Tesi sul tema "Pollinisation – Effets du climat"
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Keurinck, Léa. "Changement climatique et reproduction des plantes pérennes : le rôle clé de la phénologie florale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10323.
Testo completoThe reproduction of many forest tree species is characterised by masting, a highly variable seed production between years at individual level, and synchronised within a population. This fluctuating fruiting dynamics has major cascading effects on the dynamics and regeneration of forest ecosystems. In the case of temperate oaks (Quercus robur and Q. petraea), the annual availability of pollen for reproduction (or pollen limitation) plays a key role in seed production. This is the result both of investment in flowering, at the population scale, and of the meteorological conditions in which pollen maturation and distribution take place. Pollen phenology, i.e. the timing of pollen development and emission, is therefore closely linked to fruiting dynamics, largely controlling the level of pollen limitation. However, the mechanisms governing pollen phenology have not been studied, which makes it impossible to predict the impact of climate change on pollen phenology, and consequently on oak reproductive patterns and oak forest regeneration. The aim of this thesis is to fill this gap by establishing the link between pollen phenology and the masting of temperate oaks. To do this, I sought to identify the determinants of their pollen phenology, to characterise the links with pollen limitation and to investigate the observed and expected influences of climate change. In particular, I cross-referenced a large pollen dataset (gathering data collected by the Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique on a large network deployed in 79 sites across mainland France since 1989 for daily recording of the quantity of airborne pollen) with a meteorological dataset (SAFRAN) using statistical and mechanistic models. My work shows that (i) under current climatic conditions, forcing (heat accumulation in late winter and early spring) explains a large part (79%) of the variability in pollen phenology, which makes it a priority mechanism to consider when proposing realistic projections for the future of temperate oak masting, (ii) meteorological conditions around pollen phenology largely determine the level of pollen limitation, (iii) there is strong spatial heterogeneity in France in the trajectory of pollen limitation in the face of climate change since 1960, (iv) the recent climate trajectory has led to an advance in pollen phenology and a decrease in pollen limitation, the diversity of which between sites remains to be explained. My work demonstrates the necessity of integrating floral phenology into studies examining the future of perennial plant reproduction in the context of climate change
Deguines, Nicolas. "Macro-écologie de la pollinisation en France : conséquences des changements d'occupation du sol sur les communautés d'insectes pollinisateurs et le service de pollinisation". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0001.
Testo completoPollinators are essential to both ecosystem functioning and humanity, by pollinating the majority of flowering plants, among which many crops. Among the threats to biodiversity, land-use changes are a major driver of pollinator declines. However, the vast diversity of pollinators is only partially represented in the scientific literature. This thesis aims to study at a large spatial scale the consequences of land-use changes on communities of insect pollinators (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera), and the provisioning of pollination services. Part of this work relies on a citizen science programme started in 2010, the Photographic Survey of Flower Visitors. We show that urbanisation is the most detrimental land-use change to pollinator communities, in spite of varying sensitivity among insect orders. Within agricultural land-use, pollinator richness increases with either increased proximity to semi-natural areas or higher landscape heterogeneity. Regarding the composition of pollinator communities, feeding specialists are only maintained in the proximity of semi-natural areas. Finally, we analysed two decades of crop production data from French administrative regions, and show that the efficiency of agricultural intensification decreases with increasing crop’ pollinator dependency. This suggests that agricultural intensification has a large scale detrimental effect on pollination services. This thesis highlights (1) the need to study the composition of pollinator communities, and (2) that pollinator conservation at national level must take agricultural areas into consideration. Moreover, our results suggest that mitigating the negative effects of agricultural intensification on pollinators should benefit to both wild plants and pollination services, opening a way to promote efficient agricultural production while preserving biodiversity
Desaegher, James. "Effets de l’urbanisation sur la morphologie florale et les relations plantes-pollinisateurs". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS408/document.
Testo completoThe expansion of urban areas is known to impact the composition of plant and pollinator communities. However, the effects of urbanization on the interdependency between both communities, and the subsequent evolutionary consequences, are still poorly studied. First, we tried to identify along an urbanization gradient which factors shape plant and pollinator communities. Second, we tested the existence of intra-specific evolutionary divergences of plant reproductive characteristics between populations from urban and rural origins. For these purposes, we combined the analysis of data collected in the Ile-de-France region originating from citizen science projects, and we set up a reciprocal transplantation experiment involving four plant species commonly found in this region. We found that floral morphology was the most frequently implicated factor in the observation of insect families along the gradient. Insect families with positive affinity to impervious areas prefer tubular corollas, while families with negative affinity prefer non-tubular (open) corollas. Urbanization modifies the composition of plant communities, by selecting in particular autogamous and non-entomophilous species. Altogether, our results point towards a functional loss of pollinators along with urbanization. A detailed analysis of the species Cymbalaria muralis suggests a greater reproductive benefit in allocating more resources to flower production in urban plantation sites. As a consequence, plants from urban origin tend to produce more flowers compared to plants from rural origin, at the expense of ovule production per flower and flower coloration. This evolutionary divergence could be explained by shifts in pollinator behaviour induced by higher habitat fragmentation in urban areas. This thesis reveals that shifts in the abundance, in the behaviour or in the functional floral affinities of pollinators, induced by urbanization, could act as selection agents on spontaneous plant species
Vennetier, Michel. "Un nouveau modèle bioclimatique pour la forêt méditerranéenne. Application à l'étude de l'impact du changement climatique sur la végétation et à l'évaluation de la productivité forestière". Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30077.
Testo completoThis thesis consists of four articles linked by a connecting thread: the interaction between water-balance and climate change in the dynamics of the Mediterranean vegetation. The first part presents the design and the calibration of a new bioclimatic model dedicated to the assessment of the water-balance in Mediterranean forest. In the second part, mis model is used to assess the impact of the climate change on the composition of the forest flora. The third part thoroughly studies Pinus halepensis Mill. Autecology in its whole French distribution area, as this species serves as reference to link the bioclimatic model, climate change and forest height growth and productivity. The fourth part deals with the interaction between water-balance and climate change in the radial growth of Pinus halepensis, by means of an experimental device in field conditions
Carrié, Romain. "Hétérogénéité des paysages et des pratiques agricoles - Effets sur la diversité des abeilles sauvages et la pollinisation". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0104/document.
Testo completoThe ecological and agricultural importance of wild bees in farmlands stresses the needs for management strategies for these insect pollinators. Wild bees use multiple habitats in agricultural landscapes, such as semi-natural habitats (woodlands, hedgerows, permanent grasslands) and crop fields. This study aims to characterize the community structure of wild bees and assess pollination delivery along gradients of landscape heterogeneity – based on the composition and configuration of semi-natural habitats – and landscape-wide intensity of farming practices. Using a trait-based approach, based on traits determining resource-use by wild bee species, we showed that i) the least mobile species, solitary bees and ground-nesting species were more abundant in crop fields surrounded by large amounts of little-fragmented permanent grasslands, ii) crop fields surrounded by high amount of woodland edges supported a greater abundance of little-mobile bee species, late-emerging bees, social bees and polylectic bees, iii) oligolectic bee species were filtered out in highly forested landscapes, because these species could thrive on resources provided by the crop mosaic. We also found that the positive effect of the proportion of semi-natural habitats on bee diversity was greater in landscapes with intensively managed crop mosaic. Moreover, we showed that the local intensity of farming practices had as much influence on bee diversity as the proportion of semi-natural habitats. Finally, we showed that, depending on situations, the abundance fluctuations of dominant bee species or the occurrence of an assemblage of uncommon bee species can explain variations in pollination success. In the cases where pollination success responded to the occurrence of uncommon species, the proportion of semi-natural habitats had a positive influence on pollination delivery provided by wild bees. This study shows the importance of some uncommon species, dependent on semi-natural habitats, for pollination delivery but also the positive relationship between the abundance of some species groups and the proportion of semi-natural habitats. This work therefore confirms the hypothesis that semi-natural habitats sustain the diversity of wild bee communities and pollination delivery. However, the positive effect of semi-natural habitats on bee diversity depends on farming practices at the local and landscape scale. Therefore, recommendations on the management of landscape heterogeneity and changes in farming practices cannot be given independently from each other
Derraz, Khalid. "Transition du climat méditerranéen au climat aride dans le Moyen Atlas marocain : étude phytoclimatique". Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA070018.
Testo completoWe attemps to detect the flora variation in relation with these the climate in oriental moroccan middle atlas moutains. It cu be seen from the analysis of the horizontal distribution of species along continuons sampling transect across the atlasic massif two flor isties majors boundary : the first in the west on the nw side of ichramouz, the second on the southn peidmont of bon-naceur above the arid moulouyan. It can be obtained from the climatic study two regionals group the fist oriental group principally waterd by disturbs situations from east ti south combined with the east regionals flows. The second occidental groupe rather favoured by disturbs situations from north to west-with nw regionals flows. Finally, it can be obtained from these two analysis three sectors well individualized ; one sector of the lower montains inthe occidental, one sector of the high mountains, and at last one moulouyan sector. The climatic individuality has an effect upon clearly on vegetation stuture, the way of the variation of this one strows the accelerations about level the transition from one sector to the other one and the stowing along the central sector
Khellaf, Mostefa. "Effets du climat sur l'organisme dans les Aurès (Wilaya de Batna)". Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040240.
Testo completoNevoux, Marie. "Réponse démographique des populations longévives aux changements climatiques : importance de la variabilité spatio-temporelle et de l'hétérogénéité individuelle". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00245570.
Testo completoBartholomée, Océane. "Quantification de services écosystémiques de régulation à l'échelle locale. Indicateurs, protocoles de terrain et incertitudes - Cas des services de pollinisation et de régulation du climat global". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV060.
Testo completoEcosystem services are benefits supplied by ecosystem to human societies. In France, recent legislation aims to include ecosystem service in environmental impact studies with the enactment of the Law for the recovery of biodiversity, nature and landscapes (2016). To do so, it is necessary to develop field methods for ecosystem service estimation. In this setting, a collaboration was established between the Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine and the environmental consultancy EGIS Environnement to answer the following question: how can ecosystem services be quantified at local scale?We studied two ecosystem services often cited in the global change context. The pollination service is essential for human food production. Given worldwide pollinator declines it is at the centre of scientific, citizen and political concerns. The service of global climate regulation by carbon sequestration by ecosystems is of major interest given the recent and coming climate changes.We investigated four key steps for developing a field protocol. First, the ecosystem service of entomophilous pollination has numerous definitions in the scientific literature. Thus, based on a literature review we built a conceptual framework for defining the pollination service and identifying quantifiable indicators and their measurement methods. We chose to define the pollination service as the ecosystem capacity to support entomophilous pollination, i.e. pollinating insect presence. Second, we worked on indicator selection for the pollination service estimation. Pollination capacity can be estimated through direct indicators linked to pollinator presence on the plot and through indirect indicators linked to feeding and nesting resources in the plot and in the landscape. We compared measures of these two types of indicators within orchards and grasslands. Our aims were to test consistency between both indicator types for the pollination service and the possibility of protocol simplification based on indirect indicators. Indirect indicators did not explain enough of the observed variability in pollinator abundance and richness to allow a protocol simplification.Third, we tried to simplify the estimation protocol of the ecosystem service of global climate regulation from measures of carbon stocks in grasslands and forests. We compared estimations obtained by simplified protocols to estimations obtained by a more complete protocol. We also quantified the uncertainties caused by these simplifications. The estimation protocol could be simplified for the two most important carbon pools: aboveground biomass in forests and soil organic carbon. Finally, to test the applicability of the simplified protocol of carbon stock estimations, we applied it on wetland plots. These plots were organized following in a state-and-transition model to test whether management decisions are likely to affect wetland carbon stocks. Management actions on aboveground biomass changed carbon stocks between herbaceous and forested wetland. Soil organic carbon, the major carbon stock in wetlands, was unchanged between the different studied stats, illustrating the difficulty to manage soil carbon stocks in the short term.This study shows that method development for field quantification of ecosystem service can lead to simple and reliable protocols. However, the development process is different for each ecosystem service
Chabert, Stan. "Pollinisation intégrée des cultures : intégrer les mécanismes liés à la température pour évaluer l'offre et la demande en pollinisation". Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0703/document.
Testo completoInsects contribute to the pollination of 70% of the species cultivated today around the world. With the agriculture intensification in the early twentieth century, farmers began to introduce honey bees colonies into their entomophilous crops to provide pollination service. With the growing recognition of the major role played by wild insects in crop pollination, the concept of integrated crop pollination recently emerged, encouraging the combination of introduced and wild pollinating insects by adapting agricultural practices to ensure sustainable pollination of crops. But the introduction of managed pollinating insects is still an empirical practice that lacks technical references to be implemented with precision. The general objective of this thesis was to provide elements to develop an objective method to define the operational unit load of honey bees to be introduced per unit area of target crop to complement wild pollinating fauna so that pollination is not a limiting factor for production.We worked on a male fertile and a male sterile oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) lines, hybrid seed productions being entirely dependent on insects for pollination in this species. We were able to determine (i) the minimum number of viable pollen grains to be deposited on stigma so that seed set was complete depending on the temperature, (ii) the duration after anthesis during which the pollen must be deposited on the stigma so that seed set was complete depending on the temperature, (iii) the length of time a flower secretes nectar as a function of temperature for each of the two lines, and (iv) the rate of this nectar secretion as a function of temperature for each of the two lines. We also validated a method for rapid assessment of the size of honey bee stocking rate introduced into entomophilous crops, commonly used in some countries, taking into account temperature.From these elements, we proposed to introduce the concepts of supply and demand in pollination of a target crop, in order to quantify the pollination deficits and the number of pollinating insects to introduce to complete these deficits. These first elements provide a basis for constructing a mechanistic model of integrated pollination management, to predict the number of pollinating insects to be introduced into a crop given its climatic, landscape and varietal context
Khallouki, Abdelkhalek. "Recherches sur les indices bioclimatiques et le climat perçu au Maroc : le cas de Marrakech, Ouarzazate et Errachidia". Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040085.
Testo completoThe estimation of the human bioclimatic quality by the air cooling index of P. A. Siple and by the THI index (temperature, humidity, index) of E. D. Thom at Marrakech, and the presaharien Morocco (Ouarzazate and Errachidia) had permitted to emphasize the existence of two bioclimatic seasons : pleasant in winter, unpleasant in summer in which the organism must use extremely his thermoregulation mechanisms. However, the similarity between the synthesis of the bioclimatic index and the subjectivity of impressions (or perceived climate) of the inquired persons (native and foreign) is not established. We observed that the psychological effects of the climate weighed as much as the physiological effects in the appreciations of the ambient climate. The bioclimatic formulas, either their problematic application, interpretation and adaptation of their level to every geographic areas, could not surround the entire reality, too complex is it, of the interindividual's variability in the same population and between the foreign population. The assessments of these two categories (native and foreign) are conditioned by the usual environment and the geographic origin. Native population has better adaptation to his climate. The methods of adaptation generally used are to counter the heat excess and the sun radiations, they are measured by the traditional bioclimatic houses and the ksous. Physiologically, his organism seems to dispose a better elasticity. The good weather, the good being are the touristic advantages of the south Moroccan which still not much visited
Travers, Trolet Morgane. "Couplage de modèles trophiques et effets combinés de la pêche et du climat". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066117.
Testo completoRinaldi, Kévin. "Les effets du climat tropical sur la performance aérobie : stratégies de cooling mentholé". Thesis, Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0326/document.
Testo completoThe climatic environment is one of the factors that can influence the aerobic performance. There are an ideal temperatures with which athletes realize better performance: between 10 and 12°C in running (Maughan et al. 2010) below 32°C in cycling (Peiffer & Abbiss 2011). Davies et al. (2016) condense in a meta-analysis different studies on time trial (TT) in cycling and note that the performance is impaired in hot weather from middle of the test (P <0.02) and until the end (P = 0.01) compared to a condition control. This result therefore shows that in addition to the environmental temperature, the duration of the effort can also be decisive in the impact of climate on the performance.Rising temperature is not the only environmental factor that can influence the performance. Maughan et al. (2012) highlight that at the highest level of humidity is high at most aerobic performance is deteriorated. In this study, non-athletes acclimatized, perform a 70% VO2max bike test until exhaustion four sessions at 24, 40, 60 and 80% RH (T: 30 ° C). The results show that time exercise decreased significantly with increasing humidity (P <0.05). Through this research work we therefore investigated the question: how to do to limit this impact of climate on performance?To do this, 3 axes are developed through our studies: a. Study the effectiveness of cooling protocols at several points in the performance: before, during and between two consecutive efforts.b. Determine if cold combinations can combine.c. To determine if the use of menthol can allow optimization of the protocols of cooling.The main results of this thesis highlight that the use of cooling is effective but this efficiency depends on the protocol used. We havehighlighted (1) That in pre-cooling it is necessary to start 1 hour before the effort to have an efficiency of the method;(2) Immersion with menthol is more effective only a single immersion between two efforts of 20 'but that used on clothes its effectiveness is not proven; (3) That wearing a cold vest combined with ingestion from a cold drink to warm up is no more effective than an internal cooling only (4) That menthol can influence performance by playing a role on the CNS. The action of menthol will allow the CNS to perceive the environment as being "More favorable" and therefore result in a change in the feedback thermoregulatory, allow higher performance. This without the menthol isplayed a deleterious role to thermoregulation
El, Alami Rachid. "Phytoclimatologie de la montagne marocaine : le Rif central". Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA070019.
Testo completoWe attemps to delect the flora variation in relationship with the climate in central rif (marocco). It con be seen from the analysis of the horizontal distribution of species along continsons sampling transeet accross the centra rif which shon two floristica majors limits : the firstin the north entry of the cedas forest, the second at hio south limit. It can be obtrined also from the climatic study which bring out an opposition between the mediterraneen side and the atlantic si te of therif. Besides a study of surface temperature measurements from the noaa satellite bring out the individualization of the central rif and an affinity between the mediterraneen side and the south limit of the transect. The climate individuality has an effect upon clearly on vegetation structure
Aouadi, Hocine. "La végétation de l'Algérie nord-orientale : histoire des influences anthropiques et cartographie à 1/200 000". Grenoble 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE10119.
Testo completoBonhommeau, Sylvain. "Effets environnementaux sur la survie larvaire del’Anguille (Anguilla anguilla) et conséquences sur le recrutement". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSARH074.
Testo completoThe PhD thesis amis to contribute to the study of environmental impacts on European glass eel recruitement. We chose a modelling approach for two reasons. First, the observation of the larval stage over the trans-atlantic migration is dIFcult to carry out. The, the modelling approach enables us to explore the complexity of eel ecology. Different physical an biological hypotheses are tested to understand processes wereby environment may impact on recruitment that is declining for 25 years. Two modelling approaches are developed. In a first Part, a deterministic modelling using hydrodynamic models enables us to study the passive drift of larvae released in the spawning area, the Sargasso Sea. One of the originalities of this work is to implement realistic hypotheses of behaviour and mortality in simulations. One of the originalities of this woik is to implement realistic hypotheses of behaviour and mortality in similations. On one hand, our simulations show that a 6-month migration duration, as suggested by the analysis of otolith microstructure, would imply a fast active swimming. This energy expenditure would be too high in a oligotrophic environment such as open ocean. The mean migration duration is estimated to 22 months in accordance with previous approaches of cohort analyses. On the other hand our results suggest a weak impact of oceanic transport intensity on recruitment success. Simulations also provide evidence of the influence of starting locations and dates on arrival areas and larva live histories in accordance with previous results of genetic and otolith microchemistry. In a second part, a statistical modelling focuses on the links between environmental conditions experienced by larvae (oceanic transport and food availabiblity) and the recruitment assessed by glass eel quantities entering European Estuaries. Recruitment is not impacted by transport conditions described by large-scale oceanic indices. Whe show that glass ell recruitment variations are related to primary production int the Sargasso Sea. The recent increase in sea temperature in the spawing area led to a decrease in food availability and thus, in glass eel recruitment
Wong, Maurice. "Etude de l'influence des facteurs du milieu sur les performances du Cintofent, agent chimique d'hybridation du blé d'hiver (Triticum aestivum)". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL061N.
Testo completoEymard, Amandine. "Dynamique de la végétation et variations climatiques dans les Balkans au cours du dernier cycle climatique à partir des séquences polliniques des lacs Maliq et Ochrid (Albanie)". Besançon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BESA2068.
Testo completoOver the past 150000 years, isotopic ice and ocean records have revealed a succession of rapid and high amplitude climate fluctuations. However, continental records showing sufficiently sensitive to determine the spatial extension of climate change are rare. This thesis therefore aims to analyze and compare the pollen records of Lakes Ohrid and Maliq in Albania, in order to obtain a climate reference record in the south-eastern Europe. The analysis of these pollen records allowed to: (1) Reconstitute, for the first time, the vegetation history at middle altitude in the southern Balkans during the last climatic cycle: the sequences of Lake Ohrid shows that the dynamics of vegetation during the last climatic cycle is very similar to that of other continental sequences of southern Europe, namely orders of succession of ecosystems very close; the differences involve the « timing » of the appearance of a species, its importance within the ecosystem and the duration of its presence in the same ecosystem, (2) Quantify climate changes associated with those in vegetation: the pollen sequence of Lake Maliq, which showed the complex history of mountain ecosystems, has helped to quantify changes in temperature, precipitation and seasonality during the last glacial-interglacial transition and the Holocene in the southern Balkans. The Saine method has been applied to the sequence of Lake Ohrid to obtain a quantitative reconstruction in the Balkansduring the last climatic cycle. To improve the quality of these environmental and climate reconstructions: (1) The modem relationships between pollen assemblages, vegetation and climate, which are the basis of past environmental and climate reconstructions, have been previously analyzed statistically, from moss samples collected in Albania, Greece and Republic of Macedonia. This study shows that it is possible to distinguish in modem pollen sedimentation the ecosystems and vegetation belts in a fragmented area, and therefore, that the corresponding surface samples can be used to transfer functions, (2) A new modem pollen database, including 2760 sites in Europe, Mediterranean area and Eurasia, has been developed with new samples of surface to improve the spatial coverage of the modem dataset that is used in the methods of quantitative paleoclimate reconstruction
Lebon, Eric. "De l'influence des facteurs pédo et mésoclimatiques sur le comportement de la vigne et les caractéristiques du raisin : application à l'établissement de critères de zonage des potentialités qualitatives en vignoble à climat semi-continental (Alsace)". Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOS013.
Testo completoMoussus, Jean-Pierre. "Influences du climat sur la démographie des passereaux communs : mesure à grande échelle spatiale, variabilité interspécifique et prise en compte dans les prédictions biogéographiques sous scénario climatique". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066219.
Testo completoKifani, Souad. "Approche spatio-temporelle des relations hydroclimat-dynamique des espèces pélagiques en région d'upwelling : cas de la sardine du stock central marocain". Brest, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BRES2005.
Testo completoQuenol, Hervé. "Modifications climatiques aux échelles fines générées par un ouvrage linéaire en remblai : l'exemple de la ligne à grande vitesse du TGV Méditerranée sur le gel printanier et l'écoulement du mistral dans la basse vallée de la Durance". Lille 1, 2002. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2002/50376-2002-115.pdf.
Testo completoHander, Mohammed. "Contribution à l'étude de la bioclimatologie humaine au Maroc : l'exemple d'Essaouira". Paris 4, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA040211.
Testo completoThis study try to show the bioclimatic conditions in Essaouira. The principal idea is developed by the tree important actions of climate: physiological, psychological and pathological the subject is founded on climatic indices, which are debated
Wagmann, Kristen. "La dispersion des graines dans le temps (dormance) et dans l'espace chez la betterave maritime (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) : quel potentiel évolutif pour répondre au changement climatique global ?" Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10117.
Testo completoEach new plant generation starts with seeds: where and when will they germinate? Dispersal studies are helpful in answering this question. Dispersai may occur in time (dormancy) or in space. These two strat egies are considered as substitutable, since they allow to avoid the same constraints and are thus under same selective pressures. Generally, they allow seeds to deal with variability in environmental conditions in time or space. To estimate the potential response of sea beet to modifications in the environmental conditions in the context of a changing climatic, we analysed its dispersai abilities. For this purpose we studied dormancy and dispersal in space, their variability and the environmental factors that could be associated with their selection in natural populations. Climatic conditions have a strong influence on dormancy release and its evolution. Seed dispersal can occur over very long distances by sea currents. We showed a strong adaptive potential in sea beet (1) by the capacity to follow climate zones through its high dispersal abilities, and (2) through adaptation to new local conditions thanks to dormancy and life history evolution, facilitated by the gene flow linked with dispersaI
Jaber, Lina. "Effets d’une restriction en eau chez des chèvres laitières en climat tempéré ou semi-aride". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0057.
Testo completoWater scarcity is a widespread problem in arid and semi-arid regions affecting goat production. This project aimed to study the effects of water restriction on goats from semi- arid and temperate regions. A first step consisted in reviewing the literature on the subject leading to two review manuscripts. In addition, research articles specifically addressing the topic of water restriction in sheep and goat were retained for the compilation of a large database that was used for a preliminary quantitative review (meta-analysis) with the aim of visualizing the effects of water restriction on different physiological and production parameters as reported in literature. The qualitative and quantitative reviews covered sheep and goat as species of interest. The subject of water stress was also addressed experimentally through two experiments on lactating and gestating Shami goats, respectively, raised under semi-arid environment and one experiment on lactating Saanen and alpine goats raised under temperate conditions. An intermittent watering regime of once every four days was imposed on the Shami goats for a period of around 1 month while the Saanen and alpine goats were subjected to a 15-hour overnight water restriction for two consecutive days. The effect of heat stress was also studied during a short episode of rise in ambient temperature from 19oC to 28oC in Saanen and alpine goats. Physiological data, key blood parameters and milk production and composition were recorded and analyzed.Lactating Shami goats subjected to intermittent watering showed increased serum osmolarity, urea, protein and albumin concentrations, denoting dehydration. Milk composition and production, and body weight were not affected by the treatment. However, in the gestating shami goats osmolarity was higher while insulin was lower indicating a possible state of negative energy balance. The kids born to the restricted goats had lower body weight at birth and at one month of age which warrants further research.Similarly, alpine and Saanen lactating goats, although subjected to a milder water restriction regime showed signs of dehydration reflected by the increase in albumin, urea, osmolarity and Na+. The goats were able to maintain body weight and milk production although milk urea and lactose increased under water restriction thus keeping milk isotonic with the blood.Heat stress had no effect on feed intake or on feed and water intake patterns in lactating Saanen and alpine goats. However, there was a 40% increase in water intake. Blood pCO2 decreased because the animals hyperventilated to reduce their body temperature, whereas rectal temperature increased. Milk production was not modified, but milk fat content decreased. Alpine goats drank more water per kg of dry matter intake than the Saanen. This could be explained either by their higher level of feed intake or by the effect of coat colour.The qualitative and quantitative reviews as well as the experimental part helped in determining the most prominent physiological effects of water restriction in small ruminants that are consistently reported namely: decrease in feed intake and milk production and weight loss, increase in osmolarity, urea, sodium, cholesterol and fatty acids and of milk components such as lactose and protein content. At the same time, understudied areas in relation to the effects of water restriction were identified such as water stress in interaction with other environmental factors, the comparison between breeds, the impact of individual variability, methods of water stress alleviation and impact on animal welfare, etc.As a conclusion, this project helped in condensing the relevant information on the effects of water stress on goats thus serving as an accessible resource for guiding future research and possibly goat producers, in facing water scarcity
Ben, Romdhane Safa. "Effets du climat et de la pollution de l'air sur la santé respiratoire à Tunis". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC027/document.
Testo completoThe Greater metropolitan area of Tunis, often referred to as Grand Tunis or Tunis, presents a vulnerability to air pollution due to the high concentrations of population and the infrastructures characterizing its territory. Ozone (O3) and particles (PM10) often exceed the Tunisian thresholds for these pollutants. As for the international standards set by the WHO (world health organization), they have not been met infrequently.The respiratory tract is a preferred route of exposure to aggressions related to the environment. Many lung diseases are directly linked to inhalation of pollutants in the atmosphere. The influences of climate mechanisms on respiratory health are also very extensive, including extreme weather events, also called weather paroxysms.The main objective of this thesis was to characterize the impact of environmental factors, climate and atmospheric pollutants on respiratory health in Grand Tunis. We have chosen to quantify this relationship from the biometeorological indicators and absolute thresholds of meteorological stress, specific Tunisian climate, and air quality to predict episodes at risk for respiratory health and thresholds of weather variables and air quality resulting in excess hospital admissions for respiratory causes. And this from the climate extremes of the parameters affecting the respiratory health : temperature, relative humidity and maximum wind speed. We, too, set realistic standards for air quality, relative to O3 and PM10, identifying critical thresholds excess hospitalizations in Grand Tunis and can be applied throughout the country. Given the effect of some climatic parameters on the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere, we also studied the relationship between climatic parameters and pollutants of O3 and PM10. The results of this study reveal that, throughout the year, Tunisians are confronted with at least an environmental risk : photochemical pollution and heat waves, which are very responsive during the hot season ; during the cold season, it is the risk of cold and particulate pollution; and during the off-season, biological pollution, together with pollen, is more at risk. However, short-term exposure to these risks, the worsening of the respiratory illness or irritation of the respiratory system is real. This study showed that the development and worsening of respiratory diseases appear to result from a complex interplay of individual and environmental factors. They are mainly in relation to time, air quality and atopy. The importance of these factors varies the respective disease. Moreover, the low socioeconomic status of the family increases the likelihood of being exposed to more of these risk factors. Added to this are behavioral factors such as alcohol, active and passive smoking
Joannin, Sébastien. "Changements climatiques en Méditerranée à la transition Pléisctocène inférieur-moyen : pollens, isotopes stables et cyclostratigraphie". Lyon 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00347549.
Testo completoPollen analysis has been performed on six sections (Santa Lucia, Montalbano Jonico, Site ODP 976; Tsampika and Shamb) placed along a 4,000 km long transect from the Western Mediterranean region to Little Caucasus. These sections recorded same vegetation changes related to climatic cycles occurred throughout the Mediterranean region during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (1. 600-0. 700 Ma), despite an observed longitudinal gradient. Mesothermic taxa were affected by the increasing aridity and the extremes related to climatic cycles during this considered time-window. “Long-term” vegetation successions were controlled by climatic cycles related to the obliquity forcing. A similar vegetation dynamics with short and longer-term durations were forced by precession and its modulator (the eccentricity), respectively. Influences of both parameters were superimposed. The expected shift from obliquity to 100 ka long-cycles related to eccentricity is not observed in the Mediterranean region during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition
Kurbiel, Janusz. "Influence du climat sur la navigation dans le passage du Nord-Ouest". Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040116.
Testo completoThe northwest passage is the maritime route linking the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean through the northern part of the American continent. It is characterized by the extreme climatic conditions of the Arctic and the important presence of sea ice. A synthesis of the present knowledge about climatic factors having an influence on polar maritime navigation has been made, based on theoretical information as well as observations in situ made during the six years that "vagabond 2" took to circumnavigate northern America and to sail through the northwest passage (1982-1988). The detailed analysis of the climate and sea ice conditions of one sailing year (1986) was done according to the macro-meteorological polar navigation principle of Janusz Kurbiel, which proved to be particularly well adapted to polar research. The comparison with the years 1985, 1987 and 1988 showed a large interannual variability of sea ice condition for each region and the preponderant influence of local conditions on general climatic ones. Obstacles like icebergs and icing were studied in detail as well as the influence of sea state on navigation. Particular knowledge regarding the use of satellite imagery for the analysis of ice condition is discussed as well. The question of the climatic change was asked and the results of different scenarios based on models were compared to statistical data and in situ observations. Risks linked to oil pollution were summed up
Leborgne, Nathalie. "Approches biochimiques des mécanismes de résistance au froid chez Eucalyptus gunnii Hook. F". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30227.
Testo completoMoiroux, Joffrey. "Évolution des stratégies de reproduction de parasitoïdes de drosophiles en réponse au climat". Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S193.
Testo completoIn this thesis, we investigated (1) the relative roles of climate and biotic factors varying with climate in the selection of local adaptations of drosophila parasitoids (2) how the phenotypic plasticity of the life history traits has evolved in response to the environment and egg maturation strategies of theses organisms. Contrarily to the primary consumers in which evolution of life histories is directly affected by temperature, biotic factors varying with climate, such as host distribution and interspecific competition may be the principal agent of natural selection in parasitoids. Host distribution may explain the very strong variations that we observed, such as the existence of proovigenic and synovigenic populations in a same species and populations able or not to synthesise lipids during adult life. This last intraspecific variation may have affected trade-offs between traits and the evolution of metabolic rate. Strong variations in the level of phenotypic plasticity were also observed. Variability of the environment of origin explained these variations whereas life histories of organisms did not. To predict evolution of parasitic wasps in response to the global warming, biotic factors and environmental variability depending on climate should thus be integrated, and not only climate
Garbolino, Emmanuel. "Les plantes indicatrices du climat en France et leur télédétection". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008446.
Testo completobanque de données climatiques, celle de Météo-France, et d'une banque de données floristiques « Sophy ». Elle peut établir les relations entre plantes et climats sur une base stationnelle et
numérique, donc plus objective, plus précise et plus complète que la géographie botanique.
Le réseau météorologique national fournit des données standardisées dans 828 postes en France. Parmi les facteurs les plus actifs sur les plantes, il y a la température du jour et de la nuit, mois par mois, reflétées respectivement par la température mensuelle maximale et minimale ; il y a également les hauteurs et les fréquences mensuelles des précipitations. Ces facteurs sont ramenés à une même période de référence après estimation des données manquantes. De son côté, la banque « Sophy » fournit les présences et les abondances de 4.500 taxons botaniques dans 140.000 stations
en France. Elle permet de distinguer le comportement d'une plante soit par sa présence, soit par un seuil d'abondance. La conjonction de ces deux banques fournit un échantillonnage d'environ 12.000
stations floristiques réparties entre les climats de 574 postes.
La dépendance apparente d'une plante envers un facteur se manifeste par la concentration de ses présences dans la gamme du facteur. Cette concentration se calcule comme une probabilité et elle suit un gradient rigoureusement unimodal dans la gamme du facteur. La concentration maximale exprime le pouvoir indicateur de la plante, de telle façon que ce paramètre ne soit nul que pour une plante ubiquiste. Ce pouvoir indicateur est d'autant plus élevé que la plante est meilleure indicatrice. Le rang de la concentration maximale indique la position optimale de la plante. Les douze pouvoirs indicateurs et les douze positions optimales résument le comportement d'une plante dans la gamme d'un facteur. Ce travail présente le catalogue des comportements pour 2.800 plantes
indicatrices du climat et pour six grandeurs climatiques sous la forme de graphiques. Le catalogue présente aussi la répartition géographique de chaque plante entre les 140.000 stations de la banque « Sophy ». Ce catalogue n'est pas seulement un dictionnaire écologique des plantes indicatrices du climat. Il est aussi un outil informatique qui permet d'estimer avec précision le climat dans une communauté dépourvue de poste météorologique et d'introduire ainsi le climat de façon numérique dans toute étude phyto-écologique en France.
Mis à part l'application précédente, le catalogue ne montre pas de synthèse. Il est complété par une classification climatique des plantes qui montre la hiérarchie des phénomènes et leur importance statistique. Cette classification détermine des groupes de plantes ayant des comportements similaires d'après leurs fidélités cumulées aux rangs des variables climatiques. Elle caractérise un groupe par ses pouvoirs indicateurs et ses positions optimales. Elle aboutit à un catalogue des principaux groupes, depuis les plus nombreux et les plus différents, constituant les premiers niveaux de synthèse, jusqu'aux plus détaillés. Elle montre que le gradient phytoclimatique majeur sépare le littoral, la région méditerranéenne et les montagnes des plaines continentales. Le
groupe littoral, par exemple, se subdivise en groupes atlantiques et méditerranéens, puis en sousgroupes cantonnés dans une partie seulement de chaque climat.
Un travail analogue est entrepris sur les relations entre les plantes et les variables du satellite NOAA. Comme en géographie botanique, les relations entre plantes et mesures satellitaires se
fondent souvent sur la superposition de ces images, basées sur un indice de végétation (NDVI), avec des cartes de végétation. Ces images et leur interprétation montrent de grandes catégories de
végétation, telles que formations forestières et cultures. La banque « Sophy » permet une étude stationnelle et non plus cartographique du phénomène. Cette banque associe des données
floristiques à des données satellitaires issues du même emplacement, dans 11.000 pixels de 5,5 km de côté. Les synthèses mensuelles du NDVI montrent des différences de comportement entre les plantes de formations différentes, telles que prairies, forêts, ripisylves, formations méditerranéennes et les landes atlantiques, littorales et montagnardes. Les pouvoirs indicateurs sont parfois élevés et similaires pour les plantes de la même formation. Mais ils montrent encore quelques incohérences, soit d'un mois sur l'autre, soit d'une variable satellitaire à une autre, faute d'une standardisation insuffisante dans la caractérisation des pixels. Des variables satellitaires standardisées portant sur une plus longue période, dont les données manquantes seraient calculées, devraient être susceptibles de localiser des phytoclimats, grâce aux groupes de plantes qui les représentent, et de généraliser
sur le terrain les connaissances stationnelles de la phytoclimatologie.
Wagmann, Kristen. "La dispersion des graines dans le temps (dormance) et dans l'espace chez la betterave maritime (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) : quel potentiel évolutif pour répondre au changement climatique global ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10117.
Testo completoEach new plant generation starts with seeds: where and when will they germinate? Dispersal studies are helpful in answering this question. Dispersai may occur in time (dormancy) or in space. These two strat egies are considered as substitutable, since they allow to avoid the same constraints and are thus under same selective pressures. Generally, they allow seeds to deal with variability in environmental conditions in time or space. To estimate the potential response of sea beet to modifications in the environmental conditions in the context of a changing climatic, we analysed its dispersai abilities. For this purpose we studied dormancy and dispersal in space, their variability and the environmental factors that could be associated with their selection in natural populations. Climatic conditions have a strong influence on dormancy release and its evolution. Seed dispersal can occur over very long distances by sea currents. We showed a strong adaptive potential in sea beet (1) by the capacity to follow climate zones through its high dispersal abilities, and (2) through adaptation to new local conditions thanks to dormancy and life history evolution, facilitated by the gene flow linked with dispersaI
Alexandre, Frédéric. "Entre midis méditerranéen et atlantique, une transition phytoclimatique du Languedoc à l'Aquitaine". Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA070065.
Testo completoBaton, Franck. "Effets de la carbonisation oxygénée sur le signal isotopique (δ13C) du bois : vers une dendroclimatologie isotopique sur charbons archéologiques". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066236/document.
Testo completoArcheological charcoals are used for reconstructing past woodland vegetation and the related historical forest practices. Charcoals δ13C are used for paleoclimate reconstructions. To better constrain the use of δ13C, we investigated the effect of oxygenated carbonization on ring scale δ13C variations in oak wood. Results showed a significant decrease of δ13C values after carbonization. This effect, however, is highly variable according to the wood compartment considered: heartwood, sapwood, earlywood, or latewood. Carbon content measurements do not exhibit the same variations along oxygenated carbonization as observed with δ13C. Therefore, the use of carbon content for evaluating carbonization effects on δ13C, which is proposed by some authors, is not appropriate. Interannual and seasonal δ13C variations, however, are not significantly affected by oxygenated carbonization. Thus, paleoclimate reconstruction from charcoals δ13C appears possible. To test both ring scale variations, archeological charcoals were sampled from a climatically well documented Neolithic site of Chalain. Several dendro-anthracological parameters (latewood proportion, duraminization, charcoal-pith distance estimation) were characterized for a better understanding of δ13C variations, in order to integrate historical woodland practices and the climatic interpretations. Charcoal tree-rings exhibited width and δ13C significantly different between the two studied periods, in agreement with previously inferred climatic difference. Intra-ring δ13C suggested that the cool and moist climatic period also corresponded to higher seasonal contrast than the dryer climatic period. Dendro-anthracological parameters allow better understanding of δ13C variations between wood compartments and provide information on past woodland exploitations. To conclude, oxygenated carbonizations induce a decrease in wood δ13C values, but do not prevent the paleoclimate interpretations of δ13C variations in archeological charcoals
Elias, Pereira Giuliano. "Contribution de la chimiométrie à la caractérisation des fruits : application des profils métaboliques du raisin à l'étude des effets du climat, du sol et du cépage". Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21208.
Testo completoMetabolic profiles of grape skin and pulp extracts were determined by three analytical methods. 'H NMR allows to determine the most important sugars, organic and amino acids presents in the grape berries. A 'H NMR spectrum is transformed in 190 buckets of integrated areas (0,04 ppm) and analyzed to determine metabolic fingerprintings. HPLC allows to determine 15 anthocyanins, 20 flavonols, and 20 amino acids. Ripe grape samples were collected in different vineyards during three vintages (2002, 2003 and 2004). The effects of the grape exposition was studied. Chemometrics based on partial least squares (PLS) were used to discriminate between samples. Environmental conditions of the vineyards were discriminated by the three metabolic profiles. Climate is the most important factor as compared with soil type and cultivar factors. The separation of the clusters depends of the metabolite nature. Phenolic compounds are the most discriminating factors, being possible to discriminate between samples according to vintage, soils, microclimate and cultivars. The most important metabolites participating on the samples discrimination were identified and their role is discussed. The application of the chemometrics will allow to characterize qualitatively grapes growing in different vineyard conditions and to evaluate differences between the samples. The information generated in this study will contribute to evaluate more qualitatively grapes and to optimize winemaking process
Sana, Ullah Muhammad. "Effets des changements climatiques et en particulièrement de la sécheresse sur la décomposition et la stabilisation de la matière organique du sol dans un écosystème prairial". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066240.
Testo completoDupuis, Isabelle. "Fécondation in vitro chez le maïs : étude de la réceptivité femelle et des stress thermiques". Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10079.
Testo completoDelpierre, Nicolas. "Etude du déterminisme des variations interannuelles des échanges carbonés entre les écosystèmes forestiers européens et l’atmosphère : une approche basée sur la modélisation des processus". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112167.
Testo completoQuaas, Johannes. "L'effet indirect des aérosols : paramétrisation dans des modèles de grande échelle et évaluation des données satellitales". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EPXX0046.
Testo completoMartin, Hélène. "Nouveaux milieux, nouveaux chasseurs : une approche des comportements au post-glaciaire à travers l'étude des saisons de capture du gibier". Toulouse 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU20017.
Testo completoThe study of cementum rings located on mammals dental roots allows to identify accurately the age and season corresponding to the death of the considered animals. Applied to the fossil remains found in the post - glacial prehistoric sites, this method will contribute to a better understanding of the strategies of new environment
Guillard, Mary. "Etude des déterminants psychologiques de l'adaptation au changement climatique : effets de la distance psychologique, du risque perçu, et de l'attachement au lieu". Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT2002.
Testo completoThis thesis aims to study the links between the way to evaluate a phenomenon as abstract as climate change, and how to adapt to this environmental situation. With this in mind, we implemented four studies composed respectively of 325, 345, 626 and 445 participants. The first study is a survey about how climate change and its effects are assessed, depending on experiencing floods or not. The second study is a quasi-experimental protocol that intends to pore over the dimensions of psychological distance related to climate change and the linked coping strategies. Study number three focuses on people exposed to the impacts of climate change (floods or droughts). This research shows links between place attachment, assessment of the environmental situation and behavioral adaptation (protective behaviors, pro-environmental behaviors). The last study is also a survey that aims to analyse the links between evaluation of the environmental situation, pro-environmental behaviors and mobility behaviors. In general, the results of these four studies highlight that the way to assess the environmental situation partly explains adaptation to climate change. In addition, place attachment is a relevant aspect to consider, in order to understand the evaluation of environmental context and explain how people cope with climate change. Nevertheless, these results reveal that the evaluation of the context is not sufficient to explain mobility behaviors for instance. The discussion of this thesis highlights the complexity of relations between context assessment and climate change adaptation. We thus point out how important it is to consider the specific characteristics of territories for a better understanding of adaptation to climate change
Bal, Guillaume. "Évolution des populations françaises de saumon atlantique (Salmo salar L. ) et changement climatique". Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S066.
Testo completoCette thèse s’intéresse aux impacts du changement climatique sur la croissance dulçaquicole et marine du saumon atlantique (Salmo salar L. ), trait essentiel qui contrôle ses stratégies de vie et donc la structure et l’abondance des stocks. Ce travail valorise les données de suivi des populations françaises, situées en partie sud de l’aire de répartition de l’espèce et donc menacées, par i) le développement d’un nouveau modèle statistique Bayesien permettant d’estimer la température de l’eau à partir de la température de l’air et du débit ii) le développement d’un modèle de croissance de Von Bertalanffy dans un cadre Bayesien permettant d’estimer l’impact relatif du changement climatique sur la croissance des jeunes saumons par rapport à d’autres facteurs iii) l’analyse de l’évolution des caractéristiques migratoires des saumons adultes. Les résultats suggèrent que le réchauffement des cours d’eau devrait peu influencer la croissance et les choix d’histoire de vie juvéniles car i) le réchauffement des cours d’eau devrait être plus faible que celui de l’air ii) la croissance est peu sensible aux variations de température par comparaison aux variations de densité de compétiteurs (juvéniles de saumon et de truite Salmo Trutta L. ) en partie liées aux conditions de vie marines rencontrées par l’espèce. Dans le même temps, on observe depuis 1985 une baisse de taille et de poids des adultes accompagnées d’un retard dans les dates d’entrée en rivière. Additionnés à la disparition progressive des saumons de plusieurs hivers de mer, ces éléments suggèrent une réponse adaptative à une variation des conditions de croissance en mer, très probablement en lien avec le changement climatique
Tabary, Pierre. "Observations radar de systèmes précipitants orographiques pendant l'expérience MAP". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30031.
Testo completoBouka, Biona Clobite. "Echanges forêt-atmosphère en milieu tropical humide. Dynamique de la couche limite. Expérience DECAFE". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30143.
Testo completoMalaboeuf, Frédéric. "Flux polliniques et pollinisation chez une espèce fonctionnellement dioi͏̈que, le kiwi, "Actinidia deliciosa" (A. Chev. ) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson". Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20119.
Testo completoIshiguro, Naoko. "L'influence du climat et des affluents sur l'oxygénation et la turbidité des lacs : le cas comparé du Léman, des lacs alpins et japonais". Limoges, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIMO2002.
Testo completoMerzouki, Abderrahmane. "Les effets d'une coupe à blanc sur l'activité biologique d'un sol fersiallitique méditerranéen". Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20145.
Testo completoPauly, Jean-Pierre. "Altération de la pierre en œuvre en relation avec la climatologie et l'architecture : simulation et produits de protection". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL093N.
Testo completoDoxa, Aggeliki. "Complex population dynamics in a changing environment : the impact of density dependence and environmental factors on the vital rates and dynamics of two long-lived bird species". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0001.
Testo completoOne of the challenges of modern population ecology is to provide the effective tools for population dynamics predictions in a rapidly changing environment. Reliable estimations of the effects of environmental variation on species dynamics require to integrate the effects of populations intrinsic parameters (e. G. , density) as well as external environmental factors. Importantly, these interacting effects are influenced by current and past conditions of the system, at both local and global scales. The present thesis aims to illustrate some of the aspects that need to be considered when assessing the impact of density and climatic factors on life history traits and on population dynamics, by using the example of two long-lived bird species, the Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) and the Great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus). The analyses showed that patterns of density-dependence can significantly interact with severe environmental stochasticity, producing unpredicted effects on population extinction risk. Large-scale climatic factors together with population density may similarly influence the survivorship of different population segments, resulting to spatial and temporal synchronisation between and within populations. Finally, interactions between until now cooperative species that are differently affected by climatic change may be a critical aspect for their future capacity to effectively respond to changing conditions
Quereix, Anne. "Analyse et modélisation du fonctionnement stomatique de la vigne Vitis vinifera L. : intégration de l'effet des puits de carbone sur les échanges gazeux de la plante". Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR20834.
Testo completoIn order to understand the control of grape quality, it is necessary to quantify the capture of plant resources and their partitioning between the various organs. This requires, in particular, an integrated description of plant gas exchange in response to both environmental and internal factors. Currently, however, the coupling of these two types of factors remains poorly understood. The objective of this study is to develop a model of gas exchange taking into account the short-term effects of climate as well as the influence of source-sink interactions on the stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. We first analysed experimentally the interactions between the carbon supply of sources and the carbon demand of sinks, under a stable environment and also in the vineyard. Then from these data, we developed a dynamic model based on (i) an empirical model of stomatal conductance (Leuning, 1995), modified in the light of published studies, and (ii) a model of carbon partitioning (Minchin et al,1993), to which we added a source-sink feedback mechanism. Simulations show that the model reproduced the global tendencies observed for photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in a stable environment. Less satisfactory agreement was obtained in the vineyard under a fluctuating environment. Nevertheless, from a qualitative point of view, the model accounts for the interactions between organs and simulates the observed behaviour following the modification of the source-sink ratio. By integrating the influence of external factors, this study provides a preliminary model for incorporating the sink feedback effect on source activity, which may be integrated into models describing the longer term functioning of whole plants