Articoli di riviste: "Proxy indicators"

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Perrin, Caroline, Lothaire Hounga e Antoine Geissbuhler. "Systematic review to identify proxy indicators to quantify the impact of eHealth tools on maternal and neonatal health outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries including Delphi consensus". BMJ Open 8, n. 8 (agosto 2018): e022262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022262.

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ObjectiveTo identify interventions that could serve as reliable proxy indicators to measure eHealth impact on maternal and neonatal outcomes.DesignSystematic review and Delphi study.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane from January 1990 to May 2016 for studies and reviews that evaluated interventions aimed at improving maternal/neonatal health and reducing mortality. Interventions that are not low-income and middle-income context appropriate and that cannot currently be diagnosed, managed or impacted by eHealth (eg, via telemedicine distance diagnostic or e-learning) were excluded. We used the Cochrane risk of bias, Risk Of Bias In Non- randomised Studies - of Interventions and ROBIS tool to assess the risk of bias. A three-step modified Delphi method was added to identify additional proxy indicators and prioritise the results, involving a panel of 13 experts from different regions, representing obstetricians and neonatologists.ResultsWe included 44 studies and reviews, identifying 40 potential proxy indicators with a positive impact on maternal/neonatal outcomes. The Delphi experts completed and prioritised these, resulting in a list of 77 potential proxy indicators.ConclusionsThe proxy indicators propose relevant outcome measures to evaluate if eHealth tools directly affect maternal/neonatal outcomes. Some proxy indicators require mapping to the local context, practices and available resources. The local mapping facilitates the utilisation of the proxy indicators in various contexts while allowing the systematic collection of data from different projects and programmes. Based on the mapping, the same proxy indicator can be used for different contexts, allowing it to measure what is locally and temporally relevant, making the proxy indicator sustainable.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42015027351.

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Travers, Peter, e Sue Richardson. "Proxy Indicators and the Real World". Australian Quarterly 63, n. 3 (1991): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20635633.

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Payette, Serge. "Diatoms: faithful proxy indicators of climate change?" Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6, n. 8 (ottobre 2008): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2008)6[411a:dfpioc]2.0.co;2.

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Lowy, Adam. "Are deprivation indicators a proxy for morbidity?" Journal of Public Health 16, n. 1 (marzo 1994): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a042912.

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Gilmour, Daniel, e Edward Simpson. "Urban regeneration indicators: a proxy for assessing common good". Emerald Open Research 3 (26 maggio 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.14099.1.

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Public realm urban regeneration projects aim to provide facilities for the common good such as improved road systems, public parks, museums and cultural institutions. Driven by political priorities, the expected benefits for society comprise of the proposed regeneration outcomes articulated in a masterplan vision. As a philosophical concept, common good in the context of urban regeneration is explored in this study to understand the expectations for major, long-term regeneration projects and the intended project objectives. In the approach to governance, there should be a relationship between monitoring indicators adopted by the regeneration project as part of the governance framework and their alignment with the common good. These concepts are analysed through a case study of the development and reporting of benchmark indicators established at the start of a major 20-year urban redevelopment in 2010. The monitoring and enhancement concept implemented required indicators to be developed and embedded in the regeneration process to, not only monitor, but also enhance sustainability. The longitudinal case study, at the interim point 10 years since the establishment of these indicators, will evaluate the sustainability of the urban regeneration and evaluate current evidence for the common good. The indicators were developed following the principles of a theme orientated framework in line with the UK and Scottish Government approach at that time. The process of indicator development was iterative, refined and finalised through working closely with local authority, Scottish Enterprise and partnership stakeholders (civic oriented organisations) to capture evidence of progress towards the masterplan vision. Ten years on, conclusions examine whether these indicators could be used a proxy for common good. The conclusion will identify the extent to which we would need to revise indicators to address any gaps to become a more accurate measure of common good.

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Viotti, Eduardo Baumgratz, Cristiano Roberto dos Santos, Luiz Ricardo Mattos Teixeira Cavalcante, Roberto de Pinho Dantas de Pinho e Leonardo Rodrigues Mattos da Costa. "Innovation output indicators". Revista Brasileira de Inovação 21 (9 settembre 2022): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbi.v21i00.8665691.

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This article introduces a new family of innovation output indicators as an alternative to the EU 2020 indicator. The latter is a composite indicator that bears a complex and weak relation to the actual innovation output of economies. The proposed family of indicators (DINNOV) estimates the participation in the economy of enterprises that are both dynamic (or high-growth) and innovative. Its indicators take advantage of both the tradition of indicators produced from enterprise data collected by surveys of innovation and of indicators of business demography and entrepreneurship. Values of DINNOV indicators for Brazil are computed as a proof of concept. A proxy of the DINNOV indicators – the DINNOV-Simplex – is estimated for Brazil and 17 European economies. The new indicators avoid several drawbacks of the EU 2020 innovation output indicator and are easier to communicate to policymakers and the general public.

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Wagner, James, Brady T. West, Michael R. Elliott e Stephanie Coffey. "Comparing the Ability of Regression Modeling and Bayesian Additive Regression Trees to Predict Costs in a Responsive Survey Design Context". Journal of Official Statistics 36, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2020): 907–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2020-0043.

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AbstractResponsive survey designs rely upon incoming data from the field data collection to optimize cost and quality tradeoffs. In order to make these decisions in real-time, survey managers rely upon monitoring tools that generate proxy indicators for cost and quality. There is a developing literature on proxy indicators for the risk of nonresponse bias. However, there is very little research on proxy indicators for costs and almost none aimed at predicting costs under alternative design strategies. Predictions of survey costs and proxy error indicators can be used to optimize survey designs in real time. Using data from the National Survey of Family Growth, we evaluate alternative modeling strategies aimed at predicting survey costs (specifically, interviewer hours). The models include multilevel regression (with random interviewer effects) and Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART).

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Chambers, Frank M., Robert K. Booth, Francois De Vleeschouwer, Mariusz Lamentowicz, Gael Le Roux, Dmitri Mauquoy, Jonathan E. Nichols e Bas van Geel. "Development and refinement of proxy-climate indicators from peats". Quaternary International 268 (agosto 2012): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.04.039.

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Swart, P. K., e A. Grottoli. "Proxy indicators of climate in coral skeletons: a perspective". Coral Reefs 22, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2003): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-003-0332-3.

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Zabel, I. H. H., K. C. Jezek, S. P. Gogineni e P. Kanagaratnam. "Search for proxy indicators of young sea ice thickness". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 101, n. C3 (15 marzo 1996): 6697–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jc02957.

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Hundloe, Tor John. "Economic performance indicators for fisheries". Marine and Freshwater Research 51, n. 5 (2000): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99089.

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An outline of the concept of sustainable development is followed by a definition of the term ‘economics’ and a brief review of attempts to use economic principles to construct an integrated indicator to replace gross domestic product. Arange of proxy indicators is described; these are based on what is possible in countries that have minimal fisheries data and where fishers are making decisions on the crudest economic information.

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Costa, Giuseppe, e Teresa Spadea. "I dati per la misura delle disuguaglianze di salute: adeguatezza, accessibilitÀ, integrazione". SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, n. 1 (marzo 2009): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-001005.

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- Scientific literature provides substantial evidence on how socioeconomic circumstances influence health, showing that this association holds with any indicator of socioeconomic position, independently of the theoretical approach on which is based. The open question on the indicators used to represent socioeconomic position is: are they equal proxy of a third variable, social classification or stratification, or do they capture specific dimensions of this stratification, the impact of which would be measurable independently of the others? This paper gives a tentative answer, from the epidemiological point of view, examining the indicators of socioeconomic position most used in health research (education, employment status, occupational class, income and goods), particularly focusing on their meaning, i.e. what they intend to measure, together with how data are elicited and the validity and limitations of the indicators. Keywords: indicators, education, social class, income, sources, epidemiology, social determinants of health. Parole chiave: indicatori, istruzione, classe sociale, reddito, fonti, epidemiologia, determinanti sociali di salute.

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Tomé, Eduardo, Iuliia Naidenova e Marina Oskolkova. "Personal welfare and intellectual capital: the case of football coaches". Journal of Intellectual Capital 15, n. 1 (7 gennaio 2014): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jic-06-2013-0064.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a framework that helps to analyze the dependence between personal welfare and individual (personal) intellectual capital (IIC). The authors also introduce the system of proxy indicator for personal intellectual capital (IC) of football coaches. Design/methodology/approach – This paper employs the idea that personal welfare depends on personal IC, particularly, talent. That is why initially the literature analysis of welfare phenomenon was provided. Then the system of available proxy indicators of football coaches’ IC was designed. To achieve the purpose a linear function is estimated with the help of ordinary least squares method. Findings – The chosen set of IC proxy indicators explain the significant part of coaches’ salary. Such proxies as improvement in the championship table and coach's image in media have a significant and positive influence on coach's salary. Whereas, lowering the position of the club does not considerably affect the coach's wealth. A clubs’ financial capacities and budget also influences coaches’ salaries. Research limitations/implications – Traditional limitation of proxy indicators-based studies is connected with their eligibility and complexity. Practical implications – The possibility to codify IC of a person enables to analyze core competencies necessary in a particular activity or profession for success achievement. Moreover a policy of inequality reduction should take into account that intangible assets are at the base of those persons wealth. Originality/value – This is the first paper that employs IC concept to people wealth while previous literature is dedicated to companies’ or countries’ IC.

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Boyle, Neil Bernard, e Maddy Power. "Proxy longitudinal indicators of household food insecurity in the UK". Emerald Open Research 3 (9 agosto 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.14311.1.

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Background: Rising food bank usage in the UK suggests a growing prevalence of food insecurity. However, a formalised, representative measure of food insecurity was not collected in the UK until 2019, over a decade after the initial proliferation of food bank demand. In the absence of a direct measure of food insecurity, this article identifies and summarises longitudinal proxy indicators of UK food insecurity to gain insight into the growth of insecure access to food in the 21st century. Methods: A rapid evidence synthesis of academic and grey literature (2005–present) identified candidate proxy longitudinal markers of food insecurity. These were assessed to gain insight into the prevalence of, or conditions associated with, food insecurity. Results: Food bank data clearly demonstrates increased food insecurity. However, this data reflects an unrepresentative, fractional proportion of the food insecure population without accounting for mild/moderate insecurity, or those in need not accessing provision. Economic indicators demonstrate that a period of poor overall UK growth since 2005 has disproportionately impacted the poorest households, likely increasing vulnerability and incidence of food insecurity. This vulnerability has been exacerbated by welfare reform for some households. The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically intensified vulnerabilities and food insecurity. Diet-related health outcomes suggest a reduction in diet quantity/quality. The causes of diet-related disease are complex and diverse; however, evidence of socio-economic inequalities in their incidence suggests poverty, and by extension, food insecurity, as key determinants. Conclusion: Proxy measures of food insecurity suggest a significant increase since 2005, particularly for severe food insecurity. Proxy measures are inadequate to robustly assess the prevalence of food insecurity in the UK. Failure to collect standardised, representative data at the point at which food bank usage increased significantly impairs attempts to determine the full prevalence of food insecurity, understand the causes, and identify those most at risk.

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Kapoor, Rahul, Matti Karvonen e Tuomo Kässi. "Patent value indicators as proxy for commercial value of inventions". International Journal of Intellectual Property Management 6, n. 3 (2013): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijipm.2013.056242.

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Jani, Sushma, Mattie White, Leon A. Rosenberg e Mohammad Maisami. "Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy". International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 22, n. 4 (dicembre 1992): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009121749202200401.

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This study examined the indicators of possible presence of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP) in pediatric inpatients discharged against-medical-advice (AMA), in cases transferred to another hospital, and in regular discharges. In a two-year period, there were fourteen AMA discharges and twenty-four transfer cases. These were compared to a randomly selected sample of forty-one regular discharges occurring during the same time period, matched for age, sex and pediatric service. The records were scored for the presence or absence of six MSBP characteristics, which had been developed from a review of MSBP literature. The findings indicated a suspicion for MSBP in 64 percent of the AMA cases, 8 percent of the transfer cases, and none in regular discharges. The findings suggest that AMA discharges need to be examined for the possible presence of MSBP.

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Magill, Shelley S., Walter Hellinger, Jessica Cohen, Robyn Kay, Christine Bailey, Bonnie Boland, Darlene Carey et al. "Prevalence of Healthcare-Associated Infections in Acute Care Hospitals in Jacksonville, Florida". Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 33, n. 3 (marzo 2012): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/664048.

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Objective.To determine healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevalence in 9 hospitals in Jacksonville, Florida; to evaluate the performance of proxy indicators for HAIs; and to refine methodology in preparation for a multistate survey.Design.Point prevalence survey.Patients.Acute care inpatients of any age.Methods.HAIs were defined using National Healthcare Safety Network criteria. In each facility a trained primary team (PT) of infection prevention (IP) staff performed the survey on 1 day, reviewing records and collecting data on a random sample of inpatients. PTs assessed patients with one or more proxy indicators (abnormal white blood cell count, abnormal temperature, or antimicrobial therapy) for the presence of HAIs. An external IP expert team collected data from a subset of patient records reviewed by PTs to assess proxy indicator performance and PT data collection.Results.Of 851 patients surveyed by PTs, 51 had one or more HAIs (6.0%; 95% confidence interval, 4.5%–7.7%). Surgical site infections (n = 18), urinary tract infections (n = 9), pneumonia (n = 9), and bloodstream infections (n = 8) accounted for 75.8% of 58 HAIs detected by PTs. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen, causing 9 HAIs (15.5%). Antimicrobial therapy was the most sensitive proxy indicator, identifying 95.5% of patients with HAIs.Conclusions.HAI prevalence in this pilot was similar to that reported in the 1970s by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control. Antimicrobial therapy was a sensitive screening variable with which to identify those patients at higher risk for infection and reduce data collection burden. Additional work is needed on validation and feasibility to extend this methodology to a national scale.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(3):283-291

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Tao, Wenjing, Verica Ivanovska, Birgitta Schweickert e Arno Muller. "Proxy indicators for antibiotic consumption; surveillance needed to control antimicrobial resistance". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 97, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2019): 3–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.18.227348.

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Kulkarni, A. P., e P. P. Doke. "Exploring Computation of Modified Human Development Index by using Proxy Indicators". Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 6, n. 3 (2015): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2015.00154.0.

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Silva, Lígia T., Marta Oliveira e José F. Silva. "Urban form indicators as proxy on the noise exposure of buildings". Applied Acoustics 76 (febbraio 2014): 366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2013.07.027.

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Gilbert, David J., John H. Annala e Kirsty Johnston. "Technical background to fish stock indicators for state-of-environment reporting in New Zealand". Marine and Freshwater Research 51, n. 5 (2000): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99054.

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Pressure–state–response environmental indicators are proposed for New Zealand fish stocks. This workwas a technical background to the development of a core set of indicators sought by the Ministry for the Environment. It has led, through an extensive programme of consultation, to a set of confirmed indicators. The initial proposals and their basis are described together with their relationship to the confirmed indicators. The proposed indicators could readily be calculated as part of the stock assessments conducted annually by the Ministry of Fisheries and this is recommended. For many stocks, especially minor stocks, only proxies for the preferred indicators would be possible. The proxy indicators would not be useful in all cases, and target or threshold values for them could generally not be calculated. Shortcomings and difficulties in the proposed indicators are described. A state indicator that separates changes induced by fishing from those of a natural origin is described, but it could be obtained for only a few stocks.

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Kapeli, Sarah Ann. "A latent profile analysis of Pacific health values". Pacific Health Dialog 21, n. 8 (30 dicembre 2021): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26635/phd.2021.148.

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Introduction: Pacific health models that centre Pacific values, can serve as a tool to address Pacific disparities in healthcare. In this study, we broadly draw upon the health concepts of these models to determine how Pacific values are translate across Pacific health and wellbeing. Methods: Using data from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study, we identified proxy indicators of common Pacific values. With these proxy indicators we developed a LP Latent Profile Analysis A to uncover subgroups of Pacific peoples based on their orientation towards each proxy indicator and their association with psychological distress. Findings: We identified four subgroups of Pacific peoples: (1) 65% of Pacific peoples identified strongly with Pacific values with low associated psychological distress (2) 18% of Pacific peoples identified moderately with Pacific values with medium associated psychological distress (3) 5% of Pacific peoples identified less with Pacific values with low associated psychological distress (4) 12% of Pacific peoples identified ambivalent with Pacific values with high associated psychological distress. Conclusions: These results suggest that Pacific values and the utility of Pacific health models are an appropriate way of framing health and wellbeing for a vast majority of our Pacific population. However, we also need to recognise the incredible diversity among our Pacific community and be understanding and accommodating of the diverse ways that Pacific peoples can express what they consider valuable.

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Veal, Cameron James, Catherine Neelamraju, T. Wolff, A. Watkinson, D. Shillito e A. Canning. "Managing cyanobacterial toxin risks to recreational users: a case study of inland lakes in South East Queensland". Water Supply 18, n. 5 (8 dicembre 2017): 1719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.233.

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Abstract The management of inland waterways to protect recreational users from cyanotoxin exposure is complicated by the common management practice of using proxy indicators of cyanotoxin production (cell counts and biovolumes of potentially toxin species), rather than the cyanotoxin itself. This widely accepted practice is further complicated by a lack of advisory guidelines for non-microcystin-producing cyanotoxins. This study has investigated the effectiveness of this management approach over five and a half years, monitoring 65 different sites in South East Queensland using phycological and toxin-analysis. This study concluded that cell counts of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, the most common potentially toxin producing species of cyanobacteria in South East Queensland's inland lakes, was a poor proxy indicator for cylindrospermopsin toxin production. Seqwater, the local water authority responsible for the management of recreational access to drinking water storage lakes, initiated an alternative management approach for recreational cyanobacterial water quality management in December 2016. This new approach is based on cyanobacterial toxin guideline values for five different cyanotoxins, with closures and warning notices issued based on the actual cyanotoxin concentration, not the proxy indicator. We encourage other recreational water management authorities consider this approach to manage recreational access in the future.

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Evana, Einde, Mega Metalia, Edwin Mirfazli, Daniela Ventsislavova Georgieva e Istianingsih Sastrodiharjo. "Business Ethics in Providing Financial Statements: The Testing of Fraud Pentagon Theory on the Manufacturing Sector in Indonesia". Business Ethics and Leadership 3, n. 3 (2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/bel.3(3).68-77.2019.

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The article studies the causes and consequences of manipulating the financial statements of companies, identifies the most influential drivers of fraudulent reporting actions by employees and business owners. This research aimed to examine the effect of fraud indicators in fraud pentagon theory against the detection of fraudulent financial reporting on manufacturing companies. Independent variables in this research were variable pressure proxy by financial stability, external pressure, and financial target, opportunity proxy by nature of the industry, rationalization proxy by total accrual, capability proxy by the change of directors, and arrogance proxy by ownership by management. The dependent variable was the fraudulent financial reporting proxy by fraud score. The sample of this research used 57 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange Effect in 2013-2015. It is found that the result of the determination coefficient test shows an adjusted R2 value of 0.068, it means that the ability of the independent variable in explaining the variants of the dependent variable is still limited, which is 6.8%. The ANOVA test, which shows the possibility of using the regression model to predict the Fraudulent Financial Report, serves as the methodological tool of the study. It is determined that pressure with proxies of financial stability (current), external pressure (Lev), and financial target (ROA), opportunity with the nature of industry (receivable) proxy, and arrogance with managerial ownership (OM) proxy do not affect fraudulent financial reporting. The result of this research showed that rationalization variables proxy by the total accrual ratio and capability proxy by the change of directors had an influence on the fraudulent financial reporting. While the pressure variable proxy by financial stability measured with the current ratio, external pressure measured with leverage ratio, financial target measured with ROA, opportunity variable proxy by nature of industry variable measured with the change in inventory ratio, and arrogance proxy by ownership by management had no influence on financial statement fraud. The results obtained can be useful both for the management of the company and for regulatory authorities in terms of understanding the growth indicators of the financial statement fraud frequency and tools to minimize their impact. Keywords: fraud, fraud pentagon, fraudulent financial reporting, financial statement fraud, leverage ratio, managerial ownership and manufacturing sector.

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Zernitskaya, V. P., e B. P. Vlasov. "Reflection of climate events in deposits of Belarusian Lakes at the Middle-Late Holocene transition". Limnology and Freshwater Biology, n. 4 (2022): 1625–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31951/2658-3518-2022-a-4-1625.

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Abstract. The analysis of the proxy archives from lake sediments made it possible to install the natural indicators the Holocene into three stages at 8200 and 4200 cal. yr. BP, the timing is consistent with that seen in the Greenland ice-core data. We studied proxy archives based on pollen-stratigraphic, sedimentological, radiocarbon and isotopic dates.

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Bergamo, Paolo, Conny Hammer e Donat Fäh. "Correspondence between Site Amplification and Topographical, Geological Parameters: Collation of Data from Swiss and Japanese Stations, and Neural Networks-Based Prediction of Local Response". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 112, n. 2 (16 novembre 2021): 1008–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120210225.

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ABSTRACT We address the relation between seismic local amplification and topographical and geological indicators describing the site morphology. We focus on parameters that can be derived from layers of diffuse information (e.g., digital elevation models, geological maps) and do not require in situ surveys; we term these parameters as “indirect” proxies, as opposed to “direct” indicators (e.g., f0, VS30) derived from field measurements. We first compiled an extensive database of indirect parameters covering 142 and 637 instrumented sites in Switzerland and Japan, respectively; we collected topographical indicators at various spatial extents and focused on shared features in the geological descriptions of the two countries. We paired this proxy database with a companion dataset of site amplification factors at 10 frequencies within 0.5–20 Hz, empirically measured at the same Swiss and Japanese stations. We then assessed the robustness of the correlation between individual site-condition indicators and local response by means of statistical analyses; we also compared the proxy-site amplification relations at Swiss versus Japanese sites. Finally, we tested the prediction of site amplification by feeding ensembles of indirect parameters to a neural network (NN) structure. The main results are: (1) indirect indicators show higher correlation with site amplification in the low-frequency range (0.5–3.33 Hz); (2) topographical parameters primarily relate to local response not because of topographical amplification effects but because topographical features correspond to the properties of the subsurface, hence to stratigraphic amplification; (3) large-scale topographical indicators relate to low-frequency response, smaller-scale to higher-frequency response; (4) site amplification versus indirect proxy relations show a more marked regional variability when compared with direct indicators; and (5) the NN-based prediction of site response is the best achieved in the 1.67–5 Hz band, with both geological and topographical proxies provided as input; topographical indicators alone perform better than geological parameters.

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Agbada, Andrew Omosioni. "Appraising Financial Development Indicators and Capital Market Performance". Finance & Economics Review 2, n. 1 (22 maggio 2020): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.38157/finance-economics-review.v2i1.79.

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This study appraised empirically Financial Development Indicators (FDIs) and Capital Market Performance in Nigeria. While Financial Depth, Financial Access and Financial Efficiency served as proxy for FDIs and independent variable; Market Capitalization was used as proxy for Capital Market Performance and the dependent variable. Primary data were sourced employing Survey design and analyzed using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, (PPMCC) technique denoted by ‘r’. The robustness of findings which showed that hypotheses one (H01) and two (H02) exhibited high coefficients and passed the test of significance led us to conclude that the variables: Financial Depth and Financial Access are relevant to policies formulated to affect Market Capitalization in Nigeria. However, hypothesis three (H03) portends rather low results suggesting that though a positive relationship exists between Financial Efficiency and Market Capitalization, the strength of relationship is moderate and cannot be considered too relevant to policies formulated to affect Market Capitalization in Nigeria. We therefore recommend that financial sector authorities and stakeholders should ensure that innovative facilities and policies that enable access to finance; that give ability to financial markets to imbibe large trade volumes be put instituted to facilitate proper development of the sector and that serious attention should be given to on-the-job-training, retraining and financial courses for employees to acquire industry knowledge of the job in order to enhance their performance.

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Murton, Julian B., e Else Kolstrup. "Ice-wedge casts as indicators of palaeotemperatures: precise proxy or wishful thinking?" Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 27, n. 2 (giugno 2003): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133303pp365ra.

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The use of ice-wedge casts to reconstruct palaeotemperatures involves three stringent assumptions: (1) the influence of air temperature on ice-wedge cracking and the distribution of growing ice wedges are well known in contemporary permafrost environments; (2) contemporary and former permafrost environments are sufficiently similar for the same quantitative relationships between air temperature and ice-wedge cracking to apply to both environments; and (3) the history of ice-wedge growth and decay can confidently be inferred from ice-wedge casts. We propose that the validity of these assumptions has been overestimated in terms of the Weichselian of northwest Europe because of (i) limited knowledge of the frequency of ice-wedge cracking in contemporary permafrost environments; (ii) the complex and incompletely understood natural controls on cracking; (iii) probable differences between former cold environments in mid latitudes and contemporary cold environments in high latitudes; (iv) limited understanding of ice-wedge growth and decay histories, and of the natural controls on and mechanisms of ice-wedge casting; and (v) different time perspectives. Given all these uncertainties, it is timely to critically re-evaluate the use of Weichselian ice-wedge casts for palaeoclimatic and environmental reconstructions.

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Markusen, Ann. "Fuzzy concepts, proxy data: why indicators would not track creative placemaking success". International Journal of Urban Sciences 17, n. 3 (novembre 2013): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2013.836291.

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Fattorini, Simone, e Luca Salvati. "Tenebrionid beetles as proxy indicators of climate aridity in a Mediterranean area". Ecological Indicators 38 (marzo 2014): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.019.

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Mathews, K. Michael, Michael C. White, Rebecca G. Long, Barlow Soper e C. W. Von Bergen. "Association of Indicators and Predictors of TIE Strength". Psychological Reports 83, n. 3_suppl (dicembre 1998): 1459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1459.

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Arguments deriving from the importance of the strength of social ties between individuals are being applied in social and organizational analysis; however, lack of empirical verification of the components of the construct and lack of consistency in the use of proxy measures have made difficult the resolution of controversies surrounding the relative merits of strong and weak ties. This study examined the relations between predictors and indicators of Granovetter's 1973 construct of tie strength. Marsden and Campbell's 1984 finding of “contamination” of indicators by predictors is supported by this analysis.

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Ware, Jordan K. "Property Value as a Proxy of Socioeconomic Status in Education". Education and Urban Society 51, n. 1 (19 giugno 2017): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124517714850.

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The effects of poverty on important outcome measures are devastating and well documented, but the conceptualization and operationalization of socioeconomic status (SES) are underdeveloped. Various indicators of SES are useful for different purposes. Free or reduced-price lunch (FRL) status is commonly used because of its convenience and predictive strength, but it has many limitations. This study explored property value as a convenient alternative or complement to FRL status. The conceptual alignment of property value with SES was compared with that of traditional indicators like parent income, education, and occupation. Empirically, hierarchical linear modeling and regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of property value on math achievement in comparison with and in conjunction with FRL status. Property value is strongly related to Math achievement, and it complements conceptual and methodological flaws of FRL status by providing nuance at the local level and encompassing aspects of human and social capital.

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Diana, Patricia. "Implementasi Tata Kelola Perusahaan Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan: Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan di Indonesia". Jurnal ULTIMA Accounting 7, n. 2 (1 agosto 2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/akuntansi.v7i2.177.

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Indonesia as one of developing countries should prepare for intense business competition in international market by continuously improving their financial performance which reflected by profitability enhancement. In order to achieved this goals, companies should build synergic relationship between stakeholders. Implementation of corporate governance is believed can assist companies in improving firm value by minimizing cost and maximize companies’ profit. This study aims to investigate the effect of corporate governance implementation on Indonesian companies. Corporate Governance Perception Index (CGPI) which establish by Indonesian Institute of Corporate Governance (IICG) used as proxy for corporate governance implementation, and ROA used as proxy for firm value. All the data obtain from Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) database and period 2008 to 2012 used as observation period. The result show that implementation of corporate governance has significant effect with firm value proxy by ROA. This study also concludes that market will be more concern on CGPI which generated through documentation and presentation indicators and also observation indicators rather than self-assessment indicators. This indicates that market would trust the information which comes from independen external parties. The result will be useful for investor in making their investment decision which based on profitability consideration. Keywords: Corporate Governance, CGPI, ROA, profitability

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Sharma, Ravi S., Ganesh Chandrasekar e Bharathkumar Vaitheeswaran. "A Knowledge Framework for Development". International Journal of Knowledge Management 6, n. 4 (ottobre 2010): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jkm.2010100101.

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In this article, the authors investigate the diverse dimensions of a knowledge society. First, the relevant literature on post industrial societies is reviewed to identify the key constituents of successful growth and development. The authors then propose a 10-dimension framework within political, economic, social and technological parameters that describe the state of evolution of a given knowledge society. Knowledge assessment scores, human development indices, technology readiness scores and competitiveness scores are selected as composite indicators of knowledge societies. Proxy indicators are assigned for the dimensions, and secondary data was gathered from reputed international sources. Partial Pearson Correlation Analysis was done between the proxy indicators and the composite scales to determine the direction and strength of relationships. Hygiene factors and competitive factors of a knowledge society are distilled from the empirical results and recommendations are suggested to address some areas of concern when pursuing policies for knowledge based development.

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Simonit, Silvio, e Charles Perrings. "Indirect economic indicators in bio-economic fishery models: agricultural price indicators and fish stocks in Lake Victoria". ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, n. 3 (1 gennaio 2005): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.01.012.

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Abstract We consider the potential for using prices as leading indicators of changes in stocks and yields in the freshwater capture fishery in Lake Victoria. Fertilizer run-off from agricultural land is a major cause of nutrient loading, along with soil erosion, atmospheric deposition, and point pollution from industrial and domestic affluent. The interactions between fertilizer applications, water quality, fish stocks, and yields are modelled in order to predict the effect of changes in the price of fertilizers on the fishery. The fishery model includes a measure of Chl a concentration (a proxy for phytoplankton density). The consequences of changes in Chl a concentration for fish stocks are modelled using Ecopath. We show that fertilizer prices are effective leading indicators of changes in fish biomass and yield.

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Buldgen, G., D. R. Reese e M. A. Dupret. "Constraining convective regions with asteroseismic linear structural inversions". Astronomy & Astrophysics 609 (gennaio 2018): A95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730693.

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Context. Convective regions in stellar models are always associated with uncertainties, for example, due to extra-mixing or the possible inaccurate position of the transition from convective to radiative transport of energy. Such inaccuracies have a strong impact on stellar models and the fundamental parameters we derive from them. The most promising method to reduce these uncertainties is to use asteroseismology to derive appropriate diagnostics probing the structural characteristics of these regions. Aims. We wish to use custom-made integrated quantities to improve the capabilities of seismology to probe convective regions in stellar interiors. By doing so, we hope to increase the number of indicators obtained with structural seismic inversions to provide additional constraints on stellar models and the fundamental parameters we determine from theoretical modeling. Methods. First, we present new kernels associated with a proxy of the entropy in stellar interiors. We then show how these kernels can be used to build custom-made integrated quantities probing convective regions inside stellar models. We present two indicators suited to probe convective cores and envelopes, respectively, and test them on artificial data. Results. We show that it is possible to probe both convective cores and envelopes using appropriate indicators obtained with structural inversion techniques. These indicators provide direct constraints on a proxy of the entropy of the stellar plasma, sensitive to the characteristics of convective regions. These constraints can then be used to improve the modeling of solar-like stars by providing an additional degree of selection of models obtained from classical forward modeling approaches. We also show that in order to obtain very accurate indicators, we need ℓ = 3 modes for the envelope but that the core-conditions indicator is more flexible in terms of the seismic data required for its use.

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Alshubiri, Faris Nasif. "PUBLIC FINANCE INDICATORS AND THE VALUE OF INVESTMENT PROJECT DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GCC COUNTRIES". Journal of Business Economics and Management 20, n. 6 (27 settembre 2019): 1143–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2019.10783.

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This study aims to identify public financial indicators involved in the investment projects of GCC countries. The data was collected from the IMF and the MEED from 2011-2017. The study measured the impact of public finance based on eight variables and two proxies (national and trade accounts) on the investment project development proxy, which is measured by the total value of projects planned or currently underway and the value of the ten largest projects currently underway. The results showed that Saudi Arabia and the UAE rank high in both proxies of investment project development. The simple regression results also illustrated that real GDP, the real non-oil GDP variables of national account proxy, and the value of the exported goods and services variable of the trade accounts proxy have a significant impact on the total value of projects planned or currently underway. Meanwhile, only three factors of national accounts, gross national savings, CPI inflation, and current account balance, have a significant impact on the value of the ten largest projects currently underway. The overall conclusion of the study is that GCC countries have established high-value development projects in different cities that require a proper public policy to efficiently manage capital expenditure within the public sector.

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Basheer Hezam Mahdi, Mohamed Ben Mimoun, Basheer Hezam Mahdi, Mohamed Ben Mimoun. "The role of governance in explaining the relationship between public social expenditure and economic growth An econometric study on the organization of Islamic Cooperation Countries (OIC) during the period 1996- 2016: دور الحوكمة في تفسير العلاقة بين الإنفاق الاجتماعي الحكومي والنمو الاقتصادي دراسة قياسية على بلدان منظمة التعاون الإسلامي خلال الفترة 1996- 2016". مجلة العلوم الإقتصادية و الإدارية و القانونية 5, n. 15 (29 agosto 2021): 29–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.b050121.

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The paper aimed to study the impact of government social spending with its various components (education, health, social care) on economic growth in light of the role of governance indicators. It considered the OIC countries' experience during the 1996- 2016 period and estimated an econometric model using the "Generalized Moment Method" (GMM). The World Governance Indicators (WGI) have been used to proxy for the governance variable. The results showed that: (i) there is a negative impact of government spending on education and health in the OIC countries, and an unstable effect of spending on social transfers on economic growth; (ii) there is an interaction between government social spending on the one hand and governance on the other hand, and that the effectiveness of government social spending increases in Islamic countries with good governance indicator; and (iii) there is a positive effect of the six sub- governance indicators- except for the “voice and accountability” indicator on economic growth, and on the effectiveness of social spending on education and health on economic growth.

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Sebayang, Karuniana Dianta Arfiando, e Belinda Febrina. "Are Business Regulations Improving Economic Growth? Case Study between ASEAN and European Union". Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi Dan Bisnis (JPEB) 9, n. 1 (20 marzo 2021): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpeb.009.1.5.

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Economic activities require a transparent regulatory and policy environment that is accessible to all levels of society. This study aims to explain the impact of ease of doing business on economic growth in both ASEAN and the European Union since doing business indicators applied globally. Gross Domestic Product is used as a proxy variable for economic growth as Gross Domestic Product is an indicator to measure economic growth. This study uses a descriptive quantitative research model and uses multiple regressions to determine the effect of ease of doing business on economic growth in ASEAN and the European Union by comparing the result of each ASEAN and European Union. In this study it was found that in ASEAN, there are four indicators of doing business have significant impact to economic growth, while in the European Union five indicators have significant impact to economic growth.

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Ho, Jeff C., Kory C. Russel e Jennifer Davis. "The challenge of global water access monitoring: evaluating straight-line distance versus self-reported travel time among rural households in Mozambique". Journal of Water and Health 12, n. 1 (24 settembre 2013): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.042.

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Support is growing for the incorporation of fetching time and/or distance considerations in the definition of access to improved water supply used for global monitoring. Current efforts typically rely on self-reported distance and/or travel time data that have been shown to be unreliable. To date, however, there has been no head-to-head comparison of such indicators with other possible distance/time metrics. This study provides such a comparison. We examine the association between both straight-line distance and self-reported one-way travel time with measured route distances to water sources for 1,103 households in Nampula province, Mozambique. We find straight-line, or Euclidean, distance to be a good proxy for route distance (R2 = 0.98), while self-reported travel time is a poor proxy (R2 = 0.12). We also apply a variety of time- and distance-based indicators proposed in the literature to our sample data, finding that the share of households classified as having versus lacking access would differ by more than 70 percentage points depending on the particular indicator employed. This work highlights the importance of the ongoing debate regarding valid, reliable, and feasible strategies for monitoring progress in the provision of improved water supply services.

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Hogervorst, Eef, Elisabeth Schröder-Butterfill, Yvonne Suzy Handajani, Philip Kreager e Tri Budi W. Rahardjo. "Dementia and Dependency vs. Proxy Indicators of the Active Ageing Index in Indonesia". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 16 (4 agosto 2021): 8235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168235.

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Dementia prevalence is increasing worldwide and developing countries are expected to carry the highest burden of this. Dementia has high care needs and no current effective long-term treatment. However, factors associated with active ageing (e.g., longer employment; participation in society; independent, healthy and secure living; and enabling environments to allow people to remain psychosocially and physically active) could help maintain independence in older people for longer. We investigated proxy indicators of the Active Ageing Index (AAI), which were offset against dementia and dependency (assessed by Instrumental Activities of Daily Living or IADL) in multi-ethnic urban (Jakarta) and rural (Sumedang and Borobudur) health care districts on Java, Indonesia. Dementia was assessed using validated cognitive dementia screening tests, the IADL and carer reports. Dementia and dependency prevalence showed large interregional differences and were highest in rural Borobudur. Dementia and dependency were associated with an older age, lower education (for dementia), worse physical health (for dependency) and not engaging in psychosocial activities, such as attending community events, reading (for dementia) and sport activities (for dependency). By supporting active ageing activities in Puskesmas (primary health care centers) and improving access to medical care, rural areas could possibly reduce dementia and dependency risk. Our follow-up study planned in 2021 should illustrate whether recent relevant policies have rendered success in these areas. Using active ageing indicators could focus policies to support regions with targeted interventions to compress care needs in older people.

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Frenzel, Peter. "Fossils of the southern Baltic Sea as palaeoenvironmental indicators in multi-proxy studies". Quaternary International 511 (marzo 2019): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.09.014.

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Callard, S. Louise, W. Roland Gehrels, Brigid V. Morrison e Hugh R. Grenfell. "Suitability of salt-marsh foraminifera as proxy indicators of sea level in Tasmania". Marine Micropaleontology 79, n. 3-4 (maggio 2011): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2011.03.001.

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Kröger, L., F. Heinitz e C. Winkler. "Operationalizing a spatial differentiation of trip generation rates using proxy indicators of accessibility". Travel Behaviour and Society 11 (aprile 2018): 156–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2017.07.002.

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Lund, Brian C., Michael A. Steinman, Elizabeth A. Chrischilles e Peter J. Kaboli. "Beers Criteria as a Proxy for Inappropriate Prescribing of Other Medications Among Older Adults". Annals of Pharmacotherapy 45, n. 11 (4 ottobre 2011): 1363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1q361.

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Background:: The Beers criteria are a compilation of medications deemed potentially inappropriate for older adults, widely used as a prescribing quality indicator. Objective: To determine whether Beers criteria serve as a proxy measure for other forms of inappropriate prescribing, as measured by comprehensive implicit review. Methods: Data for patients 65 years and older were obtained from the Veterans Affairs Enhanced Pharmacy Outpatient Clinic (EPOC) and the Iowa Medicaid Pharmaceutical Case Management (PCM) studies. Comprehensive measurement of prescribing quality was conducted using expert clinician review of medical records according to the Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI). MAI scores attributable to non-Beers medications were contrasted between patients who did and did not receive a Beers criteria medication. Results: Beers criteria medications accounted for 12.9% (EPOC) and 14.0% (PCM) of total MAI scores. Importantly, non-Beers MAI scores were significantly higher in patients receiving a Beers criteria medication in both studies (EPOC: 15.1 vs 12.4, p = 0.02; PCM: 11.1 vs 8.7, p = 0.04), after adjusting for important confounding factors. Conclusions: Beers criteria utility extended beyond direct measurement of a limited set of inappropriate prescribing practices by serving as a clinically meaningful proxy for other inappropriate practices. Using prescribing quality indicators to guide interventions should thus identify patients for comprehensive medication review, rather than identifying specific medication targets for discontinuation. Future research should explore both the quality measurement and the intervention targeting applications of the Beers criteria, particularly when integrated with other indicators.

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Ansari, Zahid. "The Concept and Usefulness of Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions as Indicators of Quality and Access to Primary Health Care". Australian Journal of Primary Health 13, n. 3 (2007): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py07043.

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The purpose of this review is to introduce health services researchers, especially in the area of primary health care, to the meaning and concept of ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs). More specifically, this review explores the validity of ACSC admissions as proxy indicators of access to primary health care, provides a description of the factors that cause variations in ACSC admission rates, and presents a discussion of the potential usefulness and policy implications of these indicators for primary health care. Critical Interpretive Synthesis (CIS) methodology was used to review the literature on ACSC admissions indicators. Medline and Australasian Medical Index were searched for English language articles published between 1970 and August 2005. The results were supplemented by an internet search of the World Wide Web, further augmented by manual scans of material from deeper levels within the sites. Main finding from the review indicates that ACSC admissions are valid proxy indicators of access to primary health care. Socioeconomic factors are most important in explaining variations in ACSC admissions. Several uses and policy implications of ACSC admission indicators are discussed, including their potential for identifying gaps in the primary health care system and providing opportunities for targeted public health and health services interventions.

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Link, Jason S., Dawit Yemane, Lynne J. Shannon, Marta Coll, Yunne-Jai Shin, Louize Hill e Maria de Fatima Borges. "Relating marine ecosystem indicators to fishing and environmental drivers: an elucidation of contrasting responses". ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, n. 4 (4 dicembre 2009): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp258.

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Abstract Link, J. S., Yemane, D., Shannon, L. J., Coll, M., Shin, Y-J., Hill, L., and Borges, M. F. 2010. Relating marine ecosystem indicators to fishing and environmental drivers: an elucidation of contrasting responses. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 787–795. The usefulness of indicators in detecting ecosystem change depends on three main criteria: the availability of data to estimate the indicator (measurability), the ability to detect change in an ecosystem (sensitivity), and the ability to link the said change in an indicator as a response to a known intervention or pressure (specificity). Here, we specifically examine the third aspect of indicator change, with an emphasis on multiple methods to explore the “relativity” of major ecosystem drivers. We use a suite of multivariate methods to explore the relationships between a pre-established set of fisheries-orientated ecosystem status indicators and the key drivers for those ecosystems (particularly emphasizing proxy indicators for fishing and the environment). The results show the relative importance among fishing and environmental factors, which differed notably across the major types of ecosystems. Yet, they also demonstrated common patterns in which most ecosystems, and indicators of ecosystem dynamics are largely driven by fisheries (landings) or human (human development index) factors, and secondarily by environmental drivers (e.g. AMO, PDO, SST). How one might utilize this empirical evidence in future efforts for ecosystem approaches to fisheries is discussed, highlighting the need to manage fisheries in the context of environmental and other human (e.g. economic) drivers.

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Artige, Lionel, e Rosella Nicolini. "The Reputation Effect". International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 4, n. 1 (21 gennaio 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v4i1.201.

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This paper proposes an empirical analysis of the role of memory in determining the size of credits granted by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) during 1991–2003. We first build an original database from information associated with the number and contract types granted by clients, after which we develop an empirical strategy for capturing the role of memory, namely by defining three different indicators to approximate each client’s reputation. These indicators rely on the client’s identity and, when available, information associated with previous EBRD-financed investment projects. With the fixed-effects estimation technique, our results unambiguously show that the value of the first investment project financed by the EBRD, as a proxy for reputation, is the most effective indicator for established clients to determine the size of the credits they receive to finance further investments.

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Surono, Yunan, Ali Akbar, Albetris Albetris e R. Adisetiawan. "Macroeconomic Analysis Model, Financial Performance Against Share Traded With Profit as an Intervening Variable in Food and Beverage Sub-Sector Companies on The Indonesia Stock Exchange Period 2016 - 2020". Ekonomis: Journal of Economics and Business 6, n. 2 (26 settembre 2022): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/ekonomis.v6i2.682.

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Smart investors will consider several aspects before investing to avoid the worst possibilities including the company's financial performance. This research aims to look at the macroeconomic analysis model, financial performance against share traded with profit as an intervening variable in food and beverage sub-sector companies in the Indonesia stock exchange for the period 2016 - 2020. Macroeconomic variables will be proxyed with indicators of inflation, exchange rates, interest rates and the money supply. Financial performance variables with current ratio indicators, quick ratio (proxy of liquidity), debt to assets ratio, debt to equity ratio (proxy of solvency), total assets turnover, fixed assets turnover and inventory turnover (proxy of activity), return on asset, return on equity, net profit margin, gross profit margin and operating profit margin (proxy of profitability) and earnings per share, price earning ratio and price book value (proxy of market value). The investment approach can also be done by analyzing historical data from stock prices and linking it to share traded that occurs in the market. The research will use profit as an intervening variable, consisting of gross profit, operating profit and net profit. The company has different performance with significant differences in the food and baverages sub-sector, will affect the amount of sales and profits earned by the company. This research data uses secondary data published by relevant and competent parties. This study uses a component-based SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) analysis or variance, namely Partial Least Square (PLS), using Smart PLS 3.0 software. The results showed 1) macroeconomic variables had no effect on financial performance. 2) Macroeconomic variables have no effect on profits. 3) Macroeconomic variables have no effect on share traded. 4) Financial performance variables affect profits. 5) Financial performance variables affect share traded. 6) The profit variable affects the traded share.

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Jeong, W. S., D. I. Park, Y. H. Kim, C. K. Lee, S. H. Lee, C. S. Eun e D. S. Han. "What is the valid proxy for adenoma detection rate among various colonoscopic quality indicators?" European Journal of Internal Medicine 24 (ottobre 2013): e76-e77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2013.08.187.

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