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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Optimization of the cooling towers"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 18 febbraio 2022

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1

Gololo, Khunedi Vincent, e Thokozani Majozi. "On Synthesis and Optimization of Cooling Water Systems with Multiple Cooling Towers". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50, n. 7 (6 aprile 2011): 3775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie101395v.

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2

Hossein Beigi, Amir, Ali Mousavi e Hani Sadr Hosseini. "Optimization of side stream filters of blow-down water in cooling water system". Innovaciencia Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 8, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/2346075x.1002.

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Abstract (sommario):

Cooling towers are the main parameters for oil and gas industries. The water that circulates the system will pass through heat exchangers and surface condenser of compressor. Cooling towers operate outside; there is a high chance of debris entering the system and water via wind which therefore could lead to fouling, scaling and corrosion. In order for cooling towers to perform at high efficiency, the water has to be clean. Filtration package are the key for solving this matter. In this thesis, a new filtration package for Marjan petrochemical company has been proposed. In this design the blow down water of the cooling tower will be filtered via first a side stream filtration unit which will decrease the TSS of the water and then enters a Reverse Osmosis package which will reduce the TDS of the water. From the Hysys simulation, it has been proven that this system will produce 63 m3/hr pure water and 37 m3/hr brain water. The compositions of these water are 97% pure water and 3% debris, 96% debris and 4% water respectively. This showed that the filtration package decreased the TDS of the water to 4 ppm which is the specification of the make-up water of cooling tower. Financially, when there is no package installed, Marjan has to send COC and POC waters to Mobin Company for filtrations and then buy the RO water.

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3

Guo, Yong, e Zhi Yong Liu. "Study on the Cooling Water Systems with Multiple Cooling Water Supplies". Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (dicembre 2012): 2497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2497.

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Water pinch technology is a process integration technology used for enterprises water system optimization, in order to improve the water reuse rate. Application of water pinch point technology to the whole system analysis and design, to establish a feasible performance index, and then determine the detailed process of design and transformation to achieve the predetermined target performance. This paper presents a technique for simultaneous targeting and design in cooling water systems comprising of at least two cooling towers and several cooling water using operations. Through comprehensive analysis on the cooling water systems with multiple cooling water supplies, determine the corresponding heat transfer process to the cooling tower, obtained better results than literature.

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4

Izadi, Mahdi, e Khosrow Bargi. "Natural draft steel hyperbolic cooling towers: Optimization and performance evaluation". Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 23, n. 9 (10 febbraio 2013): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tal.1081.

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5

Kuritsyn, V. A., D. V. Arapov e R. L. Goril’chenko. "Optimization of circulation water cooling process in forced-draft towers". Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 48, n. 2 (maggio 2012): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-012-0344-1.

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6

Serna-González, Medardo, José M. Ponce-Ortega e Arturo Jiménez-Gutiérrez. "MINLP optimization of mechanical draft counter flow wet-cooling towers". Chemical Engineering Research and Design 88, n. 5-6 (maggio 2010): 614–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2009.09.016.

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7

Zhao, Lin, Xu Chen, Yuwen Liang, Yaojun Ge, Wen Sun, Yinan Li, Shikui Huang, Jiantao He e Yingtao Li. "Multi-Objective Optimization Analysis of Structural Design for Large Cooling Towers". Heat Transfer Engineering 38, n. 11-12 (13 settembre 2016): 1135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457632.2016.1217064.

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8

Singh, Kuljeet, e Ranjan Das. "An improved constrained inverse optimization method for mechanical draft cooling towers". Applied Thermal Engineering 114 (marzo 2017): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.12.002.

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9

Huang, Wei Shun, Ching Wei Chen, Cheng Wen Lee, Ching Liang Chen, Tien Shuen Jan, Yung Chung Chang e Tse Wen Chang. "Application of Artificial Neural Network for Modeling of Mechanical Cooling Tower". Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (novembre 2011): 7746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7746.

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The objective of the study is to focus on the application of the artificial neural network to configure a heat-radiating model for cooling towers within the parameters of fluctuating in air flow or cooling water flow. To achieve the objective, a cooling tower heat balancing equation have been used to instill the correlations between a cooling tower cooling load to the four predefined parameters. Based on the premise established, the parameters of a cooling tower’s air flow and cooling water flow in a modulated process are utilized in an experimental system for collecting relevant operating data. Lastly, the artificial neural network tool derived from the Matlab software is utilized to define the input parameters being – the cooling water temperature, ambient web-bulb temperature, cooling tower air flow, and cooling water flow, with an objective set to instilling a cooling tower model for defining a cooling tower cooling load. In addition, the tested figures are compared to the simulated figures for verifying the cooling tower model. By utilizing the method derived from the model, the mean error of between 0.72 and 2.13% is obtained, with R2 value rated at between 0.97 and 0.99. The experiment findings show a relatively high reliability that can be achieved for configuring a model by using the artificial neural network. With the support of an optimized computation method, the model can be applied as an optimization operating strategy for an air-conditioning system’s cooling water loop.

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10

Ma, Keyan, Mingsheng Liu e Jili Zhang. "An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm for the optimization and group control of water-side free cooling using cooling towers". Building and Environment 182 (settembre 2020): 107167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107167.

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11

Zhu, Qiping, Bingjian Zhang, Qinglin Chen, Chang He, Dominic C. Y. Foo, Jingzheng Ren e Haoshui Yu. "Model reductions for multiscale stochastic optimization of cooling water system equipped with closed wet cooling towers". Chemical Engineering Science 224 (ottobre 2020): 115773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2020.115773.

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12

Regucki, Paweł, Marek Lewkowicz e Renata Krzyżyńska. "Optimization of Thermal-Flow Processes in a System of Conjugate Cooling Towers". Heat Transfer Engineering 41, n. 22 (17 ottobre 2019): 1938–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457632.2019.1675251.

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13

Ayoub, Ali, Blaže Gjorgiev e Giovanni Sansavini. "Cooling towers performance in a changing climate: Techno-economic modeling and design optimization". Energy 160 (ottobre 2018): 1133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.07.080.

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14

Rubio-Castro, Eusiel, Medardo Serna-González, José María Ponce-Ortega e Miguel Angel Morales-Cabrera. "Optimization of mechanical draft counter flow wet-cooling towers using a rigorous model". Applied Thermal Engineering 31, n. 16 (novembre 2011): 3615–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.07.029.

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15

Singh, Kuljeet, e Ranjan Das. "Simultaneous optimization of performance parameters and energy consumption in induced draft cooling towers". Chemical Engineering Research and Design 123 (luglio 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2017.04.031.

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16

Blackburn, Landen D., Jacob F. Tuttle e Kody M. Powell. "Real-time optimization of multi-cell industrial evaporative cooling towers using machine learning and particle swarm optimization". Journal of Cleaner Production 271 (ottobre 2020): 122175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122175.

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17

Kloppers, Johannes C., e Detlev G. Kröger. "Cost optimization of cooling tower geometry". Engineering Optimization 36, n. 5 (ottobre 2004): 575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03052150410001696179.

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18

Zhang, Yin, Huan Zhang, Yaran Wang, Shijun You e Wandong Zheng. "Optimal configuration and operating condition of counter flow cooling towers using particle swarm optimization algorithm". Applied Thermal Engineering 151 (marzo 2019): 318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.01.097.

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19

Nienborg, Björn, Marc Mathieu, Alexander Schwärzler, Katharina Conzelmann e Lena Schnabel. "Model-Based Evaluation of Air-Side Fouling in Closed-Circuit Cooling Towers". Energies 14, n. 3 (29 gennaio 2021): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030695.

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Abstract (sommario):

Fouling is a permanent problem in process technology and is estimated to cost 0.25% of the gross national product. Evaporative cooling systems are especially susceptible to air-side fouling: as they work with untreated outside air, they are exposed to both natural (e.g., pollen) and human-made (e.g., industrial dust) contaminants. In addition, suspended solid particles and dissolved salts in the spray water are an issue. In this study we analyzed an approach for fouling detection based on a semi-physical (grey-box) cooling tower model which we calibrated with measurement data. A test series with reliable laboratory data indicates good applicability of the model. In three datasets, the performance decreases due to fouling (scaling, which was provoked intentionally) in the range of 5–11% were clearly detected. When applied to measurement data of two cooling towers in real applications, the model also proved to be well calibratable with relatively little data (two to four operating days). For two data sets, the model yielded reasonable results when applied to long term data: a cooling tower cleaning could be retraced and nominal operation was verified during the remaining time. During the analysis of a third data set a temporary performance deviation was found, which could not be explained with the recorded data. Thus, the approach turned out to be generally applicable but requires further verification and refinement in order to increase the robustness. If successful, it can be transferred to a commercial product for need-oriented maintenance in order to reduce cooling tower operating costs and environmental impact.

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20

Guo, Huiqian, Yue Yang, Tongrui Cheng, Hanyu Zhou, Weijia Wang e Xiaoze Du. "Tower Configuration Impacts on the Thermal and Flow Performance of Steel-Truss Natural Draft Dry Cooling System". Energies 14, n. 7 (5 aprile 2021): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072002.

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In recent years, the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling technique has received attention owing to its advantages in better aseismic capability, shorter construction period, and preferable recycling. For cooling towers generating the draft force of air flow, its configuration may impact the thermal and flow performance of the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling system. With regard to the issue, this work explored the thermal and flow characteristics for the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling systems with four typical engineering tower configurations. By numerical simulation, the pressure, flow, and temperature contours were analyzed, then air mass flow rates and heat rejections were calculated and compared for the local air-cooled sectors and overall steel-truss natural draft dry cooling systems with those four tower configurations. The results present that tower 2 with the conical/cylindrical configuration had slightly lower heat rejection compared with tower 1 with the traditional hyperbolic configuration. Tower 3 with the hyperbolic/cylindrical configuration showed better thermo-flow performances than tower 1 at high crosswinds, while tower 4 with the completely cylindrical configuration appeared to have much reduced cooling capability under various crosswind conditions, along with strongly deteriorated thermal and flow behaviors. As for engineering application of the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling system, the traditional hyperbolic tower configuration is recommended for local regions with gentle wind, while for those areas with gale wind yearly, the hyperbolic/cylindrical integrated cooling tower is preferred.

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21

Ma, L. B., J. X. Ren, F. Q. Li, L. J. Zhang e M. Q. Li. "The discussion on cooling optimization of natural draft wet cooling tower". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 199 (19 dicembre 2018): 032074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/199/3/032074.

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22

Suzuki, Yuya, Misa Imazu, Jun Shinoda, Ryoya Furukawa, Yumiko Araki, Shin-ichi Tanabe, Kenji Fujino et al. "Efficient Operation of Heat Source using High-temperature Chilled Water in an Advanced Office Building". E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103071.

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In recent years, energy conservation has become a major focus in the industrial sector. Many office buildings in Japan achieve energy savings by introducing highly efficient equipment and systems, such as high-temperature cooling water (14 °C), which increases heat source efficiency. However, such equipment requires adjustments to increase operational efficiency. In this case study, the efficiency of equipment using high-temperature cooling water was further improved through operation control optimization. The energy efficiency before and after the improvement was compared. The target building has chilled and hot water supplied to each floor from district heating and high-temperature chilled water supplied from cooling chillers on the rooftop. The energy consumption of two floors was evaluated: a subjective floor with equipment using high-temperature cooling water installed, and a common floor with a conventional system. After on-site verification, changes were made to the operation control of the cooling towers, condenser pumps, primary pumps, secondary pumps, and air handling units. As a result, the coefficient of performance of the water-cooled chiller and the whole system improved by 0.40 and 0.45, respectively. The flow rate of the air conditioning equipment using high-temperature cooling water decreased while maintaining an equivalent amount of heat extraction. In conclusion, the efficiency of the equipment was further improved by operation control optimization.

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23

Fan, Dong, Xu, Teng, Yan e Zhao. "Numerical Investigation on the Influence of Mechanical Draft Wet-Cooling Towers on the Cooling Performance of Air-Cooled Condenser with Complex Building Environment". Energies 12, n. 23 (29 novembre 2019): 4560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234560.

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In air-cooled power units, an air-cooled condenser (ACC) is usually accompanied by mechanical draft wet-cooling towers (MCTs) so as to meet the severe cooling requirements of air-cooling auxiliary apparatuses, such as water ring vacuum pumps. When running, both the ACC and MCTs affected each other through their aerodynamic fields. To make the effect of MCTs on the cooling performance of the ACC more prominent, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model was established for one 2 × 660 MW air-cooling power plant, with full consideration the ACC, MCTs and adjacent main workshops, which was validated by design data and published test results. By numerical simulation, we obtained the effect of hot air recirculation (HAR) on the cooling performance of the ACC under different working conditions and the effect of MCTs on the cooling performance of the ACC. The results showed that as the ambient wind speed increases, the hot recirculation rate (HRR) of the ACC increased and changed significantly with the change of wind directions. An increase in ambient temperature can cause a significant rise in back pressure of the ACC. The exhaust of the MCTs partially entered the ACC under the influence of ambient wind, and the HRR in the affected cooling units was higher than that of the nearby unaffected cooling units. When the MCTs were turned off, the overall HRR of the ACC decreased. The presence of MCTs had a local influence on the cooling performance of only two cooling units, and then slightly impacted the overall cooling performance of the ACC, which provides a good insight into the arrangement optimization of the ACC and the MCTs.

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24

Ramkumar, Ramakrishnan, e Arumugam Ragupathy. "Optimization of cooling tower performance analysis using Taguchi method". Thermal Science 17, n. 2 (2013): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci110528024r.

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This study discuss the application of Taguchi method in assessing maximum cooling tower effectiveness for the counter flow cooling tower using expanded wire mesh packing. The experiments were planned based on Taguchi?s L27 orthogonal array .The trail was performed under different inlet conditions of flow rate of water, air and water temperature. Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression were carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on cooling tower effectiveness and to identity optimal factor settings. Finally confirmation tests verified this reliability of Taguchi method for optimization of counter flow cooling tower performance with sufficient accuracy.

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25

Gu, Hongfang, Haijun Wang, Yuqian Gu e Jianan Yao. "A numerical study on the mechanism and optimization of wind-break structures for indirect air-cooling towers". Energy Conversion and Management 108 (gennaio 2016): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.11.006.

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26

Klimanek, Adam, Tomasz Musioł e Adam Stechman. "Optimization of guide vane positions in bended inflow of mechanical draft wet-cooling tower". Archives of Thermodynamics 32, n. 3 (1 dicembre 2011): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-011-0027-z.

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Optimization of guide vane positions in bended inflow of mechanical draft wet-cooling tower Optimization of vane positions in a mechanical draft wet-cooling tower is presented in this paper. The originally installed, equally spaced, vanes produced non-uniform air velocity distribution reducing the performance of the fill of the cooling tower. A 2D CFD model of the tower has been created. The model has then been used to determine the objective function in the optimization procedure. The selected objective function was the standard deviation of the velocity of air entering the fill. The Goal Driven Optimization tools of the ANSYSWorkbench 2.0 have been used for the optimization and the ANSYS Fluent 13.0 as a flow solver. The optimization allowed reduction of the objective function and producing a more uniform air flow.

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27

Kaya, A., e A. Sommer. "Energy Management of Chillers by Multilevel Control and Optimization". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 107, n. 4 (1 dicembre 1985): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3140735.

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This paper deals with multilevel control and optimization of a chiller system. The system consists of multiple chillers, feed pumps, and cooling towers. A multilevel control structure is presented. The first level contains control loops for chilled water temperature, vane position, and condenser water temperature. Second level controls provide supervisory adjustments of set points of first level controls. Third level is optimum load allocation of chillers and pumps. A fourth level supervisory deals with the coordination of conflicting goals of subsystems to provide a load strategy. Performance analysis (monitoring, trouble shooting) are also presented. A digital and distributed control system is utilized for implementation. The distributed system has a flexible architecture compatible for each level of control sophistication. It offers simple function blocks for digital control of first-level loops, as well as, the higher levels without any need of computer programming.

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28

Liu, Lan Bin, Ai Juan Zou, Jia Jun Liao e Ya Meng Liu. "The Optimization of Large Scale Heating and Cooling Network". Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (febbraio 2014): 616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.616.

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It is a question if large scale heating/cooling network could be applied in China economically, environmental protection and energy saving. Toward this question, this paper studied the optimization of large scale heating and cooling network. The components of the system are analyzed and modeled in detail including heating/cooling source, heating/cooling users and transmit system. And the system can be optimized through the way of Life Cycle Cost, which compared the cost of large scale heating and cooling system with conventional system. The optimization also takes efficiency and economy in to consideration.

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Zhang, Deying, Zhengqing Zhang, Qiang Han, Feixiang Wu, Suoying He e Ming Gao. "Numerical simulation on synergetic optimization of non-equidistant fillings and non-uniform water distribution for wet cooling towers". International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 179 (novembre 2021): 121676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121676.

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Davari, S., e M. J. Lichayee. "Investigation of sludge re-circulating clarifiers design and optimization through numerical simulation". Water Science and Technology 48, n. 11-12 (1 dicembre 2004): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0864.

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In steam thermal power plants (TPP) with open re-circulating wet cooling towers, elimination of water hardness and suspended solids (SS) is performed in clarifiers. Most of these clarifiers are of high efficiency sludge re-circulating type (SRC) with capacity between 500-1,500 m3/hr. Improper design and/or mal-operation of clarifiers in TPPs results in working conditions below design capacity or production of soft water with improper quality (hardness and S.S.). This causes accumulation of deposits in heat exchangers, condenser tubes, cooling and service water pipes and boiler tubes as well as increasing the ionic load of water at the demineralizing system inlet. It also increases the amount of chemical consumptions and produces more liquid and solid waste. In this regard, a software program for optimal design and simulation of SRCs has been developed. Then design parameters of existing SRCs in four TPPs in Iran were used as inputs to developed software program and resulting technical specifications were compared with existing ones. In some cases improper design was the main cause of poor outlet water quality. In order to achieve proper efficiency, further investigations were made to obtain control parameters as well as design parameters for both mal-designed and/or mal-operated SRCs.

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Qinghong, Zhou. "Control of Winding Burnout by Cooling Tower System Optimization". Electrical Engineering and Technology 1, n. 1 (2020): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35534/eet.0101002c.

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32

Williamson, N., M. Behnia e S. W. Armfield. "Thermal optimization of a natural draft wet cooling tower". International Journal of Energy Research 32, n. 14 (novembre 2008): 1349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.1456.

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Cui, Haijiao, Nianping Li, Xinlei Wang, Jinqing Peng, Yuan Li e Zhibin Wu. "Optimization of reversibly used cooling tower with downward spraying". Energy 127 (maggio 2017): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.074.

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Melo, Filipi, Eduardo Pina e Monica Carvalho. "Optimization and sensitivity analyses of a combined cooling, heat and power system for a residential building". Thermal Science, n. 00 (2020): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200718335m.

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In the quest for a better use of energy resources, energy integration and cogeneration strategies have been employed in the industrial and commercial sectors with considerable benefits realized. However, the residential sector remains underexplored. An optimization procedure should be carried out whenever there is a need to ensure or verify the economic viability of an energy system. This study uses Mixed Integer Linear Programming to optimize the energy supply to a residential building, with 20 floors and 40 apartments, located in the city of Jo?o Pessoa (Northeast Brazil). The equipment available includes gas engines, electric and natural gas boilers, heat exchangers, cooling towers, and absorption and mechanical chillers. The optimization establishes the optimal system configuration and operational strategy (operation throughout the year). Economic, technical, and legal aspects were considered in the minimization of the total annual costs associated with the building?s energy supply. The energy demands were calculated on an hourly basis, throughout one year, by the EnergyPlus software and corresponded to hot water (83 MWh/year), electricity (171 MWh/year) and cooling (242 MWh/year) demands. The optimal system was entirely reliant on the electric grid to meet the electricity demand directly and to satisfy heating and cooling demands by means of an electric hot water boiler and a mechanical chiller. The optimal solution is tested by varying, within reasonable limits, selected parameters: natural gas and electricity tariffs, the behavior of residents, amortization factor and relationship between the tariffs of electricity and natural gas.

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Gries, Sebastian, Guillaume Meyer, Andreas Wonisch, Reinhard Jakobi e Christian Mittelstedt. "Towards Enhancing the Potential of Injection Molding Tools through Optimized Close-Contour Cooling and Additive Manufacturing". Materials 14, n. 12 (21 giugno 2021): 3434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123434.

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This work deals with the parametric optimization of the position and form of a conformal cooling used in the injection molding industry. Based on a literature survey, an optimization routine concerning the parameter optimization of cooling system designs was developed and implemented with the help of the software package Moldflow. The main objective of the optimization is to reduce the cooling time; the second is to obtain an optimized homogeneous temperature distribution over the complete tool surface. To enable a comparison of the new close-contour solution with a classical manufacturing process, an optimized cooling system simulation, based on a conventional manufacturing solution, was established. It can be shown that the optimized close-contour cooling design offers significant advantages that cannot be exploited using classical manufacturing. Finally, the additive manufacturing of a prototype in the framework of powder bed fusion is documented as a proof of concept.

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Zou, Zheng, Zhiqiang Guan e Hal Gurgenci. "Optimization design of solar enhanced natural draft dry cooling tower". Energy Conversion and Management 76 (dicembre 2013): 945–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.08.053.

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Pieczara, J. "Optimization of cooling tower shells using a simple genetic algorithm". Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 19, n. 4 (1 luglio 2000): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001580050127.

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Singh, Kuljeet, e Ranjan Das. "Exergy optimization of cooling tower for HGSHP and HVAC applications". Energy Conversion and Management 136 (marzo 2017): 418–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.024.

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Lv, Ziqiang, Jiuju Cai, Wenqiang Sun e Lianyong Wang. "Analysis and Optimization of Open Circulating Cooling Water System". Water 10, n. 11 (7 novembre 2018): 1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111592.

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Abstract (sommario):

Open circulating cooling water system is widely used in process industry. For a system with a fixed structure, the water consumption and blowdown usually change with the varying parameters such as quality and temperature. With the purpose of water saving, it is very important to optimize the operation strategy of water systems. Considering the factors including evaporation, leakage, blowdown and heat transfer, the mass and energy conservation equations of water system are established. On this basis, the quality and temperature models of makeup and blowdown water are, respectively, developed. The water consumption and discharge profiles and the optimal operating strategy of the open recirculating cooling water system under different conditions are obtained. The concept of cycles of temperature is proposed to evaluate the temperature relationship of various parts of the open circulating cooling water system. A mathematical relationship is established to analyze the influence of the water temperature on the makeup water rate of the system under the condition of insufficient cooling capacity of the cooling tower. In addition, the co-influences of quality and temperature parameters on the system are analyzed.

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Brezina, Michal, Tomas Mauder, Lubomir Klimes e Josef Stetina. "Comparison of Optimization-Regulation Algorithms for Secondary Cooling in Continuous Steel Casting". Metals 11, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2021): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020237.

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Abstract (sommario):

The paper presents the comparison of optimization-regulation algorithms applied to the secondary cooling zone in continuous steel casting where the semi-product withdraws most of its thermal energy. In steel production, requirements towards obtaining defect-free semi-products are increasing day-by-day and the products, which would satisfy requirements of the consumers a few decades ago, are now far below the minimum required quality. To fulfill the quality demands towards minimum occurrence of defects in secondary cooling as possible, some regulation in the casting process is needed. The main concept of this paper is to analyze and compare the most known metaheuristic optimization approaches applied to the continuous steel casting process. Heat transfer and solidification phenomena are solved by using a fast 2.5D slice numerical model. The objective function is set to minimize the surface temperature differences in secondary cooling zones between calculated and targeted surface temperatures by suitable water flow rates through cooling nozzles. Obtained optimization results are discussed and the most suitable algorithm for this type of optimization problem is identified. Temperature deviations and cooling water flow rates in the secondary cooling zone, together with convergence rate and operation times needed to reach the stop criterium for each optimization approach, are analyzed and compared to target casting conditions based on a required temperature distribution of the strand. The paper also contains a brief description of applied heuristic algorithms. Some of the algorithms exhibited faster convergence rate than others, but the optimal solution was reached in every optimization run by only one algorithm.

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41

Liu, Lan Bin, Ai Juan Zou, Jia Jun Liao e Yu Fei Ma. "The Case Study on Optimization of Large Scale Heating and Cooling Network". Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (febbraio 2014): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.611.

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This paper discussed the optimization of two cases of large scale heating and cooling system. One is the heating/cooling system with heating/cooling source with distance from load center, the other is the heating/cooling system with heating/cooling source located in the load center. The affect of the temperature difference between supply and return water, load density and the price of energy towards optimized radius and max radius was discussed using the existed model. The optimized radius and appropriate system parameters are got. It is a reference to the designers and operators related.

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Ma, Keyan, Mingsheng Liu e Jili Zhang. "Online optimization method of cooling water system based on the heat transfer model for cooling tower". Energy 231 (settembre 2021): 120896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120896.

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43

Mital, Manu. "Evolutionary Optimization of Electronic Circuitry Cooling Using Nanofluid". Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/793462.

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Liquid cooling electronics using microchannels integrated in the chips is an attractive alternative to bulky aluminum heat sinks. Cooling can be further enhanced using nanofluids. The goals of this study are to evaluate heat transfer in a nanofluid heat sink with developing laminar flow forced convection, taking into account the pumping power penalty. The proposed model uses semi-empirical correlations to calculate effective nanofluid thermophysical properties, which are then incorporated into heat transfer and friction factor correlations in literature for single-phase flows. The model predicts the thermal resistance and pumping power as a function of four design variables that include the channel diameter, velocity, number of channels, and nanoparticle fraction. The parameters are optimized with minimum thermal resistance as the objective function and fixed specified value of pumping power as the constraint. For a given value of pumping power, the benefit of nanoparticle addition is evaluated by independently optimizing the heat sink, first with nanofluid and then with water. Comparing the minimized thermal resistances revealed only a small benefit since nanoparticle addition increases the pumping power that can alternately be diverted towards an increased velocity in a pure water heat sink. The benefit further diminishes with increase in available pumping power.

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44

Lin, Yao Lin, Wei Yang e Ming Sheng Liu. "Central Plant Control Optimization with a Thermal Chilled Water Energy Storage System: A Case Study in a High-Tech Building". Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (dicembre 2014): 1989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1989.

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The paper presents the study on the control optimization of the central cooling plant system including thermal chilled water energy storage (TES) tank in a high-tech building consists of office area, clean room and lab space. The optimized control sequences were implemented on the cooling tower staging, cooling tower fan/condenser water pump/primary chilled water pump staging and speed control, chiller staging, TES pump speed and TES modulation valves control, and secondary chilled water loop differential pressure control. The proposed control effectively resolved the problem of fluctuation in the secondary chilled water supply temperature during charging cycle and temperature increase during the discharging cycle. The number of primary chilled water pumps, condenser water pumps and cooling tower fans were also reduced to minimum after the optimization. Implementation of optimized control sequences is predicted to have an annual electricity savings of 856,125 kWh, which is about 20% of the total central plant energy consumption.

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45

Ahmed, Shaimaa Abdul-Rahman, e Hasan F. Makki. "Corrosion Rate Optimization of Mild-Steel under Different Cooling Tower Working Parameters Using Taguchi Design". Journal of Engineering 26, n. 1 (25 dicembre 2019): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.01.13.

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This study investigates the implementation of Taguchi design in the estimation of minimum corrosion rate of mild-steel in cooling tower that uses saline solution of different concentration. The experiments were set on the basis of Taguchi’s L16 orthogonal array. The runs were carried out under different condition such as inlet concentration of saline solution, temperature, and flowrate. The Signal-to- Noise ratio and ANOVA analysis were used to define the impact of cooling tower working conditions on the corrosion rate. A regression had been modelled and optimized to identify the optimum level for the working parameters that had been founded to be 13%NaCl, 35ᴼC, and 1 l/min. Also a confirmation run to establish the precision of the Taguchi design for optimization the corrosion rate in cooling tower with high reliability. The contour plot had been applied to understand how it can be in finding the relation between the corrosion rate and the working parameters of the cooling tower.

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Sun, Yubiao, Zhiqiang Guan, Hal Gurgenci, Jianyong Wang, Peixin Dong e Kamel Hooman. "Spray cooling system design and optimization for cooling performance enhancement of natural draft dry cooling tower in concentrated solar power plants". Energy 168 (febbraio 2019): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.111.

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47

Xiong, Xiu, Li Li e Xiao-qing Zhou. "Numerical Analysis and Optimization Research on Backflow Effect of Cooling Tower". Procedia Engineering 205 (2017): 2003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.073.

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48

Liang, Tao, Chun Ling Meng, Yang Li e Xiu Hua Zhao. "The Rod Force Law Analysis of 600MW Air Cooling Tower". Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (giugno 2014): 1135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.1135.

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Abstract (sommario):

The finite element analysis of large air cooling tower was carried out using ABAQUS. On the basis of strength above,8 types of the axial force are analyzed and summarized, find valuable rules, and put forward the further optimization design. So that it can satisfy the strength and stability of air cooling tower, the structure is more reasonable, reduce weight, reduce the cost.

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Eveloy, Valerie, e Dereje Ayou. "Sustainable District Cooling Systems: Status, Challenges, and Future Opportunities, with Emphasis on Cooling-Dominated Regions". Energies 12, n. 2 (13 gennaio 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020235.

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Abstract (sommario):

A review of current and future district cooling (DC) technologies, operational, economic, and environmental aspects, and analysis and optimization methodologies is presented, focusing on the demands of cooling-dominated regions. Sustainable energy sources (i.e., renewable, waste/excess electricity and heat, natural/artificial cold) and cooling/storage technology options with emphasis on heat-driven refrigeration, and their integrations in published DC design and analysis studies are reviewed. Published DC system analysis, modeling, and optimization methodologies are analyzed in terms of their objectives, scope, sustainability-related criteria, and key findings. The current and future development of DC in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, a major developing cooling-dominated market, is examined more specifically in terms of current and future energy sources and their use, and economic, environmental, and regulatory aspects, with potential technical and non-technical solutions identified to address regional DC sustainability challenges. From the review of published DC design and analysis studies presented, collective research trends in key thematic areas are analyzed, with suggested future research themes proposed towards the sustainability enhancement of DC systems in predominantly hot climates.

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Wang, Jing Gang, Xiao Xia Gao, Bo Liang e Hua Hui Zhou. "The Study of Cooling Water Waste Heat Recovery in Chemical Plant by Heat Pump System". Advanced Materials Research 121-122 (giugno 2010): 986–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.121-122.986.

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A large number of cooling water exists in chemical plant, use water source heat pump and lithium bromide absorption heat pump system to achieve water cooling instead of cooling tower, at the same time, extract heat for building cooling and heating. Respectively introduced the summer cooling system and winter heating system, and a feasibility analysis was carried out. The conclusion is get: water source heat pump system and lithium bromide absorption heat pump system for cooling water waste heat recovery is certain feasibility; the environment optimization can be achieved in chemical plant, at the same time, energy conservation and emission reduction is realized.

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