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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Multileaf collimator"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 25 aprile 2022

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1

Kim, Michele M., Douglas Bollinger, Chris Kennedy, Wei Zou, Ryan Scheuermann, Boon-Keng Kevin Teo, James M. Metz, Lei Dong, and Taoran Li. "Dosimetric Characterization of the Dual Layer MLC System for an O-Ring Linear Accelerator." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 18 (January 1, 2019): 153303381988364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533033819883641.

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The Halcyon is Varian’s latest linear accelerator that offers a single 6X flattening-filter-free beam with a jawless design that features a new dual layer multileaf collimator system with faster speed and reduced transmission. Dosimetric characteristics of the dual layer multileaf collimator system including transmission, dosimetric leaf gap, and tongue and groove effects were measured. Ionization chambers, diode arrays, and an electronic portal imaging device were used to measure various multileaf collimator characteristics. Transmission through both multileaf collimator banks was found to be 0.008%, while the distal and proximal banks alone had transmission values of 0.4%. The penumbra was slightly sharper for fields using only the distal multileaf collimator bank but found to be largely independent of leaf position with values between 2.7 to 3.0 mm at dmax for the combined multileaf collimator banks. The dosimetric leaf gap was measured for the proximal and distal multileaf collimator banks both individually and together and found to have values of −0.216 mm, −0.225 mm, and 0.964 mm, respectively. Measurements of dosimetric leaf gap at the leaf edge and midline were also performed. Tongue and groove effects were investigated with both the electronic portal imaging device and a 2-dimensional array of diodes.

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2

Xin-ye, Ni, Lei Ren, Hui Yan, and Fang-Fang Yin. "Sensitivity of 3D Dose Verification to Multileaf Collimator Misalignments in Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy of Spinal Tumor." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 15, no. 6 (July 9, 2016): NP25—NP34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533034615610251.

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Purpose: This study aimed to detect the sensitivity of Delt 4 on ordinary field multileaf collimator misalignments, system misalignments, random misalignments, and misalignments caused by gravity of the multileaf collimator in stereotactic body radiation therapy. Methods: (1) Two field sizes, including 2.00 cm (X) × 6.00 cm (Y) and 7.00 cm (X) × 6.00 cm (Y), were set. The leaves of X1 and X2 in the multileaf collimator were simultaneously opened. (2) Three cases of stereotactic body radiation therapy of spinal tumor were used. The dose of the planning target volume was 1800 cGy with 3 fractions. The 4 types to be simulated included (1) the leaves of X1 and X2 in the multileaf collimator were simultaneously opened, (2) only X1 of the multileaf collimator and the unilateral leaf were opened, (3) the leaves of X1 and X2 in the multileaf collimator were randomly opened, and (4) gravity effect was simulated. The leaves of X1 and X2 in the multileaf collimator shifted to the same direction. The difference between the corresponding 3-dimensional dose distribution measured by Delt 4 and the dose distribution in the original plan made in the treatment planning system was analyzed with γ index criteria of 3.0 mm/3.0%, 2.5 mm/2.5%, 2.0 mm/2.0%, 2.5 mm/1.5%, and 1.0 mm/1.0%. Results: (1) In the field size of 2.00 cm (X) × 6.00 cm (Y), the γ pass rate of the original was 100% with 2.5 mm/2.5% as the statistical standard. The pass rate decreased to 95.9% and 89.4% when the X1 and X2 directions of the multileaf collimator were opened within 0.3 and 0.5 mm, respectively. In the field size of 7.00 (X) cm × 6.00 (Y) cm with 1.5 mm/1.5% as the statistical standard, the pass rate of the original was 96.5%. After X1 and X2 of the multileaf collimator were opened within 0.3 mm, the pass rate decreased to lower than 95%. The pass rate was higher than 90% within the 3 mm opening. (2) For spinal tumor, the change in the planning target volume V18 under various modes calculated using treatment planning system was within 1%. However, the maximum dose deviation of the spinal cord was high. In the spinal cord with a gravity of −0.25 mm, the maximum dose deviation minimally changed and increased by 6.8% than that of the original. In the largest opening of 1.00 mm, the deviation increased by 47.7% than that of the original. Moreover, the pass rate of the original determined through Delt 4 was 100% with 3 mm/3% as the statistical standard. The pass rate was 97.5% in the 0.25 mm opening and higher than 95% in the 0.5 mm opening A, 0.25 mm opening A, whole gravity series, and 0.20 mm random opening. Moreover, the pass rate was higher than 90% with 2.0 mm/2.0% as the statistical standard in the original and in the 0.25 mm gravity. The difference in the pass rates was not statistically significant among the −0.25 mm gravity, 0.25 mm opening A, 0.20 mm random opening, and original as calculated using SPSS 11.0 software with P > .05. Conclusions: Different analysis standards of Delt 4 were analyzed in different field sizes to improve the detection sensitivity of the multileaf collimator position on the basis of 90% throughout rate. In stereotactic body radiation therapy of spinal tumor, the 2.0 mm/2.0% standard can reveal the dosimetric differences caused by the minor multileaf collimator position compared with the 3.0 mm/3.0% statistical standard. However, some position derivations of the misalignments that caused high dose amount to the spinal cord cannot be detected. However, some misalignments were not detected when a large number of multileaf collimator were administered into the spinal cord.

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3

Balog, J. P., T. R. Mackie, D. L. Wenman, M. Glass, G. Fang, and D. Pearson. "Multileaf collimator interleaf transmission." Medical Physics 26, no. 2 (February 1999): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.598501.

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4

Hyer, Daniel E., Laura C. Bennett, Theodore J. Geoghegan, Martin Bues, and Blake R. Smith. "Innovations and the Use of Collimators in the Delivery of Pencil Beam Scanning Proton Therapy." International Journal of Particle Therapy 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14338/ijpt-20-00039.1.

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Abstract Purpose The development of collimating technologies has become a recent focus in pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy to improve the target conformity and healthy tissue sparing through field-specific or energy-layer–specific collimation. Given the growing popularity of collimators for low-energy treatments, the purpose of this work was to summarize the recent literature that has focused on the efficacy of collimators for PBS and highlight the development of clinical and preclinical collimators. Materials and Methods The collimators presented in this work were organized into 3 categories: per-field apertures, multileaf collimators (MLCs), and sliding-bar collimators. For each case, the system design and planning methodologies are summarized and intercompared from their existing literature. Energy-specific collimation is still a new paradigm in PBS and the 2 specific collimators tailored toward PBS are presented including the dynamic collimation system (DCS) and the Mevion Adaptive Aperture. Results Collimation during PBS can improve the target conformity and associated healthy tissue and critical structure avoidance. Between energy-specific collimators and static apertures, static apertures have the poorest dose conformity owing to collimating only the largest projection of a target in the beam's eye view but still provide an improvement over uncollimated treatments. While an external collimator increases secondary neutron production, the benefit of collimating the primary beam appears to outweigh the risk. The greatest benefit has been observed for low- energy treatment sites. Conclusion The consensus from current literature supports the use of external collimators in PBS under certain conditions, namely low-energy treatments or where the nominal spot size is large. While many recent studies paint a supportive picture, it is also important to understand the limitations of collimation in PBS that are specific to each collimator type. The emergence and paradigm of energy-specific collimation holds many promises for PBS proton therapy.

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5

Smith, A., J. M. Galvin, and R. D. Moeller. "Evaluation of multileaf collimator design." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 17 (January 1989): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(89)90802-x.

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6

Fan, J., S. Hayes, J. Li, and C. Ma. "Multileaf Collimator Based Robotic Radiotherapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 81, no. 2 (October 2011): S857—S858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.1525.

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7

Gauer, T., F. Cremers, E. Thom, T. Schoenborn, and R. Schmidt. "153 Electron beam collimation with an electron multileaf collimator (eMLC)." Radiotherapy and Oncology 76 (September 2005): S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(05)81129-6.

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8

Ślosarek, Krzysztof. "Dosimetry for linac with multileaf collimator." Reports of Practical Oncology 2, no. 2 (January 1997): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1428-2267(97)70145-5.

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9

Pönisch, Falk, Uwe Titt, Stephen F. Kry, Oleg N. Vassiliev, and Radhe Mohan. "MCNPX simulation of a multileaf collimator." Medical Physics 33, no. 2 (January 24, 2006): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2163833.

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10

Galvin, James M., Alfred R. Smith, and Brian Lally. "Characterization of a multileaf collimator system." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 25, no. 2 (January 1993): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(93)90339-w.

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11

Agapov, A. V., and G. V. Mitsyn. "A Multileaf Collimator for Proton Radiotherapy." Biomedical Engineering 54, no. 6 (March 2021): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10527-021-10050-w.

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12

Böhler, A., H. Weichenberger, C. Gaisberger, F. Sedlmayer, and H. Deutschmann. "Collimator based tracking with an add-on multileaf collimator: Moduleaf." Physics in Medicine and Biology 60, no. 8 (March 31, 2015): 3257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/60/8/3257.

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13

Zhou, Dong, Hui Zhang, and Peiqing Ye. "Lateral Penumbra Modelling Based Leaf End Shape Optimization for Multileaf Collimator in Radiotherapy." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9515794.

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Abstract (sommario):

Lateral penumbra of multileaf collimator plays an important role in radiotherapy treatment planning. Growing evidence has revealed that, for a single-focused multileaf collimator, lateral penumbra width is leaf position dependent and largely attributed to the leaf end shape. In our study, an analytical method for leaf end induced lateral penumbra modelling is formulated using Tangent Secant Theory. Compared with Monte Carlo simulation and ray tracing algorithm, our model serves well the purpose of cost-efficient penumbra evaluation. Leaf ends represented in parametric forms of circular arc, elliptical arc, Bézier curve, and B-spline are implemented. With biobjective function of penumbra mean and variance introduced, genetic algorithm is carried out for approximating the Pareto frontier. Results show that for circular arc leaf end objective function is convex and convergence to optimal solution is guaranteed using gradient based iterative method. It is found that optimal leaf end in the shape of Bézier curve achieves minimal standard deviation, while using B-spline minimum of penumbra mean is obtained. For treatment modalities in clinical application, optimized leaf ends are in close agreement with actual shapes. Taken together, the method that we propose can provide insight into leaf end shape design of multileaf collimator.

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14

Georg, D., F. Julia, E. Briot, D. Huyskens, U. Wolff, and A. Dutreix. "470Dosimetric comparison of an integrated multileaf-collimator vs. a conventional collimator." Radiotherapy and Oncology 40 (January 1996): S121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(96)80479-8.

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Georg, D., F. Julia, E. Briot, D. Huyskens, U. Wolff, and A. Dutreix. "Dosimetric comparison of an integrated multileaf-collimator versus a conventional collimator." Physics in Medicine and Biology 42, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 2285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/42/11/020.

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16

Do, Duc Chi, Ngoc Toan Tran, Robin Hill, and Do Kien Nguyen. "Relative output factors of different collimation systems in truebeam STx medical linear accelerator." Nuclear Science and Technology 9, no. 4 (September 3, 2021): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53747/jnst.v9i4.137.

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The IAEA TRS483 and TRS398 Code of Practices (CoP) were used to calculate relative output factors for small photon beams of 6X, 6XFFF energies shaped by High Definition Multileaf Collimator (HDMLC), jaws and cones mounted on TrueBeam STx medical linear accelerator (Varian Medical Systems), respectively. A comparison between these results were made. The results show a large discrepancy in relative output factor curves found among different collimation systems of the same equivalent field sizes and between the CoPs. Therefore, the specific beam modelling in treatment planning system for each type of the collimation system to be used for small fields maybe required for better computational accuracy.

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17

Dunscombe, Peter, and Gisele Roberts. "AN ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING A MULTILEAF COLLIMATOR." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 16, no. 1 (January 2000): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300161203.

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Objectives: As health care budgets continue to face close scrutiny, any new acquisition must be evaluated for both costs and outcomes. This study was undertaken to demonstrate the application of an economic framework for the evaluation of a multileaf collimator as an example of a new technology that can have both quantifiable and nonquantifiable benefits for patients, staff, and cancer care institutions.Methods: Using financial data from the Northeastern Ontario Regional Cancer Centre (NEORCC) and a recognized staffing model, a commercial spreadsheet, developed to economically characterize the principal radiotherapy processes has been used to determine the net incremental annual cost of a multileaf collimator (MLC).Results: The incremental annual cost of purchasing an MLC is estimated at approximately $85,000 (1997 CDN $). Without increasing patient throughput, this increases the average cost of a course of radiotherapy by approximately CDN $200. Savings can be accrued by decreasing mold room activity, increasing the hourly patient capacity on each treatment machine, and decreasing sick time due to strain injuries.Conclusions: Although the clinical outcome of techniques facilitated by MLCs, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy, are unknown at this time, an economic context within which to objectively evaluate this technology is presented. The framework presented suggests a method of quantifying outcome-justified expenditures, such as improved patient outcome and greater treatment flexibility, which, when offset against the incremental annual equipment cost, may be used to help justify the acquisition of multileaf technology.

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18

Galvin, James M., and Alfred R. Smith. "Dosimetric characterization of a multileaf collimator system." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 21 (January 1991): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(91)90558-l.

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19

Powlis, William D., Alfred R. Smith, Elizabeth Cheng, James M. Galvin, Frank Villari, Peter Bloch, and Morton M. Kligerman. "Initiation of multileaf collimator conformal radiation therapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 25, no. 2 (January 1993): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(93)90338-v.

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Cui, Weijie, and Jianrong Dai. "Optimizing leaf widths for a multileaf collimator." Physics in Medicine and Biology 54, no. 10 (April 27, 2009): 3051–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/54/10/006.

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21

Huq, M. Saiful, Yan Yu, Zong-Ping Chen, and N. Suntharalingam. "Dosimetric characteristics of a commercial multileaf collimator." Medical Physics 22, no. 2 (February 1995): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597461.

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22

Xia, P., P. Geis, L. Xing, C. Ma, D. Findley, K. Forster, and A. Boyer. "Physical characteristics of a miniature multileaf collimator." Medical Physics 26, no. 1 (January 1999): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.598478.

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23

Chu, James C. H., and Peter Bloch. "Static multileaf collimator for fast-neutron therapy." Medical Physics 14, no. 2 (March 1987): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.596084.

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Palta, Jatinder R., Daniel K. Yeung, and Vincent Frouhar. "Dosimetric considerations for a multileaf collimator system." Medical Physics 23, no. 7 (July 1996): 1219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597678.

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Marx, Meinolf, Peter Vacha, Björne Riis, Thomas Feyerabend, and Eckart Richter. "Clinical use of a simulation-multileaf collimator." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 174, no. 7 (July 1998): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03038349.

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26

Shinde, P., L. N. Chaudhari, M. Meshram, V. Shankar, and P. Deshmukh. "Dosimetric Characteristics of Dynamic Micro Multileaf Collimator." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 87, no. 2 (October 2013): S729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.06.1933.

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Geis, Paul, Ken Forster, Ping Xia, Ed Mok, Lei Xing, and Arthur Boyer. "2222 Physical characterization of a miniature multileaf collimator." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 39, no. 2 (January 1997): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(97)80987-x.

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Hounsell, Alan R., and Thomas J. Jordan. "Quality control aspects of the Philips multileaf collimator." Radiotherapy and Oncology 45, no. 3 (December 1997): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(97)00100-x.

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29

Hartmann, G. H., and F. F$ouml$hlisch. "Dosimetric characterization of a new miniature multileaf collimator." Physics in Medicine and Biology 47, no. 12 (June 6, 2002): N171—N177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/47/12/402.

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Farr, J. B., R. L. Maughan, M. Yudelev, E. Blosser, J. Brandon, T. Horste, and J. D. Forman. "Radiologic validation of a fast neutron multileaf collimator." Medical Physics 34, no. 9 (August 8, 2007): 3475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2760026.

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31

Yabuta, Kazutoshi, Jun Asogawa, Masanao Miyake, Hideaki Ohara, Fumitaka Matubara, and Kiyoshi Hata. "Compensation for missing-tissue with a multileaf collimator." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 54, no. 1 (1998): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001351741.

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32

Loi, Gianfranco, Emanuele Pignoli, Marta Scorsetti, Vincenzo Cerreta, Anna Somigliana, Renato Marchesini, Alberto Gramaglia, Ugo Cerchiari, and Sante Basso Ricci. "Design and characterization of a dynamic multileaf collimator." Physics in Medicine and Biology 43, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 3149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/43/10/033.

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33

Kligerman, Morton M., Alfred R. Smith, William D. Powlis, James M. Galvin, and Frank Villari. "Initiation of multileaf collimator - based conformal radiation therapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 21 (January 1991): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(91)90559-m.

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34

Boyer, Arthur L., Timothy G. Ochran, Carl E. Nyerick, Timothy J. Waldron, and Calvin J. Huntzinger. "Clinical dosimetry for implementation of a multileaf collimator." Medical Physics 19, no. 5 (September 1992): 1255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.596757.

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Que, William. "Comparison of algorithms for multileaf collimator field segmentation." Medical Physics 26, no. 11 (November 1999): 2390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.598755.

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Greer, P. B., and T. van Doorn. "A design for a dual assembly multileaf collimator." Medical Physics 27, no. 10 (October 2000): 2242–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1290731.

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Killoran, J. H., J. Y. Giraud, and L. Chin. "A dosimetric comparison of two multileaf collimator designs." Medical Physics 29, no. 8 (July 19, 2002): 1752–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1485976.

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LoSasso, Thomas. "IMRT Delivery Performance With a Varian Multileaf Collimator." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 71, no. 1 (May 2008): S85—S88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.06.082.

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Inyang, S. O., and A. C. Chamberlain. "Design and optimization of dual electron multileaf collimator." Physica Medica 31 (September 2015): S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.07.103.

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40

Baatar, Davaatseren, Horst W. Hamacher, Matthias Ehrgott, and Gerhard J. Woeginger. "Decomposition of integer matrices and multileaf collimator sequencing." Discrete Applied Mathematics 152, no. 1-3 (November 2005): 6–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2005.04.008.

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Marchan, E., J. Hanfelt, N. M. Oyesiku, A. Dhabban, S. Hsieh, M. K. Khan, W. J. Curran, H. K. Shu, and I. R. Crocker. "Multileaf Collimator-based LINAC Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 84, no. 3 (November 2012): S296—S297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.07.775.

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Omar M. Kotb, Omar M. Kotb, Khaled M. Elshahat, N. M. Eldebawi N. M. Eldebawi, and N. A. Mansour N. A. Mansour. "Dosimetric Evaluation of the Multileaf Collimator for Irregular Shaped Radiation Fields." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/oct2013/112.

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Al Mashud, Md Abdullah, M. Tariquzzaman, M. Jahangir Alam, and GA Zakaria. "Photon beam commissioning of an Elekta Synergy linear accelerator." Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjmpe-2017-0019.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract The aim of this study is to present the results of commissioning of Elekta Synergy linear accelerator (linac). The acceptance test and commissioning were performed for three photon beams energies 4 MV, 6 MV and 15 MV and for the multileaf collimator (MLC). The percent depth doses (PDDs), in-plane and cross-plane beam profiles, head scatter factors (Sc), relative photon output factors (Scp), universal wedge transmission factor and MLC transmission factors were measured. The size of gantry, collimator, and couch isocenter were also measured.

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Prasad, S. C. "Effects of collimator jaw setting on dose output for treatments with multileaf collimator." Medical Dosimetry 23, no. 4 (December 1998): 296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-3947(98)00031-4.

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45

Murai, Taro, Yukiko Hattori, Chikao Sugie, Hiromitsu Iwata, Michio Iwabuchi, and Yuta Shibamoto. "Comparison of multileaf collimator and conventional circular collimator systems in Cyberknife stereotactic radiotherapy." Journal of Radiation Research 58, no. 5 (February 13, 2017): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrw130.

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Abstract Multileaf collimator (MLC) technology has been newly introduced with the Cyberknife system. This study investigated the advantages of this system compared with the conventional circular collimator (CC) system. Dosimetric comparisons of MLC and CC plans were carried out. First, to investigate suitable target sizes for the MLC mode, MLC and CC plans were generated using computed tomography (CT) images from 5 patients for 1, 3, 5 and 7 cm diameter targets. Second, MLC and CC plans were compared in 10 patients, each with liver and prostate targets. For brain targets, doses to the brain could be spared in MLC plans better than in CC plans (P ≤ 0.02). The MLC mode also achieved more uniform dose delivery to the targets. The conformity index in MLC plans was stable, irrespective of the target size (P = 0.5). For patients with liver tumors, the MLC mode achieved higher target coverage than the CC mode (P = 0.04). For prostate tumors, doses to the rectum and the conformity index were lowered in MLC plans compared with in CC plans (P ≤ 0.04). In all target plans, treatment times in MLC plans were shorter than those in CC plans (P &lt; 0.001). The newly introduced MLC technology can reduce treatment time and provide favorable or comparable dose distribution for 1–7 cm targets. In particular, the MLC mode has dosimetric advantage for targets near organs at risk. Therefore, the MLC mode is recommended as the first option in stereotactic body radiotherapy.

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46

Morrison, K., D. Henderson, V. Khoo, and N. Van As. "PO-0926: Comparison of CyberKnife multileaf collimator and variable aperture collimator in renal SBRT." Radiotherapy and Oncology 127 (April 2018): S499—S500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(18)31236-2.

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47

AKIYAMA, YOSHIHISA. "Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy : Movement of the Multileaf Collimator." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 56, no. 1 (2000): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001356747.

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48

Sohn, J. W., D. A. Low, and E. E. Klein. "Dynamic multileaf collimator performance for intensity modulated radiation therapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 48, no. 3 (January 2000): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(00)80487-3.

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49

Kalinowski, Thomas. "Realization of intensity modulated radiation fields using multileaf collimator." Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics 21 (August 2005): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endm.2005.07.074.

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50

Moskvin, Vadim, Chee-Wai Cheng, and Indra J. Das. "Pitfalls of tungsten multileaf collimator in proton beam therapy." Medical Physics 38, no. 12 (November 10, 2011): 6395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3658655.

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