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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Ore deposits – Finland"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 1 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Ore deposits – Finland"

Riekkola-Vanhanen, Marja. "Talvivaara Sotkamo Mine – Bioleaching of a polymetallic nickel ore in subarctic climate". Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 10, n. 1 (30 agosto 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/nbc.1058.

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The main activity of the Talvivaara Mining Company Plc. is the development and exploitation ofthe Talvivaara deposits in Sotkamo, Finland using bioheapleaching. The Talvivaara deposits comprise one of the largest known sulphide nickel resources in Europe with 1004 million tonnes of ore, sufficient to support anticipated production for a minimum of 45 years. The mine started in late 2008 and will have an annual nickel output of approximately 50,000 tons when it reaches full production. In addition, the mine will also produce zinc (approximately 90,000 tpa), copper (approximately 15,000 tpa) and cobalt (approximately 1,800 tpa) as by-products of the process. The viability of bioheapleaching technology for the extraction of nickel has been demonstrated in a large on-site pilot trial using Talvivaara ore. The three year pilot has shown that the leaching process also works well in the subarctic climatic conditions of Eastern Finland.

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Masloboev, Vladimir, Sergey Seleznev, Anton Svetlov e Dmitriy Makarov. "Hydrometallurgical Processing of Low-Grade Sulfide Ore and Mine Waste in the Arctic Regions: Perspectives and Challenges". Minerals 8, n. 10 (7 ottobre 2018): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8100436.

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The authors describe the opportunities of low-grade sulfide ores and mine waste processing with heap and bacterial leaching methods. By the example of gold and silver ores, we analyzed specific issues and processing technologies for heap leaching intensification in severe climatic conditions. The paper presents perspectives for heap leaching of sulfide and mixed ores from the Udokan (Russia) and Talvivaara (Finland) deposits, as well as technogenic waste dumps, namely, the Allarechensky Deposit Dumps (Russia). The paper also shows the laboratory results of non-ferrous metals leaching from low-grade copper-nickel ores of the Monchepluton area, and from tailings of JSC Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company.

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Kukkonen, I. T., S. Heinonen, P. Heikkinen e P. Sorjonen-Ward. "Delineating ophiolite-derived host rocks of massive sulfide Cu-Co-Zn deposits with 2D high-resolution seismic reflection data in Outokumpu, Finland". GEOPHYSICS 77, n. 5 (1 settembre 2012): WC213—WC222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0029.1.

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Seismic reflection data was applied to a study of the upper crustal structures in the Outokumpu mining and exploration area in eastern Finland. The Cu-Co-Zn sulfide ore deposits of the Outokumpu area are hosted by Palaeoproterozoic ophiolite-derived altered ultrabasic rocks (serpentinite, skarn rock, and quartz rock) and black schist within turbiditic mica schist. Mining in the Outokumpu area has produced a total of 36 Mt of ore from three historical and one active mine. Seismic data comprises 2D vibroseis data surveyed along a network of local roads. The seismic sections provide a comprehensive 3D view of the reflective structures. Acoustic rock properties from downhole logging and synthetic seismograms indicate that the strongly reflective packages shown in the seismic data can be identified as the host-rock environments of the deposits. Reflectors show excellent continuity along the structural grain of the ore belt, which allows correlating reflectors with surface geology, magnetic map, and drilling sections into a broad 3D model of the ore belt. Massive ores have acoustic properties that make them directly detectable with seismic reflection methods assuming the deposit size is sufficient for applied seismic wavelengths. The seismic data revealed numerous interesting high-amplitude reflectors within the interpreted host-rock suites potentially coinciding with sulfides.

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Vanhala, Heikki, e Markku Peltoniemi. "Spectral IP studies of Finnish ore prospects". GEOPHYSICS 57, n. 12 (dicembre 1992): 1545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443222.

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Spectral‐induced polarization (IP) field measurements, both in the frequency domain and in the time domain, were made at six early Proterozoic sulfide, oxide, and graphitic‐gneiss deposits in Finland. Core samples were also measured. The textures of the mineralizations were studied from thin and polished sections. Deposits with large differences in texture, such as graphitic gneiss and coarse‐grained disseminated sulfide, can be separated on the basis of their phasespectra time constants. A good correlation was found between the observed grain size in thin sections and the grain size calculated from the apparent, field‐survey phase spectra in the case of homogeneous, disseminated textures. The measured frequency‐domain phase spectra, and phase spectra calculated from the time‐domain Cole‐Cole parameters are very similar in a comparable frequency band. For both techniques, the phase maximum lies beyond the lowest measured frequency. The possibilities to expand the frequency band to levels low enough to reach the phase maximum seem to be restricted. However, the results indicate that contrasts between spectra from different ore‐texture types also appear at higher frequencies.

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Koivisto, Emilia, Alireza Malehmir, Pekka Heikkinen, Suvi Heinonen e Ilmo Kukkonen. "2D reflection seismic investigations at the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE deposit, northern Finland". GEOPHYSICS 77, n. 5 (1 settembre 2012): WC149—WC162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0496.1.

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In 2007, a 2D reflection seismic survey was conducted at the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE (platinum group elements) deposit in northern Finland. The aims of the survey were to delineate the overall extent of the ore-bearing Kevitsa ultramafic intrusive complex, to study the seismic response of the disseminated ore deposit, to potentially find indications for new ore deposits, and to extract structural information at depth that may be associated with mineralization. In the processing sequence, specific focus was given to finding optimal CDP-line geometries for the crooked-line survey profiles and, due to highly variable bedrock velocities, to detailed velocity analysis. Our conventional processing sequence, involving prestack DMO corrections followed by poststack migration, resulted in high-quality images of the subsurface. First, the data were used to establish the shape and extent of the Kevitsa intrusion, thus providing an overall framework for future exploration in the area. In particular, the data suggest deeper, up to about 1.5 km depth, continuation of the intrusion than previously thought. Furthermore, the images reveal variable reflectivity characteristics within the intrusion from nonreflective to internally reflective. The Kevitsa deposit is located within a part of the intrusion which is associated with distinct, gently dipping reflectivity fabric down to a depth of about 1 km, spatially constrained within a restricted zone internal to the intrusion. This zone can be used as a guideline for the near-mine exploration efforts, and the reflectivity is dominantly associated with magmatic layering controlling the extent of the bulk of economic mineralization. The seismic data also reveal a complex pattern of faults, in particular a series of major fault and shear zones bracketing and crosscutting the Kevitsa intrusion as a whole. Additionally, our interpretation of the data indicates a possible shared origin of the Kevitsa intrusion and the nearby Satovaara intrusion.

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Pomiès, C. "Pb-Pb Dating of Uranium Ore Deposits: Ion Probe Measurements of Fracture Fillings in the Palmottu Granite (Southern Finland)". Mineralogical Magazine 62A, n. 2 (1998): 1200–1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1998.62a.2.293.

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Guzik, Katarzyna, Krzysztof Galos, Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska, Toni Eerola, Pasi Eilu, Jorge Carvalho, Francisco Javier Fernandez-Naranjo, Ronald Arvidsson, Nikolaos Arvanitidis e Agnes Raaness. "Potential Benefits and Constraints of Development of Critical Raw Materials’ Production in the EU: Analysis of Selected Case Studies". Resources 10, n. 7 (28 giugno 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10070067.

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Major benefits and constraints related to mineral extraction within the EU have been identified on the examples of selected critical raw materials’ deposits. Analyzed case studies include the following ore deposits: Myszków Mo-W-Cu (Poland), Juomasuo Au-Co (Finland), S. Pedro das Águias W-Sn (Portugal), Penouta Nb-Ta-Sn (Spain), Norra Kärr REEs (Sweden) and Trælen graphite (Norway). They represent different stages of development, from the early/grassroot exploration stage, through advanced exploration and active mining, up to reopening of abandoned mines, and refer to different problems and constraints related to the possibility of exploitation commencement. The multi-criteria analysis of the cases has included geological and economic factors as well as environmental, land use, social acceptance and infrastructure factors. These factors, in terms of cost and benefit analysis, have been considered at three levels: local, country and EU levels. The analyzed cases indicated the major obstacles that occur in different stages of deposit development and need to be overcome in order to enable a new deposit exploitation commencement. These are environmental (Juomasuo and Myszków), spatial (Juomasuo) as well as social constraints (Norra Kärr, Juomasuo). In the analyzed cases, the most important constraints related to future deposit extraction occur primarily at a local level, while some important benefits are identified mainly at the country and the EU levels. These major benefits are related to securing long-term supplies for the national industries and strategically important EU industry sectors.

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Kinnunen, K. A. "Determination of total contents of fluid inclusions in quartz using modal analysis: Examples from Proterozoic rocks and ore deposits in Finland". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 61, n. 2 (dicembre 1989): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/61.2.005.

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Makkonen, Hannu V., e Pekka Tuisku. "Geology and crystallization conditions of the Särkiniemiintrusion and related nickel-copper ore, central Finland – implications for depth of emplacement of 1.88 Ga nickel-bearing intrusions". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 92, n. 2 (15 dicembre 2020): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/92.2.003.

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Several Ni-Cu deposits occur within the Kotalahti area, central Finland, in proximity to an Archaean gneiss dome surrounded by a Palaeoproterozoic craton-margin supracrustal sequence comprising quartzites, limestones, calc-silicate rocks, black schists and banded diopside amphibolites. The geology of the area and age of the Ni-bearing intrusions (1.88 Ga) are similar to the Thompson Ni belt in the Canadian Trans-Hudson Orogen. The small mafic-ultramafic and Ni-Cu -bearing Särkiniemi intrusion, closely associated with the Archaean basement core of the Kotalahti Dome, is composed of a western peridotite and eastern gabbro body, both of which are mineralized. The eastern gabbro has a contact aureole several meters thick, consisting of orthopyroxene +/- cordierite bearing hornfels between the intrusion and the migmatites. Geochemically, the Särkiniemi intrusion shares many features in common with other Svecofennian mafic-ultramafic intrusions, including crustal contamination and nickel depletion. The related Ni-Cu deposit has a low Ni/Co value (15) and low nickel content in the sulphide fraction (2.8 wt.%), together with a low estimated magma/sulphide ratio of around 170. Svecofennian 1.88 Ga mafic-ultramafic intrusions occur in terrains of variable metamorphic grade (from low-amphibolite to granulite facies) and are likely to represent emplacement at different crustal depths. Multi-equilibrium thermobarometry indicates that the contact aureole at Särkiniemi reached equilibrium at pressures of 4.5–6 kbar (15–20 km depth) and temperatures of 600–670 °C. Combined with the results of earlier research on the Svecofennian intrusions, this study indicates that a depth of 15–20 km crustal level was favourable, along with other critical factors, for nickel sulfide deposition at 1.88 Ga.

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Kalliomäki, Henrik, Thomas Wagner, Tobias Fusswinkel e Dina Schultze. "Textural evolution and trace element chemistry of hydrothermal calcites from Archean gold deposits in the Hattu schist belt, eastern Finland: Indicators of the ore-forming environment". Ore Geology Reviews 112 (settembre 2019): 103006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103006.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Ore deposits – Finland"

Strauss, Toby Anthony Lavery. "The geology of the Proterozoic Haveri Au-Cu deposit, Southern Finland". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015978.

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The Haveri Au-Cu deposit is located in southern Finland about 175 km north of Helsinki. It occurs on the northern edge of the continental island arc-type, volcano-sedimentary Tampere Schist Belt (TSB) within the Palaeoproterozoic Svecofennian Domain (2.0 – 1.75 Ga) of the Fennoscandian Shield. The 1.99 Ga Haveri Formation forms the base of the supracrustal stratigraphy consisting of metavolcanic pillow lavas and breccias passing upwards into intercalated metatuffs and metatuffites. There is a continuous gradation upwards from the predominantly volcaniclastic Haveri Formation into the overlying epiclastic meta-greywackes of the Osara Formation. The Haveri deposit is hosted in this contact zone. This supracrustal sequence has been intruded concordantly by quartz-feldspar porphyries. Approximately 1.89 Ga ago, high crustal heat flow led to the generation and emplacement of voluminous synkinematic, I-type, magnetite-series granitoids of the Central Finland Granitoid Complex (CFGC), resulting in coeval high-T/low-P metamorphism (hornfelsic textures), and D₁ deformation. During the crystallisation and cooling of the granitoids, a magmatic-dominated hydrothermal system caused extensive hydrothermal alteration and Cu-Au mineralisation through the late-D₁ to early-D₂ deformation. Initially, a pre-ore Na-Ca alteration phase caused albitisation of the host rock. This was closely followed by strong Ca-Fe alteration, responsible for widespread amphibolitisation and quartz veining and associated with abundant pyrrhotite, magnetite, chalcopyrite and gold mineralisation. More localised calcic-skarn alteration is also present as zoned garnetpyroxene- epidote skarn assemblages with associated pyrrhotite and minor sphalerite, centred on quartzcalcite± scapolite veinlets. Post-ore alteration includes an evolution to more K-rich alteration (biotitisation). Late D₂-retrograde chlorite began to replace the earlier high-T assemblage. Late emanations (post-D₂ and pre-D₃) from the cooling granitoids, under lower temperatures and oxidising conditions, are represented by carbonate-barite veins and epidote veinlets. Later, narrow dolerite dykes were emplaced followed by a weak D₃ deformation, resulting in shearing and structural reactivation along the carbonate-barite bands. This phase was accompanied by pyrite deposition. Both sulphides and oxides are common at Haveri, with ore types varying from massive sulphide and/or magnetite, to networks of veinlets and disseminations of oxides and/or sulphides. Cataclastites, consisting of deformed, brecciated bands of sulphide, with rounded and angular clasts of quartz vein material and altered host-rock are an economically important ore type. Ore minerals are principally pyrrhotite, magnetite and chalcopyrite with lesser amounts of pyrite, molybdenite and sphalerite. There is a general progression from early magnetite, through pyrrhotite to pyrite indicating increasing sulphidation with time. Gold is typically found as free gold within quartz veins and within intense zones of amphibolitisation. Considerable gold is also found in the cataclastite ore type either as invisible gold within the sulphides and/or as free gold within the breccia fragments. The unaltered amphibolites of the Haveri Formation can be classified as medium-K basalts of the tholeiitic trend. Trace and REE support an interpretation of formation in a back-arc basin setting. The unaltered porphyritic rocks are calc-alkaline dacites, and are interpreted, along with the granitoids as having an arc-type origin. This is consistent with the evolution from an initial back-arc basin, through a period of passive margin and/or fore-arc deposition represented by the Osara Formation greywackes and the basal stratigraphy of the TSB, prior to the onset of arc-related volcanic activity characteristic of the TSB and the Svecofennian proper. Using a combination of petrogenetic grids, mineral compositions (garnet-biotite and hornblendeplagioclase thermometers) and oxygen isotope thermometry, peak metamorphism can be constrained to a maximum of approximately 600 °C and 1.5 kbars pressure. Furthermore, the petrogenetic grids indicate that the REDOX conditions can be constrained at 600°C to log f(O₂) values of approximately - 21.0 to -26.0 and -14.5 to -17.5 for the metasedimentary rocks and mafic metavolcanic rocks respectively, thus indicating the presence of a significant REDOX boundary. Amphibole compositions from the Ca-Fe alteration phase (amphibolitisation) indicate iron enrichment with increasing alteration corresponding to higher temperatures of formation. Oxygen isotope studies combined with limited fluid inclusion studies indicate that the Ca-Fe alteration and associated quartz veins formed at high temperatures (530 – 610°C) from low CO₂, low- to moderately saline (<10 eq. wt% NaCl), magmatic-dominated fluids. Fluid inclusion decrepitation textures in the quartz veins suggest isobaric decompression. This is compatible with formation in high-T/low-P environments such as contact aureoles and island arcs. The calcic-skarn assemblage, combined with phase equilibria and sphalerite geothermometry, are indicative of formation at high temperatures (500 – 600 °C) from fluids with higher CO₂ contents and more saline compositions than those responsible for the Fe-Ca alteration. Limited fluid inclusion studies have identified hypersaline inclusions in secondary inclusion trails within quartz. The presence of calcite and scapolite also support formation from CO₂-rich saline fluids. It is suggested that the calcic-skarn alteration and the amphibolitisation evolved from the same fluids, and that P-T changes led to fluid unmixing resulting in two fluid types responsible for the observed alteration variations. Chlorite geothermometry on retrograde chlorite indicates temperatures of 309 – 368 °C. As chlorite represents the latest hydrothermal event, this can be taken as a lower temperature limit for hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation at Haveri.The gold mineralisation at Haveri is related primarily to the Ca-Fe alteration. Under such P-T-X conditions gold was transported as chloride complexes. Ore was localised by a combination of structural controls (shears and folds) and REDOX reactions along the boundary between the oxidised metavolcanics and the reduced metasediments. In addition, fluid unmixing caused an increase in pH, and thus further augmented the precipitation of Cu and Au. During the late D₂-event, temperatures fell below 400 °C, and fluids may have remobilised Au and Cu as bisulphide complexes into the shearcontrolled cataclastites and massive sulphides. The Haveri deposit has many similarities with ore deposit models that include orogenic lode-gold deposits, certain Au-skarn deposits and Fe-oxide Cu-Au deposits. However, many characteristics of the Haveri deposit, including tectonic setting, host lithologies, alteration types, proximity to I-type granitoids and P-T-X conditions of formation, compare favourably with other Early Proterozoic deposits within the TSB and Fennoscandia, as well as many of the deposits in the Cloncurry district of Australia. Consequently, the Haveri deposit can be seen to represent a high-T, Ca-rich member of the recently recognised Fe-oxide Cu-Au group of deposits.

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Korkalo, T. (Tuomo). "Gold and copper deposits in Central Lapland, Northern Finland, with special reference to their exploration and exploitation". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2006. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:951428108X.

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Abstract At least 30 gold deposits verified by means of one or more notable diamond drill hole results have been discovered in Central Lapland in the last 20 years, and these can be divided spatially into groups, between which the metal composition varies. The deposits contain varying amounts of sulphides and sulpharsenides as well as gold. Pyrite is the most common sulphide mineral in the gold deposits associated with volcanic rocks, and usually pyrrhotite in those associated with sedimentary rocks. The principal sulphide minerals in those connected with banded iron formations are pyrite and arsenopyrite. A separate group of formations consists of the palaeoplacer gold deposits associated with the molasse-like quartzites and conglomerates of Central Lapland. The iron oxide-copper-gold deposits of Central Lapland, which are a significant potential source of copper and gold, are mostly associated with skarn rocks at the eastern contact of the acidic intrusive rocks of Western Lapland and with skarn rocks occurring as interlayers in metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. The gold deposits that have led to actual mining activities in Central Lapland are Saattopora in Kittilä and Pahtavaara in Sodankylä. Apart from the Laurinoja iron oxide-copper-gold ore body in Kolari, copper concentrate has been produced from the Saattopora gold ore deposit and the Pahtavuoma copper ore deposit. Only one gold ore in Central Lapland is being actively exploited at present, that of the Pahtavaara mine, which was worked in 1995–2000 and reopened in 2003. The best starting point for successful gold ore exploration in Central Lapland can be achieved through a thorough knowledge of the deformation zones and their structures and alteration processes and the application of geochemical methods. Magnetic surveys can be of help in identifying and locating deformation zones of interest for exploration purposes and the majority of the associated shear zones and faults. Ore-critical zones usually feature graphite-bearing schists and iron sulphide-bearing sequences that can be traced by electrical methods and used as marker zones to verify the results of geological mapping. Geological, geophysical and geochemical techniques have been used in great diversity, and in particular till geochemistry and bedrock drilling have been methods by which the gold and copper deposits in Central Lapland have been discovered. A total of 7.6 million tonnes of gold and copper ores, including the Laurinoja iron oxide-copper-gold ore, were extracted in Central Lapland over the period 1982–2000. The resulting production of gold during this period was 10 800 kg, together with 21 000 tonnes of copper in concentrates and 4500 kg of silver. The gold and copper ores have been concentrated by gravity separation and/or flotation, since the ores so far taken into production has been of the free milling type. However, a substantial proportion of the deposits in the area contain copper, nickel, cobalt and arsenic as well, in the form of sulphides or sulpharsenides, so that the achievement of commercially saleable products calls for the use of different leaching processes. Deposits have also been found in Central Lapland that have consisted partly or entirely of refractory gold ore in which gold is lying in the crystal lattice of pyrite and/or arsenopyrite, the processing of which by the above-mentioned methods is not economic, as it requires pre-treatment by bio-oxidation or pressure oxidation in order to convert the gold to a cyanide-soluble form.

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Libri sul tema "Ore deposits – Finland"

Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits. Meeting. Research and exploration, where do they meet?: 4th Biennial SGA Meeting, August 11-13, Turku, Finland : excursion guidebook. Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland, 1997.

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Saltikoff, Boris. Metallogenic zones and metallic mineral deposits in Finland: Explanation to the Metallogenic map of Finland [2002, 1:1,000,000]. Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland, 2006.

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Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits. Meeting. Mineral deposits : research and exploration, where do they meet?: Proceedings of the Fourth Biennial SGA Meeting, Turku, Finland, 11-13 August, 1997. Rotterdam ; Brookfield, VT: A.A. Balkema, 1997.

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Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits. Meeting. Mineral deposits: Research and exploration, where do the meet? : proceedings of the Fourth Biennial SGA Meeting, Turku/Finland/11-13 August 1997. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema, 1997.

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Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits. Meeting. Mineral deposits: Research and exploration, where do they meet? : proceedings of the 4th Biennial SGA Meeting, Turku, Finland, 11-13 August 1997. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1997.

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O'Brien, Hugh, Wolfgang D. Maier e Raimo Lahtinen. Mineral Deposits of Finland. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2015.

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Proterozoic mineral deposits in central Finland. Uppsala: Sveriges geologiska undersökning, 1986.

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Mineral deposits of southwestern Finland and the Bergslagen Province, Sweden. Uppsala: Sveriges geologiska undersökning, 1986.

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A, Nurmi Pekka, e Sorjonen-Ward Peter, a cura di. Geological development, gold mineralization and exploration methods in the late Archean Hattu schist belt, Ilomantsi, eastern Finland. Espoo: Geologian tutkimuskeskus, 1993.

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Gabor, Gaál, Gorbatschev Roland, International Geological Correlation Programme. Project 217, Proterozoic Geochemistry., International Geological Correlation Programme. Project 247, Precambrian Ore Deposits and Tectonics. e International Field Conference on the "Tectonic Setting of Proterozoic Volcanism and Associated Ore Deposits" (1988 : Sweden and Finland), a cura di. Tectonic setting of Proterozoic volcanism and associated ore deposits: IGCP Field Conference in Sweden and Finland, 15-21 August, 1988. Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland, 1988.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Ore deposits – Finland"

Haapala, I., e H. Papunen. "A History of Exploration for and Discovery of Finland’s Ore Deposits". In Mineral Deposits of Finland, 1–38. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-410438-9.00001-7.

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Zalasiewicz, Jan, e Mark Williams. "Into the Icehouse". In The Goldilocks Planet. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199593576.003.0013.

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The frozen lands of the north are an unforgiving place for humans to live. The Inuit view of the cosmos is that it is ruled by no one, with no gods to create wind and sun and ice, or to provide punishment or forgiveness, or to act as Earth Mother or Father. Amid those harsh landscapes, belief is superfluous, and only fear can be relied on as a guide. How could such a world begin, and end? In Nordic mythology, in ancient times there used to be a yet greater kingdom of ice, ruled by the ice giant, Ymir Aurgelmir. To make a world fit for humans, Ymir was killed by three brothers—Odin, Vilje, and Ve. The blood of the dying giant drowned his own children, and formed the seas, while the body of the dead giant became the land. To keep out other ice giants that yet lived in the far north, Odin and his brothers made a wall out of Ymir’s eyebrows. One may see, fancifully, those eyebrows still, in the form of the massive, curved lines of morainic hills that run across Sweden and Finland. We now have a popular image of Ymir’s domain—the past ‘Ice Age’—as snowy landscapes of a recent past, populated by mammoths and woolly rhinos and fur-clad humans (who would have been beginning to create such legends to explain the precarious world on which they lived). This image, as we have seen, represents a peculiarly northern perspective. The current ice age is geologically ancient, for the bulk of the world’s land-ice had already grown to cover almost all Antarctica, more than thirty million years ago. Nevertheless, a mere two and a half million years ago, there was a significant transition in Earth history—an intensification of the Earth’s icehouse state that spread more or less permanent ice widely across the northern polar regions of the world. This intensification— via those fiendishly complex teleconnections that characterize the Earth system—changed the face of the entire globe. The changes can be detected in the sedimentary strata that were then being deposited around the world.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Ore deposits – Finland"

Markovaara-Koivisto, Mira, David Read, Antero Lindberg, Marja Siitari-kauppi e Nuria Marcos. "Uranium Mineralogy at the Askola Ore Deposit, Southern Finland". In 2008 MRS Fall Meetin. Materials Research Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1124-q10-02.

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Yrjas, Patrik, Bengt-Johan Skrifvars, Mikko Hupa, Juha Roppo, Marko Nylund e Pasi Vainikka. "Chlorine in Deposits During Co-Firing of Biomass, Peat, and Coal in a Full-Scale CFBC Boiler". In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78097.

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Co-combustion of coal with biomass or firing biomass alone is increasingly used as a first step to meet the Finnish commitments under the Kyoto agreement. Fluidized bed combustors are commonly used when co-firing, however, even if FBC’s have a wide tolerance for different fuel qualities, co-combustion of biomass or firing biomass alone may lead to unwanted ash-related problems. A deposit measurement campaign was done, at the 550 MWth biofuelled CFB in Jakobstad, Finland. During the campaign a total of 16 different fuel blends were burned. The deposits were sampled with air-cooled probes with detachable rings. The deposits were sampled at two different locations, one where the flue gas temperature was about 730°C (probe surface temp. 540°C) and the second where the flue gas temperature was about 530°C (probe surface temp. 350°C). From every deposit sample three elemental analyses were done — one from the wind side, one from the lee side, and one from an angle of about 50° from the wind side. The analyses were done with a SEM/EDX analyzer. The fuels used during the measurement campaigns were sampled and analyzed. In addition to proximate and ultimate fuel analysis so called fuel fractionation was applied. The fractionation method is based on selective leaching by water, ammonium acetate, and hydrochloric acid, consecutively. After each leaching step the solutions are analyzed for the most important elements. The method can be used to determine how the elements are bound in the fuel and how they may behave during combustion. The analysis results from the measurement campaign and from the advanced fuel analysis were combined and are reported in this paper, with emphasis on the fate of chlorine.

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Sergeev, Alexander, Alexander Sergeev, Дарья Рябчук, Daria Ryabchuk, Vladimir Zhamoida, Vladimir Zhamoida, Igor Leont’ev e Igor Leont’ev. "APPLICATION OF ONSHORE LASER SCANNING DATA FOR MATHEMATIC MODELING OF COASTAL PROFILE CHANGES". In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b431655d90e.

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The easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland is characterized by intense coastal processes where erosion dominates. Onshore laser scanning of a beach surface of three coastal zone segments of the Kurortny District, St. Petersburg was carried out during the process of realisation of the CliPLivE project and coastal monitoring investigated by VSEGEI and “Mineral” company. One of the goals of the CliPLivE project was a prediction of coastal evolution by 2100 year based on retrospective analysis of the last century remote sensing data. The average annual range of coastal transformation was used for the mathematic modelling of beach profile changes. The model takes into account changes of sea level and possible increase of storm events occurrence. The onshore laser scanning was carried out each summer since 2012. After series of storms in 2015 the repeated scanning was carried out in December. It gave an opportunity to calculate volume and area of redeposited sand during the last storm that shows that a part or almost all sand material from eroded foredune was deposited in a middle part of the beach. This material forms an onshore sand bar in front of a new formed erosion escarpment. The comparison of the beach relief elevation models of 2012 and 2015 shows that another part of sand (up to 30-40% of volume of all mobilized beach sand) was washed out from the beach to offshore. The data of onshore laser scanning confirmed that the mathematical model of prediction coastal changes works.

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Niemi, Seppo, Jukka Kiijärvi, Mika Laurén e Erkki Hiltunen. "Injection Pressures of a Bio-Oil Driven Non-Road Diesel Engine: Experiments and Simulations". In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82710.

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The depletion of global crude oil reserves, increases in fossil fuel prices and environmental issues have encouraged the search for and study of bio-derived fuels. For years, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) have already been used successfully. High-quality hydrogenated vegetable oil and Fischer-Tropsch biofuels have also been developed. Fuel refining processes, however, consume energy increasing CO2 emissions. For profitability reasons, large-scale industrial production is also required. Several distributed energy producers are instead willing to utilize various local waste materials as fuel feedstock. The target is local fuel production without any complicated manufacturing processes. Crude bio-oils are therefore also interesting fuel options, in particular for medium-speed diesel engines capable of burning such bio-oils without any major problems. Nevertheless, waste-derived crude bio-oils have also been studied in Finland in high-speed non-road diesel engines. One option has been mustard seed oil (MSO). Mustard has been cultivated in fallow fields. Non-food mustard seeds have been used for fuel manufacturing. In the performed studies with MSO, the exhaust smoke and HC emissions decreased, NOx remained approximately constant, and the thermal efficiency was competitive compared with operation on ordinary diesel fuel oil (DFO). The number of exhaust particles tended, however, to increase and deposits were formed in the combustion chamber, particularly if the engine was also run at low loads with MSO. On the whole, the results were so promising that deeper analyses of engine operation with MSO were considered reasonable. The kinematic viscosity of crude bio-oils is much higher than that of FAMEs or DFO. Consequently, the injection pressure tends to increase especially at the injection pump side of an in-line injection pump system. The flow characteristics of crude bio-oil also differ from those of DFO in the high-pressure pipe. With bio-oil, the flow seems to be laminar. The bulk modulus of bio-oils is also different from that of DFO affecting the rate of the injection pressure rise. In the present study, a turbocharged, inter-cooled direct-injection non-road diesel engine was driven with a mixture of MSO (95%) and rape seed methyl ester (RME, 5%), and standard DFO. The engine was equipped with an in-line injection pump. First, the injection pressures at pump and injector ends of the high-pressure injection pipe were measured for both fuels as a function of crank angle. Furthermore, a model was created for the injection system based on the method of characteristics. Free software called Scilab was adopted for numerical simulation of the model. Despite a few limitations in the built model, the results showed clear trends and the model can be used to predict changes in the fuel injection process when the fuel is changed.

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