violent Right-Wing Extremists. RESOLVE Network, settembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.21.remve.

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Like most of us, violent extremists often leave a digital footprint behind. Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers raise questions about whether violent individuals can be identified online prior to their attacks offline based on their online posting behaviors. Despite ongoing concerns, few empirically grounded analyses have identified which online users have engaged in violent extremism offline and then assessed their digital footprints, and fewer analyses have identified differences in posting behaviors of those who share extreme ideological beliefs but are violent or non-violent in the offline world. This policy note highlights the importance of both identifying and examining the online behaviors of violent and non-violent extremists in preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) and provides researchers, practitioners, and policymakers with a number of recommendations for detecting and analyzing the online behaviors of violent and non-violent extremists in the future.

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Ghosh, Arijeet, Madhurima Dhanuka, Sai Bourothu, Fernando Lannes Fernandes, Niyati Singh e Chenthil Kumar. Lost Identity: Transgender Persons Inside Indian Prisons. Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001185.

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This report sheds light on challenges faced by Transgender persons in Indian prisons. The report analyses the international and legal frameworks in the country which provide the foundation for policy formulations with regard to confinement of LGBT+ persons, with particular reference to the Transgender community. This report also documents the responses received to right to information requests filed to prison headquarters across the country, which in addition to providing the number of Transgender prisoners in Indian prisons between 1st May 2018 to 30th April 2019, also provides relevant information on compliance within prisons with existing legal frameworks relevant to protecting the rights of Transgender persons in prisons, especially in terms of recognition of a third gender, allocation of wards, search procedures, efforts towards capacity building of prison administrators etc. The finalisation of this report has involved an intense consultative process with individuals and experts, including representatives from the community, community-based organisations as well as researcher and academicians working on this issue. This report aims to enhance the understanding of these issues among stakeholders such as prison administrators, judicial officers, lawyers, legal service providers as well as other non-state actors. It is aimed at better informed policy making, and ensuring that decisions made with respect to LGBTI+ persons in prisons recognize and are sensitive of their rights and special needs.

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DiGrande, Laura, Sue Pedrazzani, Elizabeth Kinyara, Melanie Hymes, Shawn Karns, Donna Rhodes e Alanna Moshfegh. Field Interviewer– Administered Dietary Recalls in Participants’ Homes: A Feasibility Study Using the US Department of Agriculture’s Automated Multiple-Pass Method. RTI Press, maggio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.mr.0045.2105.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of administering the Automated Multiple-Pass Method (AMPM), a widely used tool for collecting 24-hour dietary recalls, in participants’ homes by field interviewers. Design: The design included computer-assisted personal interviews led by either a nutritionist (standard) or field interviewer. Portion estimators tested were a set of three-dimensional food models (standard), a two-dimensional food model booklet, or a tablet with digital images rendered via augmented reality. Setting: Residences in central North Carolina. Participants: English-speaking adults. Pregnant women and individuals who were fasting were excluded. Results: Among 133 interviews, most took place in living rooms (52%) or kitchens (22%). Mean interview time was 40 minutes (range 13–90), with no difference by interviewer type or portion estimator, although timing for nutritionist-led interviews declined significantly over the study period. Forty-five percent of participants referenced items from their homes to facilitate recall and portion estimation. Data entry and post-interview coding was evaluated and determined to be consistent with requirements for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Values for the number of food items consumed, food groups, energy intake (average of 3,011 kcal for men and 2,105 kcal for women), and key nutrients were determined to be plausible and within reasonably expected ranges regardless of interviewer type or portion estimator used. Conclusions: AMPM dietary recall interviews conducted in the home are feasible and may be preferable to clinical administration because of comfort and the opportunity for participants to access home items for recall. AMPMs administered by field interviewers using the food model booklet produced credible nutrition data that was comparable to AMPMs administered by nutritionists. Training field interviewers in dietary recall and conducting home interviews may be sensible choices for nutrition studies when response rates and cost are concerns.

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Vavrin, John L., Ghassan K. Al-Chaar, Eric L. Kreiger, Michael P. Case, Brandy N. Diggs, Richard J. Liesen, Justine Yu et al. Automated Construction of Expeditionary Structures (ACES) : Energy Modeling. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), febbraio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39641.

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The need to conduct complex operations over time results in U.S. forces remaining in deployed locations for long periods. In such cases, more sustainable facilities are required to better accommodate and protect forward deployed forces. Current efforts to develop safer, more sustainable operating facilities for contingency bases involve construction activities that redesign the types and characteris-tics of the structures constructed, reduce the resources required to build, and reduce resources needed to operate and maintain the com-pleted facilities. The Automated Construction of Expeditionary Structures (ACES) project was undertaken to develop the capability to “print” custom-designed expeditionary structures on demand, in the field, using locally available materials with the minimum number of personnel. This work investigated large-scale automated “additive construction” (i.e., 3D printing with concrete) for construction applications. This document, which documents ACES energy and modeling, is one of four technical reports, each of which details a major area of the ACES research project, its research processes, and associated results, including: System Requirements, Construction, and Performance; Energy and Modeling; Materials and Testing; Architectural and Structural Analysis.

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Diggs, Brandy N., Richard J. Liesen, Michael P. Case, Sameer Hamoush e Ahmed C. Megri. Automated Construction of Expeditionary Structures (ACES) : Energy Modeling. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), febbraio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39759.

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