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1
Stewart, Colin D., S. Kristine Braman e Beverly L. Sparks. "Abundance of Beneficial Arthropods on Woody Landscape Plants at Professionally-Managed Landscape Sites". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 20, n. 2 (1 giugno 2002): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-20.2.67.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Eight 0.2–0.4 ha (0.5–1.0 A) sites managed by landscape professionals were monitored biweekly for beneficial arthropod activity. More than 30 generalist predator taxa were identified. Spiders and green lacewings were the most numerous taxa and both were found on all plant taxa sampled. Green lacewings, especially the egg stage, were the most numerous natural enemies detected on birch, crape myrtle, cherry, and oak trees accounting for 52.5, 49.9, 43.5, and 38.1%, respectively. Spiders accounted for 56.2% of the insectivorous arthropods observed on magnolia and were the most abundant predatory arthropod on azaleas comprising 46.5% of all arthropod predators/parasites across all properties. The most abundant predatory arthropods on junipers were spiders accounting for 75.5% of the beneficials encountered with ants (associated with an early season aphid outbreak), green lacewing larvae, lady beetles, harvestmen, and parasitic wasps comprising 15.8, 0.4, 4.3, 0.4, and 1.2%, respectively. Spiders were the most abundant predators on boxwood accounting for 70.6% of the natural enemies.
2
Stevenson, Misty, Kalynn L. Hudman, Alyx Scott, Kelsey Contreras e Jeffrey G. Kopachena. "High Survivorship of First-Generation Monarch Butterfly Eggs to Third Instar Associated with a Diverse Arthropod Community". Insects 12, n. 6 (21 giugno 2021): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060567.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Based on surveys of winter roost sites, the eastern migratory population of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) in North America appears to have declined in the last 20 years and this has prompted the implementation of numerous conservation strategies. However, there is little information on the survivorship of first-generation monarchs in the core area of occupancy in Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana where overwinter population recovery begins. The purpose of this study was to determine the survivorship of first-generation eggs to third instars at a site in north Texas and to evaluate host plant arthropods for their effect on survivorship. Survivorship to third instar averaged 13.4% and varied from 11.7% to 15.6% over three years. The host plants harbored 77 arthropod taxa, including 27 predatory taxa. Despite their abundance, neither predator abundance nor predator richness predicted monarch survival. However, host plants upon which monarchs survived often harbored higher numbers of non-predatory arthropod taxa and more individuals of non-predatory taxa. These results suggest that ecological processes may have buffered the effects of predators and improved monarch survival in our study. The creation of diverse functional arthropod communities should be considered for effective monarch conservation, particularly in southern latitudes.
3
Legg, David A., Mark D. Sutton, Gregory D. Edgecombe e Jean-Bernard Caron. "Cambrian bivalved arthropod reveals origin of arthrodization". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, n. 1748 (10 ottobre 2012): 4699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1958.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Extant arthropods are diverse and ubiquitous, forming a major constituent of most modern ecosystems. Evidence from early Palaeozoic Konservat Lagerstätten indicates that this has been the case since the Cambrian. Despite this, the details of arthropod origins remain obscure, although most hypotheses regard the first arthropods as benthic predators or scavengers such as the fuxianhuiids or megacheirans (‘great-appendage’ arthropods). Here, we describe a new arthropod from the Tulip Beds locality of the Burgess Shale Formation (Cambrian, series 3, stage 5) that possesses a weakly sclerotized thorax with filamentous appendages, encased in a bivalved carapace, and a strongly sclerotized, elongate abdomen and telson. A cladistic analysis resolved this taxon as the basal-most member of a paraphyletic grade of nekto-benthic forms with bivalved carapaces. This grade occurs at the base of Arthropoda (panarthropods with arthropodized trunk limbs) and suggests that arthrodization (sclerotization and jointing of the exoskeleton) evolved to facilitate swimming . Predatory and fully benthic habits evolved later in the euarthropod stem-lineage and are plesiomorphically retained in pycnogonids (sea spiders) and euchelicerates (horseshoe crabs and arachnids).
4
Anggraini, Erise, Roy Pardingotan, Siti Herlinda, Chandra Irsan e Muhammad Umar Harun. "Diversity of Predatory Arthropods in Soybean (Glycine max L) Refugia". Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology 4, n. 2 (31 agosto 2020): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32530/jaast.v4i2.165.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Many problems arise in the cultivation of crops; one of these problems is insect pests that can threaten crop production. Integrated pest management is an alternative technique for managing the balance of the agricultural environment. Habitat manipulation by increasing plant diversity with refugia is considered an alternative way to maintain natural enemy in an agro ecosystem. The use of soybean as a refugium in a crop field is still limited. Research was conducted to investigate the diversity of predatory arthropods in soybean as a refugium in a chilli pepper crop field at the Agro-technology Training Centre (ATC) at the University of Sriwijaya. In this study, four varieties of soybean (Dena 1, Detam 3 PRIDA, Deja 1, and Devon 1) were used as refugia. Three observation methods were carried out using nets, pitfall traps and visual observation for 7 weeks. The results show that arthropod diversity in soybean plants comprised 6 orders with 10 families and 19 species. Odontoponera denticulata (Hymenoptera) was the most predominant arthropod predator, observed in 73% of all soybean varieties. The number of canopy-dwelling arthropod predators was similar in the four soybean varieties.
5
Chan, Eric K. W., Yixin Zhang e David Dudgeon. "Arthropod 'rain' into tropical streams: the importance of intact riparian forest and influences on fish diets". Marine and Freshwater Research 59, n. 8 (2008): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07191.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Terrestrial arthropods might represent an important energy source for stream predators, but these trophic linkages have seldom been studied in the tropics. Terrestrial arthropod inputs (essentially, arthropod ‘rain’) into four streams with different riparian vegetation (two draining shrublands and two draining forests) were measured over three consecutive seasons (dry, wet, dry) from 2005 to 2007 in monsoonal Hong Kong. Predatory minnows, Parazacco spilurus (Cyprinidae), were collected and their consumption of terrestrial arthropods was estimated. Inputs of arthropods were dominated by Diptera, Collembola, Formicidae and aerial Hymenoptera, accounting for ≥73% of the arthropod abundance. Seasonal variation was marked: numbers in the dry seasons were approximately half (47–57%) those in the wet season, and biomass fell to one-third (33–37%) of the wet-season value. Shrubland streams received 19–43% fewer individuals and 6–34% less biomass than shaded forest streams. An analysis of fish diets in three of the four streams showed that terrestrial insects and spiders were more important prey in the two forest streams, accounting for 35–43% of prey abundance (39–43% by volume) v. 28% (27%) in the shrubland stream. Because riparian vegetation is the source of terrestrial arthropod inputs to streams, degradation of streamside forests that reduce these inputs will have consequences for the diets of stream fishes.
6
Gossler, Odair Santos, Denise Lange e Wedson Desidério Fernandes. "Can the absence of ants interfere in the arthropods abundance on corn plants (Zea mays L. - Poaceae)?" Comunicata Scientiae 8, n. 1 (6 aprile 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v8i1.1730.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Alternative methods to reduce the chemical control in monoculture have been widely assessed in order to diminish the pesticide use. Thus, the efficiency of predator arthropods who work as population controllers in many agro-ecosystems has been tested. The current study aim to verify if the presence of ants interfere in the amount of arthropod herbivores and predators on corn plants, Zea mays L. (Poaceae). A total of 100 plants were assessed, out of them, 50 were isolated from ants and the other 50 were not. There were 25 taxa of arthropods on corn plants, in which 14 were herbivorous and 11 predators. The ants’ free access to the plants negatively influenced the Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) amount, which is an important herbivorous plague in corn monoculture. It was also observed the greater amount of Doru sp.1 (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) on plants containing ants. Considering the assessed plants, the presence of ants did not influenced the abundance of other arthropods. These results suggest that the ant-plant-herbivore interactions in corn monoculture is a complex system, and the presence of predatory ants in plants not always influence the presence of other arthropods.
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Meidalima, Dewi, Ruarita Ramadhalina Kawaty e Erlan B. Gunawan. "DIVERSITY OF ARTHROPOD PREDATOR IN SWAMP RICE FIELDS IN SOUTH SUMATERA". JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 18, n. 2 (25 marzo 2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.218112-118.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The abundance and diversity of arthropod in agro ecosystem depend on the level of synthetic pesticide contamination. This study aimed to explore, identify and analyze the diversity and abundance of predatory arthropods in swamp rice fields treated with pesticide application (in Pemulutan) and without pesticide application (in Musi 2). The swamp rice fields in Pemulutan are bordered by village, river and forest. The methods were survey and direct observation on 3 ha and 2 ha of swamp rice fields in Pemulutan and Musi 2, Palembang. Sampling of predatory arthropods were conducted at 20, 50, 80 and 110 days after rice planting using pitfall trap. Identification of predatory arthropods was conducted at Laboratory of Entomology showing that the arthropod collected consisted of 17 species of insects and 9 species of Arachnida. In Pemulutan Ogan Ilir were found 19 species (10 species of insect and 9 species of Arachnida) at the village area. In the area that was bordered by river were found 8 species (7 insect and 1 Arachnida). In the area bordered by forest were found 22 species (10 species of insects and 12 species of Arachnida). The diversity level, number of species, and arthropod specimen in the field without pesticide application at Musi 2 were higher than those in the fields with pesticide application in Pemulutan.
8
Svobodová, Zdeňka, Yinghua Shu, Oxana Skoková Habuštová, Jörg Romeis e Michael Meissle. "Stacked Bt maize and arthropod predators: exposure to insecticidal Cry proteins and potential hazards". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, n. 1859 (19 luglio 2017): 20170440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0440.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Genetically engineered (GE) crops with stacked insecticidal traits expose arthropods to multiple Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). One concern is that the different Cry proteins may interact and lead to unexpected adverse effects on non-target species. Bi- and tri-trophic experiments with SmartStax maize, herbivorous spider mites ( Tetranychus urticae ), aphids ( Rhopalosiphum padi ), predatory spiders ( Phylloneta impressa ), ladybeetles ( Harmonia axyridis ) and lacewings ( Chrysoperla carnea ) were conducted. Cry1A.105, Cry1F, Cry3Bb1 and Cry34Ab1 moved in a similar pattern through the arthropod food chain. By contrast, Cry2Ab2 had highest concentrations in maize leaves, but lowest in pollen, and lowest acquisition rates by herbivores and predators. While spider mites contained Cry protein concentrations exceeding the values in leaves (except Cry2Ab2), aphids contained only traces of some Cry protein. Predators contained lower concentrations than their food. Among the different predators, ladybeetle larvae showed higher concentrations than lacewing larvae and juvenile spiders. Acute effects of SmartStax maize on predator survival, development and weight were not observed. The study thus provides evidence that the different Cry proteins do not interact in a way that poses a risk to the investigated non-target species under controlled laboratory conditions.
9
Clark, Robert E., e Chad L. Seewagen. "Invasive Japanese Barberry, Berberis thunbergii (Ranunculales: Berberidaceae) Is Associated With Simplified Branch-Dwelling and Leaf-Litter Arthropod Communities in a New York Forest". Environmental Entomology 48, n. 5 (28 agosto 2019): 1071–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz095.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Arthropod food webs can be indirectly impacted by woody plant invasions, with cascading consequences for higher trophic levels. There are multiple bottom-up pathways by which invasive plants can alter food webs: above-ground interactions based on plant-herbivore associations and below-ground at the interface of leaf-litter and soil food webs. We compared arthropod community composition in these two food web dimensions in a New York forest that has been heavily invaded by nonnative Japanese barberry. Using two sampling protocols, we compared arthropod community composition on Japanese barberry shrubs to multiple species of native host shrubs and then compared leaf-litter arthropod assemblages between forest patches with exceptionally high Japanese barberry densities and those with relatively little to no Japanese barberry present. Fitting with trends in other woody shrub invasions, arthropod species richness was significantly lower in the leaf litter around Japanese barberry and on Japanese barberry plants themselves. Although overall arthropod abundance was also significantly lower on and in the leaf litter around Japanese barberry than on and around native shrubs, total biomass did not differ due to the taxa associated with Japanese barberry tending to be larger-bodied. We observed a dramatic reduction in predatory arthropods in response to both bottom-up pathways, particularly among ants and spiders. Our results show that Japanese barberry-invaded habitats may be experiencing trophic downgrading as result of lower numbers of generalist predators like spiders and ants, which may have rippling effects up the food web to insectivorous animals and their predators.
10
Wenninger, Erik J., Jessica R. Vogt, Jeffrey Lojewski, Oliver T. Neher, Don W. Morishita e Kristin E. Daku. "Effects of Strip Tillage in Sugar Beet on Density and Richness of Predatory Arthropods". Environmental Entomology 49, n. 1 (15 dicembre 2019): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz135.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Strip tillage, in which tillage and seedbed preparation are limited to a narrow band where the subsequent crop is planted, provides many potential agronomic benefits, including reduced fuel and labor costs, reduced erosion, and improved soil tilth. Lower soil disturbance and enhanced water retention associated with strip tillage also may affect density and diversity of predatory arthropods, which have been little studied in sugar beet. We examined the effects of tillage (conventional versus strip) on the predatory epigeal arthropod fauna in sugar beet. Studies were conducted over three growing seasons (2010–2012) in Idaho using both fenced and unfenced pitfall traps to sample arthropods. Unfenced pitfall traps often captured a greater activity density and richness of predators, and showed no bias of higher captures in conventionally tilled plots as has been shown elsewhere. Total density of predators was higher in strip tillage only during 2011. Density and species richness of carabid beetles did not differ between tillage treatments during the course of the study. Density of the other major taxa (staphylinid beetles, spiders, and Opiliones) was higher under strip tillage during some years, especially early in the season, but richness showed little or no relationship with tillage. Predaceous arthropods might be favored by enhanced ground cover, higher humidity, more moderate temperatures, and/or less habitat disturbance associated with strip-tilled plots. The results suggest that certain groups of soil-dwelling predatory arthropods can be favored by strip tillage in sugar beet, which further adds to the benefits of conservation tillage in this system.
11
Holland, J. M. "The effectiveness of exclusion barriers for polyphagous predatory arthropods in wheat". Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, n. 3 (giugno 1998): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300025918.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractVertical polythene exclusion barriers combined with trapping out using pitfall traps have been used to create enclosures within which arthropod numbers can be manipulated. This technique has been primarily used to investigate the impact of ground-dwelling polyphagous arthropods on cereal pests. Arthropod numbers in a total of 42 enclosed areas were compared to adjacent unenclosed areas over three years in Hampshire, UK. A range of arthropod monitoring techniques was used, including pitfall traps, fenced pitfall traps and D-vac suction samples. The enclosures were effective in reducing most species of Carabidae, Linyphiidae and Lycosidae encountered and numbers in pitfall traps were reduced by an average of 74%, 62% and 77% respectively. Similar reductions in densities of these taxa were found. Staphylinidae were less effected with an average reduction of only 32% in pitfall traps, although Philonthus species were reduced by 82%. Results were compared to previous studies.
12
Harris, B. A., E. M. Poole, S. K. Braman e S. V. Pennisi. "Consumer-Ready Insect Hotels: An Assessment of Arthropod Visitation and Nesting Success". Journal of Entomological Science 56, n. 2 (1 aprile 2021): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-56.2.141.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Insect nesting boxes and hotels have the potential to provide shelter and overwintering sites for beneficial insect communities such as pollinating bees, wasps, earwigs, and other predatory arthropods. This study evaluated beneficial arthropod visitation to consumer-ready, commercially available nesting boxes over a 2-yr period. Insect hotels were placed on mature river birch (Betula nigra L.) and crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.) in garden plots established with floral resources for pollinators and other beneficial insects. Paper and thread-waisted wasps, soldier flies, predatory ants, and spiders were observed visiting the boxes. Boxes located in garden plot treatments (with floral resources) had the greatest numbers and diversity of pollinator and beneficial insect taxa compared to control plot treatments (naturalized areas away from floral resources) in 2016. Insect hotels placed on B. nigra had a higher number of thread-waisted wasps in 2016 and spiders and total beneficial insects in 2017. Higher numbers of predatory ants and total beneficial arthropods were found in boxes placed on L. indica in 2016. During the study, bamboo stems and drilled tunnels in the insect boxes were evaluated for arthropod inhabitance. Largest counts of occupied stems and tunnels were observed in boxes placed in proximity to floral resources and on L. indica trees.
13
Laffon, Ludivine, Armin Bischoff, Hélène Gautier, Florent Gilles, Laurent Gomez, Françoise Lescourret e Pierre Franck. "Conservation Biological Control of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella): Effects of Two Aromatic Plants, Basil (Ocimum basilicum) and French Marigolds (Tagetes patula)". Insects 13, n. 10 (6 ottobre 2022): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13100908.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The addition of flowering companion plants within or around crop fields is a promising strategy to strengthen pest regulation by their natural enemies. Aromatic plants are frequently used as companion plants, but their effects on natural enemies remain unclear under field conditions. Here, we evaluated the effects of two aromatic plant species on the parasitism of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella) and the recruitment of predatory arthropods (spiders, earwigs) in a factorial field experiment. Apple trees were intercropped with basil (Ocimum basilicum), French marigolds (Tagetes patula), or ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The association between apple trees and O. basilicum increases codling moth parasitism, but does not affect arthropod predator abundances. Furthermore, we find a general negative effect of T. patula on arthropod diversities and abundances, including the pest and its natural enemies. Finally, changes in the parasitism rate and arthropod community structure due to the aromatic plants do not reduce codling moth density or associated apple damage. Further experiments are needed to determine the mechanisms involved in aromatic plant effects on pest repellence and on natural enemy recruitment (volatile organic compound composition, floral resource supply, or pest density dependence).
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Schmidt, Jason M., Thomas O. Crist, Kerri Wrinn e Ann L. Rypstra. "Predator interference alters foraging behavior of a generalist predatory arthropod". Oecologia 175, n. 2 (20 marzo 2014): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2922-x.
Testo completo
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Sario, Sara, Conceição Santos, Fátima Gonçalves e Laura Torres. "DNA screening of Drosophila suzukii predators in berry field orchards shows new predatory taxonomical groups". PLOS ONE 16, n. 4 (8 aprile 2021): e0249673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249673.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila, SWD) is a pandemic quarantine pest that attacks mostly red fruits. The high number of life cycles per year, its ability to rapidly invade and spread across new habitats, and highly polyphagous nature, makes this a particularly aggressive invasive species, for which efficient control methods are currently lacking. The use of native natural predators is particularly promising to anchor sustainable and efficient measures to control SWD. While several field studies have suggested the presence of potential predatory species in infested orchards, only a few confirmed the presence of SWD DNA in predators’ gut content. Here, we use a DNA-based approach to identify SWD predators among the arthropod diversity in South Europe, by examining the gut content of potential predator specimens collected in SWD-infested berry fields in North Portugal. These specimens were morphologically identified to the family/order, and their gut content was screened for the presence of SWD DNA using PCR. New SWD predatory taxonomical groups were identified, as Opiliones and Hemerobiidae, in addition to known SWD predators, such as Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae, Miridae, Carabidae, Formicidae and Araneae. Additionally, the presence of a spider family, Uloboridae, in the orchards was recorded for the first time, posing this family as another SWD-candidate predator. This study sets important bases to further investigate the potential large-scale use of some of these confirmed predator taxa for SWD control in South Europe.
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Pereira, J. L., M. C. Picanço, E. J. G. Pereira, A. A. Silva, A. Jakelaitis, R. R. Pereira e V. M. Xavier. "Influence of crop management practices on bean foliage arthropods". Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, n. 6 (27 maggio 2010): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000039.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractCrop management practices can affect the population of phytophagous pest species and beneficial arthropods with consequences for integrated pest management. In this study, we determined the effect of no-tillage and crop residue management on the arthropod community associated with the canopy of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Abundance and species composition of herbivorous, detritivorous, predaceous and parasitoid arthropods were recorded during the growing seasons of 2003 and 2004 in Coimbra County, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Arthropod diversity and guild composition were similar among crop management systems, but their abundance was higher under no-tillage relative to conventional cultivation and where residues from the preceding crop were maintained in the field. Thirty-four arthropod species were recorded, and those most representative of the impact of the crop management practices were Hypogastrura springtails, Empoasca kraemeri and Circulifer leafhoppers, and Solenopsis ants. The infestation levels of major insect-pests, especially leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), was on average seven-fold lower under no-tillage with retention of crop residues relative to the conventional system with removal of residues, whereas the abundance of predatory ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and springtails (Collembola: Hypogastruridae) were, respectively, about seven- and 15-fold higher in that treatment. Importantly, a significant trophic interaction among crop residues, detritivores, predators and herbivores was observed. Plots managed with no-tillage and retention of crop residues had the highest bean yield, while those with conventional cultivation and removal of the crop residues yielded significantly less beans. This research shows that cropping systems that include zero tillage and crop residue retention can reduce infestation by foliar insect-pests and increase abundance of predators and detritivores, thus having direct consequences for insect pest management.
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Judt, Guzmán, Gómez, Cabezas, Entrenas, Winter, Zaller e Paredes. "Diverging Effects of Landscape Factors and Inter-Row Management on the Abundance of Beneficial and Herbivorous Arthropods in Andalusian Vineyards (Spain)". Insects 10, n. 10 (26 settembre 2019): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100320.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Land use at landscape and field scales can increase the diversity and abundance of natural enemies for pest control. In this study, we investigated interactions between landscape elements (semi-natural vegetation, olive orchards, vineyards, other agricultural areas) and inter-row management (vegetation cover vs. bare soil) in relation to arthropod populations in Andalusian vineyards. Arthropods were collected from grapevine foliage in 15 vineyards using suction sampling. Landscape structure was analyzed within a 750 m radius surrounding the studied vineyards. Arthropods were categorized into functional groups (predators, parasitoids, herbivores), and their responses to the most influencing factors were analyzed by likelihood methods and model selection. Of the total of 650 arthropods collected, 48% were predators, 33% herbivores and 19% parasitoids. Numbers of predatory aeolothrips, parasitoids and herbivorous cicadas in the study vineyards decreased with an increased proportion of vineyards in the surroundings. Spider populations in vineyards increased with increasing proportions of other agricultural fields (non-flowering crops) in the surroundings. Semi-natural elements and olive orchards had no influence on the abundance of collected arthropods. We observed synergistic effects between landscape elements and inter-row management. The total numbers of arthropods, herbivores and parasitoids in vineyards benefitted from inter-row vegetation, while spiders benefitted from bare soil. Our findings underline the importance of both surrounding landscape elements and vineyard ground cover management to promote beneficial arthropods for potential natural pest control.
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Machač, Ondřej, Povilas Ivinskis, Jolanta Rimšaitė, Ondřej Horňák e Ivan Hadrián Tuf. "In the Shadow of Cormorants: Succession of Avian Colony Affects Selected Groups of Ground Dwelling Predatory Arthropods". Forests 13, n. 2 (17 febbraio 2022): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020330.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
(1) Nesting of the great cormorants strongly influences terrestrial ecosystems by physical destruction of vegetation and chemical changes in the soil and around the nesting colonies. (2) We investigated spider, harvestmen, and centipede assemblages in different influenced plots (starting colony, active dense colony, and partly abandoned colony) in the biggest Lithuanian cormorant colony in pine woods on the shore of the Baltic Sea in the Curonian Spit National Park in Lithuania. Selected groups of ground dwelling predatory arthropods were collected by pitfall traps in 2012–2014. (3) We recorded a total of 4299 spider specimens (102 species), 451 harvestmen specimens (9 species), and 1537 centipede specimens (7 species). The coverage of moss and herb vegetation, mean Ellenberg value for light, bare ground without vegetation, and number of nests significantly influenced the abundance, species richness, and ecological groups of arthropod predators. (4) Active ground hunters represented by spider Trochosa terricola and centipede Lithobius forficatus were positively influenced by bare ground without vegetation and a higher density of nests, and negatively influenced by an increasing coverage of moss and herbs. The opposite effect was found for web builder spiders and less movable species, represented by dominant spider species Diplostyla concolor and harvestmen Nemastoma lugubre and Oligolophus tridens. (5) The results show how cormorant influence the forest vegetation structure and affect the abundance and species diversity of ground dwelling predatory arthropods.
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Schmidt, Jason M., Thomas O. Crist, Kerri Wrinn e Ann L. Rypstra. "Erratum to: Predator interference alters foraging behavior of a generalist predatory arthropod". Oecologia 179, n. 3 (14 agosto 2015): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3417-0.
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Thakur, Madhav P., Tom Künne, John N. Griffin e Nico Eisenhauer. "Warming magnifies predation and reduces prey coexistence in a model litter arthropod system". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, n. 1851 (29 marzo 2017): 20162570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2570.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Climate warming can destabilize interactions between competitors as smaller organisms gain advantages in warmer environments. Whether and how warming-induced effects on competitive interactions are modified by predation remains unknown. We hypothesized that predation will offset the competitive advantage of smaller prey species in warmer environments because of their greater vulnerability to predation. To test this, we assembled a litter arthropod community with two Collembola species ( Folsomia candida and Proisotoma minuta ) of different body sizes across a temperature gradient (three thermal environments) and in the presence and absence of predatory mites. Predatory mites reduced Collembola coexistence with increasing temperatures. Contradicting our hypothesis, the larger prey species always outperformed the smaller prey species in warmer environments with predators. Larger prey probably benefited as they expressed a greater trait (body length) plasticity to warming. Warming can thus magnify predation effects and reduce the probability of prey coexistence.
21
Sow, Ahmadou, Julien Haran, Laure Benoit, Maxime Galan e Thierry Brévault. "DNA Metabarcoding as a Tool for Disentangling Food Webs in Agroecosystems". Insects 11, n. 5 (11 maggio 2020): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050294.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Better knowledge of food webs and related ecological processes is fundamental to understanding the functional role of biodiversity in ecosystems. This is particularly true for pest regulation by natural enemies in agroecosystems. However, it is generally difficult to decipher the impact of predators, as they often leave no direct evidence of their activity. Metabarcoding via high-throughput sequencing (HTS) offers new opportunities for unraveling trophic linkages between generalist predators and their prey, and ultimately identifying key ecological drivers of natural pest regulation. Here, this approach proved effective in deciphering the diet composition of key predatory arthropods (nine species.; 27 prey taxa), insectivorous birds (one species, 13 prey taxa) and bats (one species; 103 prey taxa) sampled in a millet-based agroecosystem in Senegal. Such information makes it possible to identify the diet breadth and preferences of predators (e.g., mainly moths for bats), to design a qualitative trophic network, and to identify patterns of intraguild predation across arthropod predators, insectivorous vertebrates and parasitoids. Appropriateness and limitations of the proposed molecular-based approach for assessing the diet of crop pest predators and trophic linkages are discussed.
22
Paradise, Christopher J., Yordan Penev, Philip Yu, David Grant e Mark Stanback. "Accumulation of Non-Target Arthropods on Sticky Tree Bands". Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 132, n. 1-2 (1 marzo 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/jncas-d-1500002.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract We monitored the accumulation of non-target arthropods and leaf litter on tree bands used for cankerworm control during a 4-week period in the autumn of 2013 prior to the beginning of cankerworm emergence. Accumulation of non-target arthropods and leaf debris may reduce the efficacy of tree bands in controlling cankerworms and harm non-target tree-dwelling arthropods. Ten oak trees were randomly selected from a set of 17 banded trees along one walkway on Davidson College in the Town of Davidson, NC, where cankerworms have recently become more abundant. Banding is known to capture high numbers of certain forest pests such as fall cankerworms (Alsophila pometaria (Harris)), although conclusive evidence that banding reduces defoliation is lacking. We found that non-target arthropods and leaves accumulated at a steady rate prior to emergence of cankerworm adults. Many predatory arthropods, including spiders, assassin bugs, praying mantids, lacewing larvae, and ladybird beetles were observed entangled and walking free on bands outside the Tanglefoot-covered area. We found indirect evidence for predation or consumption of trapped arthropods off of bands by birds and predatory insects. Early installation of tree bands prior to cankerworm adult emergence potentially damages the rest of the arthropod community.
23
Sánchez-Ramos, Ismael, Aránzazu Marcotegui, Susana Pascual, Cristina E. Fernández, Guillermo Cobos e Manuel González-Núñez. "Compatibility of organic farming treatments against Monosteira unicostata with non-target arthropod fauna of almond trees canopy". Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 15, n. 2 (6 giugno 2017): e1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2017152-10515.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Field trials had shown that 1-2 applications of kaolin and potassium salts of fatty acids combined with thyme essential oil (PSTEO) reduced the abundance of the lace bug Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), an important pest of almond trees in the Mediterranean region. These products could be useful for the control of this pest in organic production of almonds, but higher number of applications could be necessary. However, the possible detrimental effects on the almond orchard ecosystem should be evaluated. In the present work, the effects observed on the non-target arthropod fauna of the almond trees canopy in those field assays are shown. First, a comprehensive report of the non-target arthropod fauna of the almond tree is provided. Regarding natural enemies, most of the predatory arthropods captured were spiders belonging to different families like Salticidae, Thomisidae, Philodromidae, Theridiidae, Araneidae or Oxyopidae. Other predatory families that appeared in significant numbers were Chrysopidae, Anthocoridae, Aeolothripidae, Coccinellidae, Phytoseiidae, Erythraeidae or Forficulidae. Among parasitoids, the most abundant families were Eulophidae, Scelionidae and Dryinidae. Kaolin reduced the abundance of natural enemies and other non-target arthropods as well as their diversity and number of species. On the contrary, PSTEO only produced a slight reduction in the number of natural enemies, whereas no effect was found on the diversity and species richness. These effects were observed despite the reduced number of applications, so greater effect is expected if its frequency is increased in order to achieve an efficient control of M. unicostata.
24
Schmaedick, Mark A., e Anthony M. Shelton. "ARTHROPOD PREDATORS IN CABBAGE (CRUCIFERAE) AND THEIR POTENTIAL AS NATURALLY OCCURRING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS FOR PIERIS RAPAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE)". Canadian Entomologist 132, n. 5 (ottobre 2000): 655–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132655-5.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractWe used three sampling methods to identify the arthropod predators most abundant and active in fields of cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, and determined those most likely to be important predators of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae L., by testing the predators’ abilities to forage on cabbage plants and to feed on Pieris rapae in small arenas in the laboratory. Abundance and activity in the field were monitored with pitfall traps, sticky traps applied directly to leaves, and plant samples. Four criteria were used to assess the species’ potential value as a predator of Pieris rapae in cabbage: relatively high overall abundance in trap catches and plant samples, occurrence on plant foliage in the field, a high propensity to feed on Pieris rapae eggs and first instars, and the ability to search for larval Pieris rapae on cabbage plants. Four species, the wolf spider Pardosa milvina (Hentz) (Araneae: Lycosidae), the harvestman Phalangium opilio L. (Opiliones: Phalangiidae), and the lady beetles Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake and Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), demonstrated these attributes, although all four species appeared unable to search for prey on some parts of the cabbage plants, owing to unsure footing on the plants’ slippery cuticular wax. Linyphiids (Araneae) and syrphids (Diptera), the most abundant taxa in the plant samples, may prove better at thoroughly searching cabbage plants, but remain to be tested in future laboratory trials. Our results show that only a small portion of the predatory arthropod species that occur in cabbage fields is likely to prey on Pieris rapae on the plants, although important questions remain about the roles of some taxa. Future efforts to enhance biological control of Pieris rapae by naturally occurring predators can now focus on further elucidating and finding ways to enhance the roles of those predators that are effective.
25
Zanettin, Giulia, Angela Bullo, Alberto Pozzebon, Giovanni Burgio e Carlo Duso. "Influence of Vineyard Inter-Row Groundcover Vegetation Management on Arthropod Assemblages in the Vineyards of North-Eastern Italy". Insects 12, n. 4 (14 aprile 2021): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040349.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this study, the effects of habitat management practices on both pests and beneficial arthropods were evaluated in vineyards of North-eastern Italy through different field experiments: (1) mowing of inter-row spontaneous grasses in conventional and organic vineyards, (2) different timing of mowing of a green manure mixture, and (3) comparing different green manure mixtures. The first experiment followed a split-plot design, while randomized block design was used in the second and third experiment. In each experiment arthropods were sampled using different methods: leaf sampling, beating and sweep net sampling. Non-mowed spontaneous grasses in inter-rows of vineyards favored the abundance of natural enemies (e.g., predatory mites, parasitic wasps and spiders), and sometimes grapevine leafhoppers. Many arthropod species were recorded in higher numbers in organic vineyards. Late mowing of green manure favored beneficial arthropods (e.g., spiders and parasitic wasps), while it did not influence herbivore density. Groundcover management practices, aimed at increasing plant biodiversity in vineyards, could be a useful tool to enhance beneficial arthropod abundance, although the adoption of this practice should be carefully evaluated when pests occur. Semi-natural areas can contribute to create a more pest-stable agro-ecosystem and should be integrated with appropriate ecological infrastructures surrounding vineyards.
26
Zong, Ruiwen. "Injuries and molting interference in a trilobite from the Cambrian (Furongian) of South China". PeerJ 9 (7 aprile 2021): e11201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11201.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
An injured Shergoldia laevigata Zhu, Hughes & Peng, 2007 (Trilobita, Asaphida) was collected from the Furongian of Guangxi, South China. The injuries occurred in the left thoracic pleurae possessing two marked V-shaped gaps. It led to substantial transverse shortening of the left pleural segments, with barely perceptible traces of healing. This malformation is interpreted as a sub-lethal attack from an unknown predator. The morphology of injuries and the spatial and temporal distribution of predators indicated that the predatory structure might have been the spines on the ganathobase or ganathobase-like structure of a larger arthropod. There were overlapped segments located in the front of the injuries, and slightly dislocated thoracic segments on the left part of the thorax, suggesting that the trilobite had experienced difficulties during molting. The freshly molted trilobite had dragged forward the old exuvia causing the irregular arrangement of segments. This unusual trilobite specimen indicates that the injuries interfered with molting.
27
Sundararaj, R. "DISTRIBUTION OF PREDATORY ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES IN SELECTED SANDAL PROVENANCES OF SOUTH INDIA". Journal of Biopesticides 1, n. 1 (1 giugno 2008): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.86-91.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Detailed study was undertaken to explore the diversity of predatory arthropods in six-sandal provenances viz., Bangalore, Thangali and Mandagadde in Karnataka, Javadis and Chitteri in Tamil Nadu and Marayoor in Kerala. The study revealed the presence of 74 species of predatory insects and 24 species of spiders and their distribution in different sandal provenances were discussed in this paper.
28
Crooker, Allen R. "A Rickettsia in the Ovary of the Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus Urticae KOCH (Acarina: Tetranychedae)". Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (agosto 2000): 662–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035807.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Rickettsias are small, gram-negative Alpha Proteobacteria that are, with one exception, obligate intracellular parasites. They are found in a wide range of arthropods. Some of these bacteria are arthropod-vectored disease agents of vertebrates. For example, rickettsias are the causative agents of human typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Others, such as Wolbachia, are important manipulators of their arthropod host's reproductive capabilities and are not currently known to be disease agents of vertebrates.Research on Wolbachia and related rickettsias has increased dramatically in recent years. Most of the attention has been focused on insects, although there are occasional reports of rickettsiae being found in isopods and mites. Most recently, the use of molecular techniques has established that Wolbachia is widespread in spider and predatory mites. However, Wolbachia or other rickettsias have not been demonstrated ultrastructurally in the spider mites. This report documents the presence of a rickettsia in the ovary of the adult female twospotted spider mite, Tetranchus urticae Koch, an economically important pest of ornamental and crop plants.
29
Kučerová, Z., e P. Horák. "Arthropod Infestation in Samples of Stored Seeds in the Czech Republic". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 40, No. 1 (23 novembre 2011): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3694-cjgpb.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Twenty-one types of seed samples (mainly vegetable and grass seed) were analysed in laboratory and 60% arthropod infestation (14 Acarina, 5 Psocoptera species) was found. The seeds of beet, grass, onion, radish and lettuce were most sensitive to infestation. Acarus siro was a dominant mite pest from all aspects (frequency, abundance and seed diversity infestation), followed by Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Tarsonemus granarius and Lepidoglyphus destructor. Cheyletus eruditus was a dominant predatory mite. Lepinotus patruelis was the most frequent psocid pest.
30
Cass, Bodil N., Lindsey M. Hack, Tobias G. Mueller, Darian Buckman, Elizabeth E. Grafton-Cardwell e Jay A. Rosenheim. "Arthropod Infestation Levels on Mandarins in California". Journal of Economic Entomology 113, n. 5 (11 luglio 2020): 2335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa141.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Integrated pest management (IPM) guidelines for horticulture are typically established from years of experimental research and experience for a crop species. Ecoinformatics methods can help to quickly adapt these guidelines following major changes in growing practices. Citrus production in California is facing several major challenges, one of which is a shift away from sweet oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Sapindales: Rutaceae] toward mandarins (including mostly cultivars of C. reticulata Blanco and C. clementina hort. ex Tanaka). In the absence of IPM guidelines for mandarins, growers are relying on pest information developed from oranges. We mined a database of management records from commercial growers and consultants to determine densities for four arthropod pests: cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi Maskell Hemiptera: Monophlebidae), citricola scale (Coccus pseudomagnoliarum Kuwana Hemiptera: Coccidae), European earwig (Forficula auricularia Linnaeus Dermaptera: Forficulidae), citrus red mite (Panonychus citri McGregor Acari: Tetranychidae), and a natural enemy, predatory mites in the genus Euseius (Congdon Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Densities of cottony cushion scale were approximately 10–40 times higher in the two most commonly grown mandarin species than in sweet oranges, suggesting this pest is reaching outbreak levels more often on mandarins. Densities of the other pests and predatory mites did not differ significantly across citrus species. This is a first step toward establishing IPM guidelines for mandarins for these pests; more research is needed to determine how arthropod densities relate to crop performance in mandarins.
31
You, Yong, Zhaohua Zeng, Jie Zheng, Jianwei Zhao, Fengqiu Luo, Yixin Chen, Miao Xie, Xingang Liu e Hui Wei. "The Toxicity Response of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) after Exposure to Sublethal Concentrations of Acetamiprid". Agriculture 12, n. 10 (8 ottobre 2022): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101642.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Coccinella septempunctata is a nontarget beneficial arthropod and an important aphid predator in agricultural crops. In this study, the toxic effects of the neonicotinoid acetamiprid on C. septempunctata were investigated to determine its applicability and efficacy against the aphid predator. The results of the toxicity test showed that the second instar larvae of C. septempunctata were the most sensitive to acetamiprid. The LC50 values of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar larvae were 15.767, 9.412, 18.850, and 25.278 mg a.i. L−1, respectively. Compared with that of the control, the predation ability of different larval instars was inhibited by sublethal concentrations of acetamiprid. The results of the predatory function test showed that sublethal concentrations of acetamiprid could reduce the consumption of aphids by fourth instar C. septempunctata larvae over a short duration and significantly inhibited the predatory ability of ladybird larvae. The results of the developmental test showed that sublethal concentration of acetamiprid shortened the growth duration of C. septempunctata larvae. Acetamiprid had considerable adverse effects on the different developmental stages of C. septempunctata. Together, our results provide information for implementation in biological and chemical control strategies for the integrated management of aphids.
32
Rongquan, Lai, Bai Jianbao, Gu Gang, Liu Changming e Zhong Xiujin. "Diversity of predatory arthropod communities in tobacco-garlic eco-system". African Journal of Agricultural Research 12, n. 28 (13 luglio 2017): 2358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2017.12510.
Testo completo
33
Morris, T. I., M. Campos, N. A. C. Kidd, M. A. Jervis e W. O. C. Symondson. "Dynamics of the predatory arthropod community in Spanish olive groves". Agricultural and Forest Entomology 1, n. 3 (agosto 1999): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-9563.1999.00030.x.
Testo completo
34
Miliczky, Eugene R., David R. Horton e Eric LaGasa. "Arthropod fauna of rolled alder leaves in Washington State, United States of America (Insecta, Arachnida)". Canadian Entomologist 146, n. 4 (23 gennaio 2014): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.84.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe eastern foothills of the Cascade Range in Washington State, United States of America are west of the State's major fruit-producing region. Alders (Alnus Hill (Betulaceae)), an important floristic component of riparian communities in the Cascade Range foothills, were surveyed for leafrolling caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) that might serve as alternate hosts for parasitoids of orchard pest leafrollers, particularly the nonnative wasp Colpoclypeus florus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Tortricid leafrollers were abundant on alder, but reared parasitoids did not include C. florus. Survey results also revealed that rolled leaves were secondarily colonised by a wide variety of predatory and phytophagous arthropods. Rolled leaves were almost 10-fold more likely to be occupied by predatory arthropods than adjacent, roll-free leaves. Phytophagous thrips and mites showed a similar preference for rolled leaves. The most abundant predaceous arthropods in the leafrolls were Anthocoris antevolens White (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), found in 4.4% of leafrolls, and the spider Clubiona pacifica Banks (Araneae: Clubionidae), found in 8.3% of leafrolls. Both species, and several other predatory insect and spider species found in the rolled leaves, also occur in eastern Washington orchards where they contribute to biological control. Because of its frequent colonisation by beneficial arthropods, alder may prove useful in conservation biological control programs.
35
Bucher, Roman, Jonas Rochlitz, Nathalie Wegner, Anna Heiß, Alexander Grebe, Dana G. Schabo e Nina Farwig. "Deer Exclusion Changes Vegetation Structure and Hunting Guilds of Spiders, but Not Multitrophic Understory Biodiversity". Diversity 13, n. 1 (12 gennaio 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13010025.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ungulate herbivores modify plant community compositions, which can modulate biodiversity at higher trophic levels. However, these cascading effects on herbivorous and predatory arthropods in forest ecosystems remain poorly understood. We compared plant and arthropod communities between fenced exclosures and unfenced control plots in a permanent forest in Germany. After five years of deer exclusion, we quantified plant diversity and vegetation structure as well as the diversity of insects and spiders in 32 pair-wise plots. In addition, we compared spider communities with respect to different hunting guilds because they are expected to have different requirements for vegetation structure. Although we did not find differences in plant communities, vegetation height and heterogeneity were higher in exclosures compared to control plots. The diversity of insects and spiders was not affected by deer presence. However, the abundance of sheet-web weavers and ambush hunters was lower in exclosures whereas ground hunters were more common in exclosure plots. Structural changes in the vegetation changed predator hunting guilds even though mere abundance and biodiversity indices were not affected. We therefore suggest that monitoring of vegetation structure and associated functional groups seems more sensitive to assess the impact of ungulate herbivores compared to taxonomic metrics.
36
Nadeem, Amir, Hafiz Muhammad Tahir, Azhar Abbas Khan, Atif Idrees, Muhammad Faisal Shahzad, Ziyad Abdul Qadir, Naveed Akhtar, Arif Muhammad Khan, Ayesha Afzal e Jun Li. "Response of Natural Enemies toward Selective Chemical Insecticides; Used for the Integrated Management of Insect Pests in Cotton Field Plots". Agriculture 12, n. 9 (30 agosto 2022): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091341.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Sucking pests of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), such as thrips, or Thrips tabaci Lindeman, and jassid, or Amrasca biguttula Ishida, are among the most threatening insect pests to young cotton plants in Pakistan. New chemical insecticides have been trialed to control their damage in commercial fields. Formulations that show good suppression of these pest’s populations, while sparing bio-controlling agents, are always preferred for obtaining better crop yield. Six different commercially available insecticides, namely Fountain® (fipronil and imidacloprid), Movento Energy® (spirotetramat and imidacloprid), Oshin® (dinotefuran), Concept Plus® (pyriproxyfen, fenpyroximate, and acephate), Maximal® (nitenpyram), and Radiant® (spinetoram) were evaluated in the present study to shortlist the best available insecticide against targeted pests. Harmful impacts of selected insecticides were also evaluated against naturally occurring predators, such as spiders and green lacewings (Chrysoperla carnea). Radiant® (spinetoram) and Movento Energy®, respectively, were best at controlling thrips (with 61% and 56% mortality, respectively) and jassid (62% and 57% mortality, respectively) populations during 2018 and 2019. Radiant® proved itself as the best option and showed minimal harmful effects on both major arthropod predators of cotton fields i.e., spiders (with 8–9% mortality) and green lacewings (with 12–16% mortality). Movento Energy® also showed comparatively less harmful effects (with 15–18% mortality) towards natural predatory fauna of cotton crops, as compared to other selective insecticides used in the study. The findings of current study suggest that the judicious use of target-oriented insecticides can be an efficient and predator-friendly management module in cotton fields. However, the impact of these chemicals is also depended on their timely application, keeping in consideration the ETL of pests and the population of beneficial arthropods.
37
Uzman, Deniz, Martin H. Entling, Ilona Leyer e Annette Reineke. "Mutual and Opposing Responses of Carabid Beetles and Predatory Wasps to Local and Landscape Factors in Vineyards". Insects 11, n. 11 (30 ottobre 2020): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110746.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Preserving agro-biodiversity is one of the main means at the moment to counteract the global biodiversity crisis. Vineyard inter-rows offer vegetation covers which could function as foraging grounds for arthropods. Furthermore, organic management and enhanced landscape complexity often support biodiversity. Here, species richness and abundance of two groups of arthropod predators in vineyards were studied. Fifteen pairs of organically and conventionally managed vineyards were chosen along a gradient of landscape complexity in Rhine-Hesse, Germany. Carabid beetles were sampled using pitfall traps and cavity-nesting wasps with trap nests, respectively. Proportions of different land-use types surrounding the vineyards were calculated and inter-row vegetation cover was characterized. Species richness and abundances of both predator groups were not significantly affected by the management system. Likewise, increased cover of semi-natural habitats in the surrounding landscape did not promote their diversity or abundance. Instead, the increasing cover of annual crops diminished both groups. Cavity-nesting wasps profited from dense inter-row vegetation cover, while carabids were disadvantaged. The results indicate that distinct taxa within the same trophic group can respond oppositely to vineyard management. Thus, inter-row vegetation management with densely and sparsely vegetated elements might be best to support predator diversity. Overall, our results suggest that organic viticulture alone is insufficient to assist the studied insect groups, and that other local and landscape management options are needed for their protection.
38
Fayzullaev, B., e O. Mirzamurodov. "Range of main species of phytophages and entomophages of cotton agrobiocenosis in lower reaches of the Zarafshan river". E3S Web of Conferences 265 (2021): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126501032.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Numerous arthropods have adapted to live in various biocenosis in the process of evolutionary transformation, especially under the influence of anthropogenic pressure, in particular cotton, which is widely distributed in Uzbekistan, especially in the lower reaches of the Zarafshan river. Among them there is a large group of phytophages, which causes substantial harm to cotton. It is also home to predatory and parasitic insects, entomophages, which are their effective regulators. The long-term impact of the anthropic factor on the complex of phytophages and entomophages in cotton agrobiocenosis could not but affect their vital activity. Meanwhile, previous studies did not fully open the nature of interaction of individual groups of arthropod animals and did not take into account the changes that occurred in the transformed natural environment. The aim of the research is to study the species composition of arthropods, to determine the main species of phytophages and entomophages, their ecology and biological principles for regulating their numbers in cotton agrobiocenosis.
39
New, T. R. "Are predatory arthropods useful indicators in Australian agroecosystems?" Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, n. 4 (2007): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05269.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Information on the diversity and roles of two groups of arthropod predators (Neuroptera and Araneae) in Australian cropping systems is reviewed, as a foundation for discussing the properties of such predators that may render them useful bioindicators, and for discussing their ecological roles in agroecosystems. Predators are a prime target for conservation and augmentation, reflecting their perceived or actual positive roles in pest management, but most appear to have little value as true bioindicators in agricultural environments. In Australia, Neuroptera are represented by very few species in most agroecosystems, and all of these species are polyphagous generalists. Biological knowledge of Araneae, and of the factors that influence their species richness, is too scanty to enable sound understanding of changes in assemblage composition that might otherwise be regarded as ‘indication’. The current value of these groups as bioindicators is minimal.
40
Ullah, Muhammad Irfan, Nimra Altaf, Muhammad Afzal, Muhammad Arshad, Naunain Mehmood, Muhammad Riaz, Sana Majeed, Sajjad Ali e Asad Abdullah. "Effects of Entomopathogenic Fungi on the Biology of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its Reduviid Predator, Rhynocoris marginatus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae)". International Journal of Insect Science 11 (gennaio 2019): 117954331986711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179543319867116.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs), Isaria fumosorosea and Beauveria bassiana, are efficient biological agents in the management of multiple arthropod pests. In this study, the effects of both EPF species on various life stages of Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its natural enemy Rhynocoris marginatus (Fab.) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) were determined under laboratory conditions. I. fumosorosea significantly ( P < .05) reduced the growth rate of the third and fourth instar larvae of S. litura. For relative consumption rate (RCR), the maximum impact was recorded for I. fumosorosea, which reduced the RCR of the larvae. The larvae of S. litura treated with I. fumosorosea showed significantly lower efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and the larval mortality rate (58.0%) was also higher compared with B. bassiana (33.3%). Similarly, I. fumosorosea had a significant effect on the pupal formation of S. litura; however, no significant effect was found on adult emergence percentage. To determine the effect of EPF-infected prey on the adult predator, their handling time, predatory rate, consumption rate, and the survival rate were recorded. No significant effect of EPF species on the predation rate was found. Furthermore, no significant difference was found in the survival rate of predators fed on either EPF-infected prey or healthy larvae. The interaction of these EPFs with a reduviid predator suggested that both EPF species, especially I. fumosorosea, could be used together with the predator to boost the biological control of S. litura in commercial crops.
41
Vera-Aviles, Daniel, Carmita Suarez-Capello, Mercè Llugany, Charlotte Poschenrieder, Paola De Santis e Milton Cabezas-Guerrero. "Arthropod Diversity Influenced by Two Musa-Based Agroecosystems in Ecuador". Agriculture 10, n. 6 (18 giugno 2020): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060235.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Banana and plantain (Musa spp.) are very important crops in Ecuador. Agricultural production systems based on a single cultivar and high use of external inputs to increase yields may cause changes in the landscape structure and a loss in biodiversity. This loss may be responsible for a decrease in the complexity of arthropod food webs and, at the same time, related to a higher frequency and range of pest outbreaks. Very little is known either about the ecological mechanisms causing destabilization of these systems or the importance of the diversity of natural enemies to keep pests under control. Few studies have focused on this issue in tropical ecosystems. Here, we address this problem, comparing two Musa-based agroecosystems (monocultivar and mixed-species plantations) at two sites in Ecuador (La Maná and El Carmen) with different precipitation regimes. The diversity of soil macro fauna, represented by arthropods, was established, as indicators of the abovementioned disturbances. Our ultimate goal is the optimization of pest management by exploring more sustainable cropping systems with improved soil quality. Arthropod abundance was higher in the mixed system at both localities, which was clearly associated with the quality of the soils. In addition, we found Hymenoptera species with predatory or parasitic characteristics over the pests present in the agroecosystems under study. These highly beneficial species were more abundant at the locality of La Maná. The mixed type of production system provides plant diversity, which favors beneficial arthropod abundance and permits lower agrochemical application without yield penalties in comparison to the monoculture. These findings will help in the design of Musa-based agroecosystems to enhance pest control.
42
Fatka, Oldrich, Petr Budil e Radek Mikulaš. "Healed injury in a nektobenthic trilobite: “Octopus-like” predatory style in Middle Ordovician?" Geologia Croatica 75, n. 2 (23 giugno 2022): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.17.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Lower Paleozoic sediments of the Barrandian area are globally renowned as a classical example of well-preserved skeletal marine fauna, including abundant remains of trilobites. Several tens of morphologically anomalous exoskeletons of trilobites have been collected and documented from Cambrian to Devonian clastic sediments and carbonates. One of them, an exceptionally well preserved, articulated and partly enrolled exoskeleton of the Ordovician nektobenthic trilobite Parabarrandia bohemica (NOVÁK, 1884) exhibits a prominent palaeopathological anomaly in its pygidium. We interpret this anomaly as a healed traumatic injury and attribute this damage to a failed predatory attack. The subsequently healed injury is classified as the ichnogenus Oichnus BROMLEY, 1981. The structure on the pygidium is strongly reminiscent of injuries caused by octopods and a large cephalopod is proposed as a potential durophagous predator responsible for the herein described trilobite injury. However, an attack from an unknown arthropod while the trilobite was in a soft-shelled stage cannot be excluded.
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Zhai, Dayou, Gregory D. Edgecombe, Andrew D. Bond, Huijuan Mai, Xianguang Hou e Yu Liu. "Fine-scale appendage structure of the Cambrian trilobitomorph Naraoia spinosa and its ontogenetic and ecological implications". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, n. 1916 (4 dicembre 2019): 20192371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2371.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Trilobitomorphs are a species-rich Palaeozoic arthropod assemblage that unites trilobites with several other lineages that share similar appendage structure. Post-embryonic development of the exoskeleton is well documented for some trilobitomorphs, especially trilobites, but little is known of the ontogeny of their soft parts, limiting understanding of their autecology. Here, we document appendage structure of the Cambrian naraoiid trilobitomorph Naraoia spinosa by computed microtomography, resulting in three-dimensional reconstructions of appendages at both juvenile and adult stages. The adult has dense, strong spines on the protopods of post-antennal appendages, implying a predatory/scavenging behaviour. The absence of such gnathobasic structures, but instead tiny protopodal bristles and a number of endopodal setae, suggests a detritus-feeding strategy for the juvenile. Our data add strong morphological evidence for ecological niche shifting by Cambrian arthropods during their life cycles. A conserved number of appendages across the sampled developmental stages demonstrates that Naraoia ceased budding off new appendages by the mid-juvenile stage.
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Brust, Gerald E. "A Method for Observing Below-ground Pest-Predator Interactions in Corn Agroecosystems". Journal of Entomological Science 26, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1991): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-26.1.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A method was developed and evaluated in no-tillage corn fields to investigate the possibility of direct observations of below-ground pest-predator interactions. Rectangular-shaped plexiglass plates were buried parallel to each plant so that roots and a stage of southern corn rootworm (SCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, .could be observed. These direct observations through plexiglass demonstrated that five predators were able to remove large numbers of SCR stages; however, only one arthropod (Lasius spp., Formicidae) was an important predator of all SCR stages. Most arthropods successfully attacked only one or two SCR stages. This method enabled detailed observations of below-ground pest-predator interactions and indicated which soil arthropods were important SCR predators. This method elucidated many aspects of SCR-predator activity that had not been possible to observe in previous experiments.
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Styrsky, John D., e Micky D. Eubanks. "Ecological consequences of interactions between ants and honeydew-producing insects". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, n. 1607 (31 ottobre 2006): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3701.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Interactions between ants and honeydew-producing hemipteran insects are abundant and widespread in arthropod food webs, yet their ecological consequences are very poorly known. Ant–hemipteran interactions have potentially broad ecological effects, because the presence of honeydew-producing hemipterans dramatically alters the abundance and predatory behaviour of ants on plants. We review several studies that investigate the consequences of ant–hemipteran interactions as ‘keystone interactions’ on arthropod communities and their host plants. Ant–hemipteran interactions have mostly negative effects on the local abundance and species richness of several guilds of herbivores and predators. In contrast, out of the 30 studies that document the effects of ant–hemipteran interactions on plants, the majority (73%) shows that plants actually benefit indirectly from these interactions. In these studies, increased predation or harassment of other, more damaging, herbivores by hemipteran-tending ants resulted in decreased plant damage and/or increased plant growth and reproduction. The ecological consequences of mutualistic interactions between honeydew-producing hemipterans and invasive ants relative to native ants have rarely been studied, but they may be of particular importance owing to the greater abundance, aggressiveness and extreme omnivory of invasive ants. We argue that ant–hemipteran interactions are largely overlooked and underappreciated interspecific interactions that have strong and pervasive effects on the communities in which they are embedded.
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Dassou, A. G., S. D. Vodouhè, A. Bokonon-Ganta, G. Goergen, A. Chailleux, A. Dansi, D. Carval e P. Tixier. "Associated cultivated plants in tomato cropping systems structure arthropod communities and increase the Helicoverpa armigera regulation". Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, n. 6 (10 aprile 2019): 733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485319000117.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractCultivating plant mixtures is expected to provide a higher productivity and a better control of pests and diseases. The structure of the arthropod community is a major driver of the magnitude of natural pest regulations.With the aim of optimizing pest management, a study was carried out to determine the effect of the cropping system type (tomato mono-cropping vs. mixed-cropping) on the diversity and abundance of arthropods from three trophic groups (herbivores, omnivores, predators) and the abundance of Helicoverpa armigera. Therefore, the diversity of cultivated plants and arthropod communities was assessed within tomato fields from 30 farmer's fields randomly selected in South of Benin. Results showed that the arthropod abundance was significantly higher in mixed-cropping systems compared with mono-cropping systems, although the crop type did not alter significantly the arthropod diversity, evenness, and richness. At the level of taxa, the abundances of generalist predators including ants (Pheidole spp., and Paltothyreus tarsatus) and spiders (Araneus spp. and Erigone sp.) were significantly higher in mixed fields than in mono-crop fields. Then, the abundances of omnivore-predator trophic groups have a negative significant effect on the H. armigera abundance. This study allowed better understanding of how plant diversity associated to tomato fields structures arthropod's food webs to finally enhance the ecological management of H. armigera.
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Horgan, Crisol Martínez, Stuart, Bernal, de Cima Martín, Almazan e Ramal. "Effects of Vegetation Strips, Fertilizer Levels and Varietal Resistance on the Integrated Management of Arthropod Biodiversity in a Tropical Rice Ecosystem". Insects 10, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2019): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100328.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Integrated biodiversity management aims to conserve the beneficial species components of production ecosystems and reduce the impacts of pests. In 2011 and 2013, experiments were conducted at Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, to compare arthropod communities in rice plots and on levees with and without vegetation strips. Vegetation strips included spontaneous weeds, sesame and okra (2011), or mung bean (2013). The plots were treated with one of three nitrogen levels and in one experiment were planted with planthopper-resistant (IR62) and susceptible (IR64) rice varieties. Parasitoids and predators of lepidopteran pests and of the ricebug, Leptocorisa oratorius, were more abundant in high-nitrogen rice plots where their prey/hosts also had highest densities. Planthoppers and leafhoppers were more abundant in low-nitrogen plots. Weedy and sesame/okra bunds provided habitat for a range of natural enemies including spiders, parasitoids and predatory bugs, but did not have higher pest numbers than cleared bunds. Higher abundances of the predator Cythorhinus lividipennis and higher parasitism of planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) eggs by Anagrus sp. were associated with sesame/okra bunds in late season rice plots. Mung bean also provided habitat for key predators and parasitoids that spilled over to adjacent rice; however, mung bean was also associated with higher numbers of lepidopteran and grain-sucking pests in the adjacent rice, albeit without increased damage to the rice. For ricebug in particular, damage was probably reduced by higher parasitoid:pest ratios adjacent to the vegetation strips. Varietal resistance and mung bean strips had an additive effect in reducing abundance of the planthopper Sogatella furcifera and the leafhopper Nephotettix virescens. Reduced numbers of these latter pests close to vegetation strips were often compensated for by other plant-sucking bugs, thereby increasing the intensity of potentially stabilizing interspecific interactions such as competition. We highlight the benefits of diversifying rice landscapes and the need to optimize vegetation strips, e.g., by including lepidopteran trap-plants, for intensive rice production systems.
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Pardon, P., J. Mertens, B. Reubens, D. Reheul, T. Coussement, A. Elsen, V. Nelissen e K. Verheyen. "Juglans regia (walnut) in temperate arable agroforestry systems: effects on soil characteristics, arthropod diversity and crop yield". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, n. 5 (7 maggio 2019): 533–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170519000176.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractAgroforestry (AF) is considered to be a sustainable land use practice as it combines agricultural production with multiple beneficial effects such as carbon sequestration, enhanced nutrient cycling and increased biodiversity. Quantification of these beneficial effects in temperate arable fields is still limited, however, and most studies focus on one sole parameter (i.e., impact on crop productivity, soil quality, biodiversity, etc.). Combined effects are only rarely considered, resulting in a lack of integrated quantification. Here we assess the effect of rows of walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nutrient status, the presence of potentially beneficial ground-dwelling arthropods and on the yield and quality of neighboring arable crops. Significantly higher SOC and soil nutrient concentrations were found near the trees, which is assumed to be primarily a result of tree leaf litter input. Abundance of macro-detritivorous arthropods was increased in and near the tree rows, whereas only limited effects of tree presence were found on the presence of the predatory arthropod taxa under study. The yield of all crops under study was reduced as a result of tree presence, with the strongest reductions observed for grain maize and sugar beet near the trees (<10 m). In addition, alteration of crop quality was observed near tree rows with decreased dry matter concentration of grain samples and increased crude protein concentration of winter cereals.
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Chyzik, R., M. Klein e Y. Ben-Dov. "Reproduction and survival of the predatory bug Orius albidipennis on various arthropod prey". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 75, n. 1 (aprile 1995): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1995.tb01906.x.
Testo completo
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Pratt, Brian R. "Lower Cambrian Rusophycus From Arctic Canada: Ichnofossil of a Predatory, Non-Trilobite Arthropod". Paleontological Society Special Publications 8 (1996): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200003142.
Testo completo