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Vitek, Viktor, e Shah Taqui Syed. "Implementing a Nudge to Prevent Email Phishing". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259403.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Phishing is a reoccurring issue, which uses social engineering as an attack strategy. The prevention of these attacks is often content-based filters. These solutions are however not always perfect, and phishing emails can still be able to get through the filters. We suggest a new strategy to combat phishing. The strategy is a technical platform which uses the psychology concept nudge. Nudge is a concept that can be used to change a certain behaviour, in this case to make people more cautious when reading their emails.The objective of this thesis is to suggest a nudge using a technical platform regarding possible desensitization. The nudge aims to change email related behaviours to more healthy ones. To get indications if the nudge has benefits, a qualitative survey was made. When using a psychology-based solution, one must address the possibility of desensitization. To minimize possible desensitization, a quantitative analysis was made where different ways to minimize desensitization were assessed. Data for this analysis was gathered by a simulation modeling, where the simulation aimed to replicate a user performing email related events.The conclusion of the simulation results showed that a whitelist approach was the most appropriate for our nudge. The approach minimized the chance of possible desensitization while having a low risk of not performing a nudge when needed. The conclusion of the survey results was that there was an indication of behavioural change and that there existed a risk of possible desensitization.Nätfiske är ett återkommande problem, som använder sig av social manipulation som attackstrategi. Försvar mot dessa attacker är ofta innehållsbaserade filter. Dessa lösningar är inte alltid perfekta, då nätfiske kan ibland gå förbi filterna. Vi föreslår en ny strategi för att bekämpa nätfiske. Strategin är en teknisk plattform som använder det psykologiska konceptet nudge. Nudge är ett koncept som kan användas för att ändra ett visst beteende, i detta fall för att göra människor mer försiktiga när de läser sina emails.Syftet med detta arbete är att föreslå en nudge i en teknisk plattform där man tar hänsyn till eventuell desensibilisering. Nudgens mål är att ändra emailrelaterade beteenden så att beteendena blir säkrare. En kvalitativ undersökning gjordes för att få indikationer om nudgen har möjliga fördelar. När man använder en psykologibaserad lösning så måste man ta itu med möjligheten av desensibilisering. En kvantitativ analys gjordes där olika sätt att minimera desensibilisering bedömdes, för att sedan kunna minimera desensibiliseringen. Data för denna analys samlades in genom en simuleringsmodellering, där simuleringens syfte var att replikera en användare som utför email-relaterade händelser.Slutsatsen av simuleringsresultaten visade att en whitelist-metod var den mest lämpliga för vår nudge. Metoden minimerade risken för möjlig desensibilisering, samtidigt som den hade en låg risk att inte utföra en nudge när det behövdes. Slutsatsen av undersökningsresultatet från enkäten var att det fanns en indikation för beteendeförändringar och att det fanns en risk för eventuell desensibilisering av nudgen.
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Zarifnejad, Sirwan, e Petra Johansson. "Nudge Management; a way to Motivate Healthier Behavior". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-38067.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Today, organizations are facing rising costs caused by increased employee sick - leave. A way to motivate employees to choose a healthier lifestyle is for the employer to offer wellness incentives. However, not too many employees are taking advantage of the incentives. According to the Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change (TTM) , people are at different stages in their behavior change process. By knowing their personal obstacles to change, organizations can use nudge management and wellness incentives to help their employees to choose a healthier lifestyle. In order to get some answers, we conducted qualitative interviews at the Swedish Migration Agency. The result of our research showed seven main obstacles, and in this thesis we have explored dif erent nudges organizations can use to promote health and to lower sick - leave.
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Barbaroux, Adriaan. "Place de l'autonomie perçue dans l'acceptabilité sociale et l'efficacité des nudges appliqués aux soins primaires". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ2045.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Les nudges, ou incitations douces, désignent des modifications subtiles de l'environnement décisionnel visant à obtenir un comportement sans restreindre les choix des individus. Utilisés dans divers domaines, notamment les soins primaires et la vaccination, ces outils s'appuient sur les biais cognitifs pour orienter les décisions, sans recours à la persuasion directe ni aux sanctions. L'engouement, scientifique et appliqué, pour ces incitations douces reposait en partie sur leur efficacité et leur acceptabilité sociale. Ces deux bénéfices majeurs des nudges sont désormais remis en cause. Dans ce contexte, des questions éthiques sont soulevées, liées notamment au caractère potentiellement manipulatoire des nudges ainsi qu'à la menace qu'ils peuvent constituer pour l'autonomie réelle et perçue des cibles des nudges. L'objectif de la présente thèse est alors d'examiner la relation entre autonomie perçue, acceptabilité sociale du nudge et efficacité des nudges en soins primaires. Il s'agit d'évaluer si l'efficacité d'un nudge dépend de son acceptabilité sociale et si cette acceptabilité sociale repose sur le l'autonomie perçue par les personnes nudgées. Le modèle global prédit que la façon de présenter le nudge et le fait d'y avoir été exposé préalablement déterminent l'autonomie perçue des cibles. Cette autonomie sera alors déterminante dans l'acceptabilité sociale du nudge, au même titre voire plus encore que le type de nudge et son opérationnalisation. Ce modèle a été testé en plusieurs étapes : 1. tester l'impact de l'exposition à un nudge, du type de nudge, de sa transparence et de la façon de présenter le nudge sur chacune des variables du triptyque autonomie perçue - acceptabilité sociale - efficacité du nudge ; 2. tester le modèle selon lequel l'acceptabilité du nudge joue le rôle de médiateur de l'effet positif de l'autonomie perçue sur l'efficacité du nudge. À l'appui d'une revue de la littérature et de huit études expérimentales, ces concepts sont analysés dans le cadre des soins primaires. Les résultats montrent que l'exposition préalable à un nudge et la façon de présenter le nudge comme respectant ou menaçant l'autonomie peuvent être déterminants pour son acceptabilité sociale, laquelle est corrélée à l'adoption du comportement cible. Cependant, les résultats ne permettent pas de conclure à une relation de causalité dans le triptyque autonomie perçue - acceptabilité sociale - efficacité. Cet ensemble d'études souligne les enjeux à la fois pratiques et éthiques des nudges dans le domaine de la santé publique. Il permet de dégager des pistes d'intervention respectant les préconisations de l'OMS en matière de soins primairesNudges are subtle modifications to the decision-making environment designed to influence behaviour without restricting individual choice. Used in various fields, including primary care and vaccination, these behavioural interventions rely on cognitive biases to guide decisions, without resorting to direct persuasion or sanctions. The scientific and applied enthusiasm for these gentle incentives is based primarily their effectiveness and social acceptability. However, these two major benefits are being called into question. In this context, ethical issues are being raised, particularly in relation to the potentially manipulative nature of nudges and the threat they may pose to people's autonomy. The aim of this thesis is therefore to examine the relationship between perceived autonomy, the social acceptability of nudges and the effectiveness of nudges in primary care. The aim is to assess whether the effectiveness of a nudge depends on its social acceptability and whether this social acceptability is based on the perceived autonomy of the nudged individuals. The overall model predicts that the way in which the nudge is presented and the fact of having been exposed to it beforehand determine the perceived autonomy when faced with the nudge. This autonomy will then be a determining factor in the social acceptability of the nudge, in the same way or even more so than the type of nudge and its operationalization. This model was tested in several stages: 1. testing the impact of exposure to a nudge, the type of nudge, its transparency and the way in which the nudge is presented on each of the variables in the triptych perceived autonomy - social acceptability - effectiveness of the nudge, 2. testing the model according to which the social acceptability of the nudge acts as a mediator of the positive effect of perceived autonomy on the effectiveness of the nudge. Based on a literature review and eight experimental studies, these concepts are analyzed in the context of primary care. The results show that prior exposure to a nudge and the way in which the nudge is presented as respecting or threatening autonomy may be decisive for its social acceptability, which is correlated with the adoption of the target behaviour. However, the results do not allow us to conclude that there is a causal relationship in the triptych of perceived autonomy - social acceptability - effectiveness. This set of studies highlights both the practical and ethical issues surrounding nudges in the field of public health. It also points the way to interventions that comply with WHO recommendations for primary care
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Jacobson, Martin. "Power, Paternalism and Libertarianism : Libertarian Paternalism – More than a Nudge". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-377435.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
It is commonly believed that paternalism is at odds with libertarianism. Recent literature has suggested that there are forms of paternalism which are acceptable to libertarians: namely “nudging”, sometimes even referred to as “libertarian paternalism”. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, to investigate the taxonomical question of how libertarianism, paternalism and nudging relate to each other. Secondly, to investigate whether, and if so when, paternalism is compatible with libertarianism. I argue that any action which is not coercive is compatible with libertarianism. Thus, any non-coercive paternalist action is compatible with libertarianism. I also argue that there are several paternalist action types, such as nudges, informing and incentivizing, which are not coercive, and thus are compatible with libertarianism.
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Frongia, Stefano <1991>. "Teoria dei Nudge e settore artistico-culturale: un rapporto possibile?" Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20123.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
La tesi si propone di illustrare le potenzialità dell’economia comportamentale e della cosiddetta "teoria dei nudge" nel settore artistico-culturale. Nel primo capitolo verrà ricostruito il percorso di ricerca che ha favorito, a partire dagli anni Cinquanta del Novecento, la nascita e l’affermazione dell’economia comportamentale fino a portare, nel 2008, al concepimento della "teoria dei nudge" da parte di Richard Thaler e Cass Sunstein. Nel secondo capitolo ci si concentrerà sulle caratteristiche economiche del settore artistico-culturale, evidenziandone le specificità e gli elementi in contrasto con la teoria economica standard. Nel terzo capitolo si discuterà del sostegno pubblico nei confronti delle arti e della cultura, mentre nel quarto capitolo verrà approfondita, anche attraverso l’analisi di alcune ricerche sperimentali, la teoria dei nudge in funzione di una sua possibile applicazione al contesto artistico-culturale.
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Bernsgård, Johanna, e Sonia Lee. "Nudges design utifrån ett psykologiskt perspektiv : En studie som fokuserar på användares känslor och tankar i relation till beteendeförändringen vid exponering för nudges". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45833.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Syftet med studien är att undersöka nudges utifrån dess design och psykologiskaeffekter för att skapa en förståelse för hur marknadsföringsmetoden nudging som växeralltmer, påverkar användares känslor, tankar och beteenden i valsituationer. Forskningsfrågorna för studien var 1) Vilken roll har design inom nudging? 2) Vilken psykologisk påverkan har nudging på användarna? 3) Vilken psykologisk påverkan har design på användarna? Studien är baserad på en kombination av en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ ansats som tillämpats på 161 respondenter respektive 4 informanter. Först delades en surveyundersökning ut via sociala medierna Facebook, Instagram och Snapchat. Därefter tillhandahölls semistrukturerade, personliga intervjuer med två beteendedesigners samt två psykologer. Denna studie har utgått från teorierna; NUDGES, Teman för färgord som härledsav LDA-dual model, PAD - Emotionell tillståndsmodell, ABC-modellen av attityder,Platons tre funktioner av själen och Teorin om planerat beteende. Slutsatserna för studien är följande; 1) Design beaktas i dag endast som en del av designprocessen vid skapandet av nudgesnär det borde vara en utav grundpelarna för nudging. 2)Nudging påverkar användare psykologiskt genom att påverka de tre faktorernakänslor, tankar och beteenden. 3) Designs estetiska faktorer som färger, former och typsnitt påverkar användarnapsykologiskt genom känslor, tankar och beteenden. 4) I grund och botten är det inte nudgen som avgör beteendeförändringen när detkommer till att hålla avstånd i samband med Covid-19, utan det är den uppfattadebeteendekontrollen som styr användaren.
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Rogut, Nathan. "Can we make investors smarter using a nudge? Maybe, but we can’t prove it using the most common experimental disposition effect environment". Thesis, Department of Economics, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29894.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Investors have been shown to behave in a way that reduces their earnings by being over hesitant to sell stocks that have decreased in price and over eager to sell stocks that have increased in price, exhibiting what is known as a disposition effect. This persists even in environments that make exhibiting a disposition effect always reduce expected returns. Our study uses the most common experimental disposition effect environment to test the use of a novel nudge to reduce participants disposition effects and finds that the nudge does reduce participants’ disposition effects. However, several of our findings challenge the external and internal validity of the environment, and it is possible that the nudge only works for a subset of the population that understands the environment better. Despite the environment making diversification suboptimal, those who understand diversification (and therefore might perform better in real-world markets) perform worse in this environment due to diversifying more, indicating that participants bring their external beliefs about real world markets into the environment. We show that the optimal disposition effect in the environment is substantially negative, which critiques past studies that have used a rational benchmark of zero. We also find significantly negative disposition effects across the board for our sample, which is unique, potentially due to the inclusion of comprehension questions before trading that assisted participants to understand the environment better.
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Elmqvist, Johan, e Johan Thorell. "Nudge Marketing : How to influence decisions by changing the choice architecture". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-28418.
Testo completo
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Guimarães, André Filipe Casqueira. "(Des)encorajar o (des)emprego: "Nudge" aplicado à procura de emprego". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16560.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mestrado em Ciência PolíticaNeste trabalho explora-se o impacto do Nudge na promoção da procura ativa de emprego. O conceito “Nudge”, de Thaler e Sunstein, envolve o reenquadramento dos contextos onde o indivíduo toma decisões, de modo a encorajar opções mais desejáveis. Desta forma, procede-se à experimentação do conceito em indivíduos desempregados, no sentido de compreender se há alterações na sua procura de emprego, designadamente ao nível das suas atitudes, comportamentos e resultados.
This work explores the Nudge’s impact in promoting active job search. Thaler and Sunstein's “Nudge” concept involves the reframing of the contexts in which the individual makes decisions in order to encourage more desirable options. Thus, it proceeds to the concept’s experimentation in unemployed individuals, in order to understand if there are changes in their job search, particularly in terms of their attitudes, behaviours and outcomes.
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Bromander, Anton. "Using Privacy Indicators to Nudge Users into Selecting Privacy Friendly Applications". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för matematik och datavetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-73154.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the play store today, users are shown download count, app rating, reviews, screenshots etc. when deciding to download an application, and it’s shown very conveniently. If the users however are interested in viewing privacy in- formation about the application, it is multiple clicks away and there is no default in how to display it. This is where privacy indicators come in handy. With privacy indicators, data can be analyzed and displayed to the user in a way they understand, even if they don’t understand what the data itself means and what is dangerous. This however comes with the challenge of deciding what is dangerous and what is not. This report creates and implements an app store with added privacy infor- mation displayed to the user in the form of a privacy indicator and some detailed information about each application. To test the effectiveness of the privacy indicator, a small scale study was conducted where it was discovered that users who were not already interested in privacy didn’t pay much at- tention to it, while those who were took it more into account when deciding to download applications.
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Senninger, Julia Thérèse. "Nudge to budge - social marketing in restaurants : A pilot study in Sweden". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260098.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this research was to conduct a pilot study to identify if increased written communication at restaurants would affect customer and staff awareness of the restaurant’s sustainability efforts. By using before-after questionnaires among employees and customers possible changes among the two stakeholder groups be recorded. As the restaurants had recently joined the new network Sustainable Restaurants in Sweden, the effect of this collaboration on their CSR efforts and communication was evaluated through semi-structured interviews with the restaurant representatives. Social marketing was the underlying theory for this study, with focus on opportunity and ability. The restaurants communication efforts were identified as nudges. The study showed that collaborating in order to start communicating can prove to be an effective support mechanism. Increased communication proved to have somewhat an effect on customer awareness and staff awareness. Increased awareness amongst all actors of the food chain is a necessary step for a sustainable future.
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Scott, Emelie. "Textdesign med nudge : Ett arbete om att medvetet använda nudging i informationsmaterial". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-32259.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Den här rapporten handlar om hur nudging kan användas i informationsmaterial. Nudging är ett fenomen som syftar till att få oss att byta till bättre, mer hållbara vanor utan att använda tvång eller dra ner på antalet alternativ. Det finns flera olika sätt att använda nudging men i den här rapporten har jag valt att arbeta med att påverka våra sociala normer. Jag har tagit fram två foldrar som innehåller en så kallad nudge av våra sociala normer. Foldrarna är helt lika vad gäller själva nudgen men också vad gäller layout och stildrag. Det som skiljer dem åt är att den ena foldern visar budskapet implicit, det vill säga att det inte är klart uttalat, medan den andra foldern visar budskapet explicit med argumentation. Undersökningen handlar om att se vilken som upplevs utgöra den bästa nudgen, alltså vilken av foldrarna som det är mest troligt att mottagaren skulle ändra sina vanor för. För att svara på frågan har jag konstruerat de två foldrarna och sedan låtit ett antal personer ta del av dem och svarat på frågor i kvalitativa intervjuer. Min ambition är att visa ett exempel på hur nudging kan användas inom ramen för informationsdesign för att skapa nya, hållbara vanor.
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Gordner, Eliza. "Nudge Theory's Perceived Influence on FMLA Among Midwestern Metropolitan Nonprofit Arts Organizations". ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6208.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) has had significant influence on both for-profit and nonprofit employers since it was enacted in 1993. Because nonprofit organizations often have more limited resources than for-profit organizations, implementing family and medical leave policy mandates can be problematic. Arts-related nonprofit organizations often have even fewer resources available yet must still ensure legal compliance and market competitiveness while continuing to focus on meeting their missions. Even if a smaller nonprofit organization is not subject to the FMLA, it is subject to other federal, state, and local employment laws, and the organization must decide whether to offer unpaid or paid family and medical leave, perhaps styled after the FMLA. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how those who conduct human resource functions in nonprofit arts organizations would perceive governmental prompting toward providing FMLA and paid leave in relation to their ability to meet their missions. This question was explored through the lens of nudge theory and involved interviews with nine HR professionals from nonprofit arts organizations. Data were analyzed using Bazeley and Jackson's bucket coding and Yin's explanation building processes. The results of the study indicated that HR professionals perceived little to no effects of the FMLA on their nonprofit arts organizations' ability to meet their missions. The social change implications of this study involve providing insights to policymakers that could inform decisions about family and medical leave mandates or nudges toward a desired outcome regarding these leaves of absence in the nonprofit sector.
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Iacuissi, Stefano <1989>. "Nudge strategy. Una proposta strategica per il marketing dell’arte e della cultura". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8128.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Riuscire ad interagire con il pubblico nella forma più chiara possibile e saper comunicare i propri contenuti e rendere l’arte e il patrimonio accessibili, sono gli obiettivi delle imprese culturali. Con tali premesse, la proposta di questo lavoro è quella di riformulare la relazione tra l’organizzazione culturale, il prodotto e il consumatore, cercando di suggerire come meglio integrarla e rafforzala. La base di questa riformulazione sarà integrare la Nudge theory, ovvero uno degli ulteriori passi in scienze del comportamento e teoria economica, all’interno del processo di marketing.
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Jansson, Kristin, e Agnes Dahlström. "Företags tillämpning av nudging inom detaljhandelsbranschen : En kvalitativ studie om hur företag inom detaljhandelsbranschen tillämpar nudging inom fysisk butik och e-handelsplattform". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-34396.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Föreställ dig att du har funderat ett tag på att börja äta mer hälsosamt, även om du inte kan förmå dig till att börja. Plötsligt en dag känns det där hälsosamma alternativet i restaurangen som ett mycket naturligt val att ta och en anledning till det kan bero på att restaurangen hade utformat en nudge som du blev påverkad av. Nudging syftar till att utforma den miljö som ett beslut fattas i för att påverka och styra individen till att ta ett visst beslut, som gynnar både individen och samhället. I nuläget används nudging i stor utsträckning inom politiken, även om andra aktörer har börjat tillämpa detta inom andra verksamhetsområden. Det finns relativt lite forskning som visar hur företag arbetar med nudging och den forskning som finns berör till stor del området hälsa- och livsstil. Denna studie syftar till att få en inblick i hur företag inom detaljhandelsbranschen tillämpar nudging inom fysisk butik och e-handelsplattform. För att ta reda på detta har studien tillämpat en kvalitativ metod där sex stycken intervjuer genomfördes med olika detaljhandelsföretag. Studien visade att företagens aktiviteter överensstämmer med nudging, dock uppfyllde de inte alla kriterier en nudge bör uppfylla. Studien påvisade även att företagens sätt att arbeta med nudging inte alltid gynnar både individen och samhället, och att flertalet av de aktiviteter som företagen verkställer gynnar företaget i slutändan.Picture yourself wanting to eat healthier, but you have experienced adversity to start. All of a sudden while standing in the restaurant, that healthy option that seemed so far away, now seems like the proper decision to make. A reason for the sudden change may be due to a nudge that the restaurant has reinforced in order to influence you subconsciously. The concept of nudging aims to shape the environment to indirectly influence the behavior of an individual to make a certain decision that benefits both the individual and society. Today, nudging is mostly used in politics, however the use of nudging is expanding and is now being applied in other societal functions as well. The current research on how nudging is used in corporations is relatively limited and mainly focuses on health and lifestyle. Therefore, the aim of this study is to get an insight how retail companies use nudging in stores and on e-commerce platforms. In order to examine how swedish retail companies use nudging as a positive reinforcement technique, this study used a quality method where six interviews were conducted with several retail companies. The study concludes that the retail companies’ methods conform nudging, however all criterias included in the concept of nudging were not fulfilled. The study also demonstrates that companies way of working with nudging not always benefits the individual and society, and many of the activities does in the end benefit the companies.
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Hu, Qiming, e 胡啟明. "Application of nudge theory for changing diet and physical activity : a systematic review". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206943.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Unhealthy lifestyle are important contributors to chronic illness in Hong Kong and worldwide. Lifestyle modification, particularly improving healthy diet and physical activity, can prevent the development of various chronic illnesses, improve disease conditions, reduce the risk of complications and enhance the quality of life. Many behavioural models have been applied to achieve lifestyle modification, but the major limitation was that they mainly treated human behaviours as individual behaviours that were subsequent to rational thinking. Nudge theory, an advanced behavioral concept, proposed to change individual’s motivation, incentives and decision making through non-direct suggestion and non-forced reinforcement. However, the application of Nudge theory has been challenged on the lack of evidence to prove its effectiveness, and its controversial framework for ethical analysis.
Objectives: This review was to synthesize the empirical findings about the effectiveness of using nudge theory for lifestyle modification including healthy diet and physical activity.
Methodology: Interventional and experimental studies that were conducted based on Nudge theory to change diet or physical activity was identified from the published literature. The studies were divided into two large groups according to outcome measured: healthy diet and physical activity, and they were systematically synthesized. The “nudges” used in these studies were categorized as six types of “nudges” summarized by “nudge unit” as “MINDSPACE” for further discussion. The type of “nudges” that were used in the studies and their effectiveness on changing diet and physical activity was abstracted.
Results: Totally, nine articles that met the inclusion criteria were included. Five nudges were identified from the included studies, including Priming (P), Default (D), Salience & Affect (SA), Incentives (I) and Messenger & Norms (MN). It is found that the strategies and methods applied on the same nudge may have different effectiveness. Seven studies applied Priming (P) as nudge to motivate change in diet, which used two major strategies: “availability” and “accessibility”. The evidence was strong that altering the availability of food presence could be effective to change food selection. The results of studies using accessibility were heterogeneous and contradictive with each other. Another three studies used different nudges including Default, Salience & Affect and Incentive. The effectiveness of Default (D) as nudge seemed to be blurry, and the sustainability remained questionable. The ethical consideration is always the primary pillar for applying nudging theory. As long as the applications are stick to necessary ethical concerns, the nudging model can be beneficial through mild “manipulation” rather than harmful.
Conclusion: It has potential opportunity to carry out “libertarian paternalism” in Hong Kong. However, it is still a long way to take application of nudging model into regulation, legislation and daily practice. The evidences for each type of nudge were not consistent and enough. Besides, the monitoring and evaluation are not available yet. Future research can be focused on transferring these applications into real practice with an effective monitoring and evaluation system.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
17
Rosenfield, Adam (Adam Isaac). "Driving change : how workplace benefits can nudge solo car commuters toward sustainable modes". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117826.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.Thesis: S.M. in Transportation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2018.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged student-submitted from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 223-229).
This thesis investigates the role that employer benefits can play in encouraging commuters to use sustainable modes of transportation, motivated by the increasing cost of parking provision at urban workplaces and the broader potential for travel demand management strategies to mitigate traffic congestion and pollution. In this research, case studies are conducted at two urban employers in Greater Boston. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and at Partners HealthCare, employee transportation benefits were recently enhanced to encourage alternatives to driving. MIT, concerned about an upcoming reduction in parking supply, announced in 2016 that it would provide its more than ten thousand staff with a fully-subsidized local transit pass. In an agreement with the transit agency, MIT only pays for transit trips taken, thereby avoiding the expense of monthly passes for non-riders while providing universality of coverage. For drivers, MIT eliminated annual parking permits in favor of daily, pay-as-you-park pricing to encourage multi-modality. The net result was an eight percent reduction in parking demand in the first year, at a net cost to MIT of about $200 per employee. Transit agency revenue increased as ridership among MIT employees rose approximately ten percent. Partners HealthCare was motivated to reduce its employee parking demand in the midst of consolidating fourteen administrative worksites to a new facility in Somerville, MA, and faced cityƯimposed parking restrictions. Like MIT, it introduced daily parking pricing, but tied the rates to employee income as an equity measure. Unlike MIT, it did not offer a universal transit pass, but increased monthly pass subsidies. With the new facility located along the MBTA Orange Line, there was a marked increase in transit ridership among employees who used to work in the suburbs, and today parking demand is well below anticipated levels. The thesis supplements these case studies with a randomized controlled experiment on two thouƯsand MIT car commuters, investigating how behavioral 'nudges' can further encourage reductions in driving. While no statistically significant reductions in parking were observed during the experiment, the combination of token monetary rewards and informational nudges appeared most effective at shifting travel behavior. This research illustrates the potential for travel demand management strategies to influence commuter mode choice, but reinforces the importance of carefully considering implementation deƯtails such as cost salience and user experience. Long-term success appears dependent on building a constituency of support for such strategies among employer, commuter and government stakeholders.
by Adam Rosenfield.
M.C.P.
S.M. in Transportation
18
Driftmann, Friederike [Verfasser]. "Der ernährungspolitische Nudge : Eine unionsrechtliche Betrachtung staatlicher Konsumsteuerung durch gezielte Entscheidungsarchitekturen / Friederike Driftmann". Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1241400679/34.
Testo completo
19
Ziaja, Sebastian. "A nudge too far? : the effects of democracy aid on democratization and political instability". Thesis, University of Essex, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654954.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis examines the relationship between democracy aid, democratization and political instability. Using disaggregated cross-country aid data supported by anecdotal evidence from Ghana, the first chapter finds that the presence of more donors promoting democracy aid has a positive impact on democratization. This is due to the increased diversity of political positions offered to a multitude of local state and non-state partners. The finding contradicts the conventional wisdom that aid fragmentation is entirely harmful. It is in line with current research on the importance of competition in young democracies. The second chapter examines (potentially unintended) effects of democracy aid on symptoms of political instability, employing data on social conflict in Africa. It shows that democracy aid is related to the occurrence of demonstrations and violent unrest. This suggests that democracy aid supports popular participation in recipient countries, although sometimes with undesired, violent side effects. Extensive specification tests confirm this relationship. They also cast doubt on previous findings on mitigating effects of democracy aid on civil war onset. The third chapter models the impact of different types of democratic transitions on state fragility. Using three separate expert-coded indicators, I find evidence that incomplete and uneven democratizations are related to decreasing levels in the monopoly of violence. This finding contributes to the debate on democratization and war, supporting the notion that destabilizing effects are robust but limited. There is little evidence on a robust relationship between democracy aid and administrative capacity of or popular identification with the state. I conclude that democracy aid can be beneficial, but only when it is sufficiently diverse. Given the advantages of democracy for development in general, the rather limited potential for destabilization should not be used as an argument to delay the spread of democracy.
20
Collander, Cristoffer, e Erika Johansson. "Nudging - ett nytt planeringsverktyg för hållbara resor?" Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230955.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Hållbarhet har under de senaste decennierna blivit ett kraftfullt nyckelbegrepp som präglar trafikplaneringens riktlinjer. I kombination med de åtgärder som under många år använts för att öka andelen hållbara resor inom transportsektorn, såsom forskning om elbilar och alternativa bränslen, har på senare år även beteendepåverkande åtgärder implementerats under konceptet mobility management. En aktuell teori i sammanhanget är nudge-teorin, vilken innefattar hur beslutsfattare kan hjälpa människor att fatta bra beslut genom mindre åtgärder: genom att ge dem en knuff i rätt riktning, utan att kräva ekonomiska incitament eller begränsa människors valmöjligheter (Thaler och Sunstein 2008). Nudging som koncept är fortfarande relativt outforskat inom trafikplanering, även det finns vissa likheter med mobility management. Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen om konceptet nudging samt undersöka dess kvaliteter som planeringsverktyg för att påverka resebeteenden. Genom att studera fem kommuner som alla deltagit i det EU-finansierade projektet Knuffa resan rätt, undersöker uppsatsen hur nudge-åtgärder har använts samt hur användarna uppfattat att arbeta med verktyget. Uppsatsen ämnar också belysa hur de deltagande kommunerna tidigare arbetat med beteendepåverkande åtgärder och vilka skillnader de upplever med användandet av nudging som verktyg. Denna studie är en flerfallstudie, där intervjuer har använts som huvudmetod för att samla in empiriska data om de fem olika fallen som studien består av. I kombination med denna metod utfördes även en litteraturstudie, där relevant litteratur om hållbarhet och trafikplanering samlats in, samt ett teoretiskt ramverk om beteendevetenskap, där teorin om nudging lyfts fram. Resultatet från fallstudierna visar att nudging ses som ett nytt spännande verktyg bland kommunerna, även om somliga påpekar att verktyget omedvetet tidigare använts. Skillnaden avser etableringen av nudging som begrepp, samt att kommunerna nu fått en förståelse för teorierna bakom nudging, hämtade från beteendeekonomin. Dessa kunskaper har bidragit till en medvetenhet som kommer effektivisera, men också rättfärdiga, framtida beteendepåverkande projekt inom kommunerna. Däremot finns en problematik vad gäller arbetsprocessen vid nudge-åtgärder. I synnerhet krävs en mer omfattande utvärdering vilket resulterar i än mer resurskrävande projekt. Sannolikt kommer det krävas viss modifikation och flera omgångar av testprojekt innan ett bättre koncept eller modell har utvecklats som effektiviserar nudging som exklusivt planeringsverktyg. Tills dess bör insikterna om nudging användas främst som ett komplement till redan befintliga planeringsverktyg, med syftet att i stället effektivisera dessa.
21
Lahna, Leila. "Amélioration de l’expérience d’achat en ligne et de la satisfaction client par le recours au nudge". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASI003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
L’objet de cette recherche est d’étudier l’influence du nudge sur l’expérience d’achat en ligne ainsi que sur la satisfaction qui en découle. Une expérience d’achat peut comprendre de nombreuses situations décisionnelles qui amènent le consommateur à prendre les commandes et à participer à la co-création de son propre parcours. Or de nombreuses recherches ont montré que le consommateur ne prend pas toujours des décisions qui vont dans le sens de son intérêt. Le consommateur peut donc affecter son expérience d’achat et la satisfaction qui en résulte. Pour accompagner le consommateur et l’orienter vers certaines options, plutôt que d’autres, dans son intérêt, nous avons mobilisé le nudge. Pour appréhender l’influence de cet outil, nous avons exposé chacun des trois échantillons de participants indépendants, à une des trois versions de l’expérience d’achat en ligne, selon qu’elle soit :- Sans nudge appliqué,- Avec des nudges construits à partir d'une seule et même et heuristique,- Avec des nudges construits à partir de plusieurs heuristiques.Pour caractériser les trois versions de l’expérience vécue par le consommateur, nous avons évalué pour chacune d’elles :- les dimensions mobilisées dans le contexte de la forme de participation d’autoproduction testée : les dimensions cognitive, temporelle, hédonico-sensorielle et praxéologique,- ainsi que le niveau de satisfaction client qui en découle.L’analyse des retours des répondants sur la base des indicateurs ci-dessus, nous a permis ensuite, d’appréhender l’effet du nudge sur l’expérience d’achat en ligneThe purpose of this research is to study the influence of nudges on the online shopping experience as well as on the satisfaction that results from it. A shopping experience can include many decision-making situations that lead the consumer to take control and participate in the co-production of their own journey. However, many studies have shown that consumers do not always make decisions that are in their best interests. Consumers can therefore affect their shopping experience and the resulting satisfaction. To accompany consumers and guide them towards certain options, rather than others, in their interest, we have mobilized the nudge. To understand the influence of this tool, we exposed each of the three samples of independent participants to one of three versions of the online shopping experience, depending on whether it is:- Without any nudge applied- With nudges built from a single heuristic,- With nudges built from several heuristics.To characterize the three versions of the consumer experience, we evaluated for each of them:- The dimensions mobilized in the context of the form of self-production participation tested: the cognitive, temporal, hedonic-sensory and praxeological dimensions,- As well as the resulting level of customer satisfaction.Analyzing respondents’ feedback based on the above indicators then enabled us, to understand the effect of nudge on the online shopping experience
22
Kalashnikova, Natalia. "Towards detection of nudges in Human-Human and Human-Machine interactions". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASG031.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Les techniques qui influencent indirectement la prise de décision des humains, connues sous le nom de "nudge"(Thaler and Sunstein, 2008) , sont peu étudiées dans les interactions parlées. Les nudges linguistiques sont des techniques de manipulation douce fondées sur les biais cognitifs et utilisent les moyens linguistiques pour encourager les changements dans la prise de décision des humains sans aucune restrictions ou sanctions pour leur choix. Addressées directement au destinataire (par exemple, sous forme de lettre ou de note), ces techniques ont prouvé leur efficacité dans plusieurs domaines. Néanmoins, avec la présence de plus en plus répandu des agents conversationnels au quotidien, plusieurs questions se posent sur l'impact du type de l'interlocuteur et la réaction de différents types de public aux nudges. En tenant compte de cette connaissance préalable, nous étudions plusieurs descripteurs linguistiques et paralinguistiques et posons la question de la pertinence d'un modèle qui prédit si quelqu'un a été verbalement manipulé. Les recherches dans ce domaine en sont encore à leurs débuts, nous proposons donc d'abord une méthodologie innovative pour la collection de données dans le but d'estimer la propension des participants à être nudgés (influencés). Nous avons testé deux types de publics : les enfants et les adultes. Le protocole compare les interactions contenant une intervention qui influence le choix (nudge) avec trois agents conversationnels (robot Pepper, enceinte Google Home, humain). Dans l'expérience avec les adultes, nous avons comparé les scores des participants quant à leur volonté d'adopter des habitudes écologiques après le nudge avec leurs scores de base afin de mesurer l'influence des nudges. Dans l'expérience avec les enfants, nous avons comparé le nombre de billes qu'ils étaient prêts à garder pour eux après le nudge avec le nombre de billes qu'ils voulaient garder avant le nudge pendant le jeu. En utilisant cette méthodologie, nous avons enregistré 22 heures d'échanges entre des adultes et trois agents conversationnels (le robot Pepper, le haut-parleur Google Home et un humain) et 10 heures d'échanges entre des enfants et les mêmes agents conversationnels. Dans un premier temps, ces données ont été transcrites manuellement et segmentées en tours de parole, puis annotées à différents niveaux affectifs. Deuxièmement, pour mesurer la capacité des différents agents conversationnels à donner des nudges de manière efficace, nous avons analysé la prise de décision des participants en fonction de l'interlocuteur et du type de nudge. Plus précisément, nous avons étudié la corrélation entre les états émotionnels des participants et leurs réponses aux nudges et aux agents conversationnels. Troisièmement, pour mieux comprendre comment l'incarnation d'un agent conversationnel peut influencer la propension d'un participant à recevoir des encouragements, nous avons proposé une comparaison de certains éléments paralinguistiques, lexicaux et discursifs pertinents des participants selon le type d'agent conversationnel. Enfin, nous avons utilisé différentes combinaisons d'annotations émotionnelles, de transcriptions et de données audio provenant des expériences enregistrées pour construire un modèle d'apprentissage profond basé sur des caractéristiques acoustiques, textuelles et des états émotionnels afin de prédire si le participant a été nudgé. Les principaux résultats soulignent que nos participants ont été nudgés quel que soit leur groupe d'âge, avec un effet plus important sur les adultesNudges, techniques that indirectly influence human decision-making (Thaler and Sunstein, 2008) , are little studied in spoken interactions. Linguistic nudges are techniques of latent manipulation based on cognitive biases that use linguistic means to encourage changes in human decision-making without any restrictions or penalties for their choices. Addressed directly to the recipient (e.g., in the form of a letter or a note), these techniques have proven their effectiveness in many domains. However, with the growing presence of conversational agents in everyday life, several questions have been raised about the impact of the type of interlocutor and the reaction of different types of public to nudges. With this prior knowledge in mind, we study several paralinguistic and linguistic features and question the relevance of a model that predicts whether someone has been verbally influenced. This domain is in its early stages; thus, we first propose an innovative methodology for data collection with the goal of estimating participants' propensity to be nudged. We tested two populations: children and adults. The protocol compares nudging interaction with three conversational agents (robot Pepper, smart-speaker Google Home, and human). In the experiment with adults, we compared the participants' scores of willingness to adopt selected ecological habits after the nudge with their baseline scores to measure the influence of nudges. In the experiment with children, we compared the number of little balls they were willing to keep for themselves after the nudge with the number of balls they wanted to keep before the nudge during the game. Using this methodology, we recorded 22 hours of exchanges of adults with three conversational agents (robot Pepper, smart-speaker Google Home, and human) and 10 hours of exchanges of children with the same conversational agents. Firstly, these data were manually transcribed and segmented into speaking turns and then annotated on different affective levels. Secondly, to measure the ability of the various conversational agents to nudge effectively, we analyzed the participants' decision-making according to the interlocutor and the type of nudges. Specifically, we studied the correlation between participants' emotional states and their answers to nudges and conversational agents. Thirdly, to better understand how the embodiment of a conversational agent could influence a participant's propensity to be nudged, we proposed a comparison of some relevant paralinguistic, lexical, and discursive cues of participants regarding the type of conversational agent. Finally, we used different combinations of emotional annotations, transcriptions, and audio data from the recorded experiments to build a deep-learning model based on acoustic, textual features, and emotional states to predict whether the participant was nudged. The main results underline that our participants were nudged regardless of their age group, with a more significant impact on adults
23
Ahlbäck, Malin. "Nedskräpning i tätort : En studie om nedskräpning i Tumba och inverkan av nudging". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för miljövetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-194052.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Nedskräpning medför problem för levande organismer och påverkar människors uppfattningar negativt och hur säkra de känner sig i ett område. Syftet med denna studie var att utvärdera nedskräpningssituationen inom tätorten Tumba, Botkyrka kommun, och försöka minska nedskräpning genom att förändra beteende genom att använda ”Nudging” där fotspår målas ut som leder mot papperskorgar inom fem mätpunkter. Tanken var att se om mängden skräp i papperskorgarna ökade och mängden skräp på marken minskade. En statistisk analys av kommunens insamlade data 2018–2020 utfördes och kompletterades av GIS för att identifiera tidsmässiga såväl som rumsliga förändringar inom området. Resultaten tyder på att nedskräpningen minskade med 49% från 2018–2020 (p <0,02) och totalmängden per kvadratmeter var lägre än det nationella genomsnittet. Områden med högre befolkningstäthet var mest nedskräpade trots en högre städfrekvens och nedskräpningen förändrades inte beroende på avstånd till kollektivtrafik eller papperskorgar. Även om den upplevda skräpsituationen förbättrades från 2018–2019 försämrades den 2019–2020 (p <0,01). Skräptyps kompositionen förändrades inte signifikant över perioden men cigarettfimpar var vanligare i Tumba jämfört med nationellt. En viss beteendeförändring kunde mätas. Data om papperskorgs vikt och skräpmängd samlades innan och efter nudging och testades med ett parat t-test. Inom 90% signifikansnivån var nudging effektiv (p = 0,08) med 21% mindre skräpmängd i mätpunkterna och 298% mer skräp i papperskorgarna. Det indikerar att nudging kan vara ett effektivt verktyg för att påverka nedskräpningsbeteenden men metoden var inte lika effektiv mot cigarettfimpar.
24
Smyrnis, George. "Essays in Improving Retirement Engagement". Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23628.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Many people around the world face an inadequately funded retirement. The OECD acknowledges this is occurring at a time when governments and societies are also experiencing several challenges, including ageing populations, technological disruption, low real economic growth, and low investment yields. The purpose of this research is to assess the effect on member engagement, savings and investment of new communication from retirement funds to members. We accomplish this by modelling both revealed preferences from field experiments conducted by Cbus, an Australian retirement (superannuation) fund, and stated preferences collected via choice experiments that resemble lifetime saving and investment decisions. We find that member engagement and saving are significantly increased when funds: (i) send members retirement projections and more detailed financial and retirement information; (ii) provide timely feedback about member's financial circumstances; (iii) increasingly allow members to make decisions relating to their own retirement; and (iv) remove the ability to 'opt-out' by deferring choice. Improvements to engagement persist and often increase over time, and vary by member characteristics. These findings show that superannuation funds that remind and encourage members to assess the adequacy of their retirement, both alongside and in addition to regular benefit statements, are likely to motivate higher saving and engagement with their fund. These results support recent changes to retirement benefit statement guidelines initiated by Australian superannuation regulators, and that are under consideration globally.
25
Corrégé, Jean-Baptiste. "Application des normes sociales aux technologies persuasives : le cas de la rénovation énergétique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS530/document.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cette thèse s'intéresse à la question des changements de comportement, et notamment à la manière dont cette question s'applique au domaine informatique à travers les technologies persuasives. Dans un contexte applicatif particulier, celui de la rénovation de logements, nous nous intéressons au rôle que peuvent jouent les informations à disposition des utilisateurs sur leur façon d'élaborer leur projet de rénovation. Une façon de modifier les comportements des utilisateurs est de modifier les buts qu'ils poursuivent, soit de manière explicite, soit de manière implicite. Si l'efficacité de la première a été montrée en contexte expérimental, elle semble toutefois moins adaptée à des situations naturelles. Nous proposons donc une approche visant à modifier les buts poursuivis par les utilisateurs implicitement.Dans cette optique, nous travaillons d'abord à l'emploi de normes sociales injonctives pour inciter les utilisateurs à travailler particulièrement sur la rénovation énergétique. Au cours d'une première étude, nous comparons norme sociale injonctive et objectif arbitraire à une condition contrôle. Nous nous intéressons à la performance des participants à la tâche (améliorer la performance énergétique d'un logement) ainsi qu'à la manière dont le projet se met en place tout au long de l'étude. Les résultats montrent que norme sociale et objectif explicite ont un effet similaire sur la performance à la tâche mais différent sur l'organisation temporelle. On observe ainsi des comportements plus stables dans le cas où la norme sociale est activée, et un effet qui semble globalement moins artificiel que dans le cas où on fixe un objectif explicite à l'utilisateur. Cette première étude met également en avant la nécessité pour la norme d'être saillante, ou activée.Nous nous intéressons donc dans une deuxième étude à ce qui caractérise la saillance du message normatif.Dans la première étude, nous avions utilisé deux types d'informations différentes : le message normatif et des indices concrets relatifs au comportement désirable. Cette deuxième étude vise à distinguer ces deux informations et tester leur effet respectif. Les résultats montrent que le message normatif semble avoir un effet légèrement plus important sur la performance mais aussi plus artificiel sur les comportements des utilisateurs.Dans une troisième étude, nous nous intéressons aux caractéristiques du message, en faisant l'hypothèse qu'un message mieux perçu pourrait appuyer la saillance de la norme qu'il porte. Dans le cadre d'une collaboration avec des chercheurs en intelligence artificielle nous avons ainsi testé différents types de cadrage afin d'évaluer leur effet respectif sur la perception de l'argument auquel ils s'appliquaient.Les résultats, mitigés, montrent essentiellement que le style argumentatif (rationnel et factuel plutôt qu'émotionnel ou moral) semble avoir un poids conséquent sur la perception de l'argument. En outre, la thématique abordée par l'argument semble jouer un rôle non négligeable et devrait donc faire l'objet d'une attention particulière pour le développement d'interventions similaires.Sur le plan applicatif, nos résultats mettent d'abord en évidence la pertinence de l'utilisation des normes sociales injonctives dans un contexte de technologie persuasive. Ils montrent également que les messages portant la norme sociale doivent être conçus avec soin, en tenant compte de multiples facteurs. Sur le plan théorique, nous montrons qu'une norme sociale peut avoir un effet comparable à celui d'un objectif explicitement fixé, mais que les deux génèrent la mise en place de processus cognitifs différents. Enfin, sur le plan méthodologique, nous appliquons l'analyse de traces de l'activité au champ de l'influence sociale, ce qui, à notre connaissance, n'avait pas encore été mis en placeThis thesis deals with the question of behavioral changes, and in particular with the way this question applies to the computer domain through persuasive technologies.In a particular application context, that of the renovation of housing, we are interested in the role that the information available to users can play in the way they develop their renovation project. One way to change user behavior is to change the goals they pursue, either explicitly or implicitly. Although the effectiveness of the former has been shown in an experimental context, it seems less suitable for natural situations. We therefore propose an approach aimed at modifying the goals pursued by the users implicitly.With this in mind, we are working first on the use of injunctive social norms to encourage users to work particularly on energy renovation. In a first study, we compare injunctive social norm and goal setting to a control condition. We are interested in the performance of the participants in the task (improving the energy performance of a home) as well as the way in which the project is set up throughout the study. The results show that social norm and explicit goal have a similar effect on task performance but different on temporal organization. We also observe a more stable behavior in the case where the social norm is activated, and an effect that seems globally less artificial than in the case where we set an explicit objective to the user. This first study also highlights the need for the norm to be salient, or activated.In a second study, we focus on what characterizes the salience of the normative message. In the first study, we used two different types of information: the normative message and concrete cues of desirable behavior. This second study aims to distinguish these two types of information and test their respective effect. The results show that the normative message seems to have a slightly greater effect on performance but also more artificial on user behavior.In a third study, we are interested in the characteristics of the message, assuming that a better perceived message could support the salience of the norm it carries. As part of a collaboration with artificial intelligence researchers, we tested different types of framing to assess their respective effect on the perception of the argument to which they applied. The mixed results essentially show that the argumentative style (rational and factual rather than emotional or moral) seems to have a significant weight on the perception of the argument. In addition, the theme addressed by the argument seems to play a significant role and should therefore be given special attention for the development of similar interventions.At the application level, our results first highlight the relevance of the use of injunctive social norms in a context of persuasive technology. They also show that social standard messages must be carefully crafted, taking into account multiple factors. On the theoretical level, we show that a social norm can have an effect comparable to that of an explicitly fixed objective, but that both generate the setting up of different cognitive processes. Eventually, methodologically, we apply the analysis of traces of activity to the field of social influence, which, to our knowledge, had not yet been put in place
26
Wahlman, Henrik. "Nudging för ökat återbruk på en återvinningscentral". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Miljövetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36506.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Konsumtionen är ett miljöproblem i Sverige och den behöver ställas om mot en mer cirkulär ekonomi. En del av den cirkulära ekonomin är återanvändning. Återanvändning av saker är mer miljöeffektivt än att materialåtervinning. Trots att kommunala återvinningscentraler erbjuder möjlighet att lämna saker till återbruk slängs betydande mängder återanvändbara saker till energiåtervinning. Genom att kombinera tidigare studiers resultat kring nudging och återvinning med förutsättningarna som råder på Gävle återvinningscentral designades 3 nudges. En nudge använder en beskrivande social norm mot återbruk, en förenklar att återbruka och den sista kombinerar den förenklande nudgen med en beskrivande social norm. Dessa undersöker hur nudging som metod kan förmå avfallslämnare som avser att slänga återanvändbara saker att i stället återbruka dem. Fyra 4 hypoteser ställdes upp kring vilken effekt de framtagna nudges skulle ha och därefter genomfördes ett fältexperiment av författaren. Experimentet gav inget signifikant resultat varvid en diskussion förs kring hur förändringar i metoden skulle kunna påverka resultatet. Författaren anser att det inte går att förkasta de framtagna nudges utan att först genomföra ett modifierat experiment då det finns indikationer som tyder på ett gott utfall trots allt.Consumption is an environmental issue in Sweden that must adapt towards circular economy. Re-use is a part of circular economy and is more environmentally friendly than material recycling. Even though municipal recycling centrals offers the possibility for their visitors to re-use functioning things, considerable amounts are still thrown to be energy recycled by incineration. By combining results from studies about nudging and recycling with the conditions, physical and social, of Gävle recycling central, 3 nudges where designed. One uses a descriptive social norm about re-use, the second simplifies the behavior of re-use and the third combines the two previous nudges into one. These will be used to test if nudging as a method can convince waste throwers that intend to throw away re-usable things to re-use them instead. 4 hypotheses were formulated about the effect of the designed nudges and then a field experiment was conducted by the author. The experiment did not yield a significant result. The discussion focuses on how changes in the methodology could affect the result to make it more robust. The author is not ready to reject the designed nudges without testing them in a modified experiment as there are indications pointing towards a potential good result after all.
27
Almuhimedi, Hazim. "Helping Smartphone Users Manage their Privacy through Nudges". Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1103.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The two major smartphone platforms (Android and iOS) have more than two mil- lion mobile applications (apps) available from their respective app stores, and each store has seen more than 50 billion apps downloaded. Although apps provide desired functionality by accessing users’ personal information, they also access personal information for other purposes (e.g., advertising or profiling) that users may or may not desire. Users can exercise control over how apps access their personal information through permission managers. However, a permission manager alone might not be sufficient to help users manage their app privacy because: (1) privacy is typically a secondary task and thus users might not be motivated enough to take advantage of the permission manager’s functionality, and (2) even when using the permission manager, users often make suboptimal privacy decisions due to hurdles in decision making such as incomplete information, bounded rationality, and cognitive and behavioral biases. To address these two challenges, the theoretical framework of this dissertation is the concept of nudges: “soft paternalistic” behavioral interventions that do not restrict choice but account for decision making hurdles. Specifically, I designed app privacy nudges that primarily address the incomplete information hurdle. The nudges aim to help users make better privacy decisions by (1) increasing users’ awareness of privacy risks associated with apps, and (2) temporarily making privacy the primary task to motivate users to review and adjust their app settings. I evaluated app privacy nudges in three user studies. All three studies showed that app privacy nudges are indeed a promising approach to help users manage their privacy. App privacy nudges increased users’ awareness of privacy risks associated with apps on their phones, switched users’ attention to privacy management, and motivated users to review their app privacy settings. Additionally, the second study suggested that not all app privacy nudge contents equally help users manage their privacy. Rather, more effective nudge contents informed users of: (1) contexts in which their personal information has been accessed, (2) purposes for apps’ accessing their personal information, and (3) potential implications of secondary usage of users’ personal information. The third study showed that user engagement with nudges decreases as users receive repeated nudges. Nonetheless, the results of the third experiment also showed that users are more likely to engage with repeated nudges (1) if users have engaged with previous nudges, (2) if repeated nudges contain new in- formation (e.g., additional apps, not shown in earlier nudges, that accessed sensitive resources), or (3) if the nudge contents of repeated nudges resonate with users. The results of this dissertation suggest that mobile operating system providers should enrich their systems with app privacy nudges to assist users in managing their privacy. Additionally, the lessons learned in this dissertation may inform designing privacy nudges in emerging areas such as the Internet of Things.
28
Andrews, Carolyn Anne Bancroft. "Always Something There to Remind Me: The Role of Nudging in Assignment Submission". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8967.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Online learning continues to widen in popularity by providing greater access and flexibility in time and location the learning occurs. There is a shift in the profile of a traditional college student. Almost half of the students who are enrolled in online classes are 24 or older and tend to carry increased time constraints due to external factors such as employment and family responsibilities. Student retention remains a concern for institutions. Many students lack the skills necessary to be successful in the online platform. Research reports self-regulation learning skills are essential. Providing reminders for an upcoming assignment may give needed scaffolding. Intervention research is sparse in this domain. This dissertation is written in a three journal article format. Article 1 is a systematic review of the literature focused on the use of auto-reminders or nudges as an intervention in higher education. This review employed systematic criteria to allow rigorous analysis, critique, and synthesis of related literature search. The search strategy focused on auto-reminder interventions in online classes. Keywords were searched in each of the databases (n = 3) ERIC, PsychINFO, and Scopus. Articles (n = 291) were added to Zotero. Three themes emerged. Health (n = 3), procrastination (n = 2), and motivation (n = 4) for a total of 9 articles. Findings reveal that the health field is successful in nudging their patients into better health practices; however, published research in the education field is lacking. Building on findings from Article 1, Article 2 sought to address nudging in the education field. Instructors volunteered to use a nudging app to remind students of upcoming assignments in their courses (n= 158). Enrolled students were invited to download a mobile app. This study attempted to create a profile of students who used the app. Findings reveal that students who used the app were more likely to be Asian and International and had higher scores on college entrance exams. App users had slightly lower prior GPAs, despite having earned significantly more credits in college at the time of the study. Building on Article 2, Article 3 explored the behavioral interaction with app users tapping (n = 443) and not tapping (n = 1102) of push notifications. Findings reveal app users submit more assignments and have higher average assignment grades when they tap the notifications. Assignment weight is generally lower, and there is generally less time between the time the student submitted the assignment and the assignment deadline. When push notifications are not tapped, assignment weight is higher, and there is more time between submission and deadline. More research is needed to determine push notification behavior.
29
Fragoso, Izadora Lincoln de Assis. "O papel do Nudge de priming como medida de política pública na igualdade de gênero ao nível da participação política dos agentes políticos brasileiros". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21432.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão e Políticas PúblicasA política pública deve buscar atender princípios instituídos na Constituição Federal de 1988, entretanto, no âmbito da promoção da igualdade de gênero as políticas públicas têm se demonstrado insuficientes. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa visa observar novos tipos de intervenções e medidas com base nas ciências comportamentais e o uso do nudge priming. Colocou-se a teste a ideia do Nudge de priming de pré-ativação textual como medida de política pública de promoção de igualdade de gênero ao nível da participação política dos agentes políticos brasileiros, analisando, numa situação de candidatura às eleições municipais, em que condições essa ferramenta permite fomentar a atitude e intenção de votar, independente do gênero, em agentes políticos que concorrem para a posição de representante do poder executivo municipal (prefeito). A pesquisa utilizou um desenho quasi-experimental, 2 (Sexo participante (Masculino vs Feminino)) x 2 (Sexo do candidato no cenário (Masculino vs Feminino)) x 3 (Palavras de Ação vs Palavras de Inação vs. Palavras Neutras) enquanto opção ao estudo experimental que procurou estabelecer a relação do nudge de priming de pré-ativação textual em políticas públicas. Recorrendo ao uso de questionários online, foi pedido aos participantes maiores de 16 anos, para lerem um cenário para eleição de um candidato a um cargo político, no qual se contemplam diferenças de gênero. Os resultados sugerem que esta simplificação do priming utilizado num cenário de candidatura onde se pretende igualdade de gênero, controlando o sexo do respondente e o sexo do candidato, não se mostra como significativo para seja potenciada a atitude face ao voto e a intenção de votar, não se corroboram as hipóteses colocadas. Como ainda é um campo que carece de estudos, é importante investigar ainda mais o uso do nugde em políticas públicas, uma vez que, não foi suficiente para seguimento sociopolítico na pesquisa.
Public policies should seek the principles established in the Federal Constitution, however, in the subject of promoting gender equality, they have proved to be insufficient. This research aims to observe new types of interventions and measures based on behavioral sciences and the use of nudge priming. The Nudge idea of priming textual pre-activation was put to the test as a measure of public policy in order to promote gender equality in terms of the political participation of Brazilian political agents. The analysis considered a scenario of candidacy for municipal elections, under what conditions this tool foments the attitude and intention to vote, regardless of gender, in political agents who compete for the position of representative of the municipal executive power (mayor). The research used a quasi-experimental design, 2 (Participant sex (Male vs Female)) x 2 (Gender of the candidate in the scenario (Male vs Female)) x 3 (Action words vs Inaction words vs. Neutral words) ] as an option to the experimental study that sought to establish the relationship of the priming nudge of textual pre-activation in public policies. Using online questionnaires, participants over 16 years old were asked to read a scenario for the election of a candidate for political office, in which gender differences are considered. The results suggest that this simplification of priming used in a candidacy scenario where gender equality is sought, controlling the respondent's sex and the candidate's sex, does not prove to be significant for the attitude towards voting and the intention to vote to be enhanced, the hypotheses raised are not corroborated. As it is still a field that lacks studies, it is important to further investigate the use of nugde in public policies, since it was not enough for the socio-political follow-up to happen in this research.
N/A
30
Andersson, Hanna. "Designing Digital Nudges for Sustainable Travel Decisions". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161076.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Tourism is an important force for sustainable development in many countries. It provides millions of jobs which, for some countries, entails an increased gross domestic product (GDP). Unfortunately, there are downsides of tourism as well, and work towards sustainable tourism is now a key feature of many travel organizations. To influence consumers into more sustainable behavior, organizations can use nudging as a tool. A nudge uses a specific psychological effect to guide individuals towards a predefined choice. Since many travel companies provide their products through digital environments, such as websites or apps, knowledge of digital nudging is mandatory. The aim of this study was to investigate how digital nudging could be used to encourage more sustainable decisions on a travel company website. How the digital nudges should be designed, and how digital nudging would be perceived by consumers were investigated. The use of existing guidelines for how to design digital nudges resulted in prototypes of a travel company's website including several digital nudges. The guidelines included four steps: define the goal, understand the users, design the nudge and test the nudge. The result showed several digital nudges that after some design improvements have the potential to influence consumers to make more sustainable decisions on a travel company's website. The result also showed that the majority of the consumers had a positive attitude towards digital nudging in this context, although this needs to be further evaluated. Further research is also recommended to assess which nudge that works best for a given choice situation.
31
Plonquet, Matthieu. "Three essays on using Nudges in business firms". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E062.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons l’approche Nudge pour résoudre des problèmes comportementaux auxquelles les entreprises peuvent être confrontées. Dans le premier chapitre, nous commençons par exposer certains des problèmes que l’économie classique peine à résoudre, puis nous présentons l’approche Nudge et expliquons en quoi elle peut être une alternative efficace. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous utilisons le Nudge pour changer la formulation d’invitations à participer à des enquêtes sur internet afin d’en augmenter le taux de participation. Nous trouvons que la plupart des Nudges parviennent à convaincre les individus de laisser leur adresse e-mail, mais que seuls ceux qui reconnaissent leurs efforts améliorent le taux de participation. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous utilisons le Nudge pour développer des enquêtes de satisfaction très courtes, administrées chaque mois, et comparons les résultats ainsi obtenus à ceux d’une enquête plus longue en fin de stage. Nous trouvons que la satisfaction lors du premier mois est fortement corrélée à la satisfaction finale, ce qui rend possible de détecter d’éventuels problèmes très tôt. Dans le chapitre final, nous utilisons les Nudges pour rendre une tâche simple plus ludique, une approche appelée « gamification ». Les Nudges augmentent la productivité autant que des incitations monétaires, sans coûter autant que ces dernières. Par ailleurs, les Nudges améliorent la motivation intrinsèque quand ils ne sont pas implémentés en même temps que les incitations. Nous concluons avec des conseils pratiques pour les décideurs souhaitant essayer le NudgeIn this work, we use the Nudge approach to solve behavioral problems that business firms may have to face. In the first chapter, we start by exposing some issues that the classical economic approach struggles with, before presenting the Nudge approach and why we believe it is relevant to the problems that businesses still face today. In the second chapter, we change the formulations of the invitations to participate to web surveys, using Nudge principles, in order to improve participation rate. Most Nudges increase the proportion of individuals giving their e-mail address, but only those that acknowledge the respondent's effort increase participation rate. In the third chapter, we use the Nudge approach's teachings to improve the measurement of job satisfaction. We measure the satisfaction of interns every month during their internships with a very short survey, and compare it to a lengthy survey administered at the end of the internship. We find that satisfaction during the first month of the internship is highly correlated with final satisfaction, which makes it possible to detect potential problems very early. In the final chapter, we use Nudges to improve productivity by making a simple task more playful, a process called “gamification”. Nudges generate the same increase in productivity as the monetary incentives, without the added cost of the latter. Moreover, unless monetary incentives are implemented at the same time, Nudges increase intrinsic motivation. We conclude our work with practical advice for decision-makers who want to try Nudging
32
Pena, Madeira Gouveia DeCampos Maria Carolina <1991>. "At the intersection of Behavioural Economics, Nudging and Regulation: Rethinking the process of nudge design for regulation". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9623/1/PhD%20thesis_EDLE_MariaCampos.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Alongside the developments in behavioural economics, the concept of nudge was
introduced as an intervention able to guide individual behaviour towards better choices
without using coercion or incentives. While behavioural teams were created inside
governmental units and regulatory authorities, nudging emerged in regulatory discourse,
being increasingly regarded as a regulatory instrument that could overcome the
disadvantages of other tools.
This thesis analyses the viability of incorporating nudges into regulation. In particular, it
investigates the implications for regulators of bringing iterative experimental testing – a
widespread nudge design methodology outside regulation – into their own design practices.
Nudges outside regulation are routinely designed using experiments of all kinds. This thesis
intends to answer whether design premises rooted in iterative experimentation are still valid
in the regulatory space, an arena that nudging entered into and that is distinct from the one
where it originally emerged. The design and provision of nudges using the premises of
iterative experimental testing is possible, but at a cost and burden for regulatory nudge
designers. Therefore, the thesis evaluates how this burden can be reduced, in particular
how nudges can be feasibly designed and provided through regulation or, put differently,
how to more efficiently design and provide nudging as a regulatory tool.
33
Koepke, Cami. "Libertarian Paternalism and the Authority Of The Autonomous Person". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/134.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler (2003, 2006, 2009) contend that the government is justified in shaping certain choices of individuals to advance their well-being. In this paper, I argue that those who are committed to a robust notion of autonomy, which I call autonomy as authority, have good reason to reject the Sunstein-Thaler (S/T) argument for libertarian paternalism. I draw from Joseph Raz’s (1990) idea of exclusionary reasons and Daniel Groll’s (2012) conception of autonomy to argue that the S/T argument for libertarian paternalism fails to respect autonomy. I consider if soft paternalism could be called upon as a foundation for libertarian paternalism, but argue against this possibility. I conclude that an adequate defense of libertarian paternalism would need to directly attack the notion of autonomy as authority, but such an attack has yet to be mounted by the defenders of libertarian paternalism.
34
Freberg, Isadora, e Albin Gustavsson. "Nudge, sludge, budge eller shove? : En fallstudie av ett beteendeprojekt i Lambohov med syfte att påverka människor till mer hållbara val". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177964.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Nudging has received a lot of attention since the concept was introduced in 2008. A nudge is an element in the environment that attracts people's attention and changes their behavior but does so in a way that is not coercive. It is used as a tool to help people make decisions that benefit themselves but also society at large. In Lambohov, an area in Linköping, Sweden, a project called “Hållbara kvarteren i Lambohov” was created with the aim of influencing people to more sustainable choices. In this thesis, a case study of the project is conducted where we examine factors that lead to failed nudges. We analyze why nudging does not work as a tool to influence consumers to more sustainable choices. We identify three main factors why nudging tools do not give the desired effect. Firstly, the design of the nudge is not well made. Secondly, the incentives are not strong enough to change behavior. Lastly, it is difficult to determine whether a nudging tool has failed or not depending on whether the effects are measured in the short or long term. In addition, we conclude that a so-called pro-self nudge (where the goal is to influence the individual's choice for their own gain) was a strength in the project and works better than the pro-social nudge (intended to benefit society at large). A weakness the study identifies is that the environment in which some of the nudges were placed does not support the behavioral change. Furthermore, no follow-up of the project was done, which makes it difficult to determine whether a behavioral change will be lasting. Finally, we can state that one factor in the failure of nudging tools is its limitation as a policy tool. All individuals control their own choice and decision-making process. Nudging can function as a complement rather than a substitute for traditional policy instruments, such as regulations and taxes. Based on the results of this study, more regulatory tools may be required to achieve Agenda 2030 and get a carbon-neutral Linköping 2025.
35
Bertheim, Jane. "Designing Digital Nudges to Encourage Sustainable Decisions : Developing and Testing a Framework". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149603.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The awareness of environmental impacts lead to that organizations are starting to work towards UN's global sustainability goals. To influence customers into a more sustainable behaviour, organizations have the potential to look at nudging as a tool. A nudge is a way to alter peoples behaviour into taking a certain decision. However, since many organizations offer their service or product in the digital environment, such as websites or apps, increased knowledge of digital nudging is required. This thesis aims to establish a framework for how nudges should be designed and used on digital platforms to encourage sustainable decisions. The purpose is to enlighten designers of digital environment of the potential of nudges, pitfalls to avoid, and a general design process to follow. The framework is based on a literature study and interviews with people familiar with the concept of nudging. To examine how the framework works a case study is performed, this includes a workshop, performing a user research, developing prototypes and finally, conduct user tests. By testing the framework further methods could be found, this meant that more practical steps could be included in the framework. The result of this thesis shows that the framework proved to be useful and functional to use when designing digital nudges to encourage sustainable decisions.
36
Nelander, Lif. "Nudge the lunch : a field experiment testing primacy effects using a menu intervention approach in a university cafeteria". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-392280.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The world is facing a global climate crisis and a collective step towards a more sustainable lifestyle is of importance. Food consumption accounts for a large part of an individuals’ total emissions and as the production of meat generally emits less green-house-gases than that of plant-based alternatives, changing towards a more plant-based diet can be one step to a more sustainable lifestyle. This study outlines a field experiment at a university cafeteria where the menu order was altered by random assignment. It is tested if placing the vegetarian option at the top of the menu has a causal effect on the share of vegetarian option sold that day, i.e. if it is possible to nudge customers to choose a more sustainable option. Using ordinary least squares and a beta regression models, the results do not show a positive treatment effect on the share of vegetarian option sold but do find a significantly average negative effect of 5.5 percentage points on the share of meat option sold. This effect it translated to an average negative effect of 6 percent on the daily emissions due to food sales at the cafeteria.
37
Haapaniemi, Elin. "Att uppmuntra till hållbart beteende : En undersökning om nudgings effekt på pappershandduksanvändning". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353797.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Samtidigt som konsekvenserna av förändringar i klimatet blivit alltmer uppenbara för varje år som gått är det tydligt att en stor del av miljö- och klimatproblematiken grundas i ohållbara beteenden hos en minoritet av världens befolkning. Ett viktigt steg mot en hållbar utveckling är därför att förändra dessa beteenden och göra dem mer hållbara. Nudging, en teori om människors beslutsfattande och beteendeförändring, syftar till att arrangera en valsituation på ett sätt som gör det enkelt att fatta önskvärda beslut. Denna uppsats undersöker nudgings potential att uppmuntra till mer miljövänligt och resurssnålt beteende genom att studera huruvida skyltar kan påverka människor att använda mindre pappershanddukar vid toalettbesök. Resultaten från undersökningen visar att en skylt kan skapa en statistiskt signifikant minskning i pappershandduksanvändning.
38
Brännström, Alida, e Rebecka Krantz. "En nudge på vägen : En kvalitativ studie kring e-handelsföretags möjlighet att implementera och öka andelen miljöfrakt genom nudging". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161151.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bakgrund: Den ökade medvetenheten om miljöpåverkan leder till att organisationer i högre utsträckning arbetar för att uppnå FN:s hållbarhetsmål genom att säkerställa en hållbar värdekedja. Dels för att allt fler e-handelsföretag vill minska sin klimatpåverkan men även för att hållbarhet har blivit ett konkurrensverktyg. Forskning visar att konsumenter vill agera hållbart men att de inte alltid tar beslut i linje med deras önskan om att agera hållbart. För att influera konsumenter till ett mer hållbart beteende har e-handelsföretag möjlighet att titta på beteendeekonomi och nudging som ett arbetsverktyg. En nudge är ett sätt att påverka individers beteende i syfte att få dem att fatta ett visst beslut. Tidigare studier inom beteendekonomi visar på att sättet ett val presenteras påverkar vilket val individer väljer. Syfte: Denna studie ämnar undersöka hur e-handelsföretag kan använda sig av nudging på sin hemsida genom att utforma beslutssituationen på ett sätt som påverkar konsumenter till att välja miljöfrakt. Metod: Denna kvalitativa tvärsnittsstudie utgår från en abduktiv ansats. Studien bygger på tidigare forskning, fem semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med e-handelsföretag samt en semistrukturerad fokusgrupp bestående av sex konsumenter. Slutsats: Studiens empiriska resultat indikerar att det finns ett intresse för miljöfrakt hos e-handelsföretag. Vidare visar studien på att konsumenter uppfattar miljöfrakt som något positivt. Studien visar även på att nudging som verktyg med fördel kan användas för att uppmuntra konsumenter till att välja miljöfrakt framför andra typer av fraktalternativ. Resultatet av studien är en praktisk rekommendation kring designen av beslutssituationen vid checkouten för e-handelsföretag inom modebranschen, i syfte att uppmuntra konsumenter till hållbara beslut.
39
Ouvrard, Benjamin. "Les nudges dans la régulation environnementale : alternative ou complément aux instruments monétaires ?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAB011/document.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une modélisation de la réaction à un nudge (basé sur l'annonce de la contribution socialement optimale), dans le cadre de la régulation environnementale. Nous comparons l'efficacité de cet instrument à celle d'une taxe. Nous testons les prédictions théoriques obtenues à l'aide d'une expérience en laboratoire. Nous montrons que la réaction à notre nudge dépend de la sensibilité environnementale des sujets, contrairement à la taxe. Dans une autre expérience, nous testons la persistance des effets de ces instruments sur le long terme. Nous considérons également la mise en place d'un instrument mixte (taxe et nudge), afin de faire prendre conscience aux sujets (à l'aide du nudge) qu'ils sont taxés, car leur comportement n'est pas optimal. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous étendons l'analyse précédente en considérant des agents arrangés dans des réseaux fixes, et nous analysons les conséquences de la mise en place de notre nudge sur les équilibres de contributionIn this thesis, we propose to mode! individuals' reaction to a nudge, based on the announcement of the socially optimal contribution. We want to compare the efficiency of this incentive, with the efficiency of a tax to improve environmental quality. We test the theoretical predictions we obtained in a laboratory experiment. We show that the reaction to our nudge depends on subjects' environmental sensitivity, contrary to the tax. ln a second experiment, we test the existence of persistent effects of these two instruments in the long term. We also consider a mix tool (tax and nudge), to raise subjects' awareness (with the nudge) that they are taxed because their behaviour is not optimal. ln the last chapter, we extend our analysis considering agents arranged in fixed networks. We analyze how the equilibria are shaped under the implementation of our nudge
40
Iranyongeye, Augustine, e Laura-Maria Toivanen. "Consumers’ choice of grocery store in Umeå : A quantitative study on how healthy food and nudging can affect consumers’ choice of grocery store". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172794.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Nowadays, consumers are being exposed to a large selection of food alternatives with an aim of helping with health matters. For that reason, the consumption of healthy food has been increasing among people, but at the same time, the consumption of unhealthy food has expanded. Due to the advanced technology, there is more information available about health, which makes the consumers’ knowledge about diseases caused by their way of living to grow. Simultaneously, there has been studies proving that consumers’ choices do not often resemble their attitudes. Since consuming healthy food is more popular nowadays, this study had the aim of examining if consumers will choose a grocery store based on different attributes. The study is based on several theories that are the starting point for the study’s research questions which are; Does the selection of healthy food affect consumers’ choice of a grocery store? Does nudging of healthy food affect consumers’ choice of a grocery store? The theories that are used in this study are nudge theory, libertarian paternalism theory, behavioral economics, theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, social marketing theory, choice architecture, cognitive architecture and status quo. The data was collected through a questionnaire, where different questions had the aim to measure what affects consumers when choosing a grocery store. In total, the study gathered a sample of 136 responses whereas 8 of them were removed from the study as outliers. The outcome of this study is based on two independent variables; healthy food and nudging and one dependent variable; choice of grocery store. These variables are composite variables created from a range of other variables. The composite variable healthy food is created from variables checklist, avoidance of unhealthy/unnecessary food, people’s affection, healthy thinking, food habits, attitude of healthy eating, past purchasing behavior, intention and behavior, same groceries and new groceries. The composite variable nudging is created from variables product placement, memory, product placement affection on consumers’ purchasing behavior and visible healthy food. The dependent variable choice of grocery stores was created from the variables; number of healthy food alternatives, price of healthy food, marketing of healthy food and place of grocery store. This study was analyzed in the data program STATA where a multiple linear regression was used to test the hypotheses. According to the result from the regression analysis, there is a significant level between healthy food and consumers' choice of grocery stores. In addition to that, the study shows that there is a significant level between nudging and consumers' choice of grocery stores. Thus, the null hypothesis of this study was rejected.
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Villela, Berenice. ""Nudge a Mexican and She or He Will Break Out With a Story": Complicating Mexican Immigrant Masculinities through Counternarrative Storytelling". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/98.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this thesis, I explore Latino masculinities and contest their uniformity through transforming an oral history conducted with my father into a collection of short stories. Following storytelling traditions of Latino/Mexican culture, I converted an oral history interviews with my dad into a collection of short stories. From these short stories I extracted themes relating to the micro and macro manifestations of gender policing. Drawing from Judith Butler's Theory of performativity and Gloria Anzaldua's theory of Borderland identities, I rethink masculinity and offer Jose Esteban Munoz's theory of disidentification. With these theories in conversation, I analyze the themes of the short stories I present. In Chapter One, I investigate the potential of verguenza and respeto, or shame and respect, to complicate masculinity. In Chapter Two, I critically analyze my father's interaction with INS officials during his interview to become a U.S. resident. In these two sets of stories, I use disidentification to uncover the third space relationship with masculinity. I see this relationship at the intersections of race, class, gender and ability, the identities which come together to leave my father in the borderlands. Ultimately, I complicate masculinity through these analyses, offering a space for a nonoppressive masculinity.
42
Delden, Anna, e Ellen Persson. "The digital nudge : A study of the design principles in digital nudging and it´s presence on ascendant online stores". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Medieteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-37816.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Digital nudging is a relatively new phenomenon that is increasingly mentioned and demanded in human-computer interaction. The concept originates from behavioral economics and aims to help individuals make better decisions that are beneficial to the individual as well as the society, by making subtle changes to the environment in which the decision is made. Nudging implies to pushing people in the right direction and affecting them in different types of decision making. Digital nudging aims at applying the user interface design element to guide people's decisions in digital environments. This thesis presents a study of digital nudging in the form of the six design principles in the user interface of e-commerce sites through the method cognitive walkthrough. It is based on theories of mainly digital nudging but also persuasive design and user experience with connections to psychological aspects. The conclusion of the study has shown that principles in digital nudging exists in e-stores interfaces. The study aims to develop frameworks for an alternative way of implementing digital nudging and to contribute to more knowledge in the field.Digital nudging är ett relativt nytt fenomen som blir allt mer omtalat och efterfrågat inom människa-datorinteraktion. Begreppet har sitt ursprung från beteendeekonomi och syftar till att få individer att ta bättre beslut som är gynnsamma för den enskilda individen såväl som samhället, genom att göra subtila ändringar i den miljön där beslutet fattas. Nudging innebär att knuffa individer i rätt riktning och att på så sätt påverka individer i olika beslutsfattanden. Digital nudging avser tillämpning av designelement i användargränssnittet för att påverka människors beslutsfattande i digitala miljöer. Studien presenterar en undersökning av de sex designprinciperna inom digital nudging och hur de påträffas i e-butikers användargränssnitt genom metoden kognitiv genomgång. Undersökningen grundar sig på teorier om digital nudging och relaterad forskning som övertygande design och användarupplevelse med kopplingar till psykologiska aspekter. Slutsatsen av studien har visat att designprinciper inom digital nudging förekommer i e-butikers gränssnitt. Studien syftar till att ta fram ramverk för ett alternativt sätt att implementera digital nudging och för att bidra till mer kunskap inom området.
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Ostheimer, Silva Elena, e Verena Unger. "Nudge Me if You Can : Social Nudging to Reduce Water Consumption in Private Households on the Island of Gotland, Sweden". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447694.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis acknowledges the increasingly important issue of global freshwater scarcity. It focuses on water consumption in private households and examines whether social nudging, specifically the focus theory of normative conduct, can serve as a tool to reduce it. This is examined through action research conducted on the island of Gotland, Sweden, in cooperation with the local major housing company GotlandsHem. Despite some limitations, the findings show with a significance of 0.033 that, on average, almost 50 litres of water less were used weekly by each household after two social nudging interventions. This corresponds to 7,472.99 litres for all 151 nudged households. The findings show that the research design represents a way for housing companies to use the focus theory of normative conduct from the field of social nudging to reduce their tenants’ water consumption.
44
Goepel, Nell, Frida Svanhall e Maira Rahme. "Strategic Recommendations for the Design of Nudges towards a Sustainable Society". Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för strategisk hållbar utveckling, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-10419.
Testo completo
45
Milanesi, Silvia <1994>. "Economia comportamentale e nudge in ambito museale. Analisi del caso studio: “Nudging museum attendance: a field experiment with high school teens”". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15244.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Il presente elaborato intende esplorare, in accordo con le più recenti ricerche nel campo dell’economia, il tema della Behavioural Economics e le possibili applicazioni nell’ambito del settore culturale, con particolare focus sulla museologia. Il fine di questo studio vuole essere quello di analizzare nuove misure recentemente introdotte per coinvolgere il vecchio e il nuovo pubblico (audience development). Infatti, il primo capitolo elabora le peculiarità del settore culturale sulla base del contesto economico tradizionale. Inoltre, sottolineando le principali azioni esercitate dall’intervento Statale, si giunge all’analisi dell’attuale contesto museale, relativo alla situazione italiana, riponendo maggiore attenzione alle attuali teorie nella direzione dell'Audience development. Si procede con il secondo capitolo a presentare quanto emerso dalle più rilevanti ricerche nel campo della Behavioural Economics che, attraverso l’inclusione di teorie in ambito della psicologia e della sociologia, mette in discussione le assunzioni alla base della teoria dell’utilità del consumatore. L' analisi si focalizza su quanto proposto da Richard Thaler e Cass Sunstain, la "teoria dei nudge", che si basa su sul principio della "spinta gentile" o nudge: secondo questo concetto è possibile indirizzare la scelta del consumatore in maniera prevedibile senza impedire o vietare la possibilità di compiere un'altra scelta.
Infine, attraverso l’analisi del caso studio “nudging museum attendace: a fiel experiment with high school teens” applicato alla realtà del Museo di Palazzo Vecchio di Firenze, si intende analizzare l’applicazione degli strumenti di Behavioural Economics a un’istituzione culturale. Mettendo in luce le debolezze delle assunzioni del capitolo primo, si cercherà infatti di concepire l’idea di un possibile utilizzo degli strumenti alla base dell’economia comportamentale, come il nudge, per il settore museale, ricollegandosi quindi ai ragionamenti circa l'Audience development.
46
Houlihan, Shea. "Causal mechanisms of choice architecture interventions in alcohol consumption". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ef75f6d0-30a0-4d85-8224-9dfabcaf9b6a.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis attempts to answer the research question: What are the causal mechanisms for behaviour change undergirding choice architecture (CA) interventions in alcohol use? This thesis is organised along two dimensions: conceptual and empirical. At the conceptual level, this project discusses the application of CA to public policy; the lack of consensus regarding the theory of change underpinning the relationship between CA intervention stimuli and modified behaviour; and the need for clearer understandings of the CA intervention components in relation to other behavioural interventions. At the empirical level, this project systematically reviews available CA interventions intended to reduce alcohol consumption in public drink settings and suggests new alcohol-related CA intervention strategies.
47
Perjons, Andreas. "Investigating Acceptance Among the Swedish Population Towards Energy-Saving Behavioral Interventions". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177608.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Legislation, economic incentives and informational campaigns are traditional tools of government used to exert its influence on citizens. More recently, other behavioral interventions called nudges and boosts have also come into usage to influence behavior. Nudges exploit faults in human decision making, pushing the individual in a direction of a specific choice, hence the name nudge. Boosts instead try to foster existing competences in the individual, effectivizing decision making while still preserving the individual’s own agency. Both nudges and boosts have proved to be cost-effective ways of influencing behavior, making them attractive alternatives to traditional behavioral interventions. An a priori way to investigate the effectiveness of behavioral interventions without their implementation is by measuring their acceptance. This thesis investigates the acceptance for nudges and boosts compared to traditional behavioral interventions when used in the domain of energy saving practices. The results show that acceptance differs greatly depending on which behavioral intervention is used, which energy saving domain the behavioral intervention is applied to, and to an extent the demographic characteristics of the individuals exposed to the behavioral intervention.
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Shakoane, Dimpho Lesego. "A systematised review of the literature related to the use of deterrence and reciprocity messages as a nudge to influence tax compliance behaviour". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/80519.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Tax compliance has become a focal point for countries that have to cope with limited revenue and increasing expenditure. Tax authorities do not collect even half of what they would if taxpayers complied with tax laws and regulations. As a result, some governments are compelled to rely on foreign aid to provide public goods and services to their citizens. Therefore, tax authorities must seek ways in which they can encourage tax compliance in order to raise revenue.
Main purpose of study: This study focuses on strategies, namely deterrence messages and reciprocity messages, as a nudge to influence tax compliance behaviour. This study creates awareness among tax authorities that such tax compliance strategies have been studied and can be incorporated into the tax collection processes to encourage tax compliance.
Method: This was achieved by systematically reviewing academic literature that related to the effectiveness of deterrence messages and reciprocity messages as tax nudges.
Results: The results from the systematic review were varied. Deterrence messages as a nudge were effective and positively influenced tax compliance. On the other hand, studies of reciprocity messages indicated that reciprocity messages increased tax compliance while other studies observed no effect.
Conclusions: It is irrefutable that a government needs sufficient revenue in order to provide a healthy and functioning society for its citizens. Increasing revenue would allow governments to provide essential public goods and services to citizens. Encouraging tax compliance behaviour through the use of deterrence messages and reciprocity messages will aid tax authorities to collect sufficient revenue to provide a healthy functioning society.Mini Dissertation (MCom (Taxation))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Taxation
MCom (Taxation)
Unrestricted
49
Maronati, Lucia <1995>. "How cognitive biases affect critical thinking: analysis of the distortions and illusions that make consumer decisions problematic and empirical test using the nudge strategy". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Essere in grado di prendere sempre le miglior decisioni per noi stessi non è un’impresa facile, in quanto essendo umani, ognuno di noi è influenzato da emozioni, sentimenti, dal contesto e non è mai totalmente razionale. La prima parte di questo elaborato propone un’analisi di quei fattori che inducono il consumatore a non fare delle scelte razionali e nel proprio interesse in relazione alla teoria del Nudge e all’architettura delle scelte; sono analizzati i principali pregiudizi cognitivi: problemi di autocontrollo, avversione alle perdite, distorsione status quo, influenze sociali, eccessivo ottimismo e autostima. La seconda parte consiste in un test, in un questionario con domande mirate per poter dimostrare la presenza dei biases cognitivi e come la strategia del nudge, o spinta gentile, aiuti il consumatore ad orientare le proprie scelte in maniera positiva.
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McNabb, Lucas. "‘NUDGING’ ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BEHAVIOR? EXPERIMENTS ON RECYCLING AT UPPSALA UNIVERSITY". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324717.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Incorrect waste disposal has devastating consequences for the environment. Recycling is an environmentally friendlier way to dispose of waste, and recycling opportunities are turning up in more and more public spaces. However, at any given recycling station, lots of recyclables are not recycled. This study posed the question: “Can simple ‘nudges’ be used to increase the proportion of correctly disposed of recyclables at public recycling stations?” And through field experiments at Uppsala University this study has shown that there is a significant potential for nudges when it comes to recycling behavior in common spaces. Various signs were designed and attached to recycling stations spread out over six different campuses. Statistically significant changes were observed and the generalizability of these findings is expected to be wide, as the interventions are operating on a cognitive level.