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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Mycorrhizha"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 14 dicembre 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Mycorrhizha"

Valdes, María. "Aspectos ecofisiológicos de las micorrizas." Botanical Sciences, no. 49 (April 10, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1363.

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Mycorrhiza is the part of the roots infected with particular soil fungi. This type of association is formed by most of the plants. There are several types of mycorrhizae; this short review is concerned only with Ectomycorrhiza (EM) and the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM). These two types are the most common in nature. EM has a compact fungus mantle over the root surface and intercellular hypha in the cortex; the V AM has a loose network of hyphae in the soil surrounding the root and hyphal growth within the cortical cells. Mycorrhizas increase nutrient uptake and hence plant growth. Since mycorrhizas are surrounded by an extensive hyphal network than may extcnd into the soil, this network represents a greater surface area, in other words, mycorrhizas shorten the distance that nutrients must diffuse through the soil to the root and their hyphae increase the volume of soil available to the plant for nutrient uptake. Physiological responses to root colonization with mycorrhizal fungi by most of the plants are dependent on the level of soil fertility and on the degree of mycorrhizal dependency of the plant. Soils having a high fertility have mostly a poor colonization, hence, for plant growth to respond to inoculation, soils must have a low fertility. Mycorrhizal dependency can be very different among plant species; plants with short root hairs are more dependent on mycorrhizal fungi. Most soils contain mycorrhizal fungi and their distribution varies with climatic, edaphic environment and land use. There are differences in effectiveness in colonization and in enhanced nutrient uptake among the fungi.

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Bryndina, Larisa, Yuliya Arnaut, and Olesya Alykova. "MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN THE FORMATION OF BIOGEOCENOSES: ANALYTICAL REVIEW." Forestry Engineering Journal 12, no. 1 (2022): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2022.1/1.

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This review examines the results of scientific experiments of foreign and domestic researchers in the field of studying mycorrhizal associations, the mechanisms of their symbiosis with plants. The information about the current state of the issue is given: different points of view on the interaction of mycorrhizal plants with mycobionts. A comparative analysis of the development of mycorrhiza in individual plant species was carried out. It was found that the maximum degree of mycorrhiza development corresponds to the beech and linden families. The factors influencing the development of balanced and exploitive mycorrhizal associations are considered. The evolutionary and functional characteristics of the types of mycorrhizae are given. The benefits of mycorrhizal associations are considered, both for tree species and for species of fungi involved in the formation of mycorrhizae. The role of symbionts in mycorrhiza is considered, as well as the form and degree of development of mycorrhiza for mycotrophic plants. An analytical review of the studies of foreign and domestic scientists allowed us to determine the preferred mycorrhizal communities for reforestation. It was noted that unfavorable, extreme environmental conditions in most cases intensified the growth and development of mycorrhizal communities. All these factors should be taken into account when selecting tree species and types of fungi in forestry during reforestation

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Ruotsalainen, Anna Liisa, and Sami Aikio. "Mycorrhizal inoculum and performance of nonmycorrhizal Carex bigelowii and mycorrhizal Trientalis europaea." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 4 (2004): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-011.

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We studied the competition between mycorrhiza-forming Trientalis europaea L. and nonmycorrhizal Carex bigelowii Torrey ex Schweinitz in a climate chamber experiment. The plants were grown either singly or together with a conspecific or heterospecific individual, with arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum present or absent. Inoculated T. euro paea formed abundant arbuscular mycorrhizal structures, but the mycorrhizae did not affect its biomass or the whole plant's relative growth rate (RGR). Carex bigelowii did not form mycorrhizae, but its shoot biomass and RGR were lower in the inoculated pots. The presence of a conspecific or heterospecific plant had no effect on the shoot biomasses or RGR of either plant species. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased the root/shoot ratio of C. bigelowii in all competition treatments. The presence of C. bigelowii decreased the root/shoot ratio of T. europaea in both mycorrhizal and nonmy corrhizal state. Mycorrhizal inoculum thus had a direct negative effect on the growth of a nonmycorrhizal plant. The result suggests that although mycorrhizae may not always directly affect the performance of the host plant, they may possibly increase the host plant performance in relation to nonmycorrhizal neighbours. Mycorrhizal inoculum and mycorrhizal symbiosis may increase asymmetry of interspecific competition, which may facilitate the coexistence of plant species in cases when a larger individual is more negatively affected.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, competitive asymmetry, micropropagation.

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Tammi, Hanna, Sari Timonen, and Robin Sen. "Spatiotemporal colonization of Scots pine roots by introduced and indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest humus and nursery Sphagnum peat microcosms." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 5 (2001): 746–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-011.

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Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedling combinations were grown in two-dimensional Perspex® microcosms containing forest humus or nursery Sphagnum peat, without additional fertilization. Spatial and temporal patterns of mycorrhizal fungal colonization of roots were assessed over a 3-month period, through visual morphotyping and polymerase chain reaction assisted rDNA fingerprinting of developed mycorrhizas. Six distinct morphotypes of mycorrhiza developed on non-mycorrhizal seedlings grown in forest humus. Three of the morphotypes (white1-, black-, and brown-type) were, respectively, associated with the fungi Suillus bovinus (L. ex Fr.) O. Kuntze, Cenococcum geophilum Fr., and Thelephora terrestris Ehrh.:Fr. (= Tomentella radiosa (P. Karst.) Rick). A fourth pink-type morphotype displayed features indicating root colonization by Tomentellopsis submollis (Svrcek) Hjortstam, but this could not be confirmed because of a lack of source restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data. Brown-type mycorrhiza were the first to appear after seedling transplantation and black-type mycorrhizas showed local and dispersed root colonization dynamics. Mycorrhiza development in the unfertilized nursery peat substrate was restricted to a single unidentifiable brown-type morphotype, which appeared after 44 days. Rapid colonization of adjacent non-mycorrhizal seedlings by Tomentellopsis submollis, but not S. bovinus, was detected following the introduction of preinoculated seedlings into the humus or peat microcosms. The biomass of seedlings grown in nursery peat, regardless of mycorrhizal status, was significantly lower than that of mycorrhizal seedlings grown in humus. These findings support and extend previous bait seedling studies, as they provide a primary in situ characterization of distinct root colonization strategies of mycorrhizal species in forest humus and nursery peat.

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Perry, D. A., R. Molina, and M. P. Amaranthus. "Mycorrhizae, mycorrhizospheres, and reforestation: current knowledge and research needs." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 8 (1987): 929–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-145.

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Although not a panacea, management of mycorrhizae and associated organisms is an important reforestation aid. Its three major components are protection of the indigenous soil community and evaluation of inoculation needs, integration of inoculation programs into existing reforestation technology, and research. Clear-cutting frequently results in reduced mycorrhizae formation, particularly when reforestation is delayed and no other host plants are present to maintain fungal populations. Implications of such reductions for reforestation vary with environmental factors and tree species. Adequate mycorrhiza formation is especially critical for ectomycorrhizal trees growing on poor soils or in environments where seedlings must establish quickly to survive. It may also be important where early successional, noncrop plants do not support the same mycobiont as the crop. In such circumstances, a self-reinforcing trend may develop, with poor mycorrhiza formation reducing seedling survival and poor tree stocking leading to further loss of mycorrhizal inocula. Inoculating nursery seedlings with mycobionts holds promise for improving outplanting performance only if site-adapted fungi are used. A practical alternative is to improve nursery practices to enhance natural populations of mycorrhizal fungi. Seedlings leaving the nursery with diverse mycorrhizae may perform better than those leaving with only one or a few nursery-adapted types. Research is needed in three broad areas: on adaptations of mycorrhizal fungi to particular environmental factors; on interactions between tree seedlings and processes occurring within the sphere of influence of roots (the rhizosphere) or of mycorrhizal roots (the mycorrhizosphere); and on the role of mycorrhizae and associated organisms in ecosystem structure and processes, particularly nutrient cycling, plant-plant interaction, and soil structure.

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Taurinanda, Adventio Purnamadya, and Dina Rotua Valentina Banjarnahor. "Mycorrhiza Diversity in Some Intercropping Systems of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) and Faba Bean (Vicia faba L)." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 12, no. 2 (2023): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v12i2.495-508.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is the most widely distributed mycorrhizal fungi in the soil and can make a symbiosis with the roots of host plants to form arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts. Intercropping is a practice of polyculture cropping where two or more plant species are simultaneously cultivated in the same field. The objective of this study was to define the effect of intercropping on the density and diversity of mycorrhizal spores. In this study, potatoes and faba beans, both of which have the ability to symbiosis with mycorrhizae, were intercropped. A randomized group design with 5 planting system treatments was employed in this study with 5 replications. The results concluded that density of mycorrhizal spores in the intercropping planting pattern was not statistically different from the density of mycorrhiza in the monoculture cultivation pattern. The types of mycorrhiza found included the genus of Glomus, Funneliformis, Scutellospora, Cetraspora, Septoglomus, and Entrophospora Keywords: pH; Root exudate; Spore density, Spore identification; Spore diversity.

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Moora, Mari, and Martin Zobel. "Can arbuscular mycorrhiza change the effect of root competition between conspecific plants of different ages?" Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 4 (1998): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-037.

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Seedlings and adults of Hypericum perforatum L., common St. John's wort, were grown together in an experiment of factorial design, where the presence of root competition and arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation were used as treatments. There was moderate shoot competition, the intensity of which was not manipulated. To check the response of plants to arbuscular mycorrhiza in noncompetitive conditions, adults and seedlings were also grown singly in pots. Single individuals of seedlings and adults responded positively to mycorrhizal inoculation, with the response of seedlings significantly greater. In the competition experiment the positive effect of mycorrhizal colonization on seedling growth vanished, since with root competition, both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal seedlings were of the same size. Without root competition, the shoots of mycorrhizal adults were much larger than of nonmycorrhizal adults, but under root competition the shoot weight did not differ. Arbuscular mycorrhiza increased the biomass differences between competing seedlings and adults. We did not confirm our hypothesis that mycorrhiza makes competition between seedlings and adults more balanced because of the stronger positive response of seedlings to inoculation. The positive effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth vanishes in more crowded conditions. It was concluded that if mycorrhizal inoculation has age-specific positive effect of seedlings in field conditions, it is more probably due to higher tolerance to abiotic stress than due to higher competitive ability of seedlings.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, intraspecific root competition, seedlings, Hypericum perforatum.

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Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S., and David P. Janos. "Intra- and inter-specific density affects plant growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizas." Botany 86, no. 10 (2008): 1180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-080.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizas can alter competitive interactions between plants that markedly differ in their dependence upon mycorrhizas, but little is known about how mycorrhizas affect intra- and inter-specific competition between similarly dependent plant species. We conducted competition experiments in pots between all pairs of the similarly facultatively mycotrophic crop species, chili ( Capsicum annuum L.), maize ( Zea mays L.), and zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.). We used a two-species yield-density model to analyze the separate effects of mycorrhizal inoculation, intra-, and inter-specific density on biomass responses. Mycorrhizas reduced the growth of all three plant species. Intraspecific competition increased the negative effect of mycorrhizas, as did interspecific competition at low intraspecific density. At high intraspecific density, however, interspecific competition improved plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas. Enhancement of plant benefit from mycorrhizas at high interspecific density of competing, weakly mycorrhiza-dependent species may help to explain the evolutionary maintenance of their associations with mycorrhizal fungi, and may be a key to understanding intercrop combinations that exceed the monoculture yields of component species.

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Vidal, M. T., C. Azcón-Aguilar, J. M. Barea, and F. Pliego-Alfaro. "Mycorrhizal Inoculation Enhances Growth and Development of Micropropagated Plants of Avocado." HortScience 27, no. 7 (1992): 785–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.7.785.

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Micropropagated plantlets of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) exhibit a very slow rate of growth during the acclimatization phase, possibly because mycorrhizae are absent. Inoculation of plantlets with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerd) Gerd and Trappe improved formation of a well-developed root system that was converted into a mycorrhizal system. Introduction of the mycorrhizal fungus at the time plantlets were transferred from axenic conditions to ex vitro conditions improved shoot and root growth; enhanced the shoot: root ratio; increased the concentration and/or content of N, P, and K in plant tissues; and helped plants to tolerate environmental stress at transplanting. Inclusion of soil as a component of the potting medium appeared to favor mycorrhiza formation and effectiveness. Thus, mycorrhiza formation seems to be the key factor for subsequent growth and development of micropropagated plants of avocado.

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Unrug, Juliusz, and Katarzyna Turnau. "Mycorrhiza of Dryopteris carthusiana in southern Poland." Acta Mycologica 34, no. 2 (2014): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1999.020.

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The research on mycorrhiza of Dryopteris carthusiana from natural sites and those contaminated by heavy metals (Niepołomice Forest), both on lowlands and mountainous areas in Poland, was carried out. Mycorrhizal colonization of Arum-type was higher in ferns growing on tree stumps than in specimens developing directly on the soil. Additionally, an increase in mycorrhiza intensity and arbuscular richness with the rising ground humidity was observed. In comparison to natural sites, mycorrhizas from the areas contaminated by heavy metals were much less developed and the roots were often infected by parasites. Two morphotypes of mycorrhizal fungi have been described The most common was a fine endophyte (Glomales).

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Mycorrhizha"

Bisot, Corentin. "Bridging scales in the Arbsucular Mycorhizal Symbiosis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENSL0057.

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La vie microscopique des sols est responsable de large flux macroscopique de matière à l’échelle planétaire. Mais la complexité des écosystèmes et des organismes qui les constituent rend difficile le passage d’une échelle à l’autre. La thèse intitulée "Relier les échelles dans la symbiose mycorhizienne arbusculaire" tisse des liens entre des objets allant de la taille de la gouttelette de lipide (~500nm) à la longueur totale d’hyphe de champignons à l’échelleplanétaire (~10^20 m).Le premier chapitre introduit un cadre d'analyse des colonies fongiques par des "ondes de propagation", reliant l'échelle microscopique du comportement individuel des hyphes à des variables macroscopiques telles que la densité et la vitesse de propagation. Ces résultats constituent la première analyse de données expérimentales avec un degré de résolution spatiotemporel élevé d’une dynamique de morphogénèse d’un organisme ramifié.Le chapitre 2 décrit en détail les conséquences écologiques de cette propagation macroscopique en quantifiant l’échange de ressources qu’elle implique. Ce résultat jette un éclairage nouveau sur la science des mycorhizes en permettant de relier des traits phénotypiques de colonies de champignon à leur conséquence sur la croissance des plantes dans différents environnements. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur le lien entre les flux de matière dans la colonie de champignons, l'allongement et l'épaississement des hyphes, mettant en lumière l'importance du transport de lipides dans ces champignons, responsables de flux significatifs de carbone à l'échelle planétaire. Enfin, dans un chapitre annexe les résultats sont projetés à l’échelle d’écosystèmes. Le travail sur le rayon des hyphes permet en particulier de réduire l’incertitude de calcul sur la biomasse totale de champignon mycorhiziens dans un écosystème et à Arbuscule à l’échelle planétaire The microscopic life of soils is responsible for large macroscopic flows of matter at a planetary scale. However, the complexity of ecosystems and the organisms that comprise them makes it difficult to scale from one level to another. The thesis titled "Linking Scales in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis" establishes connections between objects ranging from the size of a lipid droplet (~500nm) to the total length of fungal hyphae at a planetary scale (~10^20m).The first chapter introduces a framework for analyzing fungal colonies through 'travelling waves', connecting the microscopic scale of individual hyphal behavior to macroscopic variables such as density and propagation speed. These results constitute the first analysis of experimental data with high degree of spatiotemporal resolution of a branching organism's morphogenesis dynamics.The second details the ecological consequences of this macroscopic propagation by quantifying the resource exchange it entails. This result sheds new light on mycorrhizal science by linking phenotypic traits of fungal colonies to their impact on trade with plants in different environments.The third chapter focuses on the microscopic underpinning of bidirectional resource trade within the Arbuscular Mycorhizhal (AM) fungal colonies. It aims at characterizing the robust physical mechanisms that allow the directed transport of carbon and phosphorous over the centimeter wide colony.In an annex chapter, the results are projected at the scale of ecosystems. The work on the radius of the hyphae particularly helps to reduce the calculation uncertainty on the total biomass of mycorrhizal fungi in an ecosystem and at a planetary scale

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Ruotsalainen, Anna Liisa. "Mycorrhizal colonization and plant performance in arcto-alpine conditions /." Oulu [Finland] : Oulun Yliopisto, 2003. http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514269888/html/index.html.

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Gao, Lingling. "Control of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation : studies of a mycorrhiza-defective tomato mutant." Title page, contents and summary only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg2117.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 161-178. This thesis characterises a mycorrhiza-defective tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) mutant, rmc, with respect to fungal colonisation patterns and plant defence reactions during interactions with different species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, root fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani and binucleate Rhizoctonia (a fungal parasite that colonises roots without causing disease). The results suggest that the mutated gene in rmc is involved in the regulation of recognition and plant defence responses in the establishment of AM symbioses.

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Ike-Izundu, Nnenna Esther. "Interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil microbial populations in the rhizosphere." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004021.

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This study examined the rehabilitation potential of AM fungi with organic and inorganic fertilisers under pot and field trial conditions as well as their interaction with rhizospheric organisms and specific functional groups. In addition, the study highlighted the effects of land-use management on AM fungal populations in soil and the mycorrhizal status of some selected plants from one of the study sites. The study focussed on two sites that differ in operational activities and these included a mined area that was to be rehabilitated and a commercial farming site. A pot trial was conducted using an overburdened soil resulting from kaolin clay mining. Pots were seeded with Cynodon dactylon and treated with either Organic Tea or NPK (3:1:5) fertiliser, with or without AM fungal inoculum. The compatibility of these fertilisers with AM fungi was assessed by plant growth and percentage root colonisation. Maximum shoot height and plant biomass were observed at the 28th week with NPK (3:1:5) fertiliser supporting mycorrhizal colonisation by 80%. The result indicated the potential of AM fungi to be used in rehabilitation with minimal phosphate fertiliser. Similarly, a field trial was set-up using 17 x 17 m[superscript 2] plots in the mining site that were treated with the same organic and inorganic fertilisers as well as with AM fungal inoculum in different combinations. The interaction between AM fungi and soil microbial population was determined using culture dependent and culture independent techniques. The culture dependent technique involved the use of soil dilution and plating on general purpose and selective media. The result showed that there was no change in the total culturable bacterial number in the untreated and AM fungal treated plots, while a change in species composition was observed in the functional groups. Different functional groups identified included nitrogen fixing bacteria, pseudomonads, actinomycetes, phosphate solubilisers and the fungal counterparts. Gram-positive bacteria were observed as the predominant phenotypic type, while nitrogen fixers and actinomycetes were the predominant functional groups. Species identified from each functional group were Pseudomonas fulva, Bacillus megaterium, Streptomyces and actinomycetales bacteria. Meanwhile, fungi such as Ampelomyces, Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cephalosporium and Exserohilium were identified morphologically and molecularly. Furthermore, the mining site had a significantly higher bacterial number than the farming site thereby indicating the effects of land-use management on culturable bacterial numbers. The culture independent technique was carried out by cloning of the bacterial 16S rDNA and sequencing. Identified clones were Bradyrhizobium, Propionibacterium and Sporichthya. A cladogram constructed with the nucleotides sequences of identified functional species, clones and closely related nucleotide sequences from the Genbank indicated that nucleotide sequences differed in terms of the method used. The activity and establishment of the introduced AM fungal population was determined by spore enumeration, infectivity assay, percentage root colonisation and assessment of glomalin concentrations. The results indicated that the two land use types affected AM fungal populations. However, the establishment of AM fungi in the farming site was more successful than in the mining site as indicated by the higher infectivity pontential. Selected host plants, which were collected around the mine area, were observed to be mainly colonised by AM fungi and these were identified as Pentzia incana, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Euphorbia meloformis, Selago corymbosa, Albuca canadensis and Helichrysum rosum. These plant species were able to thrive under harsh environmental conditions, thereby indicating their potential use as rehabilitation host plants. Generally, the findings of this study has provided an insight into the interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other soil microorganisms in two fields with differing land use management practices.

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Skinner, Amy. "Investigating the effect of Glomus etunicatum colonization on structure and phloem transport in roots of Eragrostis curvula (Umgeni)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003796.

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The symbiotic unit of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and its host is able toachieve and maintain far higher inflow of nutrients than non-mycorrhizal roots. The colonization strategy of the mycobiont within the plant is intrinsic to the symbiosis with respect to both structural adaptations and nutrient exchange. An investigation into the effect of Glomus etunicatum colonization on the structure and phloem transport in Eragrostis curvula (Umgeni) allowed for greater insight into the dynamic of the symbiosis. The combined use of stains (such as Trypan Blue, Chlorazol Black, Safranin and Fast Green), and techniques, (such as freeze-microtome transverse sectioning and permanent slide preparations) contributed to a successful general observation of an intermediate colonization strategy using light microscopy methods. However, clarity into structural detail of mycorrhizal forms required electron microscopy studies. The SEM method used with freeze fracture was a relatively quick and simple method allowing for the observation of surface and internal features. The TEM method allowed for highresolution images providing insight into the variations in the apoplasmic compartmental form, and how this may relate to the function of the symbiosis with regard to fungal coils or arbuscules. The apoplasmic nature of mycorrhizas was substantiated and no symplasmic connections were found between symbionts. Fluorescence studies demonstrated that 5,6-carboxyfluorescein was transported through the phloem into the roots of E. curvula, but remained predominantly in the root phloem. Unloading only occurred in optimal nutrient exchange areas of meristimatic lateral or apical growth regions. It was not possible, using fluorescence techniques and related equipment available, to conclusively establish if there were symplasmic connections between the mycobiont and its host or if bidirectional transfer of nutrients occurred at the same interface.

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Haller, Anjanette H. A. "The presence and role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in coastal sand dune systems." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003765.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) are mutually beneficial symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and certain Zygomycetous fungi. The role of AM fungi in coastal sand dunes has been explored in many parts of the world, though little work has been conducted in South African dune systems. This study aimed to investigate the presence and extent of mycorrhizal colonisation of a coastal sand dune in South Africa. The roots of five plant species (Scaevola plumieri, Arctotheca populifolia, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Ehrharta villosa and Chrysanthemoides monilifera) were sampled along a foredune profile at Old Woman's River in the Eastern Cape. These roots were assessed for the percentage mycorrhizal colonisation they supported. Spores extracted from the rhizosphere sand of each plant species were counted and identified to genus level. Results were related to seasonality and the position of the plants along the profile. All plant species were found to be mycorrhizal. Percentage colonisation ranged from 0-92%, depending on plant species and season. Mycorrhizal colonisation was generally highest in the winter months, and especially so in I pes-caprae and E. villosa. The extent of various mycorrhizal structures in root tissue varied between plant species. Spore numbers ranged from 0-48 spores 100g-1 sand with highest numbers occurring in winter. S. plumieri and A. populifolia were associated with greatest spore abundance. Four fungal genera (Glomus, Acaulospora, Scutellospora and Gigaspora) were identified. Distribution of these genera showed seasonal variations between plant species. A bioassay, using Sorghum, was conducted to test the inoculum potentials of sand from the Scaevola hummock and the IpomoealEhrharta dune. Highest percentage colonisation occurred in plants grown in the Scaevola sand, which also had the lowest root and shoot measurements. The bioassay confirmed that AM propagules are present and viable, even in the mobile sand of the foredune. This study showed that mycorrhizal colonisation and spore numbers varied seasonally, but that the extent of this was dependent on plant species. The position of plants along the foredune profile tended to be less important than plant species. It is thought that the growth cycle and rooting system of each plant species determines seasonal cycles and abundance of AM fungi. Variation within fungal populations probably also impacts on this. Knowledge of the presence and distribution of AM fungi in this system paves the way for more detailed studies which need to examine the role of these endophytes in South African sand dunes.

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Dhillion, Shivcharn S. Anderson Roger C. "Mycorrhizas and mycorrhizal little bluestem grass (Schizachyrium scoparium) on burned and unburned sand prairies." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1991. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9203026.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1991. Title from title page screen, viewed December 6, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Roger C. Anderson (chair), Anthony E. Liberta, R. Michael Miller, Tsan Iang Chuang, Jerome R. Cain. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-113) and abstract. Also available in print.

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Boulet, Frederic. "Mycorrhizal symbiosis as a strategy for survival in ultramafic soils." University of Western Australia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Discipline Group, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0051.

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Ultramafic soils enriched in nickel, such as found in Australia and New Caledonia, are associated with unique, diverse and poorly known vegetation communities. Re-establishment of these highly specific ecosystems is still a challenge for Ni mining companies. Ultramafic vegetation communities are the outcome of a long evolution process resulting in their adaptation to the extreme soil conditions found on ultramafic outcrops. Mycorrhizal fungi, a very common plant symbiont, are generally thought to be beneficial to plants in other ecosystems, providing plants with phosphorus and even promoting metal tolerance in plants in some cases. We examined the hypothesis that mycorrhizal fungi may contribute to the survival of plants in ultramafic soil conditions. Bandalup Hill, an ultramafic outcrop enriched in Ni (South West of Western Australia) was selected to assess the contribution of mycorrhizal fungi to ultramafic plants. Soil constraints, in particular the degree of Ni toxicity, were assessed at two sites with ultramafic soils within the outcrop. Total metal, nutrient, DTPA extractable Ni and available P were measured in soil while Ni, Ca and Mg were tested in the soil solution. In addition, nutrients and metals were analyzed in shoots of some plant species occurring at each site: Eucalyptus flocktoniae, Melaleuca pomphostoma, Melaleuca coronicarpa and Hakea verucosa. Topsoils in Bandalup Hill and plant shoots had high levels of Ni, and very low levels of P, K and N. Variation in DTPA extractable Ni between sites reflected the variation in shoot Ni level of E. flocktoniae and M. pomphostoma. Variations in soil solution Ni levels reflected variations in shoot Ni levels of M. coronicarpa and H. verucosa between sites. The germination requirements of the plant species used to assess the soil constraints was assessed. Species selected included Eucalyptus flocktoniae, Melaleuca coronicarpa, and Hakea verucosa. Seeds of E. flocktoniae and M. coronicarpa had a higher germination rate if pre-treated with smoke water, while no pre-treatment was required to germinate H. verucosa seeds. The unusual germination requirement of E. flocktoniae and M. coronicarpa involve complex chemical signals that may be present in the soil when the conditions are more favorable for plant establishment. Such unusual germination requirement may represent an adaptation to the hostile conditions of the ultramafic soils of Bandalup Hill. The mycorrhizal association and root characteristics of the selected plant species was also assessed after 8 weeks of growth in undisturbed ultramafic topsoil cores from Bandalup Hill. Roots of these species (including H. verucosa from a previously designated non-mycorrhizal family, Proteaceae) were associated with mycorrhizal fungi. Roots of E. flocktoniae and M. coronicarpa were colonized by both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM), while roots of H. verucosa only contained some AM fungal structures. All species had high shoot to root ratios and their root characteristics reflected their association with mycorrhizal fungi. Based on the previous observations, uninoculated and inoculated E. flocktoniae seedlings were grown for 10 to 16 weeks in sand amended with Ni at 0, 0.2, 1 and 2.3 mg/kg. Mycorrhizal inoculum consisted of spores of Pisolithus sp. (ECM) or a mix of AMF spores and colonized root fragments, both originating from Bandalup Hill. Another inoculum consisted in Pisolithus sp. spores from a site with ultramafic soils in New Caledonia. Inoculation with AM and ECM fungi from Bandalup Hill was beneficial to E. flocktoniae. Benefits consisted mainly of a reduction of Ni shoot translocation at the highest Ni soil level. At 1 mg/kg soil Ni, E. flocktoniae exhibited a certain degree of tolerance to Ni. A substantial increase in growth and nutrient uptake with Pisolithus sp. from Western Australia was also observed. The contribution of AM fungi from Bandalup Hill to E. flocktoniae, M. coronicarpa, H. verucosa, and Trifolium subterraneum (clover) was then examined in ultramafic soil from Bandalup Hill.Steaming of ultramafic soil increased the availability and plant uptake of P. Consequently, uninoculated seedlings grew better, and inoculation with AM fungi decreased the growth of native plant species but did not affect their shoot Ni concentration. The presence of AM fungi increased the concentration of P in shoots of native plants species. Inoculation had no effect on the growth and nutrient content of subterranean clover. As mining activities have the potential to reduce the infectivity of AM fungi in topsoils, the effect of disturbance and storage practices on the AM infectivity of ultramafic topsoils collected in summer or winter from Bandalup Hill was investigated. Disturbance consisted in passing topsoil through a 2mm seive and cutting roots into 1cm fragments. Disturbed topsoil was then stored at room temperature in pots that were either sealed from the atmosphere or left open, and pots were maintained at field capacity. E. flocktoniae seedlings were planted in undisturbed and disturbed topsoil just after topsoil collect and then after 3, 6 and 9 months of topsoil storage. AM fungi present in the topsoil collected in summer was less susceptible to initial disturbance than AM fungi present in topsoil collected during winter. Also, storage of topsoil in sealed pots watered to field capacity was more detrimental to its infectivity than storage of topsoil in dry conditions. Mycorrhizal fungi can contribute to the survival of some native plant species in the ultramafic soils of Bandalup Hill and they may represent another strategy to improve the success of Ni mine revegetation. However, such contribution may not be the unique avenue for native plants to survive in ultramafic soils of Bandalup Hill.

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Scherpenisse, Dara S. "Mycorrhizae In Sagebrush-Steppe Community Restoration: Mycorrhizal Dependency Of Invasive And Native Grasses With Intraspecific And Interspecific Competition." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/394.

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Mycorrhizae have been used in restoration for decades. However, studies assessing the use of mycorrhizae in Bromus tectorum-invaded areas of the Great Basin are limited. Two greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to assess the role of mycorrhizae in sagebrush restoration. The first objective (Chapter 2) was to determine the response of Pseudoroegneria spicatum, Elymus elymoides, and B. tectorum to mycorrhizal symbiosis by altering phosphorus, density, species, presence of mycorrhizae and water levels in a 5 factor design. To assess the mycorrhizal response, a variety of morphological and physiological traits were measured, such as tissue P concentration, specific root length, specific leaf area, carbon isotope discrimination, etc. The effects of the different treatment combinations were analyzed using ANOVA. The second objective (Chapter 3) was to determine the role of different inocula in competition between the three grasses. Species, density, and inoculum type were altered in a 3 factor design. Inoculum was cultured on Allium plants. The effect of locally cultured inoculum on the species was compared to the effect of commercial inoculum. The response of each species to mycorrhizae with different species compositions and densities was assessed. Morphological measurements were used to determine each species response to the different factor combinations. The effects of the different treatment combinations were analyzed using ANOVA. This research provides land managers with information regarding the efficacy of using local versus commercial inocula and whether they should use mycorrhizae in restoring their systems.

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Boling, Blake C. "Leaf elemental analysis and growth characteristics of mycorrhizal treated post oak seedlings via particle induced X-ray emission spectroscopy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5295/.

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Growth and element assimilation was investigated in post oak seedlings exposed to four different treatment combinations of fertilization and ectomycorrhizal inoculation. Element concentration in excised leaves was analyzed via particle induced X-ray emission spectrometry with a 1.8 MeV proton macrobeam. Mean growth was significantly different across the treatment groups as well as mean concentration of Mg, Al, S, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn. The data suggest that fertilization rather than mycorrhizal inoculation had a stronger influence on plant growth and nutrient uptake. A follow up study was conducted with a 3 MeV microbeam. A 850 μm2 scanned area of a post oak leaf produced topographical maps of 11 elements.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Mycorrhizha"

Habte, M. Arbuscular mycorrhizas: Producing and applying arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum. CTAHR, 2001.

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Fortin, J. André. Mycorrhizas: The new green revolution. Éditions MultiMondes, 2009.

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Agerer, R. Zur Ökologie der Mykorrhizapilze. J. Cramer, 1985.

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National Conference on Mycorrhiza (3rd 1995 New Delhi, India). Mycorrhizae, biofertilizers for the future: Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Mycorrhiza, 13-15 March 1995. Edited by Adholeya Alok, Singh Sujan, Tata Energy Research Institute, India. Dept. of Biotechnology., and India. Dept. of Science and Technology. Tata Energy Research Institute, 1995.

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O'Neill, Cathy. An evaluation of in vitro methods for the production of ectomycorrhizal fungus inoculum. University College Dublin, 1995.

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Seminar Nasional Mikoriza (1st 1999 Bogor, Indonesia). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Mikoriza I. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan dan Perkebunan, Departemen Kehutanan dan Perkebunan, 2000.

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Helm, D. J. Use of on-site mycorrhizal inoculum for plant establishment on abandoned mined lands. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.

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Helm, D. J. Use of on-site mycorrhizal inoculum for plant establishment on abandoned mined lands. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.

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Helm, D. J. Use of on-site mycorrhizal inoculum for plant establishment on abandoned mined lands. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.

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Helm, D. J. Use of on-site mycorrhizal inoculum for plant establishment on abandoned mined lands. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Mycorrhizha"

Pinhey, Sally, and Margaret Tebbs. "The role of fungi." In Plants for soil regeneration: an illustrated guide. CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243604.0005.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the role of fungi. Fungi are a vital part of the mixture of microorganisms found in healthy soil. Fungal associations between plant roots and beneficial fungi are known as mycorrhizae (meaning 'fungus' and 'root'), and form a beneficial or symbiotic relationship with plants growing in the soil. Mycorrhizal fungi also facilitate plant interactions with other soil microbes. These include pathogens, and bacteria that produce vitamins and protect against attack. The most common of the mycorrhizae are divided into the following: (1) ectomycorrhizae; (2) endomycorrhizae; (3) arbuscular mycorrhizae; (4) ericoid mycorrhizae; and (5) orchid mycorrhiza. The role of saprophytes, pathogens and actinomycetes are also discussed.

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Smith, S. E. "Discoveries, Discussions and Directions in Mycorrhizal Research." In Mycorrhiza. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_1.

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Scheidegger, C., and I. Brunner. "Electron Microscopy of Ectomycorrhiza: Methods, Applications, and Findings." In Mycorrhiza. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_10.

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Bonfante, P., and V. Bianciotto. "Presymbiotic Versus Symbiotic Phase in Arbuscular Endomycorrhizal Fungi: Morphology and Cytology." In Mycorrhiza. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_11.

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Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., and S. Gianinazzi. "Proteins and Protein Activities in Endomycorrhizal Symbioses." In Mycorrhiza. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_12.

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Hampp, R., and C. Schaeffer. "Mycorrhiza — Carbohydrate and Energy Metabolism." In Mycorrhiza. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_13.

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Jakobsen, I. "Transport of Phosphorus and Carbon in VA Mycorrhizas." In Mycorrhiza. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_14.

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Botton, B., and M. Chalot. "Nitrogen Assimilation: Enzymology in Ectomycorrhizas." In Mycorrhiza. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_15.

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Beyrle, H. "The Role of Phytohormones in the Function and Biology of Mycorrhizas." In Mycorrhiza. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_16.

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Azcón-Aguilar, C., and J. M. Barea. "Saprophytic Growth of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi." In Mycorrhiza. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_17.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Mycorrhizha"

Diasamidze, Inga, Gia Bolkvadze, Natela Varshanidze, and Nana Zarnadze. "MACROMYCETES OF BEECH FOREST IN MTIRALA NATIONAL PARK, GEORGIA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s14.44.

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This review provides an overview of the diversity of macromycetes (fungi with visible fruiting bodies) in Mtirala national park beech forests, highlighting their ecological roles and significance within these ecosystems. Mtirala National Park is a protected area in Adjara region, Western Georgia. It is part of the Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Mtirala National Park Colchic broad-leaved and mixed forests include sweet chestnut and Oriental beech woods. Mount Mtirala is one of the most humid areas in the country. The fungal community in beech forests encompasses a wide range of taxa, including edible mushrooms, wood-decay fungi, mycorrhizal associates, and decomposers. Hypsizygus tessellatus (Beech Mushroom), Armillaria mellea (Honey Fungus), and Fomes fomentarius (Tinder Fungus) are among the common species found in these forests, contributing to nutrient cycling and decomposition processes. Furthermore, mycorrhizal fungi such as Ganoderma spp. (Reishi Mushrooms) and Phellinus spp. (Cracked-cap Polypore) form symbiotic relationships with beech trees, enhancing their nutrient uptake and overall health. The presence of Laetiporus sulphureus (Chicken of the Woods) and Xylaria polymorpha (Dead Man's Fingers) on decaying wood further highlights the dynamic interactions between fungi and their substrates in beech forests. Understanding the diversity and ecological roles of macromycetes in beech forests is crucial for conservation efforts and sustainable forest management practices. Continued research into these fungi will provide valuable insights into the functioning and resilience of beech forest ecosystems in the face of environmental changes and anthropogenic disturbances.

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Shi, Jiaxin, Zhengping Xu, Lizhong Li, and Zhongzhu Chen. "Development of Growth Control System for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants Utilizing the Vector Fractal of Bezier Curve." In 2024 6th International Conference on Electronic Engineering and Informatics (EEI). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eei63073.2024.10696853.

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Sirait, Gloria, Ashar Hasairin, and Syahmi Edi. "Identification of Mycorrhizal Fungi Spore in Environment of Medan State University." In The 4th International Conference on Science and Technology Applications. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-dm2oq0.

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Mycorrhizal is a the symbiotic association between the roots of higher plants and the mycelium of certain fungi. Mycorrhizal has benefits for improving plant nutrition and increasing growth, as biological protection, involved in the Bio-Geo-Chemical cycle, increasing nutrient absorption from the soil to increase plant resistance to extreme drought and humidity. Research on mycorrhizal spores was carried out in 3 places with high levels of mycorrhizal diversity, humid areas, and lush trees, namely in the forest of the Medan State University campus, Jl. Williem Iskandar, Kec. Medan Tebung City of Medan. This research is limited to knowing the diversity of mycorrhizal spores in the forest of Medan State University. Mycorrhizae observed on the roots of Swietenia macrophylla. Observations focused on the morphology of mycorrhizal spores observed under a microscope. The results showed that the mycorrhizal that were successfully identified and observed around the Medan State University Campus Forest were Gigaspora sp. 1 (10 x 40), Gigaspora sp. 2 (10 x 40), Acaulospora sp. 1 (10x40) Acaulospora sp. 2 (10 x 40), Glomus sp. 1 (10 x 40), Glomus sp. 2 (10 x 40), Glomus sp. 3 (10 x 40), Glomus sp. 4 (10 x 40), Glomus sp. 5 (10 x 40), Glomus sp. 5 (10 x 40), Gigaspora sp. 3 (10 x 40).

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Geck, Kate. "Mycorrhizal Materialities Positioning the entanglement of human and machine intelligence." In 28th International Symposium on Electronic Art. Ecole des arts decoratifs - PSL, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69564/isea2023-10-short-geck-mycorrhizal-materialities.

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SHORT PAPER. Machine intelligence is increasingly being used in the world with sometimes dramatic effects on human and other-than-human lives through its decision-making capacity. Much artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is built on metaphors that centre extraction, competition and control. These also position AI itself as a resource to be extracted and controlled, paving a troubling path for speculative futures where AI may gain emergent or ambiguous levels of sentience. These metaphors are part of a historical trend where humans place themselves above the other-than-human world, and this has formed the basis of an extractive and one-sided relationship with that world. In light of this, what new metaphors might we employ to platform the relationships between human and machine intelligences? Thinking through mycorrhizae could be a productive way to foreground the entangled, generative nature of exchange between human and machine intelligences. This paper will briefly explore metaphor in human-computer interaction (HCI) and AI, before making an offering to think about these things through the material of the mycorrhiza, a symbiotic site of exchange between plants and fungi. It will then briefly detail a creative project that has emerged from this mycorrhizal thinking to produce machine imagined textiles and embroideries. It then concludes with a call to embed relational thinking into future practices between human and machine intelligences in order to create more equitable and even mutualistic outcomes.

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Abdurashytov, S. F., E. V. Puzanova, K. S. Gritsevich, A. A. Zubochenko, and V. K. Zakharova. "Study of the development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the saline soils of Crimea." In РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-15.05.2020.25.

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It is known that arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi are able to mitigate the effect of various negative environmental factors on plants. Therefore, the aim of our research was to determine the most active AM fungi populations in saline soils of the Crimean Peninsula to select stress-resistant isolates. The spores were isolated by wet sieving. Mycorrhization was visualized by staining with black ink and studied quantitatively under a stereomicroscope. In 2019, 15 soil-plant samples from 4 locations of the salinity soils were sampled: Lake Achi (AB) and the nearby agrocenosis (PAB), Koyashskoye (KO), Kirkoyashskoye (PKP) and agrocenosis near it (KP), Chokrak (CH). The highest content of chlorine anions (119.5 mg) and bicarbonate anions (610.0 mg) was noted in the area near Lake Kirkoyashskoye. The smallest salinity was observed at arable land KP (8.5 and 229.0 mg). Plowing led to a decrease in the number of AM fungi spores in the studied sections of PAB by 80.3% and KP by 47.6% compared with the AB and PKP. The frequency of occurrence and the intensity of mycorrhizal colonization in plant roots on the shores of Lakes Achi and Kirkoyashskoye were 70.0-72.3% and 28.0-43.9%, while the same for the plowing areas around them were lower by 28.5-54.1% and 18.0-32.2%, respectively. In our study, there was no strict correlation between the number of spores and the estimated environmental conditions. Soil-plant samples and the spores isolated from them were used as inoculums for obtaining new AM fungal isolates with a stress resistance property.

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Javier, Henry, William Cochachi, Grimaldo Quispe, Heyul Chavez, Luis Rivera, and Francisco Dominguez. "Biomaterials and Technologies for Sustainability." In Human Systems Engineering and Design (IHSED 2021) Future Trends and Applications. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001193.

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The research designs and developed a biofertilizer from Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium evaluating its antagonistic capacity and biotization in the cultivation of vegeta-bles with a DCA, the sample considers potatoes, peas and barley in the District of Huasahuasi, with 9 treatments in three formulas, considering a control group without inoculation and two repetitions. As a result, the optimal formula is ob-tained with 300g of mycorrhiza and Rhizobium strains + 500g of black soil + 200g of potato peel bran, which has an effective antagonistic capacity of 100% in pea crops, 90% in the barley and 85% in the potato, besides that it achieves a bio-tization in the pea crop of 95%, in the barley 100% and in the potato 90%.

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Kryukov, А. А., A. O. Gorbunova, Sh K. Kurbanniyazov, et al. "Molecular-genetic identification of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi from Teberda natural reserve." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.134.

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Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi of soil samples from North Caucasus were identified via Illumina Miseq and universal primers for ITS region. It was shown, that both ITS1 and ITS2 are necessary for identification.

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Tervonen, Kaisa, Anna Oldén, and Panu Halme. "Mycorrhizal fungi in wood-pastures." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107420.

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Zhukov, V. A., A. M. Afonin, G. A. Akhtemova, et al. "Study of the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) symbioses in post-genomic era." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.289.

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Mutualistic symbioses formed by garden pea have been studied with use of ‘omic’ technologies in order to gain a new understanding of molecular mechanisms of beneficial effect that microsymbionts have on seed yield and quality.  Keywords: garden pea, transcriptomics, nitrogen fixation, arbuscular mycorrhiza, PGPB

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Zeng, Rensen. "Mycorrhiza-induced plant defense and mediated tritrophic interactions." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94164.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Mycorrhizha"

Clemens, Cody, Michael Bell, Emmi Felker-Quinn, Michael Bell, Cody Clemens, and Emmi Felker-Quinn. Applying mycorrhizal critical loads of nitrogen to US federal lands containing forested and Mediterranean shrubland ecosystems. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2305249.

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Mycorrhizal fungi (MF) play a crucial role within ecosystems by forming mutually symbiotic relationships where they share water, carbon, nutrients, and other benefits with plants they have inoculated. Since these plant communities depend on MF for survival, the status of MF communities can be used as a proxy for the health of the plants they support. Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition can disrupt the symbiotic relationship between the plants and MF by causing a shift in mycorrhizal community composition, and in turn a shift in the plant structure within an ecosystem. Lilleskov et al. (2019) summarized recent research on critical loads (CLs) of N for a shift from N-sensitive to N-tolerant mycorrhizal and tree communities, setting CLs to protect conifer-associated MF (5?6 kg-N ha-1 yr-1), and broadleaf-associated MF (10?20 kg-N ha-1 yr-1). Allen et al. (2016) developed CLs of N for shifts in arbuscular MF communities in California coastal sage scrub which contribute to the conversion of native shrubland to exotic annual grassland (10?11 kg-N ha-1 yr-1). Here we apply the CL-N for forest mycorrhizae to forested areas in the contiguous United States (CONUS), and the CL-N for southern California shrubland mycorrhizae to shrublands and grasslands within the Mediterranean ecoregion of California. The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) Total Deposition model (TDep) for total N deposition from 2018?2020 (v2018.02) is used to calculate exceedances of the CLs and evaluate potential risk to forest health. The areas of exceedance are calculated for all units within CONUS managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), National Park Service (NPS), and Forest Service (USFS). Within CONUS, 68% of federal land managed by the three agencies is forest: 76% is conifer, 17% is broadleaf, and 7% is a mixture of both tree communities. The USFS manages 93% of this forested land, and 30% of USFS forests are in exceedance of CLs-N for MF. The NPS manages a smaller portion of federal forested land at 6%, with exceedance occurring in 29% of that area. The FWS controls only 1% of forested land but has exceedance of CLs in 43% of that area. Within Mediterranean California (CA), 29% of federal land managed by the three agencies is shrubland or grassland. Federal shrublands are in exceedance of the CL-N for MF in 25% of the area. The USFS manages 91% of federal shrublands in Mediterranean CA, with 27% of USFS CA shrublands in exceedance of the CL. The NPS manages 8% of federal shrublands in Mediterranean CA, of which only 3% is experiencing exceedance. The FWS is only responsible for 1% federal shrublands in Mediterranean CA, with exceedance occurring in 22% of that area. This analysis shows the effects that N deposition has on forest and shrubland ecosystems occurring within federal lands across CONUS. Knowing the extent of exceedance observed within federal lands informs natural resource management. On smaller scales, this analysis enables federal land managers to better understand what is happening on their lands, effectively guiding local management decisions. On larger scales, the analysis outlines a portion of the overall effects that N deposition has on ecosystems within CONUS, providing policymakers with the scientific evidence required to support future policy actions aimed at protecting natural resources.

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Haas, Jerry H., John A. Menge, and James Krikun. Utilization of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Crop Production. United States Department of Agriculture, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7566726.bard.

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Shearer, Judy, and M. M. Davis. Mycorrhizae in Bottomland Hardwood (BLH) Wetland Forests. Defense Technical Information Center, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada363606.

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Hofmockel, Kirsten, and Erik Hobbie. Can Microbial Ecology and Mycorrhizal Functioning Inform Climate Change Models? Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1427520.

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Linkins, A. Factors controlling decomposition in arctic tundra and related root mycorrhizal processes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6949359.

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Phillips, Donald, and Yoram Kapulnik. Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613012.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions

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Linkins, A. E. Modelling regulation of decomposition and related root/mycorrhizal processes in arctic tundra soils. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7263706.

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Lee, Caitlin. Assessment of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis on Invasion Success in Brachypodium sylvaticum. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2106.

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Melville, Alaina. Assessment of a Mycorrhizal Fungi Application to Treat Stormwater in an Urban Bioswale. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3019.

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Peay, Kabir. Does mycorrhizal symbiosis determine the climate niche for Populus as a bioenergy feedstock? Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1845275.

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