Articoli di riviste: "Prophylactic vaccine"

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Mandic, Aljosa. "Prophylactic HPV vaccines". Archive of Oncology 17, n. 3-4 (2009): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo0904068m.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. Cervical and other anogenital cancers, cervical and anal intraepithelial neoplasia, genital warts, and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis are HPV associated diseases. Prophylactic HPV vaccines are composed of HPV L1 capsid protein that self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) when expressed in recombinant systems. Two types of prophylactic vaccines are designed as a bivalent vaccine to protect against high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 and a quadrivalent vaccine designed to protect against HPV 16 and 18, and low-risk, genital wart-causing HPV 6 and 11. Proof-of-principle trials have suggested that intramuscular injections of VLPs result in strong adaptive immune responses that are capable of neutralizing subsequent natural infections. Recent research on the safety and efficacy of candidate prophylactic vaccines against HPV have shown very promising results with nearly 100% efficacy in preventing the development of persistent infections and cervical precancerous lesions in vaccinated individuals.

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Zhdanov, K. V., K. Kasyanenko, O. V. Mal'cev, N. I. L'vov, D. A. Lioznov, I. I. Lapikov e K. S. Ivanov. "Evaluation of Seasonal Inactivated Influenza Vaccines Prophylactic Efficacy". Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 21, n. 5 (19 novembre 2022): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2022-21-5-98-106.

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Relevance. Seasonal flu vaccination is still the most effective way to protect against flu viruses and help to reduce the burden of flu illnesses. Another possible benefit is the impact of yearly vaccines on severity of breakthrough infection. In this regard, the issue of choosing safe vaccine with high immunogenicity becomes relevant.Aims. To evaluate the prophylactic efficacy of inactivated seasonal flu vaccines (quadrivalent subunit vaccine with adjuvant and trivalent vaccine) and reactogenicity of quadrivalent vaccine.Materials and methods. 491 cases were included in our study: 152 cases received adjuvanted quadrivalent subunit flu vaccine «Grippol Quadrivalent», 118 cases received trivalent inactivated flu vaccine and 221 cases who have received no vaccinations during 2018–2019 epidemic season.Results. inactivated vaccines showed high prophylactic efficacy in preventing seasonal influenza. Incidence of influenza and other viral respiratory disease cases was lowest in «Grippol Quadrivalent» group. Breakthrough influenza cases in individuals vaccinated with inactivated vaccine were predominantly mild, no severe cases were reported. The early post-vaccination period in «Grippol Quadrivalent» group showed no variation in adverse events with other vaccines.Conclusion. Adjuvanted quadrivalent subunit flu vaccine was the most efficacious in preventing influenza in 2018–2019 epidemic season.

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Lin, YeLei. "The advancement of the HPV vaccine program: focus on adolescents". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 19 (17 novembre 2022): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v19i.2859.

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HPV is currently a major hazard to human health. Whether the HPV vaccination program will be effectively promoted in the future depends on the awareness and attention of adolescents and children to the vaccine, and whether their parents are willing to let adolescents and children to be vaccinated.However,a number of issues have arisen in the process. The main thrust of this writing is to examine and review the relevant literature,including the background knowledge of prophylactic HPV vaccine,personal acceptance by adolescents and parental acceptance, and some of the potential social issues.It summarizes the existing types of prophylactic HPV vaccines and the corresponding disease prevention, the principle and background of prophylactic HPV vaccines.Some of the potential social issues, such as conspiracy theorists' rumors about the prophylactic HPV vaccine, people's prejudices about the vaccine, and the price of the vaccine are described.In the end, the future application of prophylactic HPV vaccinesis prospected.

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Czerwińska, Ewa, Marita Nittner-Marszalska, Janusz Zaryczański, Grzegorz Gąszczyk, Agnieszka Mastalerz-Migas e Leszek Szenborn. "Influenza and Other Prophylactic Vaccination Coverage in Polish Adult Patients Undergoing Allergen Immunotherapy—A Survey Study among Patients and Physicians". Vaccines 10, n. 4 (8 aprile 2022): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040576.

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Vaccines against infectious diseases may raise safety concerns in patients undergoing allergen immunotherapy (AIT). The objective of our study was to investigate influenza vaccine and other selected prophylactic vaccines coverage in patients treated with AIT and the attitude of physicians towards vaccinations in this group of patients. We conducted a questionnaire-based study among patients undergoing AIT and physicians. The patients’ survey evaluated influenza and other prophylactic vaccines coverage. The physicians’ survey assessed their experience and opinions on prophylactic vaccinations during AIT. In total, 176 patients (aged 18–79 years) and 120 doctors filled the questionnaires. Patients were assigned to two groups—inhaled allergens group (n = 101) and insect venoms group (n = 68). The number of patients who received any dose (36% and 45%, p = 0.26), as well as two or more doses (17% and 22%, p = 0.43) of influenza vaccine was comparable between two groups. However, in both groups there was a significant (p < 0.0001) decrease in influenza vaccine uptake after the beginning of AIT. Patients from the inhaled allergens group declared a higher tetanus vaccine rate (41% vs. 19%, p = 0.004). The groups did not differ in the pneumococcal and tick-borne encephalitis vaccination coverage. A majority of doctors believe that prophylactic vaccinations in patients undergoing AIT are safe and effective (96% and 94%, respectively); however, as many as 87% of them identify with the need to create clear recommendations regarding vaccinating patients undergoing AIT. Prophylactic vaccine coverage is not satisfactory among Polish adult patients undergoing AIT. Polish doctors are convinced of the validity of prophylactic vaccinations during AIT.

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Toft, Lars, Martin Tolstrup, Merete Storgaard, Lars Østergaard e Ole S. Søgaard. "Vaccination against oncogenic human papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected populations: review of current status and future perspectives". Sexual Health 11, n. 6 (2014): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14015.

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Background Men and women with HIV infection are at increased risk of developing cancers associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). The two licensed prophylactic HPV vaccines protect against de novo infection with HPV-16 and HPV-18, which cause the majority of HPV-associated cancers. Currently, no vaccine efficacy data are available for persons with HIV infection. Nevertheless, some countries have implemented specific HPV vaccination recommendations for HIV-positive populations. To specifically recommend prophylactic HPV vaccination in people with HIV, the vaccines must be safe and immunogenic in immunosuppressed people at a high risk of HPV infection. This review aims to summarise the current knowledge from published HPV vaccine trials in HIV-infected populations, to compile scheduled and ongoing HPV vaccine trials with HIV-positive study populations and to extrapolate the relevant knowledge about HPV vaccine efficacy in HIV-negative populations to an HIV context. Methods: The databases PubMed, Scopus and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for peer-reviewed articles and scheduled or ongoing clinical HPV vaccine trials enrolling HIV-positive persons. Results: Current data indicate that prophylactic HPV vaccines are safe and immunogenic in different HIV-positive populations (children, female adolescents, adults). Increased immunogenicity has been reported in persons on antiretroviral therapy compared with antiretroviral-naïve persons, whereas no clear association has been found between CD4+ cell count at immunisation and vaccine response. Several scheduled and ongoing HPV vaccine trials aim to determine vaccine efficacy against disease endpoints in HIV-infected study populations. Conclusion: Prophylactic HPV vaccination appears safe, immunogenic and, by extrapolation, likely to reduce HPV-associated cancer development among persons with HIV infection.

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KAWANA, Kei. "Human papillomavirus prophylactic vaccine". Uirusu 62, n. 1 (2012): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2222/jsv.62.79.

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Lowy, Douglas R., e John T. Schiller. "Papillomaviruses: prophylactic vaccine prospects". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer 1423, n. 1 (gennaio 1999): M1—M8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-419x(98)00037-7.

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Paavonen, Jorma, e Matti Lehtinen. "Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus Vaccine". Women's Health 2, n. 1 (gennaio 2006): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17455057.2.1.5.

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Ko, Eun-Ju, e Marjorie Robert-Guroff. "Dendritic Cells in HIV/SIV Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccination". Viruses 12, n. 1 (24 dicembre 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12010024.

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Dendritic cells (DCs) are involved in human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) pathogenesis but also play a critical role in orchestrating innate and adaptive vaccine-specific immune responses. Effective HIV/SIV vaccines require strong antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses, cytotoxic activity of CD8 T cells, and neutralizing/non-neutralizing antibody production at mucosal and systemic sites. To develop a protective HIV/SIV vaccine, vaccine regimens including DCs themselves, protein, DNA, mRNA, virus vectors, and various combinations have been evaluated in different animal and human models. Recent studies have shown that DCs enhanced prophylactic HIV/SIV vaccine efficacy by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, improving T cell responses, and recruiting effector cells to target tissues. DCs are also targets for therapeutic HIV/SIV vaccines due to their ability to reverse latency, present antigen, and augment T and B cell immunity. Here, we review the complex interactions of DCs over the course of HIV/SIV prophylactic and therapeutic immunizations, providing new insights into development of advanced DC-targeted HIV/SIV vaccines.

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Li, Yike, Xiaofen Huang, Zhigang Zhang, Shaowei Li, Jun Zhang, Ningshao Xia e Qinjian Zhao. "Prophylactic Hepatitis E Vaccines: Antigenic Analysis and Serological Evaluation". Viruses 12, n. 1 (16 gennaio 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12010109.

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes sporadic outbreaks of acute hepatitis worldwide. HEV was previously considered to be restricted to resource-limited countries with poor sanitary conditions, but increasing evidence implies that HEV is also a public health problem in developed countries and regions. Fortunately, several vaccine candidates based on virus-like particles (VLPs) have progressed into the clinical development stage, and one of them has been approved in China. This review provides an overview of the current HEV vaccine pipeline and future development with the emphasis on defining the critical quality attributes for the well-characterized vaccines. The presence of clinically relevant epitopes on the VLP surface is critical for eliciting functional antibodies against HEV infection, which is the key to the mechanism of action of the prophylactic vaccines against viral infections. Therefore, the epitope-specific immunochemical assays based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for HEV vaccine antigen are critical methods in the toolbox for epitope characterization and for in vitro potency assessment. Moreover, serological evaluation methods after immunization are also discussed as biomarkers for clinical performance. The vaccine efficacy surrogate assays are critical in the preclinical and clinical stages of VLP-based vaccine development.

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Khansari, Nemat. "The Future Direction of Cancer Vaccines: An Editorial". Vaccination Research – Open Journal 6, n. 1 (30 dicembre 2022): e1-e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/vroj-6-e007.

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In the past, vaccines were defined as prophylactic entities. Today, there are two types of vaccines: prophylactic for prevention, and therapeutic for the treatment of infections or cancers. Therapeutic cancer vaccine, in fact, represents an option for active immunotherapy for the treatment of late-stage and/or prevention of recurrent diseases.1

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Banner, David, e Alyson Ann Kelvin. "The current state of H5N1 vaccines and the use of the ferret model for influenza therapeutic and prophylactic development". Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 6, n. 06 (15 maggio 2012): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2666.

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 is a threat to global public health as a natural pandemic causing agent but has recently been considered a bioterrorism concern. The evolving view of the H5N1 virus necessitates the re-evaluation of the current status of H5N1 therapeutics and prophylactics, in particular the preparation of viable H5N1 vaccination strategies as well as the use of ferrets in influenza research. Here the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus dilemma is discussed in context with the current H5N1 vaccine status and the use of the ferret model. Previously, the development of various H5N1 vaccine platforms have been attempted, many of them tested in the ferret model, including vector vaccines, adjuvant vaccines, DNA vaccines, and reverse engineered vaccines. Moreover, as ferrets are a superlative animal model for influenza investigation and vaccine testing, it is imperative that this model is recognized for its uses in prophylactic development and not only as an agent for creating transmissible influenza viruses. Elucidating the ferret immune response and creating ferret immune reagents remain important goals in conjunction with the development and manufacture of H5N1 vaccines. In summary, an efficacious H5N1 vaccine is urgently needed and the ferret model remains an appropriate model for its development.

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Kawada, Miki, Tetsuo Tsukamoto, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Nami Iwamoto, Kyoko Kurihara, Akiko Takeda, Chikaya Moriya, Hiroaki Takeuchi, Hirofumi Akari e Tetsuro Matano. "Gag-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Based Control of Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replication in a Vaccine Trial". Journal of Virology 82, n. 20 (30 luglio 2008): 10199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01103-08.

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ABSTRACT Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) exert strong suppressive pressure on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication. However, it has remained unclear whether they can actually contain primary viral replication. Recent trials of prophylactic vaccines inducing virus-specific T-cell responses have indicated their potential to confer resistance against primary SIV replication in rhesus macaques, while the immunological determinant for this vaccine-based viral control has not been elucidated thus far. Here we present evidence implicating Gag-specific CTLs as responsible for the vaccine-based primary SIV control. Prophylactic vaccination using a Gag-expressing Sendai virus vector resulted in containment of SIVmac239 challenge in all rhesus macaques possessing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype 90-120-Ia. In contrast, 90-120-Ia-positive vaccinees failed to contain SIVs carrying multiple gag CTL escape mutations that had been selected, at the cost of viral fitness, in SIVmac239-infected 90-120-Ia-positive macaques. These results show that Gag-specific CTL responses do play a crucial role in the control of wild-type SIVmac239 replication in vaccinees. This study implies the possibility of Gag-specific CTL-based primary HIV containment by prophylactic vaccination, although it also suggests that CTL-based AIDS vaccine efficacy may be abrogated in viral transmission between MHC-matched individuals.

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Paavonen, Jorma, e Matti Lehtinen. "First-Generation Vaccines against Human Papillomavirus". Women's Health 1, n. 2 (settembre 2005): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17455057.1.2.223.

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There has been considerable progress in the development of a prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccine in the past 10 years, since the discovery of human papillomavirus virus-like particles. Licensure of the human papillomavirus vaccine is probably not far away. This would make it the first licensed vaccine against a common sexually transmitted infection. Although hepatitis B is a sexually transmitted infection for which there is an effective prophylactic vaccine, it is often not perceived as such by individuals taking the vaccine. Preclinical studies have already produced attractive vaccine candidates and recent clinical trials have yielded strikingly promising results. The candidate vaccines are generally well tolerated, induce high titers of serum antibodies to the human papillomavirus types and effectively prevent acquisition of infection and early clinical disease caused by common human papillomavirus types.

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Orme, Ian M. "Tuberculosis Vaccine Types and Timings". Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, n. 3 (24 dicembre 2014): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00718-14.

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ABSTRACTTraditionally, the design of new vaccines directed againstMycobacterium tuberculosis, the most successful bacterial pathogen on the planet, has focused on prophylactic candidates that would be given to individuals while they are still young. It is becoming more apparent, however, that there are several types of vaccine candidates now under development that could be used under various conditions. Thus, in addition to prophylactic vaccines, such as recombinantMycobacterium bovisBCG or BCG-boosting vaccines, other applications include vaccines that could prevent infection, vaccines that could be given in emergency situations as postexposure vaccines, vaccines that could be used to facilitate chemotherapy, and vaccines that could be used to reduce or prevent relapse and reactivation disease. These approaches are discussed here, including the type of immunity we are trying to specifically target, as well as the limitations of these approaches.

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&NA;. "Prophylactic paracetamol decreases vaccine immunogenicity". Reactions Weekly &NA;, n. 1275 (ottobre 2009): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912750-00011.

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Kim, Young Tae. "Prophylactic Vaccine for Cervical Carcinoma". Journal of the Korean Medical Association 50, n. 2 (2007): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2007.50.2.151.

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Campo, M. Saveria, e Richard B. S. Roden. "Papillomavirus Prophylactic Vaccines: Established Successes, New Approaches". Journal of Virology 84, n. 3 (11 novembre 2009): 1214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01927-09.

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ABSTRACT Vaccines against the human papillomaviruses (HPVs) most frequently associated with cancer of the cervix are now available. These prophylactic vaccines, based on virus-like particles (VLPs), are extremely effective, providing protection from infection in almost 100% of cases. However, the vaccines present some limitations: they are effective primarily against the HPV type present in the vaccine, are expensive to produce, and need a cold chain. Vaccines based on the minor capsid protein L2 have been very successful in animal models and have been shown to provide a good level of protection against different papillomavirus types. The potential of L2-based vaccines to protect against many types of HPVs is discussed.

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Cai, Jing, Bodou Zhang, Yuqi Li, Wanfang Zhu, Toshihiro Akihisa, Wei Li, Takashi Kikuchi, Wenyuan Liu, Feng Feng e Jie Zhang. "Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction". Vaccines 9, n. 11 (7 novembre 2021): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111290.

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The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with various malignant tumors and immune diseases, imparting a huge disease burden on the human population. Available EBV vaccines are imminent. Prophylactic vaccines can effectively prevent the spread of infection, whereas therapeutic vaccines mainly stimulate cell-mediated immunity and kill infected cells, thus curbing the development of malignant tumors. Nevertheless, there are still no approved EBV vaccines after decades of effort. The complexity of the EBV life cycle, the lack of appropriate animal models, and the limited reports on adjuvant selection and immune responses are gravely impeding progress in EBV vaccines. The soluble gp350 vaccine could reduce the incidence of infectious mononucleosis (IM), which seemed to offer hope, but could not prevent EBV infection. Continuous research and vaccine trials provide deep insights into the structural biology of viruses, the designs for immunogenicity, and the evolving vaccine platforms. Moreover, the new vaccine candidates are expected to achieve further success via combined immunization to elicit both a dual protection of B cells and epithelial cells, and sustainable immunization against infected cells at several phases of infection.

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Hampson, Ian N. "Effects of the Prophylactic HPV Vaccines on HPV Type Prevalence and Cervical Pathology". Viruses 14, n. 4 (5 aprile 2022): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14040757.

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Vaccination programs with the current prophylactic HPV vaccines started in most countries around 2008 with introduction of the bivalent Cervarix HPV16/18 vaccine, rapidly followed by Gardasil (HPV6/11/16/18) and, finally, Gardasil 9 (HPV6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58), from 2015. Many studies have now confirmed their ability to prevent infection with vaccine-covered HPV types, and the subsequent development of either genital warts and/or cervical neoplasia, although this is clearly more effective in younger women vaccinated prior to sexual debut. Most notably, reductions in the prevalence of vaccine-covered HPV types were also observed in unvaccinated women at the same geographical location, presumably by sexual dissemination of these changes, between vaccinated and unvaccinated women. Furthermore, there are several studies that have demonstrated vaccine-associated HPV type-replacement, where vaccine-covered, high-risk HPV types are replaced by high-risk HPV types not covered by the vaccines, and these changes were also observed in vaccinated and unvaccinated women in the same study population. In light of these observations, it is not entirely clear what effects vaccine-associated HPV type-replacement will have, particularly in older, unvaccinated women.

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de Oliveira, Cristina Mendes, José Humberto T. G. Fregnani e Luisa Lina Villa. "HPV Vaccine: Updates and Highlights". Acta Cytologica 63, n. 2 (2019): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000497617.

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HPV is the most common sexually transmitted biological agent and is the cause of many conditions in men and women, including precancer lesions and cancer. Three prophylactic HPV vaccines targeting high-risk HPV types are available in many countries worldwide: 2-, 4- and 9-valent vaccines. All the 3 vaccines use recombinant DNA technology and are prepared from the purified L1 protein that self-assembles to form HPV type-specific empty shells. This non-systematic review aims to summarize the HPV epidemiology and the vaccine development to review the landmark trials of HPV vaccine, to present to most remarkable results from clinical trials and the real world, and to stress the challenges and the barriers for HPV vaccine implementation.

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Aziz-Andersen, Kaiser Jay. "Vaccines and Therapeutics: Quality System Approach to Clinical Applications". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, n. 3-S (15 giugno 2022): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i3-s.5361.

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Molecular bio-science developments involve applications of mRNA vaccines focused on diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic aspects of COVID-19 related infectious diseases. These applications offer potential solutions for many of the current challenges in treating virus related infectious diseases. The goal of vaccine design and development is to manufacture and consistently produce a vaccine that is safe and effective. The vaccine discovery starts with design input in terms of identification of etiologic agent, immunogenicity, adjuvant, basic scientific concepts, non-clinical and clinical studies, and finally vaccine licensure (FDA approvals). The Lipid Nanoparticle Technology (LNT) for messenger RNA is being used for COVID-19 vaccines. This technology comprises of identifying and mapping signature features of the virus which encompasses the readability of the virus’s blueprint, its neutralization and activation processes in order to deliver antibody proteins to protect the vaccine recipients’ bodies from encounters with the virus. The administering regimens are studied in clinical research laboratory and study materials are tested in suitable bench testing and biological models projecting vaccine candidate’s prophylactic immune response that is safe and effective. The vaccine manufacturing process requires critical quality control points (CQCPs) monitoring in order to maintain the steriochemical and immunological characteristics of the vaccine molecules and enable production of the vaccine in increasingly dosage quantities for ultimate human use. These aspects of vaccine development are well integrated into the total vaccinology life cycle (TVLC) regulatory requirements. The ultimate regulatory safety and efficacy requirements of the vaccine are proven through phases of clinical trials (class I, II, and III studies). The final process for human use to produce safe vaccine is part of pivotal clinical trials and data under the US FDA’s premarket approval process for full-scale production and availability of safe vaccines for clinical use. Keywords: mRNA Vaccines, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis, Therapy, COVID-19

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Akhatova, Ayazhan, Azliyati Azizan, Kuralay Atageldiyeva, Aiymkul Ashimkhanova, Aizada Marat, Yerbolat Iztleuov, Assem Suleimenova, Saikal Shamkeeva e Gulzhanat Aimagambetova. "Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: From the Origin to the Current State". Vaccines 10, n. 11 (11 novembre 2022): 1912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111912.

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Immunization is the most successful method in preventing and controlling infectious diseases, which has helped saving millions of lives worldwide. The discovery of the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection being associated with a variety of benign conditions and cancers has driven the development of prophylactic HPV vaccines. Currently, four HPV vaccines are available on the pharmaceutical market: Cervarix, Gardasil, Gardasil-9, and the recently developed Cecolin. Multiple studies have proven the HPV vaccines’ safety and efficacy in preventing HPV-related diseases. Since 2006, when the first HPV vaccine was approved, more than 100 World Health Organization member countries reported the implementation of HPV immunization. However, HPV vaccination dread, concerns about its safety, and associated adverse outcomes have a significant impact on the HPV vaccine implementation campaigns all over the world. Many developed countries have successfully implemented HPV immunization and achieved tremendous progress in preventing HPV-related conditions. However, there are still many countries worldwide which have not created, or have not yet implemented, HPV vaccination campaigns, or have failed due to deficient realization plans associated with establishing successful HPV vaccination programs. Lack of proper HPV information campaigns, negative media reflection, and numerous myths and fake information have led to HPV vaccine rejection in many states. Thus, context-specific health educational interventions on HPV vaccination safety, effectiveness, and benefits are important to increase the vaccines’ acceptance for efficacious prevention of HPV-associated conditions.

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Lester, S., T. Clemett e A. Burt. "Vaccine site-associated sarcomas in cats: clinical experience and a laboratory review (1982-1993)". Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 32, n. 2 (1 marzo 1996): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-32-2-91.

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Recent information regarding vaccine site-associated sarcomas in cats suggest a relationship to either feline leukemia virus or rabies vaccines. The authors' initial case was in a cat that had received neither of these vaccines. Review of the available hospital records revealed an increasing number of vaccine site-associated sarcomas, none of which were related to feline leukemia virus vaccines. Only one was related to the use of a rabies vaccine, and this tumor occurred in the thigh as opposed to between the shoulder blades. The laboratory data supported an increasing incidence of vaccine site-associated sarcomas, the majority of which occurred in the interscapular area and were associated with routine prophylactic vaccinations.

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Schreibelt, Gerty, Daniel Benitez-Ribas, Danita Schuurhuis, Annechien J. A. Lambeck, Maaike van Hout-Kuijer, Niels Schaft, Cornelis J. A. Punt, Carl G. Figdor, Gosse J. Adema e I. Jolanda M. de Vries. "Commonly used prophylactic vaccines as an alternative for synthetically produced TLR ligands to mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells". Blood 116, n. 4 (29 luglio 2010): 564–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-11-251884.

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Abstract Currently dendritic cell (DC)–based vaccines are explored in clinical trials, predominantly in cancer patients. Murine studies showed that only maturation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands generates mature DCs that produce interleukin-12 and promote optimal T-cell help. Unfortunately, the limited availability of clinical-grade TLR ligands significantly hampers the translation of these findings into DC-based vaccines. Therefore, we explored 15 commonly used preventive vaccines as a possible source of TLR ligands. We have identified a cocktail of the vaccines BCG-SSI, Influvac, and Typhim that contains TLR ligands and is capable of optimally maturing DCs. These DCs (vaccine DCs) showed high expression of CD80, CD86, and CD83 and secreted interleukin-12. Although vaccine DCs exhibited an impaired migratory capacity, this could be restored by addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2; vaccine PGE2 DCs). Vaccine PGE2 DCs are potent inducers of T-cell proliferation and induce Th1 polarization. In addition, vaccine PGE2 DCs are potent inducers of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ effector T cells. Finally, vaccine PGE2–induced DC maturation is compatible with different antigen-loading strategies, including RNA electroporation. These data thus identify a new clinical application for a mixture of commonly used preventive vaccines in the generation of Th1-inducing clinical-grade mature DCs.

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NOMURA, Takushi, e Tetsuro MATANOA. "Theory for prophylactic AIDS vaccine development". Uirusu 59, n. 2 (2009): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2222/jsv.59.267.

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Poole, I. Caroline Le, Hemamalini Bommiasamy, Maurizio Bocchetta e W. Martin Kast. "Advances in prophylactic cancer vaccine research". Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 3, n. 4 (agosto 2003): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737140.3.4.537.

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Khan, Taimoor, Abbas Khan, Jawad Khaliq Ansari, Muzammil Hasan Najmi, Dong-Qing Wei, Khalid Muhammad e Yasir Waheed. "Potential Immunogenic Activity of Computationally Designed mRNA- and Peptide-Based Prophylactic Vaccines against MERS, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: A Reverse Vaccinology Approach". Molecules 27, n. 7 (6 aprile 2022): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072375.

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The continued emergence of human coronaviruses (hCoVs) in the last few decades has posed an alarming situation and requires advanced cross-protective strategies against these pandemic viruses. Among these, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been highly associated with lethality in humans. Despite the challenges posed by these viruses, it is imperative to develop effective antiviral therapeutics and vaccines for these human-infecting viruses. The proteomic similarity between the receptor-binding domains (RBDs) among the three viral species offers a potential target for advanced cross-protective vaccine designs. In this study, putative immunogenic epitopes including Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs), Helper T Lymphocytes (HTLs), and Beta-cells (B-cells) were predicted for each RBD-containing region of the three highly pathogenic hCoVs. This was followed by the structural organization of peptide- and mRNA-based prophylactic vaccine designs. The validated 3D structures of these epitope-based vaccine designs were subjected to molecular docking with human TLR4. Furthermore, the CTL and HTL epitopes were processed for binding with respective human Lymphocytes Antigens (HLAs). In silico cloning designs were obtained for the prophylactic vaccine designs and may be useful in further experimental designs. Additionally, the epitope-based vaccine designs were evaluated for immunogenic activity through immune simulation. Further studies may clarify the safety and efficacy of these prophylactic vaccine designs through experimental testing against these human-pathogenic coronaviruses.

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Riolobos, Laura, Ekram Gad, Piper M. Treuting, Andrew Timms e Mary Lenora Disis. "Development of a prophylactic vaccine for lung squamous cell carcinoma". Journal of Immunology 204, n. 1_Supplement (1 maggio 2020): 169.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.169.9.

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Abstract High-grade bronchial dysplasia is a marker for high risk of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cancer vaccines targeting dysplasia could prevent the progression to SCC and decrease lung cancer incidence in population at risk. In order to develop a vaccine to prevent lung SCC we need to identify antigens and epitopes within them able to elicit a potent Type I anti-tumor immune response. One caveat to develop a prophylactic vaccine targeting dysplasia is that driver mutations (neo-antigens) are not known. Many mutations appear late in lung cancer and are not shared between patients. However, upregulated non-mutated proteins are needed from the early stages of cancer to support the new proliferation requirements of the cells, are common between patients and are good candidates for a preventive vaccine. Type I CD4+ T cells (Th1) secreting interferon-gamma (IFN-g) are necessary for enhanced function of antigen presenting cells, epitope spreading and activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. However, non-mutated tumor self-antigens frequently induce Type II CD4+ T cells (Th2), which secrete cytokines that inhibit the function of Th1 and CD8+ T cells. To develop a prophylactic lung cancer vaccine we have: (1) searched in public datasets genes that are upregulated in bronchial dysplasia and maintain upregulation in SCC; (2) used web based algorithms for class II epitope prediction followed by functional ELISPOT screening to identified epitopes eliciting IFN-g (Th1) and/or IL-10 (Th2) responses; (3) selected only the Th1 epitopes (excluding the Th2 epitopes) to evaluated efficacy of the vaccines in a chemically induced rodent model of SCC. Preliminary data shows that we can reduce dysplasia frequency in vaccinated mice treated with the carcinogen.

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Schlotthauer, Felicia, Joey McGregor e Heidi E. Drummer. "To Include or Occlude: Rational Engineering of HCV Vaccines for Humoral Immunity". Viruses 13, n. 5 (30 aprile 2021): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050805.

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Direct-acting antiviral agents have proven highly effective at treating existing hepatitis C infections but despite their availability most countries will not reach the World Health Organization targets for elimination of HCV by 2030. A prophylactic vaccine remains a high priority. Whilst early vaccines focused largely on generating T cell immunity, attention is now aimed at vaccines that generate humoral immunity, either alone or in combination with T cell-based vaccines. High-resolution structures of hepatitis C viral glycoproteins and their interaction with monoclonal antibodies isolated from both cleared and chronically infected people, together with advances in vaccine technologies, provide new avenues for vaccine development.

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Bősze, Péter. "The first vaccine against cancer: the human papillomavirus vaccine". Orvosi Hetilap 154, n. 16 (aprile 2013): 603–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2013.29593.

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The last 20 years is one of the most remarkable periods in the fight against cancer, with the realization that some human papillomaviruses are causally related to cancer and with the development of the vaccine against human papillomavirus infections. This is a historical event in medicine and the prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines have provided powerful tools for primary prevention of cervical cancer and other human papillomavirus-associated diseases. This is very important as human papillomavirus infection is probably the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide, and over one million women develop associated cancer yearly, which is about 5% of all female cancers, and half of them die of their disease. Cancers associated with oncogenic human papillomaviruses, mostly HPV16 and 18, include cervical cancer (100%), anal cancer (95%), vulvar cancer (40%), vaginal cancer (60%), penile cancer (40%), and oro-pharingeal cancers (65%). In addition, pre-cancers such as genital warts and the rare recurrent respiratory papillomatosis are also preventable by vaccination. Currently, the human papillomavirus vaccines have the potential to significantly reduce the burden of human papillomavirus associated conditions, including prevention of up to 70% of cervical cancers. Two prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines are currently available worldwide: a bivalent vaccine (types 16 and 18), and a quadrivalent vaccine (types 6, 11, 16, and 18). Randomized controlled trials conducted on several continents during the last 10 years have demonstrated that these vaccines are safe without serious side effects; they are highly immunogenic and efficacious in preventing incident and persistent vaccine-type human papillomavirus infections, high grade cervical, vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia and so on. In addition, the quadrivalent vaccine has been shown to prevent genital warts in women and men. The vaccine is most effective when given to human papillomavirus naive girls. The human papillomavirus vaccines have been incorporated into national immunization programs in 22 European countries. Routine vaccination is recommended for girls aged between 9 and 13 years and catch-up vaccination for females between 13 and 25 years of age. There is no excuse not to incorporate the vaccines into the Hungarian national immunization program. Albeit vaccination is expensive, it is cost-effective in the long run definitely. Anyway, vaccination is a matter of the specialty and the national health program, but not of business. We all are obliged to prevent human suffering. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 603–618.

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Sehnal, Borek, Daniel Driák, Monika Nipčová Džubáková e Jiří Sláma. "Current data on the efficacy of prophylactic HPV vaccination in the primary prevention of cervical lesions". Česká gynekologie 87, n. 2 (26 aprile 2022): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48095/cccg2022124.

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Objective: A review of current knowledge on the efficacy of HPV (human papillomavirus) HPV vaccination against pre-cancers and cervical cancer. Methods and results: HPV infection is probably the most common sexually transmitted disease and the cause of approximately 5% of all human cancers. Currently, three prophylactic vaccines against HPV infection are on the market: bivalent Cervarix, quadrivalent Gardasil (formerly Silgard) and nonavalent Gardasil9. The Czech Republic is one of the countries with a national vaccination program where HPV vaccination is covered by health insurance for girls and boys aged 13–14 years. Extensive scientific data on the efficacy of the vaccines clearly demonstrate significant efficacy against the development of cervical pre-cancers for all three vaccines. According to a high-certainty evidence of the Cochrane database, the efficacy of HPV vaccines against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 associated with HPV 16, 18 compared with placebo in girls and women aged 15–26 is 99%. There is also moderate-certainty evidence that HPV vaccines reduce the risk of adenocarcinoma in situ for approximately 90% for the same population. Initial data also demonstrate a direct impact on reducing the incidence of invasive cervical cancer in vaccinated individuals. In addition, quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines are highly effective in preventing genital warts. Conclusion: All three available prophylactic vaccines show high efficacy in preventing the development of cervical lesions. Effi cacy is highest against lesions caused by vaccine genotypes and the highest efficacy is achieved in the HPV naive population. Key words: human papillomavirus – HPV – vaccination – HPV vaccine – efficacy – cervical precancerous – cervical carcinoma

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Baldwin, Susan L., Valerie A. Reese, Sasha E. Larsen, Elyse Beebe, Jeff Guderian, Mark T. Orr, Christopher B. Fox, Steven G. Reed e Rhea N. Coler. "Prophylactic efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis using ID93 and lipid-based adjuvant formulations in the mouse model". PLOS ONE 16, n. 3 (11 marzo 2021): e0247990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247990.

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An estimated 10 million people developed tuberculosis (TB) disease in 2019 which underscores the need for a vaccine that prevents disease and reduces transmission. The aim of our current studies is to characterize and test a prophylactic tuberculosis vaccine comprised of ID93, a polyprotein fusion antigen, and a liposomal formulation [including a synthetic TLR4 agonist (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant, GLA) and QS-21] in a preclinical mouse model of TB disease. Comparisons of the ID93+GLA-LSQ vaccines are also made to the highly characterized ID93+GLA-SE oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant, which are also included these studies. The recent success of vaccine candidate M72 combined with adjuvant AS01E (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) in reducing progression to active disease is promising and has renewed excitement for experimental vaccines currently in the TB vaccine pipeline. The AS01E adjuvant contains monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and QS-21 (a saponin) in a liposomal formulation. While AS01E has demonstrated potent adjuvant activity as a component of both approved and experimental vaccines, developing alternatives to this adjuvant system will become important to fill the high demand envisioned for future vaccine needs. Furthermore, replacement sources of potent adjuvants will help to supply the demand of a TB vaccine [almost one-quarter of the world’s population are estimated to have latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) according to the WHO 2019 global TB report], addressing (a) cost of goods, (b) supply of goods, and (c) improved efficacy of subunit vaccines against Mtb. We show that both ID93+GLA-SE (containing an emulsion adjuvant) and ID93+GLA-LSQ (containing a liposomal adjuvant) induce ID93-specific TH1 cellular immunity including CD4+CD44+ T cells expressing IFNγ, TNF, and IL-2 (using flow cytometry and intracellular cytokine staining) and vaccine-specific IgG2 antibody responses (using an ELISA). In addition, both ID93+GLA-SE and ID93+GLA-LSQ effectively decrease the bacterial load within the lungs of mice infected with Mtb. Formulations based on this liposomal adjuvant formulation may provide an alternative to AS01 adjuvant systems.

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Schluepen, Christina, Enrico Malito, Ambra Marongiu, Markus Schirle, Elisabeth McWhinnie, Paola Lo Surdo, Marco Biancucci et al. "Mining the bacterial unknown proteome: identification and characterization of a novel family of highly conserved protective antigens in Staphylococcus aureus". Biochemical Journal 455, n. 3 (10 ottobre 2013): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20130540.

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There is growing concern regarding the acquisition of antibiotic resistance by Staphylococcus aureus and growing interest in developing prophylactic vaccines against this pathogen. In the present paper, we highlight the importance of the Csa family of staphylococcal specific antigens as novel vaccine candidates.

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Malvolti, Stefano, Melissa Malhame, Carsten F. Mantel, Epke A. Le Rutte e Paul M. Kaye. "Human leishmaniasis vaccines: Use cases, target population and potential global demand". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, n. 9 (21 settembre 2021): e0009742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009742.

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The development of vaccines against one or all forms of human leishmaniasis remains hampered by a paucity of investment, at least in part resulting from the lack of well-evidenced and agreed estimates of vaccine demand. Starting from the definition of 4 main use cases (prevention of visceral leishmaniasis, prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis, prevention of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis and treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis), we have estimated the size of each target population, focusing on those endemic countries where incidence levels are sufficiently high to justify decisions to adopt a vaccine. We assumed a dual vaccine delivery strategy, including a wide age-range catch-up campaign before the start of routine immunisation. Vaccine characteristics and delivery parameters reflective of a target product profile and the likely duration of the clinical development effort were considered in forecasting the demand for each of the four indications. Over a period of 10 years, this demand is forecasted to range from 300–830 million doses for a vaccine preventing visceral leishmaniasis and 557–1400 million doses for a vaccine preventing cutaneous leishmaniasis under the different scenarios we simulated. In a scenario with an effective prophylactic visceral leishmaniasis vaccine, demand for use to prevent or treat post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis would be more limited (over the 10 years ~160,000 doses for prevention and ~7,000 doses for treatment). Demand would rise to exceed 330,000 doses, however, in the absence of an effective vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis. Because of the sizeable demand and potential for public health impact, a single-indication prophylactic vaccine for visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis, and even more so a cross-protective prophylactic vaccine could attract the interest of commercial developers. Continuous refinement of these first-of-their kind estimates and confirmation of country willingness and ability to pay will be paramount to inform the decisions of policy makers and developers in relation to a leishmaniasis vaccine. Positive decisions can provide a much-needed contribution towards the achievement of global leishmaniasis control.

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Ada, Gordon. "Desirable Immunologic Characteristics for the Development of an Ideal Vaccine". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 10, n. 1 (1994): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300014008.

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AbstractThe efficacy of vaccines for prophylactic use is a function of the immune response elicited by activated lymphocytes. Based on the current understanding of these responses, their induction, and the most effective ways to obtain long-lived immunity, a novel protocol for the vaccination of children against seven childhood diseases, involving only two visits for vaccine administration, is proposed.

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Dillner, Joakim, e Darron R. Brown. "Can genital-tract human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer be prevented with a vaccine?" Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 6, n. 9 (19 aprile 2004): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1462399404007653.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. This causative relationship has provided the rationale and incentive for development of a prophylactic vaccine. Such a vaccine, if found to be effective, could reduce the need for cervical cancer screening and have a profound effect on the incidence of cervical and other anogenital cancers. This review begins by examining the basic biological and epidemiological principles relevant to the development of HPV preventative vaccines. It then summarises studies examining the use of vaccines to prevent HPV infection in animals and humans, and, finally, discusses some of the unanswered issues surrounding vaccine development against HPV infection and cervical cancer.

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Liu, Margaret A. "DNA and mRNA Vaccines for Chronic Viral Infections and Cancer: Rationale, Mechanisms, and Progress". Cancers 14, n. 23 (29 novembre 2022): 5874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14235874.

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Interest in the capabilities of nucleic acid vaccines, (DNA and mRNA vaccines) for both prophylactic and therapeutic uses have greatly increased following the successful deployment of two mRNA and, on a more limited scale, one DNA vaccine for COVID-19. In addition to targeting other pathogens for prophylactic vaccines, efforts are also being made towards using them for therapies for chronic infections and cancer. An examination of past and current successes for such therapies using other technologies with an emphasis on the immunological mechanisms will be provided followed by an assessment of the relevant characteristics of DNA and mRNA vaccines to predict their utility for therapies for chronic viral infections and cancer. Efforts and progress for these targets will be described.

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Aguilar-Be, Ingrid, Renata da Silva Zardo, Edilma Paraguai de Souza, Gulnara Patrícia Borja-Cabrera, Miguel Rosado-Vallado, Mirza Mut-Martin, Maria del Rosario García-Miss, Clarisa Beatriz Palatnik de Sousa e Eric Dumonteil. "Cross-Protective Efficacy of a Prophylactic Leishmania donovani DNA Vaccine against Visceral and Cutaneous Murine Leishmaniasis". Infection and Immunity 73, n. 2 (febbraio 2005): 812–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.2.812-819.2005.

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ABSTRACT The fucose-mannose ligand (FML) complex of Leishmania donovani is a promising vaccine candidate against murine and canine visceral leishmaniasis, and its main component is a 36-kDa nucleoside hydrolase (NH36). In this study, we tested the immune response and protection induced by the purified FML, the recombinant NH36 (rNH36), and NH36 DNA vaccines against the agents of visceral (L. chagasi) and cutaneous (L. mexicana) leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Mice developed weak humoral response to the vaccines alone, except for those immunized with FML. However, all three vaccine groups presented elevated immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG1, and IgG2a levels after infection with L. chagasi, whereas no differences were observed between vaccine and control groups after infection with L. mexicana. A strong intradermal reaction to L. donovani and L. mexicana antigens was observed in mice immunized with rNH36 or FML, whereas mice immunized with NH36 DNA only reacted against L. donovani antigens. Experimental infection of immunized mice demonstrated that FML and rNH36 induced significant protection against L. chagasi infection with reductions in parasite loads of 79%. FML also conferred partial protection against L. mexicana infection. The best protection was observed in mice immunized with the VR1012-NH36 DNA vaccine, which induced an 88% reduction in L. chagasi parasite load and a 65% reduction in L. mexicana lesion size. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis indicated the DNA vaccine induced a two- to fivefold increase in gamma interferon-producing CD4+ T cells, indicating a Th1-type immune response. Our results showed that the NH36 DNA vaccine induced a strong immunoprotection against visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, suggesting that this DNA vaccine represents a very good candidate for use against several Leishmania species.

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Pitisuttithum, Punnee. "HIV-1 Prophylactic Vaccine Trials in Thailand". Current HIV Research 3, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2005): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162052772933.

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Flemming, Alexandra. "Steps towards a prophylactic breast cancer vaccine". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 9, n. 8 (agosto 2010): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3233.

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Zhong, Qiu, e Ronald B. Luftig. "An HIV/AIDS Prophylactic vaccine is possible". Journal of Immune Based Therapies and Vaccines 5, n. 1 (2007): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-8518-5-12.

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Hanke, T. "Prospect of a prophylactic vaccine for HIV". British Medical Bulletin 58, n. 1 (1 settembre 2001): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/58.1.205.

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Okada, Masaji, Yoko Kita, Toshihiro Nakajima, Noriko Kanamaru, Satomi Hashimoto, Tetsuji Nagasawa, Yasufumi Kaneda, Shigeto Yoshida, Yasuko Nishida e Hitoshi Nakatani. "Novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine against tuberculosis". Vaccine 27, n. 25-26 (26 maggio 2009): 3267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.064.

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Keeling, Matt J., e Andrew Shattock. "Optimal but unequitable prophylactic distribution of vaccine". Epidemics 4, n. 2 (giugno 2012): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2012.03.001.

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Zhao, Bao, Xin Li, Beinan Wang, Bin Gao e Songdong Meng. "Prophylactic cancer vaccine, from concept to reality?" Chinese Science Bulletin 59, n. 10 (23 febbraio 2014): 944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0176-y.

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Botha, Hennie, Bruno Cooreman, Greta Dreyer, Gerhard Lindeque, Arrie Mouton, Franco Guidozzi, Tony Koller et al. "The human papilloma virus (HPV) prophylactic vaccine". Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology 1, n. 2 (gennaio 2009): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20742835.2009.11441143.

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Semerikov, Vladislav V., Elena S. Zubova, Vera L. Loshkareva, Lyudmila V. Sofronova e Mariya A. Permyakova. "Bronchopulmonary Pathology Prevalence Among Premature infants and Estimation of Prophylactic Efficacy and Reactogenicity of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Premature infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia". Pediatric pharmacology 16, n. 6 (22 febbraio 2020): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/pf.v16i6.2075.

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Abstract (sommario):

Background. The most frequent chronic lung pathology among infants and especially in premature children with extremely low and very low body weight is bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The aim of the study is to study the prevalence of bronchopulmonary pathology among premature children and justify the need to vaccinate against pneumococcal disease premature children suffering from BPD. Methods. The official statistics (Form №32) and data from annual reports of the catamnesis department of “the Honourary order” Perm Regional Clinical Hospital were used in order to measure the number of premature children born alive in Perm region in 2015-2017 yy. The estimation of prophylactic efficacy and reactogenicity of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) at immunization of premature children with BPD. Results. The study group included vaccinated premature children with BPD (n=29), the experimental group included non-vaccinated premature children with BPD (n=29) and 30 vaccinated term children. Administration of PCV13 in premature children suffering from BPD has revealed its high prophylactic efficacy (no cases of community-acquired pneumonia among vaccinated children during the prospective study for 3 years), high tolerability (no cases of broncho-obstructive syndrome or negative effects on respiratory system such as apnoea or desaturation among vaccinated children). Low reactogenicity (17.2 ± 0.57%) and similar vaccine tolerance with term children (16.5 ± 0.55%) has been revealed as well. The combination of PCV13 with other vaccines from immunisation schedule did not increase the number of vaccine-induced diseases in comparison with administration of PCV13 alone. Conclusion. The scientific necessity of vaccination of premature children with BPD against pneumococcal disease has been proved. The high prophylactic efficacy and low reactogenicity of PCV13 in this children group at tertiary neonatological care (catamnesis department of perinatal center) has been established within the national immunisation schedule.

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Larsen, Sasha E., Jesse H. Erasmus, Valerie A. Reese, Tiffany Pecor, Jacob Archer, Amit Kandahar, Fan-Chi Hsu et al. "An RNA-Based Vaccine Platform for Use against Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Vaccines 11, n. 1 (5 gennaio 2023): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010130.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), a bacterial pathogen that causes tuberculosis disease (TB), exerts an extensive burden on global health. The complex nature of M.tb, coupled with different TB disease stages, has made identifying immune correlates of protection challenging and subsequently slowing vaccine candidate progress. In this work, we leveraged two delivery platforms as prophylactic vaccines to assess immunity and subsequent efficacy against low-dose and ultra-low-dose aerosol challenges with M.tb H37Rv in C57BL/6 mice. Our second-generation TB vaccine candidate ID91 was produced as a fusion protein formulated with a synthetic TLR4 agonist (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant in a stable emulsion) or as a novel replicating-RNA (repRNA) formulated in a nanostructured lipid carrier. Protein subunit- and RNA-based vaccines preferentially elicit cellular immune responses to different ID91 epitopes. In a single prophylactic immunization screen, both platforms reduced pulmonary bacterial burden compared to the controls. Excitingly, in prime-boost strategies, the groups that received heterologous RNA-prime, protein-boost or combination immunizations demonstrated the greatest reduction in bacterial burden and a unique humoral and cellular immune response profile. These data are the first to report that repRNA platforms are a viable system for TB vaccines and should be pursued with high-priority M.tb antigens containing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes.

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Pitisuttithum, Punnee, e Mary Anne Marovich. "Prophylactic HIV vaccine: vaccine regimens in clinical trials and potential challenges". Expert Review of Vaccines 19, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2020): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2020.1718497.

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