Tesi sul tema "Modélisation du bilan de masse en surface"
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Gential, Luc. "Modélisation du bilan de masse en surface de la calotte glaciaire antarctique". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10092.
Testo completoThe Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB, snow accumulation minus ablation) is sensitive to climate parameters and directly contributes to global mean sea level variations. Therefore, in the perspective of climate change, it is useful to develop tools that can simulate the physical processes involved in the Antarctic surface mass balance. The approach developed in this thesis consists in using a cascade of atmospheric models from large scale to local scale. Thus, a regional climate model (Modèle atmosphérique régional, hereinafter referred to as MAR), forced by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis, provides a diagnostic physical-based rain- and snowfall disaggregation model with meteorological fields at the regional scale (typically 40-km resolution). In a first part, it is shown that the SMB calculated by MAR is in good agreement with observations in most regions. Nonetheless, runoff appears to be overestimated; the problem vanishes when introducing a dependency of albedo with solar zenithal distance. In a second part, it is shown that although the parameterizations invoked in the disaggregation model are fairly simple, the knowledge of small-scale topography (5-km resolution) is efficiently used to improve the spatial variability of precipitation - and therefore SMB - over coastal regions of Antarctica. Model validation is carried out with the help of snow height measurements provided by automatic weather stations. Over the coastal place of Law Dome, the net accumulation gradient is mostly due to orographic forcing of precipitation (rather than blowing snow). The disaggregation model dramatically underestimates precipitation over the Antarctic Plateau, where polar stratospheric clouds associated with radiative cooling could play a role in the formation of precipitation during the polar night
Gential, Luc. "Modélisation du bilan de masse en surface de la calotte glaciaire antarctique". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189139.
Testo completoDonat-Magnin, Marion. "Variabilité atmosphérique en Antarctique de l'Ouest : Impact sur la circulation océanique et sur le bilan de masse de surface de la calotte Interannual Variability of Summer Surface Mass Balance and Surface Melting in the Amundsen Sector, West Antarctica". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU032.
Testo completoWest Antarctica, and particularly the Amundsen sector, has shown since the 1990s a large increase of mass loss related to coastal glacier acceleration in response to an increase of oceanic melt underneath ice shelves. Ice shelves play a buttressing role for ice-stream and increased oceanic melt therefore lead to ice shelves thinning and glacier acceleration, which contributes to sea level rise. West Antarctica is of particular concern because its configuration is prone to marine ice-sheet instability. It has been suggested that ice shelves weaken under large surface melt in a warmer climate (hydrofracturing), possibly leading to another kind of instability. Instabilities could be slowed down or compensated by future Surface Mass Balance (SMB) that consists mainly of snowfall, sporadic rainfall, and is slightly reduced by sublimation and runoff. The main objective of this PhD work is to model the atmospheric and oceanic processes that will most likely affect the future West Antarctic contribution to sea level rise.First, oceanic projections have been developed using the NEMO ocean model. The ocean circulation induced by ice-shelf basal melting affects the ocean response to future changes in surface winds. Therefore, models that do not represent ice-shelf cavities produce wrong warming patterns around Antarctica. A positive feedback between oceanic melting and grounding-line retreat has been identified and can increase melt rates by a factor of 2.5. These results are strong incentive to couple ocean and ice sheet models, although the projections proposed here are relatively idealized.To run SMB and surface melting projections, an atmospheric model with a fine representation of polar processes, including those related to the snowpack, is needed. MAR is found to be an appropriate tool to simulate the present-day surface climate in the Amundsen region. We find that none of the large climate modes of variability (ASL, SAM, ENSO) explains more than 50% of surface melt and SMB summer variance at the interannual timescale. The use of climate mode variability projections to estimate the future surface climate of West Antarctica is therefore not trivial.Forced by the CMIP5 multi-model mean under the RCP8.5 scenario, MAR predicts an increase of SMB by 30-40% for the end of the 21st century. This increase corresponds to 0.33 mm yr-1 of sea level drop down, which is higher than the current West Antarctic contribution of ~0.26 mm yr-1 from ice dynamics. Surface melt is also projected to increase by a factor of 5 to 15 over the Amundsen ice shelves, but most of it is projected to refreeze in the annual snow layer, so future melting should not have a strong contribution to SMB or hydrofracturing.To conclude we show that coupled ocean and ice sheet climate models are essential to simulate the future of Antarctica and Southern Ocean. A fine representation of surface melt and refreezing processes within the snowpack is also crucial as possible hydrofracturing is threatening in a warmer climate and it comes within a delicate equilibrium between snowfall, air temperature, and feedback related to albedo and humidity
Colleoni, Florence. "La glaciation de la fin du Saalien (160-140 ka) : modélisation du climat". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10131.
Testo completoThis thesis focuses on the glaciation of the Late Saalian period (160 -140 ka) over Eurasia. The Quaternary Environment of the Eurasian North project evidenced that during this period, the Eurasian ice sheet was substantially larger than during the entire Weichselian cycle and especially than during the Last Glacial Maximum (21 ka, LGM). The Late Saalian astronomical forcing were different than during the LGM while greenhouse gas concentrations were similar. To understand how this ice sheet could have grown so large over Eurasia during the Late Saalian, we use an Atmospherical General Circulation Model (AGCM), an AGCM coupled to an oceanic mixed layer and a vegetation model to explore the influence of regional parameters, sea surface temperatures (SST) and orbital parameters on the surface mass balance (SMB) of the Late Saalian Eurasian ice sheet. At 140 ka, proglacial lakes, vegetation and simulated Late Saalian SST cool the Eurasian climate, reducing the ablation along the southen margins. Dust deposition on snow have the opposite effect. The presence of a Canada Basin ice-shelf during MIS 6 in the Arctic Ocean, does not affect the mass balance of the ice sheet. According to geological evidences, the Late Saalian Eurasian ice sheet reached its maximum extent before 160 ka. Northern Hemisphere high latitudes summer insolation shows a large insolation peak towards 150 ka. The simulated climate prior to 140 ka is milder and ablation is larger along the southern margins of the Eurasian ice sheet although the mean annual SMB is positive. The Late Saalian Eurasian ice sheet, may have been large enough to generate its own cooling needed for its maintenance over Eurasia
Colleoni, Florence. "La glaciation de la fin du Saalien (160 - 140 ka): modélisation du climat". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00418445.
Testo completoA 140 ka, les lacs proglaciaires, la végétation et les températures océaniques simulées refroidissent le climat régional, diminuant l'ablation le long des marges Sud. Les dépôt de poussière au contraire, réchauffent le climat. La présence d'un ice-shelf dans l'Océan Arctique durant le MIS 6 n'affecte pas le SMB de la calotte eurasienne. Selon les données géologiques, la calotte Saalienne avait atteint sa taille maximale avant 160 ka. L'insolation d'été dans les hautes latitudes montre un pic très net vers 150 ka. La climat simulé avant 140 ka est plus humide et l'ablation le long des marges sud est plus importante bien que le SMB reste positif. La calotte Saalienne semble avoir été suffisamment grosse pour générer son propre refroidissement régional et se maintenir en Eurasie jusqu'à la Terminaison II (130 ka).
Dupont, Florent. "Télédétection micro-onde de surfaces enneigées en milieu arctique : étude des processus de surface de la calotte glaciaire Barnes, Nunavut, Canada". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5306.
Testo completoHoang, Thi Khanh Dieu. "A numerical approach to understanding rates of ice sheet build-up during the Quaternary". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025UPASJ002.
Testo completoDuring the Quaternary (since 2.6 Ma), ice sheets experience different advance-retreat episodes corresponding to glacial-interglacial cycles. Studying these episodic events provides a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the Earth's evolution, improving the future projection for the current global warming.Simulating ice sheet-climate interactions for long timescales requires numerical modeling approaches that sufficiently represent the real system while maintaining low computational costs. In the first part of this thesis, I utilize an Earth System of Intermediate Complexity (iLOVECLIM) coupled to the 3D ice sheet model GRISLI to simulate the abrupt ice sheet advance during the beginning of the last glacial cycle (120-115 kaBP). The results indicate glacial inceptions cannot be explained solely by the astronomical theory (the influence of orbital forcings). The roles of the biosphere and ocean through different feedback mechanisms must be included to explain the location and extent of ice sheet advance. Also, an appropriate simulation of the ice sheet accumulation process is essential to obtain results consistent with the paleo records.In the second part of the thesis, I investigate the behaviors of a multi-layer snow model BESSI to provide a more physics-based surface mass balance (SMB) simulation for iLOVECLIM-GRISLI. The snow model exhibits good results compared to a state-of-the-art Regional Climate Model MAR for the present-day climate under different ice sheet conditions. For the Last Interglacial (130-116 kaBP), BESSI forced by iLOVECLIM shows higher sensitivity to the climate forcings than the existing SMB parameterization of iLOVECLIM-GRISLI. Additionally, the SMB evolution simulated by BESSI-iLOVECLIM is also in an acceptable range compared to other studies. However, since this snow model is more physics-based than the existing parameterization, the influence of biases of iLOVECLIM is more significant for BESSI, hampering its performance. With further work to come on bias correction and the coupling method, my study paves the way for the use of BESSI in the coupling between the iLOVECLIM climate model and the GRISLI ice sheet model
Guinaldo, Thibault. "Paramétrisation de la dynamique lacustre dans un modèle de surface couplé pour une application à la prévision hydrologique à l’échelle globale". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0125.
Testo completoThe water cycle encompasses the main processes related to mass fluxes that influence the atmosphere and climate variability. More specifically, continental hydrology refers to the water transfer occurring at the land surface and sub-surface. Modelling is one of the main methods used for the representation of these processes at regional to global scales. The land surface model system used in this thesis is composed of the ISBA land surface model coupled to the river routing model TRIP that combines the CNRM’s latest developments for use in stand-alone hydrological applications or coupled to a climate model. This PhD is focused on the development and evaluation of lake mass-balance dynamics and water level diagnostics using a new non-calibrated model called MLake which has been incorporated into the 1/12° version of the CTRIP model. Simulated river flows forced by high resolution hydrometeorological forcings are evaluated for the Rhone river basin against in situ observations coming from three river gauges over the period 1960-2016. Results reveal the positive contribution of MLake in simulating Rhone discharge and in representing the lake buffer effects on peak discharge. Moreover, the evaluation of the simulated and observed water level variations show the ability of MLake to reproduce the natural seasonal and interannual cycles. Based on the same framework, a final evaluation was conducted in order to assess the value of the non-calibrated MLake model for global hydrological applications. The results confirmed the capability of the model to simulate realistic river discharges worldwide. At 45% of the river gauge stations, which are mostly located within regions of high lake density, the new model resulted in improved simulated river discharge. The results also highlighted the strong effect of anthropization on the alterations of river dynamics, and the need for a global representation of human-impacted flows in the model. This study has lead to several future perspectives, such as the incorporation of a parametrization of lake hypsometry for use at global scale. The implementation of such developments will improve the representation of vertical water dynamics and facilitate both the coupling of MLake within the CNRM earth system model framework and the future spatial mission SWOT for improved future global hydrological and water resource projections
Dumas, Christophe. "Modélisation de l'évolution de l'Antarctique depuis le dernier cycle glaciaire-interglaciaire jusqu'au futur : importance relative des différents processus physiques et rôle des données d'entrée". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00701353.
Testo completoMagand, Olivier. "Bilan de masse de surface antarctique : techniques de mesure et analyse critique". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10042.
Testo completoThe study of the cryosphere, which is one of the main active component in the global climate system, including global sea level, represents a major interest in the understanding of the current climatic changes. The polar zones are, at the moment, the world areas where the climatic changes appear in a spectacular way, and this reinforces the necessity of a better understanding of the total and surface mass balance of the ice sheets. Indeed, the Antarctic mass balance (surface and total), is not well known yet and is not correctly represented in current climatic models; this matter of fact contributes to strong uncertainties about future climate projection as well as associated potential contribution on sea level change. As a consequence, the continuation of studies on total and surface mass balance (and future change) in the different Antarctic regions, in response to the actual (and future climate), appears essential. In the framework of the present manuscript, I propose to reduce uncertainties in the Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) estimates, inducing the possibility to optimize the reconstruction of the accumulation parameter over the continent with atmospheric general circulation (climatic) models and interpolation maps of in situ observations
Magand, Olivier. "Bilan de Masse de Surface Antarctique : Techniques de mesure et analyse critique". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00374371.
Testo completoBernus, Anthony. "Modélisation du bilan d’énergie des lacs dans le modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ002.
Testo completoGiven the importance of lakes on the climate and their socio-economic role, it is important to implement them in climate models to understand their influence on the various cycles such as water, carbon, methane or energy cycle and their interaction with the atmospheric boundary layer. This thesis aims to implement lakes in the ORCHIDEE continental surface model. We have chosen the one-dimensional Flake model which simulates the energy balance of lakes.In a first part of this thesis we have performed a sensitivity analysis of the different parameters of the Flake model. We show that lake surface temperatures and surface heat fluxes are mainly sensitive to depth. However, depending on the chosen depth interval (shallow or very deep), we notice that the influence of the depth is more important for the shallow lakes. The extinction coefficient which measures the penetration of solar radiation in water is also influential for shallow lakes.In the following work, we coupled ORCHIDEE with FLake and test several depth aggregation strategies at several resolutions (0.25 and 0.5 degrees). We use the GloboLakes database to validate lake surface temperatures and the Global Lake and River Ice Phenology Database to validate freezing periods. We used five different atmospheric forcings and noticed the strong sensitivity of the coupling to the chosen forcings. The aggregation strategy of the lake depths has a small influence on the results.Finally, the coupled model shows good results. For each series, the median of the errors obtained on the temperatures varies between 2.7 K and 3.2 K. The freezing periods are generally overestimated. The median of the errors on the freezing period varies between 20 and 41 days depending on the forcing used.Future works are considered to improve the coupling, such as the spatial parameterization of the extinction coefficient and the temporal evolution of the depths constrained by the satellite measurements of the future SWOT instrument. Finally, in a longer term perspective, it is envisaged to couple the ORCHIDEE-FLake model with the atmospheric model LMDZ
Agosta, Cécile. "Evolution du bilan de masse de surface Antarctique par régionalisation physique et contribution aux variations du niveau des mers". Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENU023/document.
Testo completoThe Antarctic Surface Mass Balance (SMB, i.e. the snow accumulation from which we subtract ablation by sublimation, run-off or erosion) is a major yet badly known contribution to changes in the present-day sea level. Water storage by snow accumulation on the Antarctic continent is expected to increase in the 21st century, which would moderate the rise in sea level and impact the ice dynamic response of the ice sheet. Three-quarters of the Antarctic SMB are concentrated below 2000 m above sea level whereas this area represents only 40% of the grounded ice sheet area. Orographic precipitation is a major contributor to snow accumulation in this region, which is why a better estimation of this term is important. The representation of this process by models depends to a great extent on the resolution of the model, since precipitation amounts depend on the ice sheet slopes. Sublimation and snowmelt also depend on elevation, and although they are presently minor contributors to the Antarctic SMB, their role is expected to become more important in the coming centuries. Global and regional atmospheric climate models are unable to achieve a 40-km resolution over Antarctica at a century time scale, due to their computing cost. At this resolution, the Antarctic coastal area is still badly represented. This is why we developed the downscaling model SMHiL (Surface mass balance high-resolution downscaling) to estimate the Antarctic SMB components at a high resolution (~15 km) from large-scale atmospheric forcings. We computed the impact of the high-resolution topography on orographic precipitation amounts and the boundary layer processes that lead to sublimation, melting and refreezing. SMHiL has been validated for the present period with a dataset composed of more than 2700 quality-controlled observations. However, very few of these observations are representative of the Antarctic coastal area. In this context, we show that the GLACIOCLIM-SAMBA stake lines located on the ice sheet coast-to-plateau area is an appropriate reference to evaluate model performance. Finally, we used SMHiL to estimate the SMB changes during the 21st and 22nd centuries, by downscaling the atmospheric global climate model LMDZ4. The high-resolution SMB is significantly different from the SMB given by LMDZ4 and is closer to the observed one for the present period. Our results suggest that previous studies using the LMDZ4 models underestimated the future increase in SMB in Antarctica by about 30%. Future changes in the Antarctic SMB at low elevations will result from the conflict between higher snow accumulation and runoff. The downscaling model is a powerful tool that can be applied to climate models for a better assessment of a future rise in sea level
Genco, Marie-Laure. "Les marées dans l'Océan atlantique : modélisation et bilan énergétique". Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10009.
Testo completoVerfaillie, Deborah. "Suivi et modélisation du bilan de masse de la calotte Cook aux iles Kerguelen. Lien avec le changement climatique". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU035/document.
Testo completoGlaciers of the southern hemisphere sub-polar regions between 45 and 60°S have declined dramatically over the last century. The islands of Kerguelen archipelago (49°S, 69°E) represent a unique location in regions where few data are available to understand glacier retreat. Situated at low altitudes and close to the ocean, their glaciers have shown particular sensitivity to atmospheric and oceanic variations. Thus, since the 1960s, the Cook Ice Cap (~400km2) has retreated spectacularly, losing 20% of its area in 40 years. The aim of my thesis was to assess the present and future state of the ice cap, and to understand the causes of this decline while putting them in a global context. To do so, a meteorological and glaciological network was set up in 2010 on Kerguelen archipelago and field campaigns have been carried out annually since then. Analysis of these measurements confirms the negative mass balance of Cook Ice Cap. In parallel, the study of the albedo over the whole ice cap from MODIS satellite images (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) gives us access to the evolution of the snow line since 2000, highlighting an important reduction of Cook Ice Cap accumulation area over the last decade. Mass balance modelling of the Cook Ice Cap using a degree-day model coupled to a simple ice motion routine further reveals that its retreat is mainly due to a strong decrease in precipitation over the Kerguelen Islands since the 1960s. In order to put the decline of the cryosphere on Kerguelen in a global context, climatic trends over the whole sub-polar regions are studied, revealing that the sub-Antarctic area is currently the one where glacier retreat is the strongest. To understand these variations, we analyse a complete set of field and satellite observations and modelling results : reanalyses, models from the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5) experiment, atmospheric and oceanic temperature and precipitation observations, etc. The latter show warming and quasigeneralised drying of the whole 40-60°S area, linked to the southward shift of storm tracks in response to the more frequent positive phases of the Southern Annual Mode (SAM). Recent glacier retreat on Kerguelen archipelago, and for other glaciers and ice caps located at similar latitudes, is thus mainly due to a deficit of accumulation caused by the SAM, and amplified by atmospheric warming. The future evolution of Cook Ice Cap mass balance is evaluated using the MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional) model, forced at its boundaries by CMIP5 models. Recent mass balance simulations are first carried out using ERA-Interim and NCEP1 reanalyses, and compared to in situ observations. In parallel, one-year simulations are produced with the precipitation desagregation scheme SMHiL (Surface Mass balance High resolution downscaLing) on MAR outputs, at various scales, in order to evaluate the impact of downscaling on precipitation. An evaluation of CMIP5 models over the recent period against ERA-Interim is then carried out, considering certain key climatic variables. The model closest to ERA-Interim as well as the two most extreme models are then used to force the MAR model over the next century, and surface mass balance outputs are critically analysed. The analysis of the decline of the Kerguelen ice cap using different tools and techniques brought new insights on the link between glaciers and climate, highlighting the major role of the SAM, but also raised new questions
Agosta, Cecile. "Evolution du bilan de masse de surface Antarctique par régionalisation physique et contribution aux variations du niveau des mers". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00877881.
Testo completoDagès, Cécile. "Analyse et modélisation de l'influence de réseaux de fossés sur les échanges surface-souterrain en bassin versant méditerranéen". Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20138.
Testo completoMoreaux, Virginie. "Observation et modélisation des échanges d’énergie et de masse de jeunes peuplements forestiers du Sud-Ouest de la France". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14506/document.
Testo completoIn this thesis, the juvenile phase of forest stands of southwestern France was studied in order to characterise soil-vegetation-atmosphere exchanges. The study focused on contrasted structures of young pines and Eucalyptus stands. The first part of this research was to study experimentally the mass and energy exchanges of young plantations of pines and Eucalyptus growing in southwestern France. Continuous measurements of CO2 and H2O fluxes, energy balance, sapflow and tree growth and production were carried out for two years, a period marked by repeated episodes of drought. The behavior of these species was compared, as well as the effects of the environment and cultural practices on these ecosystems. The annual water and carbon balances, growth and production of the three stands were established and compared. These measurements were enriched by data already available and were based on the 1D-mechanistic model of forest production and soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer GRAECO (INRA-EPHYSE). The second part of the thesis focused on developing a new version of the model to be applied to crop systems for fast-growing forest biomass. By coupling this evolution of the model with the 3D-model MAESTRA (Medlyn 2004), the assumptions of vertical and horizontal homogeneities in the canopy can be exceeded thus accounting for the effect of the three-dimensional structure on the radiative, CO2 and water vapor transfers in young stands, where crowns are separate and the understorey is well-developed. In addition, the model was supplemented by three new modules describing the dynamics of soil carbon (Roth-C) and the growth and functioning of the understory and coppice. It was evaluated on existing data covering different sites and time series and including a series of forest practices, such as plowing, stump removal, superficial disking, seeding, early thinning, thinnings and cutting down close to the ground. Finally, as an exploratory work, this model has been implemented on a data set describing the local climate forced by the A2 climate scenario which was regionalized on a SAFRAN grid point (‘Météo-France’) for three forest itineraries of maritime pine and Eucalyptus, in order to assess the potential productivity of these systems
Collao, Barrios Gabriela. "Estimation du bilan masse de surface du Glacier San Rafael et du Champ du Glace Nord de Patagonie par diverses approches". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU044/document.
Testo completoThe Northern Patagonia Icefield (NPI) have been losing mass at an accelerated rate during the last decades compared to the mean losses recorded since the Little Ice Age. Here we look for accurate estimates of the mean climate variables, surface mass balance (SMB) and ice dynamics of NPI. Due to the lack of available data in the area, the approach is based on physical models for both the atmosphere and the ice dynamics, in order to properly attribute the components of the glacial mass budget (mass balance, surface mass balance and ice discharge).First, the San Rafael Glacier (SRG) ice dynamics are modelled using the full-Stokes model Elmer/Ice. The flow model is initialised and constrained using the most up-to-date observations of surface velocities and bedrock elevation. The model is forced with several parametrisations of thealtitudinal SMB distribution to obtain consistency between the changes in SMB and ice dynamics. We show that previous studies have proposed excessive accumulation values on the icefield plateau, and that SRG imbalance is largely controlled by a large ice discharge (-0.83 +- 0.08 Gt/a compared to a slightly positive glacier-wide SMB (0.08 +- 0.06 Gt/a). This allows for an estimation of a committed mass loss of 0.34 +- 0.03 Gt/a for the next century. This value likely constitutes a minimum wastage in the future global climate change situation.Second, we model the SMB of the SRG and the NPI using the regional circulation model MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Regional). This model is forced by the ERA-Interim reanalysis outputs and adapted to accurately reproduce accumulation on the icefield. In addition to accumulation, attention is paid to estimating accurate ablation and albedo values on the plateau. The modelled temperature and precipitation are also validated using data from weather stations in the valleys around the icefield. For the period 1980-2014, the modelled mean SMB of the SRG and the NPI are 0.86 Gt/a and -1.84 Gt/a, respectively, with a large inter-annual variability of 1.4 Gt/a and 6.1 Gt/a, which is induced by temperature and snowfall variability. Due to the hypsometry of the SRG, small changes in the punctual SMB around the ELA have impacts over large areas and have significant consequences on the final glacier-wide SMB. However, in-situ data above the ELA are lacking, leading to important uncertainty in accumulation. Nevertheless, our SMB estimates for the 3 largest non-calving glaciers of the icefield are similar to mass balance values given by geodetic techniques. This validation shows that our estimate of SMB, which is the first negative proposed at the scale of NPI, is accurate. Combined with the ice discharge proposed in the first section of this study, this SMB could have contributed to the observed mass loss from the 1980s.Finally, the study of the surface energy balance given by MAR reveals the key role of the albedo and the shortwave radiation budget in the variations of the SMB. Albedo variations indirectly justify the existing correlations between temperature and melting as air temperature controls the phase of precipitation on the plateau. Thus, changes in solid precipitation explain most of the SMB variations. Consequently, past conditions with higher solid precipitation may have explained larger glaciers in Patagonia. The current instability is possibly a result from the location of glacier fronts which are well below the necessary altitude for equilibrium in the current icefield topography.This study allows us to conclude that well constrained atmospheric and ice dynamic modelling leads to SMB values which are in better agreement with the mass balance of the icefield. Nevertheless, new field data is necessary to better constrain SMB estimates of the SRG and the NPI in order to improve our understanding of past and future climate change impacts on these glaciers
Wille, Jonathan. "Climatologie et impacts des rivières atmosphériques en Antarctique West Antarctic surface melt triggered by atmospheric rivers". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALU003.
Testo completoDue to the increased ability of the air to hold moisture with temperature, precipitation in Antarctica is expected to increase significantly over the next century. This process will undoubtedly lead to an increase in snow accumulation on the continent, thereby partially mitigating future sea level rise. However, recent observed trends in temperature and snow accumulation in Antarctica are insignificant and paradoxical. The role played by moisture intrusions in temperature and precipitation variability could partly explain this phenomenon. These events are known to transport warm air masses from the oceans to the Antarctic continent, but only individual and unrelated intrusion events have been described so far. In an earlier study of the Dronning Maud Land region, the description of atmospheric rivers (ARs) provided an innovative view to describe high intensity moisture intrusions. In this thesis, we develop an atmospheric river detection algorithm adapted to the polar regions, in order to create a climatology of these events at the Antarctic scale. Using the outputs of the regional climate model, MAR (Regional Atmospheric Model), we evaluate the impacts of atmospheric rivers on the melting in West Antarctic, ice-shelf stability on the Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves, and on snowfall across the Antarctic ice sheet.Atmospheric rivers are infrequent events with coastal areas of Antarctica experiencing AR conditions around only three days per year on average and this value is even lower in Antarctic interior. However, ARs control surface melting processes on West Antarctica and precipitation variability on East Antarctica. In the west, ARs entering the interior of the continent cause positive anomalies in downward longwave radiation via highly liquid-laden clouds and wind, resulting in a marked foehn effect along leeward slopes. Between 1979 and 2017, rivers were thus associated with about 40% of the summer melt on the Ross Ice Shelf (nearly 100% at higher altitudes on Marie Byrd Land) and 40-80% of the winter melt along the ice shelves of the Antarctic Peninsula. In summer, these rivers also contribute to the melting of the Larsen ice shelves located east of the Peninsula. Their direct contribution to cumulative melting is more limited than in winter because the intense solar radiation in summer allows daily melting to occur. However, ARs caused 60-80% of the most intense melt/runoff events as well as high temperature extremes. This melting is linked to the Foehn effect and the positive longwave radiative fluxes anomalies over the eastern Peninsula during AR passages. The melt water accumulates in lakes and crevasses on the ice shelf surface, a preliminary step in ice shelf disintegration by hydraulic fracturing. ARs also push sea ice away from the coast, allowing swells to hit and apply strain to the ice-shelf margins. ARs can thus trigger the final disintegration of ice shelves. In particular, ARs were present during the disintegration of the Larsen A ice shelf in late January 1995 and the Larsen B ice shelf in late February/early March 2002. Overall, since 2000, 12 of the last 20 calving or collapse events along the Larsen Ice Shelves have been preceded (within 5 days) by the arrival of an AR. Finally, atmospheric rivers are responsible for the majority of the most intense precipitation in Antarctica. In eastern Antarctica, 20-30% of the snow accumulation occurred during of AR landfalls. Although this value remains modest, we observe that AR activity controls the trends and interannual variability of snowfall in this part of the continent. This control even extends to most of the ice sheet between 1980 and 2018.Ultimately, ARs play an important role in the Antarctic surface mass balance. Therefore, a change in atmospheric blocking conditions around Antarctica during the 21st century would lead to changes in the Antarctic surface mass balance. Such changes are currently ignored in climate change impact projections
Schiesko, Loïc. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de l'interaction plasma-surface : gaines anodiques, cathodiques et application à la génération d'ions négatifs". Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX11070.
Testo completoLemonsu, Aude. "Modélisation des processus de surface et de la couche limite en milieu urbain". Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30140.
Testo completoBauget, Fabrice. "Production d'huiles lourdes par dépressurisation : étude des interfaces huile-air et modélisation du procédé". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112202.
Testo completoThis thesis is an experimental and theoretical contribution to the modeling of the crude oil production in petroleum reservoirs under depressurization. Oil is produced under the bubble point in order to take advantage of gas expansion to displace the oil phase, a process called " solution gas drive ". So far, existing reservoir simulators are able to simulate such a mechanism only for light oils. For heavy oils, there is a problem due to the high viscosity and the physicochemical properties of the oils. Standard numerical simulators can account neither for out of equilibrium mechanisms, nor flow of a dispersed gas phase. A large number of studies have been published, especially at pore level, but a literature study shows the need for a model described by continuous equations (Darcy's approach). The experimental study of physicochemical properties (dynamic surface tension, surface elasticity) of the crude components show that asphaltenes can act as a surfactant which enhance foam production above a concentration threshold. A continuum model has been developed, based on the physical mechanisms and involving only measurable variables. Gas nucleation and mass transfer are modeled using a volumic transfer function, nucleation being described by preexisting bubbles. Gas can be present either as a continuous phase or as bubbles dispersed in the oil phase. The simulations of several experiments with various rocks and fluids had proven that the model can predict the amount of oil and gas produced during the experiments
Belot, Alice. "Simulation des échanges d'énergie et de masse d'un couvert végétal : développement et validation d'un modèle quasi 3D, DART-EB". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003054.
Testo completoNegny, Stéphane. "Modélisation et étude expérimentale d'un film liquide laminaire à interface libre ruisselant sur une surface structurée : couplage hydrodynamique-transferts de masse et d'energie". Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT025G.
Testo completoRoupioz, Laure. "Modélisation et suivi de l'éclairement et de l'albédo de surface à partir de données satellitaires : le cas du Tibet". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAD022/document.
Testo completoMonitoring the solar radiation budget on a daily basis is a prerequisite to study land surface processes, especially in climatology and hydrology. As part of the CEOP-Aegis project studying the hydrology of the Tibetan Plateau, this thesis focuses on developing a method to adequately estimate at-surface daily solar radiation budget over this particular area. A radiation budget time series produced based on existing satellite data products highlights the necessity to consider terrain and clouds sub-pixel variability when working over heterogeneous areas such as the Tibetan Plateau. The analysis of the impact of spatial and temporal variability of clouds on solar radiation demonstrates that the surface irradiance estimation would benefit from using cloud distribution instead of cloud fraction and the significance of high temporal resolution. A new sub-pixel topographic correction method is proposed and shows that using high resolution digital elevation model improves the irradiance as well as the albedo retrieval. Two approaches are proposed to improve solar radiation budget estimates taking into account adequately the sub-pixel heterogeneity
Zuñiga, Ulloa Ruben. "Études numérique et expérimentale des transferts couplés masse-chaleur modélisation, simulation et optimisation d'un traitement thermique dynamique de surface d'un produit alimentaire". Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2039.
Testo completoThis work concerns the decontamination of the surface of a food, consisting in blowing hot air onto the food surface with the objective of inactivating the bacteria located on the surface. This process has a renewal of interest but it is still a challenge to accurately control the evolution of the surface temperature. In this aim, a coupled heat and mass transfer model has been developed taking into account convective and diffusive mechanisms, evaporation and shrinkage of the product during the treatment. It also accommodates the dependence of the thermal properties with the moisture content. A specific heat treatment chamber was used to validate the model. Some parameters of the model were taken from the literature whereas the convective heat transfer coefficient was experimentally determined. From simulations, we highlighted the great influence of the water diffusivity on the surface temperature prediction. Reverse methods were then used to optimize this parameter and we pointed out its correlation with the convective heat transfer. Finally, this model was used as a simulator to design a control law allowing surface temperature tracking. This algorithm required the knowledge of an internal temperature, which was supplied by a software sensor
Navas, Giuliat. "Amélioration de la modélisation de la calotte de glace Antarctique à partir de la topographie de la surface". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00648409.
Testo completoOudart, Didier. "Modélisation de la stabilisation de la matière organique et des émissions gazeuses au cours du compostage d'effluents d'élevage". Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00935691.
Testo completoGervois, Sébastien. "Les zones agricoles en Europe : évaluation de leur rôle sur les bilans d'eau et de carbone à l'échelle de l'Europe ; sensibilité de ces bilans aux changements environnementaux sur le vingtième siècle". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066390.
Testo completoCoutinho, Luiz Felipe Carvalho. "Analyse du bilan de matière du pétrole dans une région en phase d’exploitation avancée – bassin de Reconcavo, Brésil". Paris 6, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00811915.
Testo completoThe mass balance study for the generated, migrated and accumulated petroleum constitutes an important tool for quantification of the petroleum systems providing indication for the comprehension of the oil distribution in a studied basin, whether it is a very explored province or a frontier area. This thesis has established a methodology for a mass balance construction in a petroleum system on a real case study. It is not only interested on the quantification of its charges and losses, but equally in its compositional aspects. The known hydrocarbon accumulation were used as a criteria for calibration of the mass balance parameters. It was chosen the Reconcavo basin, located at the Northeastern part of Brazil to this study. The basin is an aborted rift created during the fragmentation of the Gondwana supercontinent, during Lower Cretaceous. The quite known stage of exploration of the Reconcavo basin has contributed to the reduction of uncertainties concerning charges and losses, important issues to the definition of mass balance The large number of parameters that influence the mass balance were then calibrated on a precise way. For its acquisition it was used a geochemical protocol involving the kinetic-compositional description of the Tauá and Gomo Members (Candeias Formation), the main source rocks of the basin. A restoration law of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) was obtained through the results of the thermogravimetric experiments and also by Rock-Eval analysis. A second part of this work integrated these geochemical results in a sequential scheme of petroleum system modelings (1D, 2D and 3D). A thermal history calibration apart from the maturation data was used to obtain the source term. Later on, generation, expulsion and migration were modeled. These results provided the elements of mass balance for the Reconcavo basin showing that 8% of the expelled oil from the source rocks was accumulated, 16% was lost at the porous framework of the non-reservoir rocks and 76% left the system laterally or through exsudation, during its geological evolution
Gonzalez-Sosa, Enrique. "Mesure et modélisation à long terme du bilan de masse et d'énergie d'une jachère du sud-ouest de la France : influence et rôle d'une couche naturelle de résidus végétaux, ou mulch". Grenoble INPG, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPG0122.
Testo completoVincent, Axel. "Conception et simulation d'un réacteur fil-cylindre à décharge couronne avec barrière diélectrique adapté au traitement des oxydes d'azote dans des effluents marqués par un isotope". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066477.
Testo completoRojas, Sophie. "Etude du rôle des propriétés de surface de l'aérosol sur leur propriétés hygroscopiques appliquée à différents types de masse d'air". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30281.
Testo completoAerosols have a non-negligable effect on the solar and telluric radiations by diffusing and/or absorbing a part of this radiation (direct effect), and by acting as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (Indirect effect). One of the main uncertainties about the last point concerns the hygroscopic properties of aerosols, in particular their CCN potential. Köhler's theory explains this potential. This theory describes the surface tension of the aerosol compared to its size and its chemistry. Nevertheless, recent studies (Tervahattu et al. (2002), Russel et al. (2002)) have observed the existence, of old polluted air masses, of a surface film coating some aerosol particules. This surface film is formed by some process during atmospheric transport. This film could modify the surface tension of the particule and consequently its hygroscopic properties. Studies concerning the influence of the surface coating on the CCN potential of the aerosol do not agree. In order to determine if this surface coating could influence aerosol hygroscopicity, some measurements have been made. These are aerorsol (CN) and CCN concentration and aerosol granulometric size distribution. These measurement were made before and after a owen. Owen was used to volitilising the eventual external film. This measurmement were made in three places (Zugspitze, Puy de Dôme and around Strasbourg) which represent different atmospheric layers and are exposed to the influence of different air mass origin. .
Carvalho, Coutinho Luiz Felipe. "Analyse du bilan de matière du pétrole dans une région en phase d'exploitation avancée - bassin de Reconcavo, Brésil". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00811915.
Testo completoVasconcelos, Nogueira Neto Antonio. "Mécanismes contrôlant les anomalies de température de surface de la mer et de précipitation au cours de deux années contrastées 2010 et 2012 dans l'Atlantique tropical". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30010.
Testo completoThe Atlantic Marine ITCZ (AMI) is a regional manifestation of the ITCZ over the warm water of the tropical Atlantic oceans. Few studies have been devoted to document the processes driving the evolution of the SST and precipitation, most of which were centered on the eastern side of the basin. The present study provides an analysis of the evolution of the ocean and the atmosphere over the Western part of the Atlantic for two contrasted years in Sea Surface Temperature (SST), 2010 and 2012, that were respectively the warmest and coldest years observed during the 1982-2015 period. The causes of interannual and seasonal anomalies of SST are first explored via an oceanic mixed-layer (ML) heat budget performed from Argo floats, satellite-based data and ERAI-Interim atmospheric reanalysis for the period 2007-2012. The surface latent heat flux was found to be under-estimated by 20 W/m2 and conducted to erroneous vertical mixing in the whole domain. Correction of these surface fluxes yielded to residuals which were assimilated to vertical turbulent mixing at the mixed-layer base, which fell into realistic range. Once corrected, the ML budget shows that the observed SST anomalies in 2010 and 2012 were generated by anomalous wind stress and, consequently, anomalous latent heat flux in the north Atlantic during winter. The wind-induced horizontal advection plays a fundamental role in balancing the surface flux in the south Atlantic in 2012. The north tropical Atlantic appears as a key region for the generation of the SSTs pattern observed in 2010 and 2012. The second part of the study analyses the building of the 2010 and 2012 rainfall anomalies and the underlying mechanisms. On seasonal average, 2010 shows a more intense rainfall over the basin while 2012 exhibits a meridional dipole of precipitation with a rainfall maximum shifted 5 degrees north of its climatological location. An analysis of the water budget integrated vertically indicates that the anomalous vertical advection of moisture is the leading term that contributed to the precipitation anomalies for both years and that anomalous horizontal wind has the greatest contribution to this term. At the intraseasonal scale, an analysis of the precipitation regimes reveal that 2010 favoured more frequent heavy rainfall than 2012 while 2012 was characterised by more frequent lighter rain. The relationships between the precipitation and some key factors such as SST and precipitable water (PW) are analysed within the AMI to understand how deep convection was altered under different SST conditions. The main results is that the 2010 shows a higher SST threshold than 2012 for strong rainfall to occur. The precipitation - PW relationships shows the existence of a threshold of precipitable water too, which depends on the years and the tropospheric temperature. It is underlined that the atmospheric warmer conditions in 2010 vs 2012 acted to "damp" the SST anomaly via Clausius-Clapeyron mechanism, i.e. by increasing the water vapour saturation threshold of the atmosphere. A spectral analysis of precipitation revealed that African Easterly Waves at periods of 2-10 days explain most of the difference in the variability of precipitation between both years. Finally a set of simulation realised with the limited-area atmospheric model Meso-Nh was used to understand the contribution of the ocean and the atmosphere to the anomalous precipitation for 2010. Sensitivity experiments to the SST and initial/lateral boundary conditions were performed. The rainfall simulated by Meso-NH when forcing the model with the SST from 2012 and keeping the lateral boundary conditions to those of 2010 are very close to the rainfall obtained for 2010. It shows that the key factor to determine the 2010 rainfall anomaly is not the SST but the atmospheric properties provided by the lateral boundary conditions i.e. the anomalous horizontal wind and the tropospheric temperature
Bouteffeha, Maroua. "Echanges hydrologiques surface-souterrain induits par une retenue collinaire en milieu méditerranéen : quantification et analyse". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0042/document.
Testo completoHill reservoirs are hydraulic infrastructures widely used in North Africa, generally in arid and semi arid zones of the planet. These infrastructures are used for both water conservation in the catchment scale and to reduce siltation of downstream dams. The implementation and the management of water resources mobilized in this infrastructure must be based on knowledge of their hydrological functioning. However, the hydrological functioning of this system is not very known, especially the water flux exchange processes and intensity between the reservoir and the subsurface is still an open question.The main purpose of this study is to quantify and analyse the hydrological functioning of the reservoir-subsurface exchange processes for an agricultural catchment. This study was conducted on the hill reservoir of the experimental observation site of Kamech belonging to the OMERE observatory. In the first part of this study, we develop a water balance approach to estimate reservoir-subsurface exchange flux. The results of this approach shows that reservoir-subsurface exchange flux is dominated by infiltration that represent about 79% of the water outflow, and largely exceeds the water loss by evaporation that represents only 21 % of the total water outflow. However, the cross-analysis of the hydrological dynamics of the hill reservoir and the aquifer in the vicinity of the reservoir revealed that infiltration can occur in both directions: reservoir-subsurface exchange dominated by infiltration with the aquifer located in the foot of the dam, however the water exchange with the lateral aquifer of the hill reservoir can occur in both directions but remain very fleeting. The preliminary results of the modeling approach developed in this work has highlighted the complexity of reservoir-subsurface exchange flux. In fact, the relationship between water level in the hill reservoir and the infiltration flux is not unique and can present different behavior between the rise and decrease phase of the water level in the hill reservoir
Doan, Thuy Kim Phuong. "Fonctionnement biogéochimique d'un barrage tropical : application au système turbide de Cointzio (Mexique)". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU011/document.
Testo completoLa qualité globale des eaux continentales (lacs et réservoirs) continue à se détériorer dans de nombreuses régions du Mexique. Le réservoir Cointzio, situé dans la partie sud du Plateau Central Mexicain, sur la ceinture “Trans-Mexicain Volcanique Belt » (TMVB), ne fait pas exception. Ce réservoir tropical turbide est un système monomictique chaud (surface = 6 km2, capacité = 66 Mm3, temps de séjour ~ 1 an). Il est stratégique pour l'approvisionnement en eau potable de la ville de Morelia, capitale de l'état du Michoacán, et pour l'irrigation en aval pendant la saison sèche. Le réservoir est menacé par l'accumulation des sédiments et des nutriments provenant d'eaux non traitées dans le bassin versant amont. La haute teneur en particules d'argile très fines et le manque d'installations de traitement de l'eau conduisent à de graves épisodes d'eutrophisation (jusqu'à 70 µg chl. a L-1) ainsi qu'à des périodes saisonnières de forte turbidité (profondeur de Secchi < 30 cm) et d'anoxie (de Mai à Octobre). Sur la base de mesures intensives de terrain réalisées en 2009 (échantillonnage dans le bassin versant, sédiments déposés, profils verticaux de l'eau, bilan entrées et sorties) nous avons présenté une étude intégrée du fonctionnement hydrodynamique et biogéochimique du réservoir Cointzio. Les profils verticaux de température (T), de concentration en sédiment en suspension (TSS), d'oxygène dissous (DO), de chlorophylle a, de carbone et de nutriments ont été utilisés pour évaluer les cycles internes au réservoir. Pour compléter l'analyse des données de terrain, nous avons examiné la capacité de différents modèles numériques 1DV (Aquasim modèle biogéochimique couplé avec le modèle de mélange k-ε) à (i) reproduire les principaux cycles biogéochimiques dans le réservoir Cointzio et (ii) préciser les scénarios de réduction des éléments nutritifs (P and N) pour limiter l'eutrophisation dans les prochaines décennies. Le modèle k-ε s'est avéré le plus robuste pour reproduire les conditions hydrodynamiques, en particulier la stratification modérée liée à la très grande turbidité et au régime soutenu de vent thermique. Le modèle Aquasim s'est avéré pertinent pour reproduire les principaux cycles de l'oxygène dissous DO, des nutriments et de la chlorophylle a au cours de l'année 2009. Les différentes simulations ont souligné l'impact négatif à long terme du réchauffement climatique. A la fin du siècle (2090), une augmentation de la température de l'air atteignant 4.4° C a été prédite à partir de modèles de circulation mondiale. Couplé avec une année hydrologique sèche, une telle situation pourrait conduire à des conditions anoxiques sévères et à des blooms importants de chlorophylle a (jusqu'à de 94 µg L-1). Diverses simulations ont montré que la réduction drastique de l'apport de nutriments (à 90%) serait nécessaire pour réduire de façon significative les teneurs en chlorophylle a. Si de telles mesures d'atténuation sont adoptées, le pic maximal de chlorophylle a se stabiliserait à 40 µg L-1, au lieu de 94 mg L-1, après une période de cinq ans d'efforts. À notre connaissance, cette étude fournit la première application numérique de modèles k-ε et AQUASIM pour simuler les niveaux d'eutrophisation élevés dans un réservoir tropical très turbide
Bellouin, Nicolas. "Estimation de l'effet direct des aérosols à partir de la modélisation et de la télédétection passive". Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-183-184.pdf.
Testo completoAhmad, Alexandre. "Animation de structures déformables et modélisation des interactions avec un fluide basées sur des modèles physiques". Limoges, 2007. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/4f73d6f8-b8f0-4794-924b-8f827db44689/blobholder:0/2007LIMO4046.pdf.
Testo completoThe presented works' main focus is the interaction of liquids and thin shells, such as sheets of paper, fish fins and even clothes. Even though such interactions is an every day scenario, few research work in the computer graphics community have investigated this phenomenon. Thereby, I propose an algorithm which resolves contacts between Lagrangian fluids and deformable thin shells. Visual artefacts may appear during the surface extraction procedure due to the proximity of the fluids and the shells. Thus, to avoid such artefacts, I propose a visibility algorithm which projects the undesired overlapping volume of liquid onto the thin shells' surface. In addition, an intuitive parametrisation model for the definition of heterogeneous friction coefficients on a surface is presented. I also propose two optimisation methods. The first one reduces the well-known dependency of numerical stability and the timestep when using explicit schemes by filtering particles' velocities. This reduction is quantified with the use of frequency analysis. The second optimisation method is a unified dynamic spatial acceleration model, composed of a hierarchical hash table data structure, that speeds up the particle neighbourhood query and the collision broad phase. The proposed unified model is besides used to efficiently prune unnecessary computations during the surface extraction procedure
Celso, Dantas Antonino Antônio. "Modélisation des transferts de masse et de chaleur dans le système sol-plante-atmosphère : influence de la variabilité spatiale des caractéristiques hydrodynamiques du sol". Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10096.
Testo completoZhong, Xueqian. "Modélisation des bilans et des flux de métaux en traces dans les sols sous agriculture urbaine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0051.
Testo completoConsumption of vegetables grown in a soil contaminated by trace metals and direct soil inhalation pose a risk to human health. In order to maintain the sustainability of urban gardens, predicting the evolution of metals in soils should allow to identify risks related to metal contamination of soil, and thus to apply practices to better preserve the functions rendered by garden soils and target a more efficient rehabilitation of contaminated soils. We used a mass balance model to simulate the evolution of soil metals under the different gardening practices over time. The mass balance was improved to make it more applicable to vegetable gardens by considering the regular and intensive use of organic waste amendments. Leaching and plant uptake are the main flows of metals loss in soils. We incorporate the RothC and VSD+ models to simulate the changes in soil carbon and pH over time, respectively. Specific values of plant uptake factor for over 60 vegetable species have been collected from literature to simulate metal loss via plant uptake. Metal input flows are associated to chemical fertilizers, organic waste amendment, pesticides and atmospheric deposition. Soil tillage depth and crop rotation have also been considered in the model. We predicted the evolution of soil metal (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations in 104 French vegetable gardens over the next 100 years. If current gardening practices are maintained, an increase in soil Cd (35% on average), Cu (183%), and Zn (27%) contents should occur after a century. Soil Pb concentration should not vary consistently. The model has also been used to simulate the historical and future trends of soil metal concentrations in the King’s Vegetable Garden (Potager du Roi) in Versailles, which has more than 300 years of gardening practices since its creation in 1683. Simulated soil pH and OM by the integrated RothC and VSD+ modules are very close to measured values, with variation less than 10%. Soil Zn contents have been well simulated comparing to measured values, with a variation range of 3% to 25% in different scenarios. Less accurate results were found in the historical trend simulations of Cd, Cu and Pb content in soils. In the future trend simulations, the soil metal contents will increase by 39% for Cd, 20% for Cu, 5% for Pb, and 32% for Zn for the next century, while the current gardening practices will be maintained in King’s Vegetable Garden. Green waste compost contributes over 70% of the total input and output metal flows. Moreover, there would be a chronic over-exposure to Cd and Pb for people who would only consume vegetables grown in the King's Vegetable Garden in the future. According to the results of the simulations, current gardening practices can lead to accumulation of metals in French vegetable garden soils. A standard for gardening practices should be developed to prevent/mitigate soil metal contamination in order to ensure food safety
Khalifa, Abderrahmen. "Contribution à la modélisation microclimatique des situations hivernales en milieu urbain". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0295/document.
Testo completoIn winter maintenance, forecasting the infrastructure surface status is mandatory, to allow anticipation, better coordination and efficiency of services. The majority of countries have forecast models of the infrastructure surface temperature and especially roads one (RST). The complexity of these decision tools is growing, to best serve the users and managers. The urban microclimate influences the surface energy balance according to various processes: radiative, aerodynamic and hydrologic. However, other anthropogenic physical processes influence this RST, such as traffic. Studies have been carried out in the past about the traffic heat input in the town heat balance. These were conducted on the summer periods and associated urban heat islands. However, in case of traffic in adverse winter conditions, these energy contributions were marginally integrated into the modeling of the road surface parameters. The absence of this traffic's contribution in the surface energy balance modeling explains, to a given limit, the imperfect forecasting of road surface status. The literature identifies several studies conducted to identify and to quantify these effects of traffic. They have insufficiently or not treated the loss or gain on energy caused by circulating vehicles on the surface energy balance, or on modeling the RST. In this study, two approaches have been proposed to parameterize the traffic in the Town Energy Balance (TEB) numerical model, this first one being overall and the second one detailed. Their comparative analysis indicates that the second significantly improved the results of the RST modeling. The traffic heat inputs increased RST by 2 to 4°C, results being then closer to experimental measurements (average difference of 0.5 to 1°C). It is the result of the cumulative effect of the various traffic physical processes, and varies according to its parameters (density, vehicle velocity, fluidity, etc.). A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the physical processes responsible for the improvement of the RST. The results indicate that the turbulent effect, the radiative heat flux and flux density due to tires friction represent the greatest contribution to RST increase. Nevertheless the energy contribution of each of these processes depends both traffic parameters and weather conditions. This study also presented a preliminary analysis of the influence of a water layer over the surface on the RST. The latter decreases as a function of the thickness of the water layer. Anthropogenic factors such as traffic and the addition of de-icing products into the water layer present on the surface are described and discussed, and a parameterization proposed as a perspective
Coudert, Benoit. "Apport des mesures de température de surface par télédétection infrarouge thermique pour la modélisation des échanges d'énergie et d'eau à l'interface sol végétation atmosphère". Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00151869.
Testo completoPambou-Tobi, Nadia. "Influence des conditions de friture profonde sur les propriétés physicochimiques de la banane plantain Musa AAB « harton » : étude du vieillissement des huiles et modélisation des transferts de matière au cours du procédé". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0063/document.
Testo completoPlantain is a fruit commonly consumed in Congo - Brazzaville in its cooked form, as an accompaniment. The process of deep frying plantain is a widespread practice, often poorly mastered, given the prolonged use of frying oils, leading to the formation of compounds harmful to health. Indeed, for a number of years, the consumption of local oils (soybean, palm) and their degradation after heating are cause of major concern for consumer safety. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influences of the deep frying process applied on the Musa AAB plantain of "harton" variety, maturity level 7, as consumed in sliced form. We initially applied response surface methodology (RSM) to the deep frying process to determine the influence of three parameters (time / temperature / quantity) on different responses (color, hardness, oil uptake and water content) according to the type of oil used (soybean, palm, Frial oils). Once optimal conditions were obtained from the plantain in domestic conditions, the study focused on the evolution of frying oil stability, by monitoring physicochemical parameters of the degradation of the aforementioned (total polar compounds, free fatty acids, primary and secondary oxidation products). Analyses of color, crystallization point and viscosity, were added to the study and helped establish the optimal duration of use for these oils depending on the quantity of plantains fried. Lastly, the mechanisms of water transfer and oil uptake in the matrix has been studied and modeled according to temperature, thickness and immersion time
Arellano, Salazar Marcela Patricia. "Caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation de systèmes multiphasiques au cours du procédé de congélation à l'échelle pilote : Application à la fabrication de sorbets dans des échangeurs à surface raclée". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01059043.
Testo completoDoan, Thuy kim Phuong. "Fonctionnement biogéochimique d'un barrage tropical : application au système turbide de Cointzio (Mexique)". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067849.
Testo completoArellano, Salazar Marcela Patricia. "Caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation de systèmes multiphasiques au cours du procédé de congélation à l’échelle pilote : Application à la fabrication de sorbets dans des échangeurs à surface raclée". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0088/document.
Testo completoThe partial freezing of the mix inside the scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE) is the most critical step in sorbet manufacturing, since it is the only stage where new ice crystals are produced; further in the process these ice crystals will only grow. The main objective of the freezing process is to form the smallest possible ice crystals, so as to assure a smooth texture in the final product. During the freezing process the product is subjected to coupled interactions of fluid flow, heat transfer, ice phase change and shear. These interactions are determined by the freezing operating conditions and affect the evolution of the ice crystals size distribution (CSD) and the final texture of the product. This work presents the experimental characterization and the modelling of the initial freezing process of a sorbet. The freezing of sorbet was carried out in a SSHE at the pilot scale. The main objective of this work was the study of the influence of the freezing operating conditions on the final product characteristics: ice CSD, product temperature, ice volume fraction, apparent viscosity. The product flow behaviour in the SSHE was characterized by an experimental and modelling study of the residence time distribution (RTD) of the product. An ice crystallization modelling approach, taking into account the coupling of an empirical RTD model with heat transfer equations and a population balance of the different ice crystal size classes was developed. With a first set of estimated parameters, the ice crystallization model predicts satisfactorily the experimental trends, and made it possible to have an insight on the evolution of ice CSD during the freezing process in the SSHE
Siefridt, Laure. "VValidation des données de vent ERS-1 et des flux de surface du CEPMMT dans le contexte de la modélisation des circulations océaniques à l'échelle d'un bassin". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10242.
Testo completoViani, Alessandra. "Fonctionnement hydro-glaciologique du bassin versant de l'Arve dans les Alpes françaises : variabilité climatique et sur la disponibilité de la ressource en eau". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU015/document.
Testo completoGlacier recession and the anticipation of spring snow melt driven by a warming climate could lead to changes in the hydrological cycle affecting not only the headwater catchments but also the areas downstream. In order to correctly predict the magnitude of future possible changes and to consider appropriate strategies of water management, a good understanding of the interaction between glaciers, climate and hydrology is needed. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of climate variability on the hydro-glaciological behaviour and its consequence on water availability in the Arve River catchment (French Alps) since 1960. It covers 1958 km2 and is composed by five nested catchments (Arveyron d’Argentière, Arveyron de la Mer de Glace, Arve at Pont des Favrands, Arve at Sallanches and Arve at Bout du Monde), all influenced by glacier and snow melt but characterized by various percentages of glacier cover ranging from 5 to 53%. This research is based on a long dataset of in situ or remote sensing glaciological, meteorological, hydrological and snow cover area data.Trend analyses are performed on the hydrological and meteorological data at all the considered sites. The seasonal cycle of each catchment is fitted using a mathematical function, namely the asymmetric peak model, and changes in the discharge are related to observed changes in the meteorological variables and the glaciers’ evolution. Results point out a contrasting behaviour among the catchments characterized by different glacier covers, showing an increasing trend on the discharge values in highly glacierized catchments (with a glacier cover >30%) and a decrease in the low glacierized ones. The sensitivity of the seasonal cycle to the future climate is evaluated. In the mid-21st century the annual runoff would be reduced by 16% for Arveyron d’Argentière and 31% for Arveyron de la Mer de Glace. Over the summer season, a detailed quantification of each term of the hydrological balance equation, as well as their uncertainties, on the Argentière and Mer de Glace-Leschaux drainage basins allows to underline the importance of considering the groundwater transfers to represent and predict the hydro-glaciological behaviour of a considered catchment. Two different distributed temperature index melt models coupled with a linear reservoir discharge model are used on the Arveron d’Argentière catchment over the 1960–2009 period. The calibration is carried out against discharge only and with a multi- criteria approach considering the discharge, the snow cover area and the glacier-wide annual mass balance values at daily time step. Results demonstrate the suitability of the use of a classical degree day model in simulating the hydro-glaciological behaviour and the subglacial water production of a highly glacierized catchment. A KGE of 0.85 is obtained between the observed and simulate discharge values over the 1960–2004 period. The use of a multi-criteria approach seems to reduce the simulation uncertainties