Articoli di riviste: "Participatory Risk Assessment"

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van Riet, Gideon, e Dewald van Niekerk. "Capacity development for participatory disaster risk assessment". Environmental Hazards 11, n. 3 (settembre 2012): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2012.688793.

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de Vos, P. "Participatory photographic risk assessment for child injury prevention". Injury Prevention 16, Supplement 1 (1 settembre 2010): A287—A288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029215.1031.

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de Vos, P. "Participatory photographic risk assessment for child injury prevention". Injury Prevention 16, Supplement 1 (1 settembre 2010): A113—A114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029215.408.

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Abuhasirah, Mohammad, e Isam Shahrour. "Risks assessment of urban participatory governance implementation". MATEC Web of Conferences 281 (2019): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928103006.

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Participatory governance designates a set of regulations and processes that reinforces the participation of citizens and civil society in public process. It has an obvious role in the reinforcement of social capital, capacity building and social capital. It constitutes also a major pillar of the Smart City. Today, the implementation of the participatory governance becomes a “must”: the absence of this governance presents high social and economic risks. On the other side, the implementation of this governance is complex and involves social and economic risks. This paper discusses these risks in order to help citizens and authorities to include risk assessment in the implementation of the participatory governance to reduce risks related to its implementation.

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Flower, Benjamin, Matt Fortnam, Leakhana Kol, Piotr Sasin e Rachel Godfrey Wood. "Using participatory methods to uncover interacting urban risks: a case study of three informal settlements in Phnom Penh, Cambodia". Environment and Urbanization 30, n. 1 (30 novembre 2017): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247817735481.

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The residents of informal settlements face a diverse range of urban risks, from climate and economic shocks to local pollution and the threat of eviction. This article explores these risks by conducting Participatory Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Assessments (PHVCA) in three informal settlements in the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh. The assessment uncovers a variety of risks, which interact with each other and local vulnerabilities to produce complex risk profiles for residents. In this way, we highlight the importance of a holistic assessment of urban risk rather than focusing on single risks or specific sectors. The participatory approach also reveals household and community-level processes through which risks are experienced, negotiated and in some cases addressed, providing valuable insights into the ways vulnerable urban populations can be best supported.

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Morchain, Daniel, Dian Spear, Gina Ziervogel, Hillary Masundire, Margaret N. Angula, Julia Davies, Chandapiwa Molefe e Salma Hegga. "Building transformative capacity in southern Africa: Surfacing knowledge and challenging structures through participatory Vulnerability and Risk Assessments". Action Research 17, n. 1 (marzo 2019): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476750319829205.

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Although participatory approaches are becoming more widespread, to date vulnerability assessments have largely been conducted by technocrats and have paid little attention to underlying causes of vulnerability, such as inequality and biased governance systems. Participatory assessments that recognise the social roots of vulnerability, however, are critical in helping individuals and institutions rethink their understanding of and responses to climate change impacts. This paper interrogates the contribution of Oxfam’s Vulnerability and Risk Assessment methodology to enabling transformation at both personal and institutional levels. Three Vulnerability and Risk Assessment exercises were conducted in Malawi, Botswana and Namibia by one or more of the authors in 2015 and 2016. Reflecting on these workshops, we explore the contribution that a process like the Vulnerability and Risk Assessment may bring to transformation. We conclude that these types of inclusive and representative participatory approaches can shift narratives and power dynamics, allow marginal voices to be heard, build cross–scalar relationships and enable the co-creation of solutions. Such approaches can play a key role in moving towards transformational thinking and action, especially in relation to climate change adaptation.

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Lasage, R., T. I. E. Veldkamp, H. de Moel, T. C. Van, H. L. Phi, P. Vellinga e J. C. J. H. Aerts. "Assessment of the effectiveness of participatory developed adaptation strategies for HCMC". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, n. 1 (17 gennaio 2014): 385–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-385-2014.

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Abstract. Coastal cities are vulnerable to flooding, and flood risk to coastal cities will increase due to sea-level rise. Moreover, especially Asian cities are subject to considerable population growth and associated urban developments, increasing this risk even more. Empirical data on vulnerability and the cost and benefits of flood risk reducing measures are therefore paramount for sustainable development of these cities. This paper presents an approach to explore the impacts of sea level rise and socio-economic developments on flood risk for the flood prone District 4 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and to develop and evaluate the effects of different adaptation strategies (new levees, dry- and wet flood proofing of buildings). A flood damage model was developed to simulate current and future flood risk using the results from a household survey to establish stage-damage curves for residential buildings. the model has been used to assess the effects of several participatory developed adaptation strategies to reduce flood risk, expressed in Expected Annual Damage (EAD). Adaptation strategies were evaluated assuming combinations of both sea level scenarios and land use scenarios. Together with information on costs of these strategies, we calculated the benefit-cost ratio and net present value for the adaptation strategies until 2100, taking into account depreciation rates of 2.5% and 5%. The results of this modeling study indicate that the current flood risk in District 4 is 0.31 million USD yr–1, increasing up to 0.78 million USD yr–1 in 2100. The net present value and benefit-cost ratios using a discount rate of 5% range from USD −107 to −1.5 million, and from 0.086 to 0.796 for the different strategies. Using a discount rate of 2.5% leads to an increase in both net present value and benefit cost ratio. The adaptation strategies wet proofing and dry proofing generate the best results using these economic indicators. The information on different strategies will be used by the government of Ho Chi Minh City for selecting a new flood protection strategy. Future research should focus on gathering empirical data right after a flood on the occurring damage, as this appears to be the most uncertain factor in the risk assessment.

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Shortz, Ashley, Ranjana Mehta, S. Peres, Mark Benden e Qi Zheng. "Development of the Fatigue Risk Assessment and Management in High-Risk Environments (FRAME) Survey: A Participatory Approach". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n. 4 (13 febbraio 2019): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040522.

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Existing risk assessment tools are not effective or sustainable in identifying Oil and Gas Extraction (OGE) workers at high risk of fatigue-related injuries or incidents. We developed a comprehensive Fatigue Risk Assessment and Management in high-risk Environments (FRAME) survey through an industry-academic participatory approach. The FRAME survey was developed through: (1) systematic gathering of existing fatigue scales; (2) refining the inventory using the Delphi Consensus technique; and (3) further refinement through employee/worker focus groups. The participatory approach resulted in a final FRAME survey across four fatigue dimensions—sleep, shiftwork, physical, and mental fatigue, and was composed of 26 items. The FRAME survey was founded on occupational fatigue science and refined and tailored to the OGE industry, through rigorous industry stakeholder input, for safer, effective, practical, and sustainable fatigue assessment and management efforts.

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Mairiaux, Ph, e C. Vandoorne. "A Simple Risk Assessment Tool for use in Ergonomics Participatory Processes". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, n. 31 (luglio 2000): 5–736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004403131.

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Meyer, Michelle Annette, Marccus Hendricks, Galen D. Newman, Jaimie Hicks Masterson, John T. Cooper, Garett Sansom, Nasir Gharaibeh et al. "Participatory action research: tools for disaster resilience education". International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 9, n. 4/5 (28 settembre 2018): 402–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-02-2017-0015.

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Purpose Participatory action research can improve scientific knowledge and community capacity to address disaster resilience and environmental justice. Evidence from the literature suggests that resident participation enhances assessment of environmental risks, raises awareness and empowers residents to fight for equitable distribution of hazard and climate risk adaptations. Yet, risk assessment and urban planning processes still frequently operate within expertise-driven groups without significant community engagement. Such fragmentation results in part from a lack of appreciation for community expertise in built environment adaptations and educational tools to support resident involvement in the often technical built environment planning processes. Design/methodology/approach A participatory research and place-based education project was developed that enhanced co-learning between residents and researchers while collecting and analyzing local data on flood resilience in the built environment. Five research activities constitute the curriculum of resilience education on stormwater infrastructure: establishment of partnership agreement/memorandum of understanding, participatory GIS to identify flooding issues, water quality testing and health survey, stormwater infrastructure assessment and urban/landscape design. Partners included high school and college students, residents and environmental justice organizations. Findings Outcomes include a stakeholder-approved infrastructure assessment smartphone application, neighborhood maps of drainage issues, a report of water containments and neighborhood-scaled green infrastructure provisions and growth plans. Findings indicate that participatory research positively contributed to resilience knowledge of participants. Originality/value This paper outlines an interdisciplinary pedagogical strategy for resilience planning that engages residents to assess and monitor the performance of stormwater infrastructure and create resilience plans. The paper also discusses challenges and opportunities for similar participatory projects.

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Nouman, Muhammad, Karim Ullah e Shafiullah Jan. "Variants of Participatory Financing for Risk Assessment and Mitigation in Islamic Banking". Business & Economic Review 11, n. 4 (10 dicembre 2019): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22547/ber/11.4.1.

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Pelling, Mark. "Learning from others: the scope and challenges for participatory disaster risk assessment". Disasters 31, n. 4 (10 ottobre 2007): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.01014.x.

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Wyrwoll, Paul R., R. Quentin Grafton, Katherine A. Daniell, Hoang Long Chu, Claudia Ringler, Le Thi Ha Lien, Dang Kim Khoi, Thang Nam Do e Nguyen Do Anh Tuan. "Decision-Making for Systemic Water Risks: Insights From a Participatory Risk Assessment Process in Vietnam". Earth's Future 6, n. 3 (marzo 2018): 543–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017ef000777.

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Matthews, Russell A., Jessica A. Gallus e Robert A. Henning. "Participatory ergonomics: Development of an employee assessment questionnaire". Accident Analysis & Prevention 43, n. 1 (gennaio 2011): 360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.09.004.

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Grace, Delia, Tom Randolph, Janice Olawoye, Morenike Dipelou e Erastus Kang'ethe. "Participatory risk assessment: a new approach for safer food in vulnerable African communities". Development in Practice 18, n. 4-5 (agosto 2008): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520802181731.

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Carrivick, Philip J. W., Andy H. Lee e Kelvin K. W. Yau. "Effectiveness of a Participatory Workplace Risk Assessment Team in Reducing the Risk and Severity of Musculoskeletal Injury". Journal of Occupational Health 44, n. 4 (luglio 2002): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.44.221.

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Seghezzo, L., M. L. Gatto D'Andrea, M. A. Iribarnegaray, V. I. Liberal, A. Fleitas e J. L. Bonifacio. "Improved risk assessment and risk reduction strategies in the Water Safety Plan (WSP) of Salta, Argentina". Water Supply 13, n. 4 (1 agosto 2013): 1080–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.087.

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The Water Safety Plan (WSP) for the city of Salta (Argentina) is presented and discussed. To develop this WSP, we used an adapted version of the methodology proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The new method included a preliminary weighting procedure to assess the relative importance of different parts of the system, and a more systematic estimation of the magnitude of control measures. These modifications allowed the definition of a variety of risk reduction strategies. The risk assessment step was performed during participatory workshops with members of the local water company. The Initial Risk for the entire system was 30.2%, with variations among processes, subprocesses and components. More than 60% of the hazardous situations identified require control measures to reduce the risk below an acceptable threshold. If all control measures were successfully implemented, the Final Risk could be lowered to 17.7%. Methodological changes introduced allowed a more detailed analysis of the risks and can be an important improvement of the assessment procedure.

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Asare-Kyei, Daniel K., Julia Kloos e Fabrice G. Renaud. "Multi-scale participatory indicator development approaches for climate change risk assessment in West Africa". International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 11 (marzo 2015): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.11.001.

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van Aalst, Maarten K., Terry Cannon e Ian Burton. "Community level adaptation to climate change: The potential role of participatory community risk assessment". Global Environmental Change 18, n. 1 (febbraio 2008): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.06.002.

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Faisal, Md, Milton Kumar Saha, Md Abdus Sattar, A. K. M. Abdul Ahad Biswas e Md Afjal Hossain. "Evaluation of climate induced hazards risk for coastal Bangladesh: a participatory approach-based assessment". Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 12, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2021): 2477–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2021.1967203.

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Suwanbamrung, Charuai, Cua Ngoc Le, Supreecha Kaewsawat, Nirachon Chutipattana, Patthanasak Khammaneechan, Supaporn Thongchan, Orratai Nontapet et al. "Developing Risk Assessment Criteria and Predicting High- and Low-Dengue Risk Villages for Strengthening Dengue Prevention Activities: Community Participatory Action Research, Thailand". Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 12 (gennaio 2021): 215013272110132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501327211013298.

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Background: Risk assessment criteria for predicting dengue outbreak must be appropriated at village levels. We aimed to develop risk dengue village prediction criteria, predict village dengue risk, and strengthen dengue prevention based on community participation. Methods: This participatory research conducted in Southern Thailand included the following 5 phases: (i) preparing communities in 3 districts; (ii) developing risk dengue village prediction criteria; (iii) applying computer program; (iv) predicting village dengue risk with 75 public health providers in 39 PCUs; and (v) utilizing findings to strengthen dengue prevention activities in 220 villages. Data collecting for prediction used secondary data from primary care units in the past 5 year and current year. Descriptive statistics used calculating criteria and comparing with standard level to adjust score of risk. Results: Risk dengue village assessment criteria had 2 aspects: dengue severity (3 factors) and dengue outbreak opportunity (3 factors). Total scores were 33 points and cut-off of 17 points for high and low dengue risks villages. All criteria were applied using computer program ( http://surat.denguelim.com ). Risk prediction involved stakeholder participation in 220 villages, and used for strengthening dengue prevention activities. The concept of integrated vector management included larval indices surveillance system, garbage management, larval indices level lower than the standard, community capacity activities for dengue prevention, and school-based dengue prevention. The risk prediction criteria and process mobilized villages for dengue prevention activities to decrease morbidity rate. Conclusion: Dengue risk assessment criteria were appropriated within the village, with its smallest unit, the household, included. The data can be utilized at village levels for evaluating dengue outbreak risks.

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Haque, Anika Nasra, Stelios Grafakos e Marijk Huijsman. "Participatory integrated assessment of flood protection measures for climate adaptation in Dhaka". Environment and Urbanization 24, n. 1 (aprile 2012): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247811433538.

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Dhaka is one of the largest megacities in the world and its population is growing rapidly. Due to its location on a deltaic plain, the city is extremely prone to detrimental flooding, and risks associated with this are expected to increase further in the coming years due to global climate change impacts as well as the high rate of urbanization the city is facing. The lowest-lying part of Dhaka, namely Dhaka East, is facing the most severe risk of flooding. Traditionally, excess water in this part of the city was efficiently stored in water ponds and gradually drained into rivers through connected canals. However, the alarming increase in Dhaka’s population is causing encroachment of these water retention areas because of land scarcity. The city’s natural drainage is not functioning well and the area is still not protected from flooding, which causes major threats to its inhabitants. This situation increases the urgency to adapt effectively to current flooding caused by climate variability and also to the impacts of future climate change. Although the government is planning several adaptive measures to protect the area from floods, a systematic framework to analyze and assess them is lacking. The objective of this paper is to develop an integrated framework for the assessment and prioritization of various (current and potential) adaptation measures aimed at protecting vulnerable areas from flooding. The study identifies, analyzes, assesses and prioritizes adaptive initiatives and measures to address flood risks in the eastern fringe area, and the adaptation assessment is conducted within the framework of multi-criteria analysis (MCA) methodology. MCA facilitates the participation of stakeholders and hence allows normative judgements, while incorporating technical expertise in the adaptation assessment. Based on the assessment, adaptive measures are prioritized to indicate which actions should be implemented first. Such a participatory integrated assessment of adaptation options is currently lacking in the decision-making process in the city of Dhaka and could greatly help reach informed and structured decisions in the development of adaptation strategies for flood protection.

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Aguirre-Ayerbe, Ignacio, Jara Martínez Sánchez, Íñigo Aniel-Quiroga, Pino González-Riancho, María Merino, Sultan Al-Yahyai, Mauricio González e Raúl Medina. "From tsunami risk assessment to disaster risk reduction – the case of Oman". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, n. 8 (24 agosto 2018): 2241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2241-2018.

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Abstract. Oman is located in an area of high seismicity, facing the Makran Subduction Zone, which is the major source of earthquakes in the eastern border of the Arabian plate. These earthquakes, as evidenced by several past events, may trigger a tsunami event. The aim of this work is to minimize the consequences that tsunami events may cause in coastal communities by integrating tsunami risk assessment and risk reduction measures as part of the risk-management preparedness strategy. An integrated risk assessment approach and the analysis of site-specific conditions permitted to propose target-oriented risk reduction measures. The process included a participatory approach, involving a panel of local stakeholders and international experts. One of the main concerns of this work was to obtain a useful outcome for the actual improvement of tsunami risk management in Oman. This goal was achieved through the development of comprehensive and functional management tools such as the Tsunami Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Atlas and the Risk Reduction Measures Handbook, which will help to design and plan a roadmap towards risk reduction. The integrated tsunami risk assessment performed showed that the northern area of Oman would be the most affected, considering both the hazard and vulnerability components. This area also concentrates nearly 50 % of the hot spots identified throughout the country, 70 % of them are located in areas with a very high risk class, in which risk reduction measures were selected and prioritized.

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Greiving, Stefan, Mark Fleischhauer, Christian D. León, Leonie Schödl, Gisela Wachinger, Iris Katherine Quintana Miralles e Benjamín Prado Larraín. "Participatory Assessment of Multi Risks in Urban Regions—The Case of Critical Infrastructures in Metropolitan Lima". Sustainability 13, n. 5 (5 marzo 2021): 2813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052813.

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This paper aims to provide a comprehensive picture of risk governance and conceptualize an approach to dealing with multi-risks in the Metropolitan Region of Lima, Peru. We argue that the impacts of extreme events are not solely determined by a given place-based vulnerability and risk profile but are considerably influenced by cascading effects caused by service disruptions of critical infrastructures, which may even take place outside the exposed areas. This paper tests a new conceptual framework for assessing criticality and provides an evidence basis for effective risk governance of critical infrastructures in urban regions. The findings are based on a multi-method approach which includes participatory activities. The overall results show that the electricity sector is the sector with the highest systemic criticality, followed by IT and emergency response. These results help to identify gaps in actors’ awareness of interdependencies and show the general criticalities of infrastructures with regard to both physical and actor-related factors. A better understanding of the given interconnection between sectors, but also of specific system elements, is an indispensable prerequisite for resilience building. Furthermore, the analysis underlines specific cooperation and communication needs between different stakeholders but also indicates the requirement for a prioritization of sectors in contingency plans and spatial planning.

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Shee, Apurba, Calum G. Turvey e Joshua Woodard. "A field study for assessing risk-contingent credit for Kenyan pastoralists and dairy farmers". Agricultural Finance Review 75, n. 3 (7 settembre 2015): 330–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-07-2015-0030.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the feasibility of risk-contingent credit (RCC) by presenting an experimental and participatory game designed to explain the concept of RCC to Kenyan pastoralists and dairy farmers. The paper investigates the uptake potential of RCC through qualitative assessment of field experiments and focus groups. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a method of community engagement through a participatory game played in a series of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The paper also presents theoretical justification of RCC in credit market structure. Findings – The game effectively explains the concept and mechanism of RCC by reflecting local situation and production potential. Participatory exercises within focus group discussions indicate that there exists a strong interest and support for RCC. Research limitations/implications – The methodology described in this paper can be used in extension programs for promoting innovative rural microcredit in developing countries but should be modified according to the local production and associated weather and market risks. Originality/value – Micro-insurance and credit program delivery can be improved by the innovative approach of community engagement for explaining financial products.

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Volenzo, Tom, e John Odiyo. "Ecological Public Health and Participatory Planning and Assessment Dilemmas: The Case of Water Resources Management". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, n. 8 (2 agosto 2018): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081635.

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Water is a key driver for socio-economic development, livelihoods and ecosystem integrity. This is reflected in the emergence of unified paradigms such as Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) and the weight accorded to it in the Sustainable Development Goals agenda. This paper interrogated the effectiveness of existing participatory planning and assessment models adapted from IWRM model on water quality and public health at community level. The analysis was built around public health ecology perspective and drew useful lessons from critique of basin wide integrated Modeling approaches and existing community participatory models envisaged under Water Users Associations (WUA) in South Africa. We extended the use of political ecology lenses to ecological public health through use of communication for development approaches, to argue that public health risk reduction and resilience building in community water projects require the use of innovative analytical and conceptual lenses that unbundle cognitive biases and failures, as well as, integrate and transform individual and collective agency. The study concludes that the inherent “passive participation” adapted from IWRM model fail to adequately address water quality and public health dimensions in its pillars. Since water quality has direct bearing on disaster risks in public health, building a coherent mitigatory vision requires the adoption of active participatory assessment and planning models that incorporate livelihoods, agency, social learning dynamics and resilience through recognition of communication for development approaches in community empowerment.

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Lam, Foong Sin, e Yuk F. Huang. "Enhancing Disaster Preparedness through Participatory Activities in a School in Malaysia". International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 6, n. 5 (31 maggio 2018): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol6.iss5.1049.

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Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of natural disasters. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of flood slide presentation and a child-friendly participatory approach using the HVCA (Hazard, Vulnerability and Capacity) Assessment adapted from Plan International Child-Centred Disaster Risk Reduction on students’ preparedness for flood. This study used instruction on flood knowledge and preparedness coupled with participatory teaching sessions on DRR. Qualitative information was gathered using classroom observations and interviews. The findings indicated that school curriculum did not cover disaster awareness and these students in this study felt more prepared for flood after an intervention that consisted of flood knowledge and preparedness slide presentation and HVCA participatory sessions.

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Mostert, E., e S. J. Junier. "The European flood risk directive: challenges for research". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, n. 4 (16 luglio 2009): 4961–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-4961-2009.

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Abstract. In recent years, flood management has shifted from protection against floods to managing the risks of floods. In Europe, this shift is reflected in the Flood risk directive of October 2007 (2007/60/EC; FRD). The FRD requires EU Member States to undertake a preliminary assessment of flood risks and, for areas with a significant flood risk, to prepare flood hazard and flood risk maps and flood risk management plans. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the FRD and discuss the challenges that the FRD poses to research. These challenges include the issue how to define and measure ''flood risk'', the selection of alternatives to be assessed, coping with uncertainty, risk communication, nurturing trust and promoting collaboration. These research challenges cannot be addressed properly within any single discipline and without involving the flood risk managers and other stakeholders. The paper therefore concludes that there is a large need for interdisciplinary and participatory research. This constitutes in fact the biggest research challenge.

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González Herrera, Manuel Ramón, e José Manuel Lerma Legarreta. "Planificación Y Preparación Para La Gestión Sustentable De Riesgos Y Crisis En El Turismo Mexicano. Estudio Piloto En Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, n. 5 (28 febbraio 2016): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n5p42.

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Tourism is a sector vulnerable to different types of risks and crises caused by multiple and diverse events, which occur in different space-time dimensions. The aim of the paper is to analyze -in Mexican tourism- the planning and preparation process for the sustainable and integrated management of risk and crisis and implementing them through participatory construction of crisis management plan caused by insecurity. A detailed literature review and analysis of regulations was conducted; also interviews with specialists, researchers, academic professionals and managers were developed; case analysis; systematization of secondary data; and group work with three focus groups, developed through a pilot study and in-depth interviews to fill information gaps. As result, the contextualization of the study object and the analysis of the institutional foundations for risk and crisis management is presented; according to such references, the plan for crisis management of tourism in Ciudad Juarez was built in a participatory way. For this purpose, the model of the 4 "R" was used, which is based on the case of crises caused by unsafe situations. It includes a justification, the situation assessment by social perception of the problem, and strategic projection based on the participatory integration of the components of tourism planning.

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Islam, Md Rezuanul, e Debasish Roy Raja. "Waterlogging Risk Assessment: An Undervalued Disaster Risk in Coastal Urban Community of Chattogram, Bangladesh". Earth 2, n. 1 (6 marzo 2021): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth2010010.

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In recent years, rainfall-induced waterlogging has become a common hazard in the highly urbanized coastal city of Chattogram, Bangladesh, resulting in a high magnitude of property damage and economic loss. Therefore, the primary objective of this research was to prepare a waterlogging inventory map and understand the spatial variations of the risk by means of hazard intensity, exposure, and vulnerability of waterlogging. In this research, the inventory map and factors influencing waterlogging hazards were determined from a participatory survey, and other spatial data, including land elevation, population, and structural data, were collected from secondary sources. The analytical hierarchy process was applied to measure the hazard intensity, and the exposure and vulnerability were estimated by overlaying the spatial data onto the hazard intensity map. A total of 58 locations were identified as waterlogging affected, which covered ~8.42% of the city area. We showed that ~3.03% of the city area was greatly vulnerable to waterlogging in terms of their social, infrastructure, critical facilities, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities. The obtained waterlogging risk index map suggested that ~2.71% of the study area was at very high risk, followed by moderate (~0.15%), low (~3.89%), and very low (~1.67%). The risk analysis presented in this study was a simple method that can be applied to assess the relative risk of waterlogging in different regions, and the results were applicable to the prevention and mitigation of waterlogging for Chattogram City.

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Buchecker, M., G. Salvini, G. Di Baldassarre, E. Semenzin, E. Maidl e A. Marcomini. "The role of risk perception in making flood risk management more effective". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, n. 11 (27 novembre 2013): 3013–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-3013-2013.

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Abstract. Over the last few decades, Europe has suffered from a number of severe flood events and, as a result, there has been a growing interest in probing alternative approaches to managing flood risk via prevention measures. A literature review reveals that, although in the last decades risk evaluation has been recognized as key element of risk management, and risk assessment methodologies (including risk analysis and evaluation) have been improved by including social, economic, cultural, historical and political conditions, the theoretical schemes are not yet applied in practice. One main reason for this shortcoming is that risk perception literature is mainly of universal and theoretical nature and cannot provide the necessary details to implement a comprehensive risk evaluation. This paper therefore aims to explore a procedure that allows the inclusion of stakeholders' perceptions of prevention measures in risk assessment. It proposes to adopt methods of risk communication (both one-way and two-way communication) in risk assessment with the final aim of making flood risk management more effective. The proposed procedure not only focuses on the effect of discursive risk communication on risk perception, and on achieving a shared assessment of the prevention alternatives, but also considers the effects of the communication process on perceived uncertainties, accepted risk levels, and trust in the managing institutions. The effectiveness of this combined procedure has been studied and illustrated using the example of the participatory flood prevention assessment process on the Sihl River in Zurich, Switzerland. The main findings of the case study suggest that the proposed procedure performed well, but that it needs some adaptations for it to be applicable in different contexts and to allow a (semi-) quantitative estimation of risk perception to be used as an indicator of adaptive capacity.

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Bertone, Edoardo, Oz Sahin, Russell Richards e Anne Roiko. "Extreme events, water quality and health: A participatory Bayesian risk assessment tool for managers of reservoirs". Journal of Cleaner Production 135 (novembre 2016): 657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.158.

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Ceccato, Lucia, Valentina Giannini e Carlo Giupponi. "Participatory assessment of adaptation strategies to flood risk in the Upper Brahmaputra and Danube river basins". Environmental Science & Policy 14, n. 8 (dicembre 2011): 1163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.05.016.

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Ahmed, Farhana, M. Shah Alam Khan, Jeroen Warner, Eddy Moors e Catharien Terwisscha Van Scheltinga. "Integrated Adaptation Tipping Points (IATPs) for urban flood resilience". Environment and Urbanization 30, n. 2 (28 giugno 2018): 575–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247818776510.

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This paper applies an Adaptation Tipping Point (ATP) approach for the assessment of vulnerability to flooding in the city of Dhaka, Bangladesh. A series of rigorous modelling exercises for fluvial and pluvial flooding was conducted to identify the critical ATPs of the physical system, under both existing and proposed flood risk management strategies, for different urban and climate change scenarios. But a standalone assessment of the physical system’s ATPs is insufficient to gain a complete understanding of flood risks; community resilience also depends on people’s adaptability and the acceptance of risks by the community in question. Through participatory public consultations, this study determines the critical ATPs for community risk acceptance. The concept of the “Integrated Adaptation Tipping Point (IATP)”, introduced here, combines the accepted level of risk to the community with the ATPs for physical systems. This approach reveals that the assessed vulnerability to flooding increases when social tipping points are considered.

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Franchini, Michela, Stefania Pieroni, Nicola Martini, Andrea Ripoli, Dante Chiappino, Francesca Denoth, Michael Norman Liebman, Sabrina Molinaro e Daniele Della Latta. "Shifting the Paradigm: The Dress-COV Telegram Bot as a Tool for Participatory Medicine". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 23 (26 novembre 2020): 8786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238786.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic management is limited by great uncertainty, for both health systems and citizens. Facing this information gap requires a paradigm shift from traditional approaches to healthcare to the participatory model of improving health. This work describes the design and function of the Doing Risk sElf-assessment and Social health Support for COVID (Dress-COV) system. It aims to establish a lasting link between the user and the tool; thus, enabling modeling of the data to assess individual risk of infection, or developing complications, to improve the individual’s self-empowerment. The system uses bot technology of the Telegram application. The risk assessment includes the collection of user responses and the modeling of data by machine learning models, with increasing appropriateness based on the number of users who join the system. The main results reflect: (a) the individual’s compliance with the tool; (b) the security and versatility of the architecture; (c) support and promotion of self-management of behavior to accommodate surveillance system delays; (d) the potential to support territorial health providers, e.g., the daily efforts of general practitioners (during this pandemic, as well as in their routine practices). These results are unique to Dress-COV and distinguish our system from classical surveillance applications.

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Jepson, P. C., M. Guzy, K. Blaustein, M. Sow, M. Sarr, P. Mineau e S. Kegley. "Measuring pesticide ecological and health risks in West African agriculture to establish an enabling environment for sustainable intensification". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, n. 1639 (5 aprile 2014): 20130491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0491.

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We outline an approach to pesticide risk assessment that is based upon surveys of pesticide use throughout West Africa. We have developed and used new risk assessment models to provide, to our knowledge, the first detailed, geographically extensive, scientifically based analysis of pesticide risks for this region. Human health risks from dermal exposure to adults and children are severe enough in many crops to require long periods of up to three weeks when entry to fields should be restricted. This is impractical in terms of crop management, and regulatory action is needed to remove these pesticides from the marketplace. We also found widespread risks to terrestrial and aquatic wildlife throughout the region, and if these results were extrapolated to all similar irrigated perimeters in the Senegal and Niger River Basins, they suggest that pesticides could pose a significant threat to regional biodiversity. Our analyses are presented at the regional, national and village levels to promote regulatory advances but also local risk communication and management. Without progress in pesticide risk management, supported by participatory farmer education, West African agriculture provides a weak context for the sustainable intensification of agricultural production or for the adoption of new crop technologies.

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LaMonica, Haley M., Anna E. Roberts, Grace Yeeun Lee, Tracey A. Davenport e Ian B. Hickie. "Privacy Practices of Health Information Technologies: Privacy Policy Risk Assessment Study and Proposed Guidelines". Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, n. 9 (16 settembre 2021): e26317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26317.

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Background Along with the proliferation of health information technologies (HITs), there is a growing need to understand the potential privacy risks associated with using such tools. Although privacy policies are designed to inform consumers, such policies have consistently been found to be confusing and lack transparency. Objective This study aims to present consumer preferences for accessing privacy information; develop and apply a privacy policy risk assessment tool to assess whether existing HITs meet the recommended privacy policy standards; and propose guidelines to assist health professionals and service providers with understanding the privacy risks associated with HITs, so that they can confidently promote their safe use as a part of care. Methods In phase 1, participatory design workshops were conducted with young people who were attending a participating headspace center, their supportive others, and health professionals and service providers from the centers. The findings were knowledge translated to determine participant preferences for the presentation and availability of privacy information and the functionality required to support its delivery. Phase 2 included the development of the 23-item privacy policy risk assessment tool, which incorporated material from international privacy literature and standards. This tool was then used to assess the privacy policies of 34 apps and e-tools. In phase 3, privacy guidelines, which were derived from learnings from a collaborative consultation process with key stakeholders, were developed to assist health professionals and service providers with understanding the privacy risks associated with incorporating HITs as a part of clinical care. Results When considering the use of HITs, the participatory design workshop participants indicated that they wanted privacy information to be easily accessible, transparent, and user-friendly to enable them to clearly understand what personal and health information will be collected and how these data will be shared and stored. The privacy policy review revealed consistently poor readability and transparency, which limited the utility of these documents as a source of information. Therefore, to enable informed consent, the privacy guidelines provided ensure that health professionals and consumers are fully aware of the potential for privacy risks in using HITs to support health and well-being. Conclusions A lack of transparency in privacy policies has the potential to undermine consumers’ ability to trust that the necessary measures are in place to secure and protect the privacy of their personal and health information, thus precluding their willingness to engage with HITs. The application of the privacy guidelines will improve the confidence of health professionals and service providers in the privacy of consumer data, thus enabling them to recommend HITs to provide or support care.

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Scheer, Dirk, Wilfried Konrad, Holger Class, Alexander Kissinger, Stefan Knopf e Vera Noack. "Regional-scale brine migration along vertical pathways due to CO<sub>2</sub> injection – Part 1: The participatory modeling approach". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, n. 6 (9 giugno 2017): 2739–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2739-2017.

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Abstract. Saltwater intrusion into potential drinking water aquifers due to the injection of CO2 into deep saline aquifers is one of the potential hazards associated with the geological storage of CO2. Thus, in a site selection process, models for predicting the fate of the displaced brine are required, for example, for a risk assessment or the optimization of pressure management concepts. From the very beginning, this research on brine migration aimed at involving expert and stakeholder knowledge and assessment in simulating the impacts of injecting CO2 into deep saline aquifers by means of a participatory modeling process. The involvement exercise made use of two approaches. First, guideline-based interviews were carried out, aiming at eliciting expert and stakeholder knowledge and assessments of geological structures and mechanisms affecting CO2-induced brine migration. Second, a stakeholder workshop including the World Café format yielded evaluations and judgments of the numerical modeling approach, scenario selection, and preliminary simulation results. The participatory modeling approach gained several results covering brine migration in general, the geological model sketch, scenario development, and the review of the preliminary simulation results. These results were included in revised versions of both the geological model and the numerical model, helping to improve the analysis of regional-scale brine migration along vertical pathways due to CO2 injection.

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Abdul Rasam, Abdul Rauf, Noresah Mohd Shariff, JilorisF Dony e Oliver Hoon Leh Ling. "Local Spatial Knowledge for Eliciting Risk Factors and Disease Mapping of Tuberculosis Epidemics". Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 5, SI2 (27 dicembre 2020): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5isi2.2522.

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Predicting risk areas of tuberculosis (TB) epidemics needs a proper understanding of the disease transmission process in identifying holistic risk factors. This study was performed to determine the causative factors triggering the epidemics in Shah Alam, Malaysia by utilising spatial analysis techniques and participation of local-expert knowledge or local spatial knowledge (LSK) approach. LSK approach was conducted to collect data on TB risk factors by combining experienced local experts' opinions, multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) analysis, and GIS mapping. The combination of experts participatory GIS and knowledge elicitation can generate a useful spatial knowledge framework for risk assessment of local epidemics. Keywords: Local spatial knowledge, MCDM method, experts participatory GIS, tuberculosis. eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5iSI2.2522.

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García de Jalón, Silvestre, Aline Chiabai, Alyvia Mc Tague, Naiara Artaza, Amaia de Ayala, Sonia Quiroga, Hanneke Kruize, Cristina Suárez, Ruth Bell e Timothy Taylor. "Providing Access to Urban Green Spaces: A Participatory Benefit-Cost Analysis in Spain". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 8 (19 aprile 2020): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082818.

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The opening up of green spaces could provide significant benefits to society. This study develops a framework to assess the economic benefits and costs of public interventions providing citizen access to urban green spaces. The Thinking Fadura project in Getxo (Spain) was used as a case study. A method for participatory benefit-cost analysis is developed, where a stakeholder-participatory evaluation is combined with a standard cost-benefit analysis. The participatory evaluation followed a bottom-up approach in a sequential evaluation including three main focal points: key stakeholders and experts, visitors and the general public. The assessment demonstrates that the Thinking Fadura project’s benefits outweigh the costs. The results suggest that projects designed with the purpose of improving green space accessibility to the general public can be beneficial from a societal perspective. The highest economic benefits were an increase in the amenity and recreational value and an increase in people’s physical activity. The participatory evaluation indicates that giving access to people of lower socio-economic status and vulnerable groups and improving recreational use were perceived as the most beneficial. An increase in noise, dirt, and risk of criminal activities as well as potential conflicts between green space users were perceived as the most negative impacts of opening a previously restricted area to the general public. The economic assessment of Thinking Fadura project could serve as a model in the decision-making process in locations where the use of greenspaces is restricted.

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Texier-Teixeira, P., F. Chouraqui, A. Perrillat-Collomb, F. Lavigne, J. R. Cadag e D. Grancher. "Reducing volcanic risk on Fogo Volcano, Cape Verde, through a participatory approach: which outcome?" Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, n. 9 (5 settembre 2014): 2347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2347-2014.

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Abstract. This research paper presents the outcomes of Work Package 5 (socio-economical vulnerability assessment and community-based disaster risk reduction) of the MIAVITA (MItigate and Assess risk from Volcanic Impact on Terrain and human Activities) research programme conducted on Fogo Volcano, Cape Verde. The study lasted for almost 3 years (May 2010 to January 2012), of which most of the time was spent in the village of Chã das Caldeiras, situated within the 9 km wide caldera of the volcano inside Fogo Natural Park. The objectives of the programme included assessment of the vulnerability of the community at risk in terms of livelihoods, access to resources, and power relations between the local people and the different public and private institutions. These are important factors that need to be investigated in order to understand the root causes of vulnerability of the local people. This case study shows that the voluntary exposure of people to volcanic threats is linked to daily access to sources of livelihood, especially agriculture and tourism. This is despite the perception of people of the risk to their lives and properties. In order to counter the factors of vulnerability, the study also aimed to identify and enhance local capacities. To achieve such an objective, a participatory three-dimensional mapping (P3DM) activity was conducted to facilitate the dialogue between the local people and the different stakeholders as well as to prepare plans and measures to reduce volcanic risk. The P3DM was a half success considering that it has not yet led to an operational plan which takes into account the local capacities. The main reasons included (1) the non-participatory aspect of the project at the beginning which should have identified priorities for people and let them lead the project to ensure the sustainability of (2) deep conflicts within the community which complicated the focus group discussions around the 3-D map, and the difficulties in involving more marginalised people like women and the youth, and (3) the fact that volcanic risk is not a priority for the people, who are more concerned with daily difficulties due to unsustainable livelihoods, a lack of access to water, land tenure, and the restrictions by the Fogo Natural Park administration and the municipal officials. Still, the study was successful in creating a space for dialogue between the local people and the outside stakeholders such as the Natural Park Administration, the Civil Protection, and the Municipality of Santa Catarina, who have all participated actively during the course of the project.

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YOUNUS, MD ABOUL FAZAL, e NICK HARVEY. "COMMUNITY-BASED FLOOD VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT: A CASE STUDY FROM BANGLADESH". Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 15, n. 03 (settembre 2013): 1350010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333213500105.

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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007, 2012:11) warned that the mega deltas in South Asia (e.g. the Ganges Brahmaputra Meghna River Basin) will be at great risk due to increased flooding, and the region's poverty would reduce the capacity of the inhabitants to adapt to change. This paper provides a "bottom up" impact approach which focuses on a methodological contribution for assessment of vulnerability and adaptation (V & A) in a riverine flood-prone area, "Islampur" in Bangladesh, where various impact assessment guidelines have been taken into consideration. In this study the evaluation of V & A assessments at community level has been accomplished mainly by a weighted matrix index value derived from two participatory rapid appraisals (PRAs). Based on the distribution pattern of various weighted value indices of V & A issues, the required adaptation techniques can be adopted for immediate policy-making, and appropriate actions should be undertaken through establishing community-based adaptation committees (CBAC).

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Okotto-Okotto, Joseph, Weiyu Yu, Emmah Kwoba, Samuel M. Thumbi, Lorna Grace Okotto, Peggy Wanza, Diogo Trajano Gomes da Silva e Jim Wright. "A mixed methods study to evaluate participatory mapping for rural water safety planning in western Kenya". PLOS ONE 16, n. 7 (28 luglio 2021): e0255286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255286.

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Water safety planning is an approach to ensure safe drinking-water access through comprehensive risk assessment and water supply management from catchment to consumer. However, its uptake remains low in rural areas. Participatory mapping, the process of map creation for resource management by local communities, has yet to be used for rural water safety planning. In this mixed methods study, to evaluate the validity of participatory mapping outputs for rural water safety planning and assess community understanding of water safety, 140 community members in Siaya County, Kenya, attended ten village-level participatory mapping sessions. They mapped drinking-water sources, ranked their safety and mapped potential contamination hazards. Findings were triangulated against a questionnaire survey of 234 households, conducted in parallel. In contrast to source type ranking for international monitoring, workshop participants ranked rainwater’s safety above piped water and identified source types such as broken pipes not explicitly recorded in water source typologies often used for formal monitoring. Participatory mapping also highlighted the overlap between livestock grazing areas and household water sources. These findings were corroborated by the household survey and subsequent participatory meetings. However, comparison with household survey data suggested participatory mapping outputs omitted some water sources and landscape-scale contamination hazards, such as open defecation areas or flood-prone areas. In follow-up visits, participant groups ranked remediation of rainwater harvesting systems as the most acceptable intervention to address hazards. We conclude that participatory mapping can complement other established approaches to rural water safety planning by capturing informally managed source use and facilitating community engagement.

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Klonner, Carolin, Maximilian Hartmann, Rebecca Dischl, Lily Djami, Liana Anderson, Martin Raifer, Fernanda Lima-Silva, Lívia Castro Degrossi, Alexander Zipf e João Porto de Albuquerque. "The Sketch Map Tool Facilitates the Assessment of OpenStreetMap Data for Participatory Mapping". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, n. 3 (3 marzo 2021): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030130.

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A worldwide increase in the number of people and areas affected by disasters has led to more and more approaches that focus on the integration of local knowledge into disaster risk reduction processes. The research at hand shows a method for formalizing this local knowledge via sketch maps in the context of flooding. The Sketch Map Tool enables not only the visualization of this local knowledge and analyses of OpenStreetMap data quality but also the communication of the results of these analyses in an understandable way. Since the tool will be open-source and several analyses are made automatically, the tool also offers a method for local governments in areas where historic data or financial means for flood mitigation are limited. Example analyses for two cities in Brazil show the functionalities of the tool and allow the evaluation of its applicability. Results depict that the fitness-for-purpose analysis of the OpenStreetMap data reveals promising results to identify whether the sketch map approach can be used in a certain area or if citizens might have problems with marking their flood experiences. In this way, an intrinsic quality analysis is incorporated into a participatory mapping approach. Additionally, different paper formats offered for printing enable not only individual mapping but also group mapping. Future work will focus on advancing the automation of all steps of the tool to allow members of local governments without specific technical knowledge to apply the Sketch Map Tool for their own study areas.

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Driscoll, David. "Urban Brownfields in South Florida: Lessons Learned from a Consultancy Project". Practicing Anthropology 23, n. 3 (1 luglio 2001): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.23.3.710vl34102132146.

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When Barbara Rose Johnston described this fellowship research project to me in December 1996 I was excited by the opportunity to demonstrate how anthropology can contribute to the assessment and management of environmental health risks. Over the course of the next few years, as an initial seven month fellowship expanded into a one then a two-year research project, I was to learn how, and to what extent, anthropological theory and methods can contribute to a more participatory environmental risk decision making process. Here I describe how anthropological research methods were used in the assessment and management of environmental health risks risks posed by a lightly contaminated property, or brownfield, in Miami/Dade County, Florida. Before describing this project I will briefly explain what brownfields are and why they are an important area of application for anthropologists.

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Williams-Livingston, Arletha, Tabia Henry Akintobi e Ananya Banerjee. "Community-Based Participatory Research in Action: The Patient-Centered Medical Home and Neighborhood". Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 11 (gennaio 2020): 215013272096845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150132720968456.

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Background: The Morehouse School of Medicine Patient Centered Medical Home and Neighborhood Project was developed to implement a community-based participatory research driven, integrated patient-centered medical home and neighborhood (PCMH) pilot intervention. The purpose of the PCMHN was to develop a care coordination program for underserved, high-risk patients with multiple morbidities served by the Morehouse Healthcare Comprehensive Family Health Clinic. Measures: A community needs assessment, patient surveys and provider interviews were administered. Results: Among a panel of 367 high-risk patients and potential participants, 93 participated in the intervention and 42 patients completed the intervention. The patients self-reported increased utilization of community support, increased satisfaction with health care options, and increased self-care management ability. Conclusion: The results were largely attributable to the efforts of community health workers and targeted community engagement. Lessons learned from implementation and integration of a community-based participatory approach will be used to train clinicians and small practices on how to affect change using a care coordination model for underserved, high-risk patients emphasizing CBPR.

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Chirebvu, Elijah, Moses John Chimbari e Barbara Ntombi Ngwenya. "Assessment of Risk Factors Associated with Malaria Transmission in Tubu Village, Northern Botswana". Malaria Research and Treatment 2014 (16 marzo 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/403069.

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This study investigated potential risk factors associated with malaria transmission in Tubu village, Okavango subdistrict, a malaria endemic area in northern Botswana. Data was derived from a census questionnaire survey, participatory rural appraisal workshop, field observations, and mosquito surveys. History of malaria episodes was associated with several factors: household income (P<0.05), late outdoor activities (OR = 7.016; CI = 1.786–27.559), time spent outdoors (P=0.051), travel outside study area (OR = 2.70; CI = 1.004–7.260), nonpossession of insecticide treated nets (OR = 0.892; CI = 0.797–0.998), hut/house structure (OR = 11.781; CI = 3.868–35.885), and homestead location from water bodies (P<0.05). No associations were established between history of malaria episodes and the following factors: being a farmer (P>0.05) and number of nets possessed (P>0.05). Eave size was not associated with mosquito bites (P>0.05), frequency of mosquito bites (P>0.05), and time of mosquito bites (P>0.05). Possession of nets was very high (94.7%). Close proximity of a health facility and low vegetation cover were added advantages. Some of the identified risk factors are important for developing effective control and elimination strategies involving the community, with limited resources.

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Lasage, R., T. I. E. Veldkamp, H. de Moel, T. C. Van, H. L. Phi, P. Vellinga e J. C. J. H. Aerts. "Assessment of the effectiveness of flood adaptation strategies for HCMC". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, n. 6 (6 giugno 2014): 1441–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1441-2014.

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Abstract. Coastal cities are vulnerable to flooding, and flood risk to coastal cities will increase due to sea-level rise. Moreover, Asian cities in particular are subject to considerable population growth and associated urban developments, increasing this risk even more. Empirical data on vulnerability and the cost and benefits of flood risk reduction measures are therefore paramount for sustainable development of these cities. This paper presents an approach to explore the impacts of sea-level rise and socio-economic developments on flood risk for the flood-prone District 4 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and to develop and evaluate the effects of different adaptation strategies (new levees, dry- and wet proofing of buildings and elevating roads and buildings). A flood damage model was developed to simulate current and future flood risk using the results from a household survey to establish stage–damage curves for residential buildings. The model has been used to assess the effects of several participatory developed adaptation strategies to reduce flood risk, expressed in expected annual damage (EAD). Adaptation strategies were evaluated assuming combinations of both sea-level scenarios and land-use scenarios. Together with information on costs of these strategies, we calculated the benefit–cost ratio and net present value for the adaptation strategies until 2100, taking into account depreciation rates of 2.5% and 5%. The results of this modelling study indicate that the current flood risk in District 4 is USD 0.31 million per year, increasing up to USD 0.78 million per year in 2100. The net present value and benefit–cost ratios using a discount rate of 5 % range from USD −107 to −1.5 million, and from 0.086 to 0.796 for the different strategies. Using a discount rate of 2.5% leads to an increase in both net present value and benefit–cost ratio. The adaptation strategies wet-proofing and dry-proofing generate the best results using these economic indicators. The information on different strategies will be used by the government of Ho Chi Minh City to determine a new flood protection strategy. Future research should focus on gathering empirical data right after a flood on the occurring damage, as this appears to be the most uncertain factor in the risk assessment.

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Bacic, Ivan Luiz Zilli, Arnold K. Bregt e David G. Rossiter. "A participatory approach for integrating risk assessment into rural decision-making: A case study in Santa Catarina, Brazil". Agricultural Systems 87, n. 2 (febbraio 2006): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.01.008.

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Finger, Jörg, Katharina Ross, Ivo Häring, Elena-Maria Restayn e Uli Siebold. "Open Chance and Risk Management Process Supported by a Software Tool for Improving Urban Security". European Journal for Security Research 6, n. 1 (aprile 2021): 39–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41125-021-00072-6.

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AbstractBy now the 5-step risk and chance management process according to the generic ISO 31000 standard has been applied to a wide range of domains including organizational risk management, business continuity, safety and IT security management, as well as occupational safety. The paper motivates the context and need for an open, scalable and flexible urban (perceived) security and safety assessment and improvement process, showing that it should be applicable also at local community level. The basic ideas of the process include the division of risk and chance analysis and management (treatment) into defined phases which are addressed iteratively: (1) within a framing context, stakeholders and their objectives are identified; (2) chance events for reaching objectives or, as often more straightforward, risk events opposing objectives are identified; (3) these chances and risks on objectives are quantified in terms of probability and consequences on the identified objectives; (4) they are assessed regarding their context-sensitive societal acceptability; (5) improvement measures are selected and implemented. The process is iterated until all risks on objectives are sufficiently controlled, also the combination of risks. Concerning the methodology, a semi-formal modelling of the static and dynamic requirements of a tailored process based on ISO 31000 is provided, which in addition allows the formulation of minimum consistency and completeness requirements, e.g. for each objective at least one stakeholder and risk should be identified. For the urban domain, a classification of risk assessment techniques regarding their suitability for supporting the process is presented. A further focus is the efficient provision of best practice options for urban security enhancement. Based on the insights gained by the systematic modelling of the risk management process, a software tool was developed to facilitate the application of the process in participatory settings like round table discussions with stakeholders. The paper presents as use case the application of the tool-supported methodology in several discussion rounds within a residential district in a medium sized university town in Germany along with the discussion of the evaluations and findings. Thus, the applicability of the software-supported urban security risk management to the novel urban security domain is demonstrated. In summary, the approach is sufficiently transparent and flexible for fast summaries of round table discussions up to complex iterative decision and participatory scenarios, which have to consider multiple stakeholders and a large variety of possible urban security and safety enhancement options with a given urban context.

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