Tesi sul tema "Procurement of services"

Cette recherche est une étude de cas qui examine la relation et les attributs entre les différentes entités impliquées dans le processus d’appel d’offre publique au gouvernement du Québec. Il se concentre spécifiquement sur les services professionnels informatiques qui constituent une catégorie de dépenses élevées dans les marchés publics. En utilisant le résultat de plusieurs entretiens avec des société informatique, notre recherche nous a permis de proposer un modèle d'interaction entre les différentes entités de l'écosystème d’appel d'offres publique qui peut être utilisé pour avoir une vue holistique de l'environnement et également comme un tremplin pour des études plus approfondie de la discipline.
This paper is a case study that examines the relationship and attributes between the different entities involved in Québec’s Government public procurement process. It is focused specifically on the IT professional services which is a high spending category in public procurement. Using result from multiple interview with IT firm, our finding allowed us to propose an entity interaction model for the call for tender ecosystem that can be used to have an holistic view of the environment and also as a stepping stone for further study of the field.

This research explores the impact of both traditional and non-traditional procurement methods on the performance of the management of building services integration and coordination in Hong Kong and other countries. It examines those variables thought to be present in the building services co-ordination process (within the building process) which influence the performance of the building team and the outcome of the building project. Five propositions are addressed by the work which are: (1) coordination of services is influenced by the management of design; (2) coordination of building services is influenced by the management of construction; (3) coordination is not only a technical issue but an exercise in management—it is also influenced by the construction professional's working practices; (4) coordination of services is influenced by the chosen project procurement method; (5) project success is influenced by effective building services co-ordination and the use of an appropriate procurement method.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in Conjunction with the Center for Real Estate , 2009.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
"September 2009." Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-65).
In 2009's fragile real estate market, many developers are looking for safe investments for their invested capital. Developers are looking to the federal government, specifically the General Services Administration, for growth and safety. The General Services Administration (GSA) is the contracting body of the U.S. federal government. It is the nation's largest public real estate organization. It leases space from private developers in over 7,100 facilities across the United States comprising office buildings, border patrol stations, courthouses, warehouses, clinics, post offices and many other uses. The GSA pays over $4.6 billion in rent to landlords annually on nearly 181 million square feet of space. GSA is authorized by law to acquire, manage, utilize, and dispose of real property for most federal agencies. The thesis is primarily based on interviews conducted with industry professionals: developers, financiers, brokers, and GSA contracting officials. It looks at the opportunities and challenges of working with the General Services Administration on new lease construction build-to-suits. It focuses on four areas; 1) the lease procurement process; 2) opportunities for new procurements in 2009's market; 3) developer financed new lease construction build-to-suit projects; and 4) opportunities and challenges of financing projects in 2009's credit crunch.
by Nathan R. Boyer.
S.M.

Nowadays, companies involved in the international trade and production of goods in order to retain customers and increase market share are forced to assure excellence in the performance at all stages of their supply chains. Transportation plays critical role and can be argued to be the most crucial link in the supply chain determining its success or failure. However, regardless of such high importance, this process is very often outsourced as companies do not possess sufficient expertise and resources to deploy this function in-house. Thus, companies have to develop effective strategies and plan their procurement activities accordingly and then manage the outcome. There is not a lot of studies that would take a narrow look at the development of procurement strategy for transportation services in particular. This work is aimed to get the insight and discuss strategic, planning level and post operational evaluation of the procurement of transportation services and explore practical implication on the example of AB InBev through in-depth interviews with company employees. As an outcome this work is aimed to provide an outline of the company performance, value added or negative aspects as a result of application of previously discussed strategies.

This research is focused on the management of services procurement particularly on the services procurement process. The Services industry has been perceived to be growing in importance in the emerging business market. However, from the literature review, research in this subject area is rather limited. This thesis focuses on gaining detailed insights about services including: 1) how services has been defined, 2) what are the characteristics of services, 3) how services are being managed, 4) what are the services procurement processes, 5) the challenges in managing the services and the anticipation of growth and future for the services industry. In order to gain more insight and detailed information, the “case study” has been selected as the research method in collecting the data. It is one of the research methods that allow greater insights and discussion on the selected subject area. Seven companies have been selected for interview sessions whereby each company represented a case study. Data that was collected was analysed through template analysis. The main aim of this research is to develop a best practice framework for services procurement. The research has developed a conceptual framework of a services procurement process based on the discussion in the literature review. From the literature reviews, it is inferred that different companies might have different procurement processes between raw materials/goods/products and services. However, from findings of the field research, almost all of the companies are maintaining the same procurement process for both raw materials/goods/products and services. This applies to all the case studies of Case Study A, B, C, D, E, F & G. Moreover, some of the companies interviewed in this research project argue that several types of services may be applied to a simpler procurement process when compared to a more complicated services type. This research will evaluate, compare and refine the services procurement process between the conceptual framework that has been developed from literature review and the services procurement process in the fieldwork. A refined and validated services procurement process has been proposed as a Best Practice Framework. The researcher recommends to extend the research in some other countries, locations or continents as future research, to further contribute to the wealth of knowledge in the research context relating to the procurement process. As an extension to this research, the researcher suggests to examine how supplier relationship management can assist in managing the services procurement processes.

Small communities or remote regions are usually ignored by airlines because they have insufficient passenger demand and the air services to and from these regions are unprofitable. Free market conditions would lead to the lack of air connectivity to and from remote regions, hence transportation authorities intervene by procuring air services to guarantee improved accessibility for these regions. The procurement of air services is done through subsidy schemes where the transportation authorities pay subsidies to airlines that provide these air services along the routes to and from remote regions. These routes are commonly referred to as subsidised routes.  The procurement of subsidised air services (subsidised routes) involves two major tasks—the selection of routes to subsidise and the selection of airlines to serve these routes. These are the focus of this thesis. The overall aim of this thesis is to design decision support models that can be used by transportation authorities to select the routes to subsidise and to select airlines to serve these routes.  First, we develop an optimisation model that selects the routes to be subsidised, by maximising the number of people that can reach a given destination under different accessibility criteria subject to a budget. The model is capable of handling multiple accessibility criteria. As input to this model, we develop a novel method for estimating the subsidies required for non-existing subsidised routes.  Second, we develop an auction framework to provide decision support to transportation authorities when designing auctions for the procurement of subsidised air services. The auction framework has three steps: auction definition by the transportation authority, bid preparation by the bidding airlines, and winner determination by the transportation authority. We develop two optimisation models as part of the auction framework, a winner-determination model for selecting the bids with the minimum subsidies, and a bid preparation model that replicates the airline’s behaviour when preparing bids for subsidised routes. The bid preparation model has an objective of minimising subsidies subject to a minimum profit threshold. We additionally propose models to estimate the appropriate demand and the route-operation cost for subsidised routes, which are needed as input to the bid preparation model.  We demonstrate the usefulness of the two decision support models using the Public Service Obligation (PSO) network of subsidised routes in Sweden. The results suggest that the optimisation model can be used to select a new network of subsidised routes with improved accessibility to given destinations (e.g., the capital and an international airport) at a lower subsidy cost than the current network of subsidised routes. Having a requirement on the maximum airfare but not the minimum number of flights provides a good trade-off between the current restrictive setup with requirements on both the minimum number of flights and the maximum airfare, and a setup of the tendering process with no restrictions.

The purpose of this thesis is to propose a standardization model for the purchase process of legal professional services leveraging e-Procurement and to validate the benefits brought by the implementation of both, an e-Procurement tool and a new procurement process. The hypotheses of this thesis are applicable to the procurement of legal professional services of large companies with a central legal department in charge of managing the relations with different legal firms (legal services suppliers). The information presented was gathered in a large global manufacturing company with strong presence in Europe. The procurement of legal professional services throughout the entire organization was analyzed and validated by central legal department based in the headquarters. An innovative model for the procurement of the legal services has been proposed based on different findings in the current literature. Also, a model developed by Ronchi et al. was leveraged to quantitatively measure the benefits brought by the implementation of e-Procurement. The model was implemented in the organization with the help of central purchasing and legal departments. The results showed it is possible to standardize the operative procurement of legal professional services for end-users to perceive the same process as the one used for direct purchases of office supplies. In order to accomplish this, some roles and an important transformation within the organization must be carried out. A general model to implement a comprehensive procurement process leveraging e-Procurement is presented in this study. The conclusions are that the specialized procurement literature focuses very little on service procurement standardization and even less in legal professional services or process standardization through e-Procurement, and thus this study and the model introduced might work as a starting point for professional practitioners or academic researchers alike. Further research topics are suggested at the end of this study to continue research on this topic.

This thesis comprises three essays on trade in services that explore the issues of tradability, trade and market access. The essays are also empirical case studies of the form that liberalization may take. The first essay examines the role of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in services trade using a gravity model. It adds to this literature by (i) distilling trade effects of RTAs into those emanating from services and "only goods" agreements thereby confirming complementarities between the two; (ii) studying the impact of goods trade on services trade more directly than done hitherto; (iii) studying relationships between RTAs and services trade disaggregated by the economic status of the partner countries and by the nature of the relationship; and (iv) treating the RTA explanatory variable as endogenous in estimating the trade effect. Finally, it uses its results to estimate the trade effect of an India-EU RTA.

Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
The purpose of this research is to define and discuss the 'best value' concept and how it relates to the procurement of engineering and technical services. The research was conducted by a review of regulations and policy guidance, interviews with Government and defense industry personnel, and visits to Navy Contracting Activities that procure engineering and technical services. The intent of the study was to analyze how the 'best value' concept is currently implemented, problems with implementation, and to offer recommendations to improve 'best value' source selection. This study also recommends areas for future study that may further improve the use of 'best value' in the procurement of professional services.

In the late 1990s, early 2000s, academic literature considered electronic marketplaces as a game changer in truck transportation services procurement. Early enthusiasm was followed by skepticism regarding e-marketplaces' usefulness and the popularity of e-marketplaces appeared to wane both in industry and in academic literature. However, recent sources argue that almost half of the freight currently transported by truck in the USA is subject to transactions conducted in e-marketplaces. This dissertation intends to fill a gap in the academic literature by showing that truck transportation e-marketplaces necessitate renewed dedicated research efforts, by exploring the strategies implemented by e-marketplaces in this specific industry and by linking these strategies to marketplaces' performance. First, transportation and non-transportation e-marketplaces are compared in chapter 2 with regard to their usage of mechanisms designed to generate trust among users. Results show that truck transportation e-marketplaces use these trust mechanisms differently than non-transportation e-marketplaces, which supports a call for research on e-marketplaces in the specific context of truck transportation services procurement. In chapter 3, a database inventorying the usage of 141 features by 208 e-marketplaces is then created to initiate the empirical exploration of these specific e-marketplaces. Thanks to that database, a new typology (a way of classifying objects based on several simultaneous classification criteria) is developed in chapter 4 that identifies three main truck transportation e-marketplace strategies (two with sub-divided into two sub-strategies). The typology provides a state of industry and puts in perspective the specificity of truck transportation e-marketplaces with regard to their structure along 11 dimensions known to the general e-marketplace literature. Finally, the link between e-marketplace strategies and performance is investigated in chapter 5. Performance is measured with three traffic metrics: number of unique visitors per day, number of page views per day, and website ranking. Results show that third-party-owned e-marketplaces that provide auction mechanisms with a fairly high level of user decision and transaction support are more successful than other e-marketplaces. This dissertation provides a picture of existing e-marketplaces for the procurement of truck transportation services, challenges components of existing theories and provides ground for further research.
Ph. D.

Bakgrund: De senaste åren har den offentliga upphandlingen ökat i omfattning och utgör nu ca 17 procent av Sveriges BNP. Det är viktigt att de offentliga upphandlingarna utförs effektivt och i detta arbete spelar kravspecifikationen en viktig roll. En bra kravspecifikation är en förutsättning för att den upphandlande myndigheten ska få in anbud som motsvarar det de vill ha medan en bristfällig sådan kan ha stora konsekvenser för resultatet av upphandlingen. Det är dock i mycket en komplicerad uppgift att formulera krav för en tjänst, vars specifika egenskaper gör den mer svårdefinierad än en vara. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för kravspecifikationens roll i den offentliga tjänsteupphandlingen. Mer specifikt syftar studien till att undersöka vilka förutsättningarna är för att kunna utforma en bra kravspecifikation och vilka konsekvenser en bristfällig sådan kan ha för resultatet av upphandlingen. Genomförande: Med en kvalitativ ansats och genom personliga intervjuer har upphandlares syn på kravspecifikationens betydelse och svårigheter undersökts. Fyra semistrukturerade personliga intervjuer har genomförts med fyra erfarna upphandlare, från fyra olika offentliga organisationer - två landsting och två kommuner. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att det är viktigt med god kunskap om marknaden och medvetenhet om verksamhetens behov för att en relevant kravspecifikation ska kunna utformas. En relevant och bra kravspecifikation motverkar ökade transaktionskostnader och ökar möjligheterna att den tjänst som verksamheten är i behov av levereras. Studiens resultat visar vidare att det är viktigare att kravspecifikationen är relevant och tydlig än att den är detaljrik och att funktionsbaserade kravspecifikationer har många fördelar.
Background: In recent years, the public procurement has increased in importance and it now represents about 17 percent of Sweden's GDP. It is important that the public procurement is carried out effectively and due to this the requirement specification plays an important role in the process. A good requirement specification is a condition for that the purchasing authority receives tenders that correspond to what they want; while a lack of such may have major implications for the outcome of the procurement. However, it is a complex task to draw up requirements for a service, whose particular characteristics make it more difficult to define than a commodity. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of the requirement specification's role in the public service procurement. More specifically, the study aims to examine what the conditions are to work out a good requirement specification and the consequences a lack of such may have for the outcome of the procurement. Method: With a qualitative approach and through personal interviews, the purchasers view of the importance and difficulty of the requirement specification has been examined in this study. Four semi-structured personal interviews were conducted with four senior purchasers from four different public organizations - two counties and two municipalities. Results: The findings of this study indicate that good knowledge about the market and awareness of the organization’s needs is important for the formulation of a relevant requirement specification. A relevant and good requirement specification counteract high transaction costs and increase the possibility of delivery of the, by the organization, requested and needed service. Further, this research imply that it is more important for the requirement specification to be relevant and clear than to be detailed, and that function based specifications have many benefits.

This thesis presents a study of the fragmented nature of activities involved in the specification and procurement of construction products. Existing Internet-based approaches have perpetuated fragmentation in this domain and this has resulted in a problem known as 'digital anarchy.' The thesis describes the design and development of an application based on the metaphor of software agents to address this problem. The thesis has validated the view that failures in the existing approaches have resulted in the 'digital anarchy' problem. Such approaches have failed to eradicate paper-based communication patterns and its related sequential work methods. The thesis has established the proof of concept of using agents for the management of distributed information in the selected domain. The work has also synthesised agent technology, XML and Web Services into a cohesive architecture, demonstrating that the ultimate solution to the 'digital anarchy' problem will emerge from a synergy of the various streams of research in Internet-related technologies. The work has established that there is significant scope for systematic improvement in the specification and procurement of construction products listed on the Internet based on the agent paradigm.

A administração pública brasileira, em seu estágio atual, vive um intenso processo de aprimoramento do ordenamento jurídico e das práticas relacionadas às compras governamentais, tendo como base a Lei número 8.666 1993. Nesse contexto, são identificados instrumentos legais que viabilizam a prática da centralização de compras pelos órgãos públicos, com destaque para o Decreto número 8.250 2014, o qual atualizou o Sistema de Registro de Preços, bem como o Decreto número 8.189 2014, que prevê a criação da Central de Compras e Contratações no âmbito do Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão. Situada no âmbito da administração pública federal encontra-se a Marinha do Brasil (MB), subordinada ao Ministério da Defesa. Se por um lado a Força dispõe de uma estrutura de centralização de compras já consolidada, voltada para aquisição de materiais, identifica-se um interessante potencial a ser explorado no tocante às contratações de serviços. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo propor um modelo de contratações centralizadas de serviços comuns para a MB, no qual estarão definidos o padrão de centralização a ser adotado, o escopo geográfico da centralização e as responsabilidades institucionais das organizações envolvidas. Adicionalmente, será proposto um rol inicial de serviços comuns a serem incluídos no modelo, bem como estimadas as economias de processo, em termos financeiros e de tempo, e de escala esperadas a partir da sua implementação. Os resultados obtidos são instigantes, na medida em que as inferências realizadas apontaram para economias da ordem de milhões de reais.
The brazilian public administration, in its current stage, undergoes an intense process of improvement of the legal basis and practices related to the governamental procurement, which are based in the law Number 8.666 1993. In this context, legal instruments that enable the practice of purchasing centralization by public entities are identified, especially the Decret Number 8.250 2014, which updated the Registration Sistem Pricing, as well as the Decret Number 8.189 2014, which previse the creation of The Central of Procurement under the Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management. Situated within the pulic administration is the Brazilian Navy, under the Ministry of Defense. On the one hand, the Navy has an already consolidated structure of centralized purchasing of materials. On the other hand, we identify an interesting potential to be explored in relation to services’ purchasing. In this context, the present study aims to propose a model of cetralized purchasing of common services for the Brazilian Navy, in which will be defined the satandard of centralization to be adopted, the geographic scope of centralization and the institutional responsibilities of the organizations involved. Additionally, will be proposed an initial list of common services to be included in the model, as well as, will be estimated the economies of process, in terms of money and time, and scale expected from the implementation of the model. The results obtained are instigating, since the inferences made pointed to savings of millions of Reais.

The key objective of a procuring entity is to ensure that it procures services and goods with satisfactory quality at a reasonable cost, but how does the competitive environment effect the realization of these ambitions? The empirical analysis aimed to investigate the effect of qualifications criteria, interpreted as a mean to ensure high-quality services, on the number of submitted tenders as well as the effect of the number of tenders on the size of the bids of public procurement of internal cleaning services in Sweden during 2015-2017. The expectation is that qualification criterions imposes both entry costs and costs associated with fulfilling the contract. With increased prerequisite costs, firms could choose not to participate as the cost associated with becoming a qualified tender are considered too high. Further, increased competition is expected to reduce the size of the placed bid. The diminution of the size of the bid is expectedas a consequence of reduced mark-ups with increased level of competition. To test the hypotheses, an instrument variable 2SLS regression was considered. The main results of the empirical analysis concluded that there are costs associated with few tenders. The direction of effects of setting qualification criteria did not yield cohesive results, as some increased the number of tenders and other decreases them, while some had no significant effect.

This aim of this research is to explore two methods for procuring security services in South Africa. This research is a comparative case study between two correctional centers, which are the Mangaung Correctional Centre and the Kimberly Correctional Centre. The Mangaung Correctional Centre has been procured through Public-Private Partnership, where government procures services through a private party and the Kimberly Correctional Centre has been procured through the traditional public sector finance method. The main objectives of the study is to compare and contrast the costs of incarceration in these correctional centres; to evaluate the quality of security services provided in these two correctional centres as well as to examine the most economic, efficient and effective method of procuring security services. The research findings indicated that the incarceration costs for Mangaung Correctional Centre were far more than the costs for Kimberly Correctional Centre, which poses a threat of affordability for the Department of Correctional Services. The research study also found in terms of the quality of security services provided in Mangaung Correctional Centre, there have been no escapes or riots reported in the centre for a very long time, on the other hand, the research has found that there has been a compromise in the quality of security services provided in Kimberly Correctional Centre because the centre has experienced violent riots in the recent years and there has been security threats due to the loss of the master key. It emerged from the research findings that there is generally a lack of monitoring and evaluation especially when it comes to the issue of incarceration costs in Mangaung Correctional Centre because the costs have increased by more than 100 per cent since inception, this is far more than increase in average inflation for the period reviewed. The research concluded by providing recommendations for consideration of procuring security services in future. Some of the key recommendations made in this research are that before government enters into any major contract, unless the feasibility study confirms the affordability of the project, then the government should not pursue the project further. The research further recommended that the government negotiators represented in the negotiation processes and awarding contracts should be capacitated, more especially in the area of finance and law to ensure that they understand the complexities and technicalities involved during the processes.

Cette thèse porte sur l’approvisionnement des services de transport routier à charge pleine en utilisant le mécanisme d’enchères combinatoires. Traditionnellement, chaque expéditeur roule une enchère séparée pour satisfaire ses besoins internes de transport indépendamment des autres enchères roulées par d’autres expéditeurs. Étant donné que le processus de négociation pour l’établissement de contrats entre les expéditeurs et les transporteurs prend un à deux ans, les transporteurs sont amenés, dans certains cas, à soumettre des mises dans plus d’une enchère en même temps sans connaitre les résultats des autres enchères et savoir laquelle des offres qu’ils ont déjà soumises est effectivement gagnée. Pour contourner les inconvénients d’untel mécanisme, un nouveau mécanisme d’approvisionnement des services de transport basé sur des enchères est proposé. Il offre aux transporteurs la possibilité de soumettre simultanément sur les contrats requis par différents expéditeurs dans une seule enchère combinatoire où les demandes des expéditeurs sont centralisées. Il s’agit d’une vente aux enchères unique dans laquelle plusieurs expéditeurs présentent dans une seule enchère leurs services de transport qu’ils veulent sous-traiter et les transporteurs soumettent des mises combinatoires couvrant un ensemble de contrats appartenant à différents expéditeurs. Cette recherche examine l’impact d’un tel mécanisme centralisé sur les transporteurs ainsi que sur les expéditeurs en le comparant au mécanisme décentralisé traditionnel et en tenant en considération différents comportements à risque des transporteurs. La première partie de cette thèse présente une heuristique utilisée par les transporteurs pour construire des offres combinatoires dans les enchères dédiées à l’approvisionnement des services de transport routier à charge pleine. L’heuristique peut être utilisée par les transporteurs dans les enchères centralisées et décentralisées à la fois. On suppose que les transporteur sont déjà des engagements avec d’autres expéditeurs pour servir leurs contrats avant de participer à l’enchère et que les routes qui sont déjà définies pour les contrats existants doivent être conservées. L’heuristique proposée identifie d’abord les nouveaux contrats rentables et les intègre efficacement dans les routes existantes des transporteurs. Ensuite, elle construit de nouvelles routes pour les véhicules inutilisés avec les nouveaux contrats restants, quand cela est rentable. L’heuristique offre au transporteur la possibilité de soumettre des mises simples ou combinatoires avec un intervalle de prix de vente rentable pour chaque mise. L’heuristique se révèle rapide et efficace: elle exploite bien le réseau existant des transporteurs, génère des offres intéressantes permettant un profit additionnel considérable et couvre un pourcentage important de nouveaux contrats. Comparée à une méthode de solution exacte pour le problème de construction de mises, les résultats prouvent que l’heuristique identifie des solutions optimales ou quasi-optimales pour des instances de petite taille. Pour les grandes instances, la solution exacte soit elle identifie une solution pire que celle produite par notre heuristique ou échoue à identifier une solution réalisable. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous étudions les avantages/inconvénients du mécanisme d’enchère centralisée sur les transporteurs, en le comparant aux enchères décentralisées considérant différents comportements à risque des transporteurs. Lors de la construction des mises, les transporteurs peuvent miser en ayant un comportement trop risqué ou le contraire averse aux risques. Les résultats montrent que du point de vue du transporteur, les enchères centralisées offrent le meilleur compromis entre profit, efficacité du réseau et diversification du marché. Dans la troisième partie de la thèse, les avantages/inconvénients de l’enchère centralisée sur les expéditeurs sont étudiés en comparant les enchères centralisées aux décentralisées et en tenant compte des différents comportements à risque des transporteurs au moment de la construction des mises. Les résultats obtenus prouvent que du point de vue de l’expéditeur, les enchères centralisées amènent les expéditeurs à réaliser des économies de coûts considérables réalisées principalement grâce aux bas prix des mises proposées dans les enchères centralisées en les comparant avec les enchères décentralisées. La dernière partie de la thèse modélise et résout le problème de détermination des mises gagnantes (DMG) basé sur la réputation pour les enchères de transport combinatoires et centralisées. Dans ces enchères, le commissaire-priseur doit décider des mises gagnantes sachant qu’une même mise peut inclure des contrats de différents expéditeurs et que la réputation d’un transporteur peut différer d’un expéditeur à un autre. L’objectif est de trouver le meilleur compromis entre les prix offerts et le niveau de service des transporteurs. Le modèle DMG centralisé basé sur la réputation est résolu à l’optimalité et les résultats montrent que la prise en compte de la réputation dans un DMG centralisé peut entraîner des économies considérables sur les coûts totaux payés par tous les expéditeurs. De plus, les expéditeurs peuvent faire affaire avec des transporteurs moins privilégiés pour eux tout en réajustant leurs propres évaluations via cette collaboration. Cette thèse est organisée comme suit. Après un chapitre d’introduction générale, nous présentons une approche heuristique pour le problème de construction des mises d’enchères combinatoires. Après cela, nous présentons dans les chapitres 3 et 4 ce que nous appelons les enchères centralisées et nous les comparons aux enchères décentralisées du côté des transporteurs ainsi que des expéditeurs. Le cinquième chapitre résout le modèle de problème de détermination des mises gagnantes basé sur la réputation pour les enchères de transport combinatoire centralisé et la conclusion et les orientations pour les travaux futurs sont présentés dans le dernier chapitre.
This thesis addresses the procurement of truckload services through combinatorial auctions.Traditionally, each shipper runs a separate auction to satisfy its proper transportation needs independently from other shippers in decentralized auctions. Since the negotiation process for establishing contracts between shippers and carriers takes one to two years, carriers, in some cases, are led to bid in more than one auction at the same time before knowing which of the bids they submitted are effectively won. To circumvent the inconvenient of such mechanism, a novel auction-based procurement mechanism is proposed. It offers to carriers the opportunity to bid on the contracts required by different shippers simultaneously in a single combinatorial auction where shippers’ requests are centralized. That is a single auction where multiple shippers present their transportation requests simultaneously, and carriers submit package bids covering a set of contracts belonging to different shippers. The research study investigates the impact of such a centralized mechanism on carriers as well as on shippers by comparing it to the traditional decentralized mechanism under different carriers’ risk behaviours. The rest part of this thesis presents a heuristic approach used by carriers in centralized and decentralized auctions for constructing combinatorial bids in transportation auctions for the procurement of truckload transportation services. It assumes that carriers have already engaged on a set of transportation contracts before participating to the auction, and the routes already defined for the existing contracts must be kept. The proposed heuristic first identifies profitable new contracts and efficiently integrates them into a carrier’s existing routes. Then it builds new routes for unused vehicles with the remaining new contracts, when it is profitable. The heuristic offers the carrier the possibility to submit either a single bid or multiple bids with an interval of profitable ask prices for each bid. The heuristic is shown to be fast and efficient: It exploits well the carriers existing network, generates interesting bids enabling an additional potential profit and covers a large percentage of new contracts. Even when compared with an exact solution method, results prove that the heuristic identifies optimal or near-optimal solutions for small-sized instances. However, for larger instances, the exact method either identifies a solution that is worse than that output by our heuristic or fails in identifying a feasible one. In the second part of the thesis, we investigate the benefits/drawbacks of such a centralized auction on carriers by comparing it to decentralized auctions under different carriers risk behaviour attitudes. When bidding, two types of carriers are considered: too risky carriers andaverse-to-risk carriers. Results show that from the carriers perspective, centralized auctions offer the best compromise between profit, network efficiency and business diversification In the third part of the thesis, the benefits/drawbacks of centralized auctions on shippers are studied by comparing them to decentralized auctions and considering different carrier’s risk behaviour attitudes when bidding. Obtained results prove that from shippers perspectives,centralized auctions lead shippers to realize considerable cost savings achieved mainly due to attractive bids prices offered in centralized auctions. The last part of the thesis considers a reputation-based winner determination problem (WDP)model for centralized combinatorial transportation auctions in which the auctioneer should decide on the winning bids knowing that a same bid may include shipping contracts requested by different shippers and a carrier reputation may differ from one shipper to another. The objective is to find the best trade-off between bid prices and carriers level of service. The centralized reputation-based WDP model is solved to optimality and results show that considering reputation in a centralized WDP may lead to considerable savings in total costs paid by all shippers. Also, shippers may deal with less-preferred carriers while readjusting their own evaluations. This thesis is organized as follows. After a general introduction chapter, we present a heuristic approach for combinatorial bid construction problem. After that, we present in chapters 3and 4 what we call centralized auctions, and we compare them to decentralized auctions from the perspective of carriers and shippers. The fifth chapter solves the reputation-based winner determination problem model for centralized combinatorial transportation auctions and the conclusion and directions for future work are presented in the last chapter.

Using one question of Donald Kettl\'s smart-buyer problem as the basis of investigation, this study empirically examines the relationship between five selected services contract characteristics related to requirements and evaluation ratings of 120 federal information technology investments. The five contract characteristics selected for investigation were: Contract Type, Extent Competed, Performance-Based Acquisition, Integrated Process Team, and Program Manager Qualification. Analysis of these characteristics is relevant because current federal acquisition policy advocates particular contract characteristics as the preferred methods of procurement and others as widely accepted best practices. The five selected contract characteristics were analyzed for over 200 information technology services contracts using two separate statistical tests and four variants of information technology investment ratings as the dependent variable. Empirical evidence failed to reject the null hypothesis that there is no statistically significant correlation between selected service contract characteristics related to contract requirements and investment ratings. This failure of rejection through multiple tests led to the conclusion that service contract requirements are not better defined in cases when they should be based on selected contract characteristics. In order to better inform and understand the quantitative findings, interviews were conducted with over 20 senior acquisition and information technology executives representing 11 different federal departments and industry. None of the senior executives interviewed disputed the null finding and nearly 70 percent of subject matter experts interviewed were unsurprised that the selected service contract characteristics did not correlate with investment ratings.
The lack of correlation between selected contract characteristics related to requirements and investment ratings indicates that service contract requirements definition is a significant problem for federal agencies. That conclusion was confirmed by interviews with senior subject matter experts who consistently stated that accurately defining and managing information technology service contract requirements is a genuine challenge facing the federal government today.
Although empirical evidence failed to reject the null hypothesis, subsequent interviews revealed other factors that may have greater bearing on requirements and acquisition program outcomes than the five selected service contract characteristics. They present promising topics that merit further research.

Ph. D.

The thesis deals with a topic of subthreshold public procurement on services in the Czech Republic in 2014. The main point of the thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of the public procurement by analysing selected sample of the subthreshold public procurement on services in 2014. At first there is a brief description of general and legal requirements for the public procurement functioning. Secondly an analysis of the sample of the public procurement is made applying criteria as type of contracting entity or type of procedure. Then the influence of these two patterns on number of offers from contenders and also on savings of public financial assets is examined. Results of the regresion analysis say that there is a positive effect of the openess of procedures on creating the savings of the public financial assets.

The present interview has as purpose to give comprehensive overview about the currentsituation of public procurement in our country, with emphasis on the goals achieved and the possible challenges of the matter; all of this in the frame on the reform of public procurement law.
La presente entrevista tiene como propósito dar un panorama del actual estado de la contratación pública en nuestro país, haciendo énfasis en los logros que se han ido alcanzados y los posibles retos de la misma; todo esto teniendo en cuenta la reciente reforma en la normativa de contratación pública.

Cette thèse propose une étude empirique des liens entre la sphère politique et la gestion des services publics locaux en France. Lorsqu'elles administrent les services publics, les administrations locales peuvent décider soit de fournir un service en régie, soit d'externaliser sa gestion, et donc de conclure des contrats avec des entités privées. Tout d'abord, ce choix de gouvernance est analysé dans le cas des cantines scolaires françaises et les moteurs politiques de ce choix sont mis en évidence. La contestation politique à l'élection municipale est considérée comme l'un des moteurs du choix organisationnel. Deuxièmement, nous avons analysé les contrats public-privé en cas d'externalisation. Nous avons constaté que ces contrats étaient plus rigides que les contrats privés purs. En outre, cette rigidité excessive peut s'expliquer par le niveau de contestation politique dans la municipalité. Enfin, les déterminants de l'approvisionnement alimentaire local sont étudiés. Nous constatons que la disponibilité des réseaux d'alimentation alternatifs est parfois motivée par des considérations politiques. Cette thèse contribue à ajouter des connaissances à la compréhension de la gestion des services publics locaux, ainsi qu'à la compréhension de la disponibilité des magasins de détail alimentaires
This dissertation offers an empirical investigation of the links between the political sphere and the management of local public services in France. When they administer public services, local governments can decide either to provide a service in-house, or to externalize its management, and therefore conclude contracts with private entities. First, this choice of governance is analyzed in the case of French school canteens and the political drivers of this choice are highlighted. The political contestation in the municipal election is found to be one of the drivers of the organizational choice. Second, we analyzed public-private contracts in case of externalization. We found those contracts to be more rigid than pure private contracts. Besides, this excessive rigidity can be explained by the level of political contestation in the municipality. Finally, the determinants of the local food supply is studied. We find that the availability of alternative food networks is sometimes driven by political considerations. This dissertation contributes to add knowledge to the understanding of the management of local public services, as well as to the understanding of food retail stores availability

Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Graduate School of Business
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This mini-study project is a review of South African and International practices for the procurement and remuneration of consulting engineering services. The manner in which engineering services have been procured from professionals in the built environment over the last decade in South Africa has varied considerably within the public sector. Historically government and professional associations published time based and percentage fee based scales. In 1997 the government published a Green Paper on Procurement Reform. This paper called for the uniformity of procurement policies throughout all industries. In 2000, a statutory body, the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) was established. The CIDB has developed procurement regulations based on the government guidelines for the construction industry. Compliance with these regulations became mandatory as of 14 November 2005 for organs of state who solicit tender offers such as national, provincial and local government institutes. Within the private sector, services have been procured on an ever increasing basis based on a negotiated fee with an agreed scope of works and involvement. The importance of this study is that no single procurement system has been proven worldwide to be optimal. The CIDB have set the rules and now it is up to the construction industry to develop a framework of practice that is sustainable and competitive. The study is a systematic investigation to establish the facts about the new government procurement policies and regulations for the South African construction industry. The guidelines and proposals of associations such as the South African Association of Consulting Engineers SAACE), the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) and The World Bank are reviewed. Personal interviews are conducted with South African consulting engineers to investigate opinions on the latest reforms and practices. Procurement and remuneration practices in various other developed and developing countries are also reviewed. From the review it was found that the pertinent measures for the procurement and remuneration of consultants were project categorisation, consultant selection criteria., procurement processes, procurement procedures, cost based procurement approaches, the use of professional fee scales and the cost weighting of consultant remuneration. Trends that emerged from the study were the move in international practices away from the use of professional fee scales. Although the Quality Cost Based Selection (QCBS) approach is still used widely internationally, there is an increase in emphasis and move towards a Quality Based Selection (QBS) approach. Internationally there has been a trend to simplify the process and criteria for the selection of consultants. An important debate identified was whether the use of professional fee scales in South Africa should be eliminated and the determination of professional fees be left to market forces. The review found that although the CIDB had done immense work in the formulation of the new regulations to meet government reform policies, there were certain short comings that needed to be addressed. These included implementation, education of public officials in consultant evaluation, dealing with the tremendous shortage of public officials to do consultant evaluation and the simplification of processes. The study produces a comprehensive comparative table of institutional and practitioners inputs with respect to the identified consultant procurement and remuneration measures. The significance of this table is that it can be used to formulate or adjust existing frameworks. It is proposed that such revised frameworks be monitored and studied to optimise the objective of sustainability and competitiveness in the procurement and remuneration of consulting services in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie mini navorsingsprojek bied 'n oorsig van die Suid-Afrikaanse en lntemasionale praktyke vir die werwing en vergoeding van raadgewende ingenieurs. Die manier waarop ingenieursdienste gewerf word van professionele persone in die konstruksiebedryf oor die laaste dekade in Suid-Afrika het aansienlik verskil binne die openbare sektor. In die verlede het die staatsdiens en professionele instansies tydgebasseerde en persentasievergoedingskale gepubliseer. In 1997 het die Regering 'n "Groenpapier" oor werwing en hervorming gepubliseer. In hierdie dokument word 'n oproep tot uniformiteit van werwingsbeleid deur alle deelnemers gedoen. In 2000 is 'n statutere liggaam, die "Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)", gestig. Die CIDB het werwingsregulasies ontwikkel wat gebasseer is op die regering se riglyne vir die konstruksiebedryf. Hierdie regulasies het sedert 14 November 2005 vir tenders aan staatsliggame soos nasionale, provinsiale en plaaslike regerings verpligtend geword. Binne die privaatsektor word dienste op 'n toenemende basis op 'n onderhandelde basis vergoed. Daar is gevind dat daar geen enkel werwingsisteem wereldwyd is wat as optimaal bewys is nie. Die CIDB het die reels neergele en dit is nou die verantwoordelikheid van die konstruksiebedryf am 'n praktykgerigte raamwerk te ontwikkel wat beide volhoubaar en kompeterend is. Die navorsing is 'n stelselmatige ondersoek om vas te stel wat die regering se werwingsbeleid en regulasies vir die Suid-Afrikaanse konstruksiebedryf is. Die riglyne en voorstellings van instansies soos die van die Suid-Afrikaanse Assosiasie vir Raadgewende Ingenieurs (SAACE), die "International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC)" en Die Wereldbank is ondersoek en vergelyk. Persoonlike onderhoude is gevoer met Suid-Afrikaanse raadgewende ingenieurs om 'n ondersoek na opinies te doen oor die onlangse hervorming van praktyke. Werwings- en vergoedingspraktyke in verskeie ander lande is ook ondersoek. Hierdie ondersoek het uitgewys dat die pertinente metings vir die werwing en vergoeding van raadgewende ingenieurs projek kategorie, wenvingsprosesse, werwingsprosedures, koste gebaseerde benaderings, die gebruik van professionele vergoedingskale en die koste van vergoeding, is. Tendense wat na vore kom vanuit die navorsing, is die intemasionale praktyk om weg te beweeg van professionele vergoedingskale. Alhoewel die Kwaliteit Koste Gebasseerde Seleksie benadering nog steeds wyd gebruik word intemasionaal, is daar 'n toename in die beklemtoning en beweging na die Kwaliteit Gebasseerde Seleksie benadering. Daar is die neiging intemasionaal om die proses en kriteria vir die seleksie van konsultante te vereenvoudig. 'n Belangrike debat wat geidentifiseer is, is of die gebruik van professionele vergoedingskale in Suid-Afrika geelimineer moet word en of die vasstelling van professionele vergoeding deur markkragte bepaal moet word. Die navorsing het bevind dat alhoewel die CIDB heelwat werk gedoen het in die formulering van nuwe regulasies om te voldoen aan regerings hervormingsbeleid, dat daar sekere tekortkominge is wat aangespreek moet word. Hierdie sluit in: implementering, die opleiding van openbare amptenare in konsultant evaluering. die hantering van die geweldige tekort aan openbare amptenare om die konsultant evaluerings te doen en die vereenvoudiging van prosesse. Die navorsing produseer 'n omvattende vergelykende tabel van institutionele en die praktykvoerder se insette ten opsigte van die geidentifiseerde konsultant werwings - en vergoedingsmeetmiddels. Die belangrikheid van hierdie tabel is dat dit gebruik kan word om te formuleer of om aanpassings te maak aan bestaande raamwerke. Dit word voorgestel dat sulke hersiende raamwerke gemonitor en bestudeer word om sodoende die doelwit van onderhoudbaarheid en kompeterendheid in die werwing en vergoeding van konsulterende dienste in Suid-Afrika te optimaliseer.

Mestrado em Finanças
Nesta situação fictícia analisámos um procedimento de procurement a nível europeu na indústria de serviços digitais desenvolvido pela Autoridade Europeia de Seguros e Pensões (EIOPA) com o intuito de criar um Repositório Central (RC) para o reporting das empresas de fundos de pensões como primeiro passo a dar para a implementação do Produto Individual de Reforma Pan-Europeu (PEPP). Desde o processo de seleção do fornecedor mais adequado, os desafios que decorrem desta parceria empresarial são analisados através do âmbito da teoria da agência. Adicionalmente, identificámos comportamentos de risco que explicam as diferentes reacções ao risco nesta relação bilateral e propomos abordagens de gestão de risco para mitigar tais comportamentos. Além disso, observámos que os cenários político e financeiro que envolvem a EIOPA (revisão da Comissão Europeia ao mandato da EIOPA e a forte probabilidade de um Brexit próximo) explicam o nível de dependência nos procedimentos de procurement públicos para serviços digitais, e que a existência de possíveis falhas na Directiva de procurement público 2014/24/EU em relação aos artigos 67 e 72 podem constituir em potenciais situações de risco moral.
In this fictional situation we analyzed a European public procurement procedure in the digital services industry developed by the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) for the creation of a Central Repository (CR) for pension funds undertakings reporting as a first step for the Pan-European Personal Pension Product (PEPP) implementation. Since the selection process of the most suitable supplier, the challenges that arise from this business partnership are analyzed through the Agency theory scope. Additionally, we identified risk behaviors that explain the different reactions towards risk in this bilateral relationship, and proposed risk management approaches to mitigate such risk behaviors. Moreover, we observed that EIOPA's political and financial background (EC revision of EIOPA's mandate and the hypothesis of a near Brexit) explain the level of dependency on public procurement procedures for digital services, and the existence of possible breaches on public procurement Directive 2014/24/EU regarding Articles 67 and 72 may allow potential moral hazard situations.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Major demographical changes, such as aging population, constantly increases the demand for healthand social care services and technologies. The concept of welfare technologies is a response to meet this demand, since it increases independency, activity, participation and safety for people that has or is at risk of developing a disability. The procurement process of welfare technology is described as ineffective and problematic and is one of the major bottlenecks in implementing this type of technology. The aim of this study was to explore how the practical procurement process of welfare technology is performed in Swedish municipalities, an area which is currently under-researched. Moreover, the main problematic areas in the procurement, and their causes were investigated, which was carried out through qualitative semi-structured interviews with municipal actors. Data was collected from 3 municipalities, with 8 interview participants in total. The collected data from these interviews was transcribed, using intelligent verbatim, and analyzed inductively in the framework of qualitative content analysis. The data analysis yielded 7 main categories of problematic areas in the procurement process, along with 47 sub-categories. The main issues discussed were related to insufficient resources, such as competence, time and money, too little focus on the userneed, and difficulties with integrating welfare technology with other technical systems. A set of concrete advices for how to target some of the identified problems was generated, along with a couple guidelines for how to streamline the procurement process of welfare technology. It is argued in this report that the municipal organization of this process needs to be looked over, which cannot solely occur within municipalities, but must also be decided from a higher political level.

The article provides introductory notions about the new regulatory framework of the European Union on public procurement. The author argues that this new legislation forces us to rethink how articulate it to satisfies the public interest with respect to the principles of equality, efficiency, transparency, efficiency and accountability. It also forces us to rethink the administrative organization in the light of the own principles of public law. All that with the objective to approach us to the paradigm of the right to good administration as an element of control and accountability.
El artículo brinda nociones introductorias sobre el nuevo marco regulatorio de la Unión Europea sobre contratación pública. El autor sostiene que esta nueva normativa obliga a repensar en cómo articularla a fin de que satisfaga los intereses públicos con respeto a los principios de igualdad, eficacia, transparencia, eficiencia y rendición de cuentas. Además, obliga a repensar la organización administrativa a la luz de los propios fundamentos del derecho público. Todo ello con miras a acercarse al paradigma del derecho a una buena administración como elemento del control y de rendición de cuentas.

The demand for consultancy services has increased significantly since the companies began to shift from in-house staff to the purchasing of consulting services. The procurement of consul-tancy services can be considered among the most difficult service that goes to procure which means that it requires extensive knowledge of the purchaser to succeed in the process. In this report, I will examine how five public Swedish purchasers expressed their competence requirements regarding construction and design management ten years ago. I will also con-sider what type of skills they think are the most important today, and also see how the con-sultants' alleged expertise is examined. Finally, I will explain the five public purchasers thoughts on what might happen to their competence requirements in the nearest future. The report is structured in two parts where the first part is an analysis of the client's previous competence requirements. The second part consists of interviews with each individual client. The people that were interviewed all have extensive experience in project management, both from the private and public sectors. Conclusively, I will present what happened with their skills requirements over time and the likely reasons behind it, what forces that are behind changes in organizations, how the public purchasers follow up skill requirements and what they predict will happen to their skills requirements in the nearest future.
Efterfrågan på konsulttjänster har ökat avsevärt sedan många företag börjat köpa in dessa tjänster istället för att anställa egen personal. Att utnyttja konsulttjänster anses vara en av de svåraste tjänster som går att upphandla, vilket ställer krav på bred kompetens hos beställaren för att lyckas handla upp konsulter med rätt kompetens som matchar med projektens kom-plexitet. I den här rapporten undersöks hur fem svenska offentliga beställare uttryckte sin kompetens-kravsättning över bygg-och projekteringsledare tio år tillbaka i tiden. Det undersöks vilken typ av kompetens de riktar mest fokus på, samt hur konsulternas påstådda kompetens följs upp av de offentliga beställarna. Sammanfattningsvis kommer jag att redogöra för vad de fem offentliga beställarna tror kommer att hända med deras kompetenskrav inom den närmsta framtiden. I bakgrundskapitlet tillhandahålls en inblick i hur offentlig upphandling fungerar, där även konsulttjänsteupphandling och konsultföretagens affärsmodeller ser ut. Till grund för detta används faktorer bakom förändringar i organisationer, tillit mellan beställare och entre-prenör, hållbarhet i byggbranschen och outsourcing. Rapporten är uppbyggd i två delar, där ena delen utgörs av en analys av de offentliga bestäl-larnas tidigare kompetenskrav för åren 2005, 2010 och 2015. Den andra delen består av inter-vjuer med representanter från varje enskild beställare, samma fem beställare (Svenska bostä-der, Stockholms stad, Locum, Trafikverket och SL) som den tidigare delen baseras på. Perso-nerna som intervjuats har alla lång erfarenhet av projektledning, både från privat såväl som offentlig sektor. Slutligen presenteras hur kompetenskraven har utvecklats med tiden, tillsammans med tänk-bara faktorer som förklarar troliga anledningar till dess utveckling. Rapporten presenterar också vilka kompetenskrav som de offentliga beställarna ses som viktigast, hur de sköter granskningen av projektkonsulterna och vad de offentliga beställarna förutspår kommer att hända med sina kompetenskrav inom den närmsta framtiden.

The purpose of the study was to describe how networking can provide competitive advantage to facilitate growth when offering consultancy services toward the public sector. The majority of companies are looking to expand their business due to different reasons. With todays intense competiton on the market it is becoming increasingly important to outperform competitors in order to maintain the current customerbase aswell as it is to gain new businesses. Companies that work toward the public sector have special laws, directives and regulations that have to be taken into account when conducting business. Involvement with networks is based on different reasons, it can be due to gaining new customers, contacts and knowledge to name a few.   The authors have performed a qualitative case study with a focus on two companies. The empirical findings is based on information collected through interviews with these companies and through a quanitative self-completion questionnaire with a sample group of 16 repondents. By analysing the empirical information the authors have concluded that networking activities are important in order to prosper growth. However, there is a lack of networking strategies among the two companies of focus which constraint the firms to get the most out of the networks.

L'usage de la discrétion peut intervenir à plusieurs étapes de la commande publique. La littérature économique s'est largement penchée sur l'étude des bénéfices et des limites de son usage. Cette thèse se concentre sur deux dimensions de la discrétion. Tout d'abord, une autorité publique doit choisir entre fournir un service public elle-même (une régie) ou par voie de délégation de service public (DSP). Cette thèse détermine empiriquement quels sont les facteurs décisifs des remunicipalisations et privatisations dans le service public de la distribution d'eau. Cette décision s'explique principalement par la recherche d'efficacité économique, même si la tendance des communes voisines à changer de mode de fourniture est décisive. Ensuite, cette thèse se concentre sur le pouvoir discrétionnaire d'un acheteur public lorsque celui-ci doit attribuer un marché public. La littérature reconnait qu'elle peut permettre d'obtenir un meilleur rapport qualité-prix, mais peut aussi faciliter la corruption. Cette thèse analyse l'effet des enquêtes pour faits de corruption sur le degré de pouvoir discrétionnaire utilisé pour attribuer un marché. Il apparaît qu'une municipalité sous enquête ne réagit pas en adoptant moins de pouvoir discrétionnaire. Seuls les voisins à des communes qui sont reconnues coupables de corruption réagissent, suggérant leur possible implication dans le cas enquêté. Enfin, la question de l'effet du pouvoir discrétionnaire sur la probabilité d'attribuer le marché à une entreprise plus productive est soulevée. Il en résulte qu'une procédure d'attribution offrant un pouvoir discrétionnaire à l'acheteur public conduit à la sélection d' entreprises moins efficaces
The use of discretion in public procurement may take place at different stages of the procurement process. The economic literature has widely investigated the benefits and limitations of its use. This dissertation focuses on two dimensions of discretion. First, a public authority has to decide whether to provide a public service in-house or privately. This dissertation empirically investigates the determinants of both remunicipalizations and privatizations for the water distribution services. This decision to switch appears to be mainly driven by economic efficiency reasons. Also, a tendency to switch from one regime to another one in neighboring municipalities influences this decision. Second, this dissertation focuses on public buyer's discretionary power towards the award mechanism. The economic literature acknowledges that even though discretion may yield a better value for money when awarding a contract, it may also facilitate corruption. This dissertation analyzes the impact of investigation for corruption over the degree of buyer's discretion used. As a matter of fact, a municipality investigated for corruption does not react by using less award procedures that allow for discretionary power. Only neighbors of municipalities that are eventually found guilty react, suggesting that responsive neighbors to investigation might also be involved in the case under investigation. Finally, the question of the effect of discretionary power over the likelihood to select a productive supplier is addressed. It follows that an award procedure that allows for discretionary power leads to the selection of less productive firms than an award procedure that does not

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
In Peru, companies within the textile sector encounter problems such as a decrease in the contribution to an industrial gross domestic product from 10.6 to 7.5%, a decline in financial credits by about 0.7% p.a., and the direct competition of Central American countries across the textile chain. The finishing of fabrics shows the worst performance, with losses of a 38.8% variation in industrial production and a 7.5% growth rate per textile industrial sector. In this scenario, a strategic lean procurement model based on 5S and supplier approval was designed. The lean objective is to streamline workflow in the raw material warehouse that generates excessive lead time to production and leads to unplanned downtime. In addition, supplier approval boosts procurement efficiency and provides strategic value in assessing and planning raw materials to ensure efficient supply. The model is validated through a case study involving a textile small and medium-sized enterprise (SME), and drastic improvements are made. These improvements address the problem of unplanned downtime by reducing its incidence and making economic contributions to the company.
Revisión por pares

Cette thèse propose d'étudier le rôle du secteur privé dans la fourniture des biens et services publics dans le cadre du récent contrat de Partenariat Public-Privé (PPP). Le premier chapitre de cette thèse a pour but de comparer l'efficacité du PPP à sa forme plus ancienne, le contrat de Délégation de Service Public (DSP). Le PPP permet au gouvernement de déléguer à un opérateur privé à la fois la construction d'une infrastructure publique et son exploitation. Cela revient à lui confier de plus grandes responsabilités comparées à ce qu'elles sont dans la DSP et lui confère également une dimension de long terme. L'efficacité du PPP devient alors dépendante des engagements pris par le gouvernement à l'étape de construction, qui peuvent ne pas être honorés à celle d'exploitation. A l'inverse, le contrat de DSP ne souffre pas de cet éventuel opportunisme du fait que les deux tâches relatives à la fourniture de services publics sont réalisées par deux firmes différentes. Nous montrons dans ce chapitre que l'efficacité du PPP est endommagée par l'opportunisme du gouvernement, mais pas suffisamment pour recommander la DSP. Nous concluons que, contrairement à l'opinion générale, l'engagement du gouvernement n'est pas un facteur clés du succès du contrat PPP. Le deuxième chapitre contribue au débat sur l'efficacité de la fourniture du service de l'eau par le secteur privé. Pour cela, nous menons une étude empirique en France, pays pionnier en matière de gestion privée de l'eau. Dans ce chapitre, nous évaluons l'impact du choix de gestion de l'eau sur les prix de l'eau, en prenant soin de corriger le biais de sélection dont souffre cette évaluation. Pour cela, nous estimons un modèle d'effet de traitement à l'aide d'un modèle à variable latente empruntant ainsi la méthodologie de Carpentier et al. (2006). L'effet moyen de la délégation et celui sur une municipalité ayant choisie la gestion privée de l'eau sont examinés. Contrairement aux études empiriques précédentes, nous montrons qu'il n'y a pas de différences significatives de prix de l'eau selon le mode de gestion de l'eau choisi. Le troisième chapitre examine la fourniture de biens publics lorsque ces derniers sont soumis à un risque d'interruption. Afin de pallier ce risque, une autorité publique peut adopter une politique de dédoublement des sources approvisionnement. Au lieu de confier toute la fourniture d'un bien public à une seule et même source, elle peut la confier à deux distinctes. De cette manière, si l'une est interrompue, l'autre peut prendre le relais. Dédoubler les sources approvisionnement permet d'assurer la continuité du bien public mais engendre des coûts, une source plus coûteuse pouvant prendre le relais. C'est ainsi que l'autorité publique fait face à un dilemme entre confier l'approvisionnement du bien public à une ou deux sources. Dans ce chapitre, nous étudions tout d'abord le choix d'approvisionnement avant de nous intéresser au partage respectif de la fourniture du bien public entre les deux sources en cas de dédoublement. Nous analysons également le choix de l'autorité publique en matière d'approvisionnement lorsqu'elle est susceptible d'être influencée par des groupes d'intérêt
This thesis investigates three questions related to the role of private sector involvement in the provision of public goods or services. The State withdrawal from such provision has led to the use of partnerships between the public and the private sectors. They take place through a variety of contracts from the traditional form of public procurement to the modern form, Public-Private Partnership (PPP). The first chapter analyzes the contracting out of public services through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) subject to government opportunism. The construction of a public infrastructure and its operation are carried out by a private sector firm. Due to bundling of these two tasks, the PPP efficiency is affected by government's commitment power, contrarily to the traditional procurement, in which the two tasks are contracted out separately. We find that the PPP cost efficiency is damaged by the government opportunism but not sufficiently to recommend the use of TP contract. PPP contract should still be preferred by the government. We conclude that, contrarily to the widespread view, government commitment is not the key factor determining the success of PPP. The second chapter offers an empirical study to contribute to the debate over the efficiency of private provision of water services, looking at the main policy lessons that can be drawn from recent French experience. The purpose of this paper is to accurately evaluate the impact of private management on water prices after taking into account the selection bias. To do so, we use a treatment effect approach in a latent variable framework following the Carpentier et al. (2006) methodology. Two specific treatment parameters are reexamined: the Average Treatment Effect (ATE) and the effect of Treatment on the Treated (ATT). Contrary to the previous empirical findings, we show that private management does not have a significant impact on water prices. The third chapter examines the provision of a public good subject to a risk of disruption in a dynamic setting. To hedge against this risk, a public authority may use a dual sourcing policy. Instead of awarding the entire production to one firm (sole sourcing), he may split production among two firms (dual sourcing). If the production of one firm is disrupted, the other firm may take over. However, ensuring the continuity of production increases the procurement cost since a less efficient firm may be awarded part of the production. The public authority thus faces a trade-off when deciding upon the procurement policy. We first examine the optimal choice between sole and dual sourcing. Then, we determine the optimal share of production awarded to each firm in case of dual sourcing. We also consider how asymmetry of information on the secondary firm's efficiency affects the optimal procurement policy since an informational rent is given up to this firm. Finally, we extend our model to consider the influence of lobbying on the public authority's choice of procurement policy

O presente trabalho de projecto aborda a organização e implementação dos Serviços de Aprovisionamento no Instituto Politécnico de Beja. Este trabalho de projecto trata de questões de organização e explica o que se entende por Aprovisionamento, o que o mesmo representa para o Instituto Politécnico, a forma como se adquirem os bens e serviços, respeitando as normas legais de contratação. Assim, parte-se do conceito de Aprovisionamento, como um conjunto de acções que consistem em colocar à disposição da Organização, os meios materiais de que ela necessita para poder laborar, nas quantidades e qualidades necessárias, no momento preciso e ao menor custo possível. O trabalho divide-se em duas partes: A primeira parte refere-se ao quadro conceptual de referência do Aprovisionamento. A segunda resulta da aplicação ao Instituto Politécnico de Beja. Analisaram-se as componentes técnicas e organizacional, por recurso a uma metodologia descritiva e qualitativa. Depois, procedeu-se a uma análise da componente tecnológica, no âmbito da qual, se produziram manuais de procedimentos únicos e uniformes para todos os serviços que trabalhem directamente com o Sector/Serviços de Aprovisionamento. Foi ainda abordada a componente comportamental. - ABSTRACT: This project work addresses the Organization and implementation of services supply the Polytechnical Institute of Beja. This project deals with matters of organization and explains what is meant by supply, that it represents for the Polytechnic Institute, how buying goods and services, while respecting the legal standards. Supply, defined as a set of actions that are in place at the disposal of the Organization, the material resources that it needs to be able to operate in quantities and qualities necessary now and at the lowest possible cost. For work is divided into two parts: the first part refers to the conceptual framework supply reference. The second is the result of applying the Polytechnical Institute of Beja. Analyzed the organizational and technical components using a descriptive and qualitative component. Then, an analysis of the technological component, under which, if produced manuals unique and uniform procedures for all services that work directly with the sector/supply service, was also approached the behavioral component.

Supply Chain Management is a well recognized managerial tool and government initiative, primarily aimed at improving all the aspects of the procurement activities in government organizations or any type of the sector. It focuses on meeting the needs of the service providers as well as of the customers. In 1994, South African Government came up with new initiatives to manage its budget and finance resources to meet the needs of the people. One of the new initiatives that the new Government introduced was the Supply Chain Management (SCM). The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act No.108 of 1996, as amended regulates procurement through Section 217. The statutes states that “217(1) when an Organ of State in the national, provincial or local sphere of government, or any institution identified in national legislation, contracts for goods or services, it must do so in accordance with a system which is fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost-effective The procurement reform processes were supported by the introduction of a number of legislative measures, including the adoption of the Public Financial Management Act (PFMA) and the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act (PPPFA). Public Finance Management Act (PFMA) is a financial act that was developed in 1999 to reform the public financial management of South Africa. The Act promotes the objective of good financial management in order to maximise delivery through the efficient and effective use of limited resources. Public Financial Management Act (PFMA) emphasizes on efficiency, transparency and economic utilization of public funds. The Treasury Regulations 16.5.3 states that, ‘when procuring goods and services, the procurement procedures must be in accordance with a system that is fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost-effective. Even though government departments have started implementing the Supply Chain Management strategies, there are still some challenges and deficiencies that hinder appropriate implementation. There are some deficiencies in tender award systems, ineffectiveness of SCM training materials, lack of communication between management and SCM or implementing staff as a result the implementing staff is not aware of the organization’s goals regarding supply chain management activities. Lack of monitoring, evaluation and reporting is also another challenge. Due to these challenges, the Head Office of the Eastern Cape Department of Health had incurred some expenses in trying to address these yet the Supply Chain Management has little impact in improving the service delivery. The key research objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate the implementation of Supply Chain Management in service delivery with specific focus in procurement processes of goods and services in Head Office of Eastern Cape Department of Health. The study intends to establish and highlight the challenges that the Head Office of the Eastern Cape Department of Health is presently faced with in regard to implementation of the Supply Chain Management and the impact it has in service delivery. Data gathering techniques which include interviews and questionnaires had been used. The objectives, methodology and results of the study are presented. The conclusions and recommendations had been made with the basis that they will assist the department in improving the implementation of the Supply Chain Management which will have a positive impact in the service delivery. Further steps needs to be taken by the Provincial Treasuries in assisting department to improve in the implementation of the Supply Chain Management. Further research conduct is recommended for all the institutions of the department of Health as this study was focusing on Head Office only.

This work approaches the restrictive factors that interfere in the optimization of the planning of the process of recruiting of goods and services between the sectorial demand and the service of the request for the Unit of Administration in two Federal Universities. The theme is discussed found in the authors' visions as Etzioni (1967), Barnard (1968), Tironi et al (1991), Tofler (2003), Mintzberg (2004), Senge (2005), Matus (2006), Marchi and Wittmann (2008), Motta (2010), Baily et al. (2010), Morin (2011), Tridapalli, Fernandes and Machado (2011), Morgan (2011), Juran (2011), Dias e Costa (2012), Drucker (2012), among others. The protected concepts for the authors allow to notice new possibilities for the administration of the process of recruiting of goods and services in our organizations in times of changes. The objective of the research consists of analyzing the restrictive factors that interfere in the optimization of the planning of the process of recruiting of goods and services between the sectorial demand and the service of this request for the Unit of Administration in the Federal Universities of Maranhão (MA) and Santa Maria (RS). This case study has character exploratory, descriptive, of qualitative nature. They were accomplished 12 (twelve) interviews that made possible the collection and the analysis of the data, the method of the analysis of the interviewees' speech was used to reveal problems associated to planning, the organizational structure, that interferes in the planning of the process of recruiting of goods and services. The results reveal that the researched organizations maintain inadequate organizational structures. The unit of central planning guides the dissociated expense of the reality of the administration of the sectorial units.
Este trabalho aborda os fatores restritivos que interferem na otimização do planejamento do processo de contratação de bens e serviços entre a demanda setorial e o atendimento da solicitação pela Unidade de Gestão em duas Universidades Federais. O tema é discutido alicerçado nas visões de autores como Etzioni (1967), Barnard (1968), Tironi et al. (1991), Tofler (2003), Mintzberg (2004), Senge (2005), Matus (2006), Marchi e Wittmann (2008), Motta (2010), Baily et al. (2010), Morin (2011), Tridapalli, Fernandes e Machado (2011), Morgan (2011), Juran (2011), Dias e Costa (2012), Drucker (2012), dentre outros. Os conceitos defendidos pelos autores permitem perceber novas possibilidades para a gestão do processo de contratação de bens e serviços nas organizações em tempos de mudanças. O objetivo da pesquisa consiste em analisar os fatores restritivos que interferem na otimização do planejamento do processo de contratação de bens e serviços entre a demanda setorial e o atendimento desta solicitação pela Unidade de Gestão, nas Universidades Federais do Maranhão (MA) e de Santa Maria (RS). Este estudo de caso tem caráter exploratório, descritivo, de natureza qualitativa. Foram realizadas 12 (doze) entrevistas que possibilitaram a coleta e a análise dos dados. Utilizou-se o método da análise do discurso dos entrevistados, para revelar problemas associados a planejamento, a estrutura organizacional, que interfere no planejamento do processo de contratação de bens e serviços. Os resultados revelam que as organizações pesquisadas mantêm estruturas organizacionais inadequadas. A unidade de planejamento central orienta a despesa dissociada da realidade da gestão das unidades setoriais.

Thesis (Ph.D. )--University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2008.
Title from title page screen (viewed on April 24, 2008 ). Research advisor: Shelly White-Means, Ph.D. Document formatted into pages (xi, 101 p. : ill.). Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-100).

This thesis consists of three papers which contribute to the literatures on regulation and organizational economics.

The first part of the dissertation addresses questions related to the procurement decisions of private and public organizations. In particular it focuses on how the anticipation of renegotiating the contractual terms during the execution of a procurement contract affects the initial arrangements between the parties. Renegotiation may involve the design itself of the goods which are procured, and not just their price or the time of their delivery. A plausible explanation for its pervasiveness is the existence of transaction costs which prevents contracts from being complete. This is especially true for more sophisticated and customized goods, such as new infrastructures or cars' and aircrafts' parts or components. Ex-post these goods may fail to fit the buyer's specific needs and/or may exhibit flaws unforeseen at the planning stage.

In the first two chapters, I show that the anticipation of ex-post adaptations has critical implications for many procurement choices, such as that of the contractual agreement, the award mechanism, and the delegation of the design task to the suppliers. Therefore, a proper inclusion of design failures into the analysis of procurement contracts can help broaden our understanding of the wide variety of procurement modes and outcomes observed in the real world. My analysis offers an explanation for the procurement practices adopted in complex manufacturing and construction industries. Moreover, it can provide useful guidance for public procurement. Governments face tight restrictions in their choices of the procurement modes and for this reason they should carefully evaluate whether or not to adopt the best practices of the private sector.

The second part of the dissertation concerns the optimal design of an organization. In many organizations the task of evaluating an agent's performance is delegated to a third party, a supervisor, who can opportunistically misreport information. The question of how the provision of incentives in hierarchies is affected by the supervisor's opportunism is of great importance since it can improve our understanding of the internal organization of firms and can have broad applications to regulatory design.

The third chapter of the thesis, co-authored with Luca Livio (ECARES, FNRS), contributes to this line of research by studying the optimal task a supervisor should be charged with in the presence of corruption concerns. We highlight the existence of a trade-off between monitoring the agent's effort choice and auditing it ex-post, which arises when the two faces of corruption, collusion and extortion, are present.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Фокусом научного исследования, проведенного в рамках настоящей магистерской диссертации, является механизм осуществления закупок товаров, работ, услуг для государственных нужд в условиях его реформирования. Цель исследования: анализ механизмов осуществления закупок товаров, работ, услуг для государственных нужд в субъекте Российской Федерации и формирование рекомендаций для совершенствования их работы. Основными методами проведения исследования стали качественный и количественный анализ, а именно экспертное интервью, контент-анализ. В процессе исследования были изучены теоретические основы контрактной системе в сфере закупок товаров, работ, услуг в Российской Федерации; рассмотрена нормативно-правовая база закупочной деятельности на международном, федеральном и региональном уровнях; предложено новое определение механизма закупочной деятельности; сформированы модели организации закупочной деятельности в регионах Российской Федерации; подготовлены практические материалы, которые могут быть использованы специалистами по закупкам в их профессиональной деятельности. Предложенные автором рекомендации по совершенствованию механизма государственных закупок региона Российской Федерации внесут уточнения в действующее законодательство, а также упростят и ускорят работу специалистов по закупкам.
The focus of the research conducted within the framework of this master's thesis is the mechanism of procurement of goods, works, and services for state needs in the context of its reform. The purpose of the study: to analyze the mechanisms of procurement of goods, works, and services for state needs in the subject of the Russian Federation and to form recommendations for improving their work. The main methods of conducting the research were qualitative and quantitative analysis, namely expert interviews, content analysis. In the course of the research, the theoretical foundations of the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works, and services in the Russian Federation were studied; the regulatory and legal framework of procurement activities at the international, federal, and regional levels was considered; a new definition of the procurement mechanism was proposed; models of the organization of procurement activities in the regions of the Russian Federation were formed; practical materials were prepared that can be used by procurement specialists in their professional activities. The recommendations proposed by the author on improving the mechanism of public procurement in the region of the Russian Federation will clarify the current legislation, as well as simplify and speed up the work of procurement specialists.

Tout d'abord, en ce qui concerne le premier chapitre, cette thèse vise à vérifier l'impact des normes des Traités, comme, par exemple, la liberté d'établissement et la libre prestation de services, par rapport aux activités économiques qui sont offerts sur les espaces domaniales. Ensuite, après avoir examiné la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice en matière de services, en ce qui concerne le deuxième chapitre, nous avons examiné aussi l'impact des principes généraux du droit européen et de l'art. 16 de la Charte des Droits Fondamentaux sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. En ce qui concerne le troisième chapitre, nous avons adressé un examen approfondi de la Directive « Services » : après avoir analysé sa genèse, plutôt problématique et difficile, nous en avons décrit les objectifs et la ratio. Le résultat qui a émergé est une fragmentation du marché commun de services, en particulier pour ce qui concerne les services qu’on prend en examen dans cette recherche. L'une des phases les plus critiques par rapport à la Directive « Services », c'est sa transposition. Ce qui semble clair, c'est une fragmentation générale qui entrave l’achèvement et le bon fonctionnement du marché commun. Une fois qu'on a examiné le rôle de la directive « Bolkestein », on a montré la nécessité d'évaluer l'impact de cette norme sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. Dans le quatrième chapitre, on a décidé d'examiner le rôle des directives sur les contrats publics. D'un point de vue juridique, les contrats publics et les concessions sont deux choses distinctes, même si la logique sous-jacente à l’article 12 de la Directive « Services » et le principe de concurrence établissent que les espaces (et, indirectement, par conséquence, les services qui sont intéressés) concernés doivent être attribués dans le cadre d'une procédure de sélection publique. Il convient de rappeler que, avant la présentation d'une proposition de directive de la Commission Européenne pour réglementer les concessions, les principes applicables à ces dernières ont été (et sont encore aujourd’hui) empruntés à la discipline des contrats publics. Nous avons décidé de mettre en évidence comment l'état actuel des contrats publics et les concessions sont interconnectés. On montre aussi que les directives sur les marchés publics jouent un rôle important dans la régulation des types de concessions examinées dans le présent document. On a décidé d'examiner l'impact potentiel de la Directive « concessions ». Dans le cinquième et le sixième chapitre, nous avons examiné et comparé les différents systèmes des États membres de l’Union Européenne. En particulier, nous avons vu comment les concessions des plages sont réglementées en Italie, où, par exemple, il y a un problème juridique qui est loin d’être adressé, en France, en Croatie, en Portugal, et, finalement, en Espagne. Dans le septième et le huitième chapitre, nous avons choisi de parler du risque éventuel de violation des normes en matière d'aides d’État
With regard to the first chapter, this thesis aims at analysing the impact of the Freedom of Establishment and of the Free Movement of Services on those economic activities which are offered in areas belonging to the public domain. Thus, after examining the relevant case-law of the ECJ in the field of services, in the second chapter what has been analysed is the impact of the general principles and of Art. 16 of the Charter on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the third chapter, a deep analysis of the Services Directive has been conducted: after addressing its genesis, which was quite problematic, both its objectives and its rationale have been analysed. What has emerged is a fragmentation of the internal market of services, especially with regard to the activities that are examined in this research. One of the most problematic issues related to that Directive is its implementation. Again, what has emerged is a fragmentation of the market of services. Thus, what has been addressed is the impact of the Directive on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the fourth chapter, the impact of the Public Contracts Directives has been examined. Legally speaking, public procurement contracts and concessions are different, even if the rationale beyond Art. 12 of the Services Directive together with the general principle of competition require the services at issue to be awarded through a selection procedure. Indeed, even before the adoption of what is now the Concessions Directive, the principles applicable to concessions have always been the same as those applicable to public procurement contracts. What emerges is that the public procurement contracts and concessions are strongly interconnected. The potential impact of the Concessions Directive has been addressed as well. In the fifth and in the sixth chapter a comparison between the Italian status quo with regard to those services provided in areas belonging to the public domain and the situation in Portugal, Croatia, France and Spain has been drawn. In the seventh and in the eighth chapter all the implications regarding potential violations of the State Aid rules have been addressed

Dipart Entreprenad AB har ett affärsområde som är specialiserat på byggservice och det är verkligen något som de satsar på. Byggserviceverksamhet är något som många företag ute i den svenska byggbranschen håller på med, men i olika stor uträckning och med skillnad i kvalité på utfört arbete. Affärsområde är under ständig utveckling, detta för att både klara beställarnas men även samhällets förväntningar. I och med detta måste företaget förbättra och kartlägga det nuvarande arbetet med olika ramavtalskunder, för att vara mindre känslig för uppsägningar och ge högre kundnöjdhet. Denna rapport kommer hjälpa Dipart att hitta utvecklingsmöjligheter och se saker från en ny synvinkel, men även för att kunna uppfylla beställarnas förväntningar inom byggservice. Vilket i sin tur skall ge företaget chansen att följa med i utvecklingen men även ge en förutsättning för att ligga i framkant i branschen. Syftet med denna rapport är att upprätta en grund för processer speciellt för SigtunaHem, kolla samarbetet mellan entreprenörer och beställare samt lyfta fram svaga aktiviteter inom byggservice. Arbetsmetoden vi använt för att ta fram denna rapport är granskning av dokumentation. Såsom förfrågningsunderlag och diverse handlingar från olika beställare som använder sig av tjänsten byggservice av Dipart.  Det har även skett intervjuer med kunniga personer inom området, både inom Dipart och hos deras beställare men även utomstående aktörer har deltagit med deras kunskap.  Resultatet av detta arbete är en grund till en process för SigtunaHem och en lathund med frågor till beställaren som skall underlätta samlararbetet mellan parterna. Analysen av arbetet där vi diskuterar olika faktorer som påverkar Diparts byggservice, är ett resultat i sig själv av det som undersökts. Slutsatsen är att detta examensarbete ska vara en hjälp för företaget Dipart att uppnå högre kundnöjdhet samt så ska företaget vara mindre känslig för uppsägningar.
Dipart Entreprenad AB is a company that specializes in building services and it´s really something they are working hard with. Building Service is something that many companies, out there in the Swedish construction industry is doing, but in different large extent a difference in the quality of work performed. The construction business is under constant development, in order both to meet clients' but also the expectations of society. In doing so, the company needs to improve and identify the existing work with current clients , in order to be less vulnerable to layoffs and provide higher customer satisfaction. This report will help Dipart to find development opportunities and see things from a new point of view, but also to meet the client’s expectations in the building service. Which in turn will give the company the chance to keep up with developments but also give a condition for being at front of the industry. The purpose of this report is to establish a basis for processes specifically for Sigtunahem, check cooperation between contractors and clients as well as highlighting weak activities within building services. The work method we have used to develop this report is the examination of documentation. As specifications and various documents from different clients who use the building services of Dipart. There have also been interviews with knowledgeable individuals in the field, both within Dipart and with their clients but also external actors have participated with their knowledge. The result of this work is due to a process of SigtunaHem and a checklist of questions to the client to facilitate collects the work between the parties. The analysis of the work in which we discuss various factors that affect Diparts building services, is a result in itself of what is investigated. The conclusion is that this thesis will be a help to the company Dipart to achieve higher customer satisfaction and Dipart themselves will be less vulnerable to layoffs.

This study sought to highlight the concept of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) as it applies to South Africa. BEE as a new concept in South Africa is likely to be faced with a number of challenges. Of note is how a number of pieces of legislation were generated to help create an environment for the implementation of BEE policy. What was illuminated in the study is the fact that in spite of the many policies having been generated, there seems to be a lack of understanding in terms of how these policies should be implemented. Self-evident in this study is the perception embraced by a number of stakeholders with regard to the implementation of BEE through public-private partnership. The perceived differences of opinion are not only reflected among-policy makers from different political parties, but also within the wider spectrum of South African society and workers’ movements. Differing views in terms of the actual implementation of the policy became evident in this study. The differing views seem to be premised around what can be portrayed as the niche that the concept of BEE occupies in the society at large. At the centre of this debate is the recycling of beneficiaries of BEE, which is seen to be consistent and invariable and may be perceived to be defeating the purpose of BEE through PPP. A number of questions were raised in this regard, which provided justification for the researcher to put the past and the present practices in juxtaposition. The study found that procurement processes and procedures were central to the discussion of BEE through PPP. Against this backdrop, the supply chain management system played a dominant role. The introduction of policy frameworks such as Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act, 2000; Public Financial Management Act, 1999; the Constitution, 1996 and the Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment Act, 2003 provide an enabling environment for BEE through PPP to be a reality. The dominant discourse on BEE has been whether it indeed achieves what it set out to achieve, i.e. poverty alleviation. It is interesting that this discourse as addressed in this study seems to place in perspective the difference between economic growth and economic development, which seemed to have not yielded similar outcomes. Against this backdrop, the effect of BEE has been placed under scrutiny, with reference to the generally accepted determiners of economic growth such as gross domestic product (GDP). The study further focused on the effect of BEE in the rural areas in the midst of the perceived levels of illiteracy. Though the effect of BEE on women and youth was looked at, this has not been done in isolation from the realities facing this sector, such as a lack of skills perceived to have stemmed from the past policies of institutionalised segregation. The researcher has however argued that perhaps a new empowerment strategy had to be found based on poverty alleviation for the poor irrespective of the colour of their skin, political affiliation or gender; namely an empowerment strategy that looks into the future. The good policies referred to earlier are likely to fall prey to rampant greed as referred to by former president, Mbeki (2006). It appears the new measures will have to be put in place to curb the scourge of greed currently experienced, often masqueraded under affirmative action, affirmative acquisition or even affirmative discrimination and discrimination against the poor. This indeed feeds into the re-emergence of a new class struggle and sows the destructive seeds of interracial conflict and disharmony.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA)
unrestricted

Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-40).
Auction is a mechanism of selling distinct assets that can be both physical objects and virtual objects. Examples of virtual objects are the rights to use assets like airport time slots and FCC spectrum, or to service truckload delivery routes in a transportation network. Under some situations bidding on combinations of objects can render lower total price compare with bidding the objects one at a time, and the auction that allows bidders to bid on combinations of different assets are called combinatorial auctions. With shipper being the auctioneer and carriers being the bidders, combinatorial auction has become increasingly important in the transportation service procurement domain, due to its mechanism to align shipper s procurement interest with carrier transportation service cost structure, which in turn lowers shippers total procurement cost. The thesis provides a comprehensive review of the use of conditional bidding within a transportation combinatorial auction framework. The thesis first describes the general forms of the transportation services available, and discusses the economics of motor carriers that provide LTL and TL services. It then illustrates the basic optimization technique of conditional bidding for TL service procurement and discusses the information technologies that enable the optimization-based procurement and the actual application of the method in the real world.
by XiaoPing Chen.
M.Eng.in Logistics

Pastaruoju metu daugelyje šalių privatus sektorius yra vis intensyviau įtraukiamas finansuojant ir įgyvendinant valstybės ir savivaldybių investicijų projektus, susijusius su viešosios infrastruktūros plėtra ir viešųjų paslaugų teikimu. Vis dėlto Lietuvoje viešojo ir privataus sektorių partnerystė yra naujovė, bendrų projektų įgyvendinimui trukdo netobula įstatymų bazė, neigiamas visuomenės nuomonė, praktikos ir žinių šioje srityje trūkumas. Todėl tikslinga šiame darbe išanalizuoti ir įvertinti visas aplinkybes, kurios trukdo viešajam sektoriui bendradarbiauti su privataus sektoriaus atstovais, supažindinti su VPSP būkle ir perspektyvomis Lietuvoje. Darbe keliamas tikslas yra išanalizuoti viešojo ir privataus sektorių bendradarbiavimo Lietuvoje alternatyvas, daugiausia dėmesio skiriant pagal partnerystės principą įgyvendinamiems projektams. Šio tikslo siekiama pirmiausia supažindinant su viešojo ir privataus sektorių partnerystės samprata, svarbiausiais principais ir esme. Pateikiama pagal partnerystės schemas Lietuvoje įgyvendinamų projektų apžvalga ir vykdymo tendencijos, atlikta detalesnė VPSP reglamentuojančių teisės aktų analizė ir vertinimas. Taip pat pasitelkus anketinę apklausą siekiama įvertinti tarpsektorinio bendradarbiavimo savivaldose galimybes. Savivaldybėse atliktas tyrimas patvirtino iškeltą hipotezę, kad Lietuvoje nėra sudarytos pakankamos prielaidos viešojo sektoriaus institucijoms bendradarbiauti su privačiu verslu. Pastebėta tendencija, kad įtraukiant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Recently in many countries private sector are increasingly involved in financing and implementation of state and municipal investment projects related to public infrastructure and public service development and improvement. However, in Lithuania, public-private sector partnership implementation remains a novelty, as joint projects implementation are hampered by imperfect legislation, negative public attitudes, practices and lack of knowledge in this field. It is therefore appropriate in this work to examine all the circumstances that prevent public sector to cooperate with the private sector. Accordingly, PPP condition and prospects in Lithuania are analyzed. The aim of this work is to analyze alternatives of public and private sector cooperation, focusing on projects that are implementing under partnership principle. This objective is reached presenting concept of public-private sector partnership, the main principles and point. Also in this work are presented a review of projects implementing under partnership schemes, a more detailed PPP legislation analysis and evaluation. There is also given a questionnaire survey to assess cooperation opportunities in municipality of Lithuania. Results of survey presented that raised hypothesis was approved. There are not enough good conditions for public and private sector cooperation in Lithuania. Observed trend that in a joint project with private partner are applied other more often used forms, like lease or public procurement... [to full text]

I byggbranschen idag är det vanligt att upphandling av installationsentreprenader oftast sker vid produktionsskedet. Denna typ av upphandling har av installatörer ansetts vara sen då det oftast medför sämre möjlighet till god planering för installationsentreprenaden där bristerna leder till ändrings- och tilläggsarbeten. Problemet är inte endast vid upphandlingen utan detta påverkar hela byggprocessen då det finns kopplingar mellan de olika komponenterna i byggprocessen. Även tidigare studier har uppmärksammat brister i samarbetet mellan de olika aktörerna i processen. Beställare och entreprenörer har varit i fokus i dessa arbeten och eftersom byggbranschen är stor och komplex är det förståeligt att de som är längre ner i hierarkin får lägre prioritet. Detta gör att det här examensarbetet blir viktig då det idag inte görs många undersökningar ur installatörers synvinkel. Examensarbetet bygger på en förfrågan från VVS Företagens och Isoleringsfirmornas Förening, om att undersöka hur tidig och sen upphandling av installationsentreprenad påverkar faktorerna planering, lönsamhet, kvalitet, arbetsmiljö och arbetsklimat. I denna studie undersöktes två företag; ÖPE Isolering och Imtech VS-teknik, där ett par utvalda projekt från respektive företag studerades med hjälp av ansvarig projektledare/arbetsledare. Syftet med examensarbetet var att ur installationsentreprenörers synvinkel undersöka hur olika byggprojekt påverkas vid sen upphandling jämfört med projekt där de upphandlades i tidigt skede. Effekterna av sen respektive tidig upphandling har avgränsats till just dessa fem nämnda faktorerna för att under tiden som finns tillgänglig få en så bra bild av projekten som möjligt. Det svar som resultatet pekar emot är att generellt sett blir det mesta bättre då installatörerna upphandlas tidigare. Förhoppningsvis kommer beställare i framtiden att inse nyttan i att upphandla underentreprenörer tidigare, vilket troligtvis skulle medföra mycket bättre arbetsförhållanden både för byggare och installatörer.

The chapters of this dissertation explore related aspects of the procurement of conservation services from private landowners. In the first chapter, heuristic laboratory experiments reveal the impact of potential government regulation on strategic forces and efficiency properties in conservation procurement auctions. In the second chapter, data from past procurement auctions are analyzed to discover the existence and magnitude of premiums received by auction participants. The first Chapter, “Procurement Auctions Under Regulatory Threat,” examines how strategic forces and efficiency properties are impacted in auctions for the procurement of environmental services when a threat of regulation is levied. Laboratory experiments examining different regulatory environments demonstrate that a threat of regulation will reduce the amount of public funds necessary to purchase a given level of environmental services. However, adverse selection costs and equity are negatively impacted by threat implementation. The second Chapter, “Estimating Bid Inflation in Procurement of Environmental Services,” studies the size of premiums received by program participants in conservation programs. Predictions informed by economic literature and theory elicit the underlying value distribution for a unique dataset of procurement auctions. Average premiums for auction participants range from almost 50 percent to less than 1 percent across auction periods and institutions. The results demonstrate that both repetition and rule variation may improve the efficiency of procurement auctions. The auctions studied here are shown to yield efficiency improvements of more than 32 percent over standard fixed-payment schemes for service procurement.

Recent technical advances have paved the way for transformations such as Industry 4.0, Supply Chain 4.0, and new ways for organizations to utilize services to meet the needs of people. In the midst of this shift, a focus has been put on service procurement to meet the demand of everything from cloud computing and information technology to software solutions that support operations or add value to the end customer. Procurement is an integral part of organizations and typically accounts for a substantial part of their costs. Analyzing savings is one of the primary ways of measuring cost reduction and performance.  This paper examines how savings can be defined and measured in a unifying way, and determine if machine learning can be used to predict service purchase costs. Semi-structured interviews were utilized to find definitions and measurements. Three decision-tree ensemble machine learning models, XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost were evaluated to study cost prediction.  The result indicates that cost reduction and cost avoidance should be seen as a financial, and a performance measure, respectively. Spend and capital binding can be controlled by a budget reallocation system and could be improved further with machine learning cost prediction.  The best performing model was XGBoost with a MAPE of 14.17%, compared to the base model’s MAPE of 40.24%. This suggests that budget setting and negotiation can be aided by more accurately predicting cost through machine learning, and in turn have a positive impact on an organization’s resource allocation and profitability.
Nya teknologiska framsteg har gett upphov till transformationer som Industri 4.0, Supply Chain 4.0 och nya satt för organisationer att använda tjänster för att möta människors behov. Från denna förändring har fokus hamna på tjänsteupphandling för att möta efterfrågan på allt från molntjänster och informationsteknologi till mjukvarulösningar som stödjer operationer eller skapar värde för slutkunder. Upphandling ar en väsentlig del av organisationer och utgör oftast en stor del av deras kostnader. Att mata besparingar är ett av de primära sätten att driva kostnadsreducering och prestanda. Detta arbete utforskar hur besparingar kan definieras och matas på ett förenande sätt och undersöker om maskininlärning kan användas för att predicera tjänsteinköpskostnader. Semistrukturerade intervjuer hölls för att hitta definitioner och mått. Tre maskininlärningsmodeller, XGBoost, LightGMB och CatBoost utvärderades för att studera kostnadsprediktion.   XGBoost presterade bäst med MAPE 14,17%, jämfört med basmodellens MAPE på 40,24%. Detta tyder på att budgetsättning och förhandling kan stödjas av maskininlärning genom att mer precist predicera kostnader, som i sin tur kan ha en positiv påverkan på en organisations resursallokering och lönsamhet.