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Boer, Diana, Katja Hanke e Jia He. "On Detecting Systematic Measurement Error in Cross-Cultural Research: A Review and Critical Reflection on Equivalence and Invariance Tests". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, n. 5 (21 maggio 2018): 713–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117749042.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
One major threat to revealing cultural influences on psychological states or processes is the presence of bias (i.e., systematic measurement error). When quantitative measures are not targeting the same construct or they differ in metric across cultures, the validity of inferences about cultural variability (and universality) is in doubt. The objectives of this article are to review what can be done about it and what is being done about it. To date, a multitude of useful techniques and methods to reduce or assess bias in cross-cultural research have been developed. We explore the limits of invariance/equivalence testing and suggest more flexible means of dealing with bias. First, we review currently available established and novel methods that reveal bias in cross-cultural research. Second, we analyze current practices in a systematic content analysis. The content analysis of more than 500 culture-comparative quantitative studies (published from 2008 to 2015 in three outlets in cross-cultural, social, and developmental psychology) aims to gauge current practices and approaches in the assessment of measurement equivalence/invariance. Surprisingly, the analysis revealed a rather low penetration of invariance testing in cross-cultural research. Although a multitude of classical and novel approaches for invariance testing is available, these are employed infrequent rather than habitual. We discuss reasons for this hesitation, and we derive suggestions for creatively assessing and handling biases across different research paradigms and designs.
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Buunk, Bram P., Alois Angleitner, Viktor Oubaid e David M. Buss. "Sex Differences in Jealousy in Evolutionary and Cultural Perspective: Tests From the Netherlands, Germany, and the United States". Psychological Science 7, n. 6 (novembre 1996): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00389.x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As predicted by models derived from evolutionary psychology, men within the United States have been shown to exhibit greater psychological and physiological distress to sexual than to emotional infidelity of their partner, and women have been shown to exhibit more distress to emotional than to sexual infidelity Because cross-cultural tests are critical for evolutionary hypotheses, we examined these sex differences in three parallel studies conducted in the Netherlands (N = 207), Germany (N = 200), and the United States (N = 224) Two key findings emerged First, the sex differences in sexual jealousy are robust across these cultures, providing support for the evolutionary psychological model Second, the magnitude of the sex differences varies somewhat across cultures—large for the United States, medium for Germany and the Netherlands Discussion focuses on the evolutionary psychology of jealousy and on the sensitivity of sex differences in the sexual sphere to cultural input
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Jung, Yuhee, Norihiko Takeuchi e Tomokazu Takeuchi. "Understanding psychological processes of applicants’ job search". Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship 4, n. 3 (5 dicembre 2016): 190–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebhrm-07-2015-0032.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it empirically examines two theory-based models of applicants’ job search developed from planned happenstance theory (PHT) and theory of planned behavior (TPB). Second, it tests the cross-cultural compatibility of these models in Japan and Korea. Design/methodology/approach The authors tested two theory-based job search models, PHT model and TPB model based on samples of college students from Japan (n=175) and Korea (n=172). Findings The results indicated that the TPB model was a significantly better fitting to the data than the PHT model. Moreover, a multi-group test of the TPB model demonstrated that the TPB model was invariant between the Japanese and the Korean samples. Originality/value Although there had been an important question among job search literatures regarding how important the planned behavior in the job search processes would be, the study gave an empirical support to the TPB job search model in contrast to the PHT model. Another contribution is that the study tested the Western-driven theories using Asian samples from Japan and Korea, constituting an important benchmark for further studies that attempt to test the generalizability of the TPB model, particularly in countries/areas that employ different employment systems.
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Patriche, Diana, Octavian Vasiliu, Irina Filip, Carmen Tănase e Amir Radfar. "Considerations on the quality of life in patients with dual diagnosis of depressive disorder and alcohol dependence". Romanian Medical Journal 62, n. 4 (31 dicembre 2015): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2015.4.2.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Quality of life is defined as the individual’s perception of his social, cultural value systems in the context in which one lives and in corelation with his needs, aspirations and standards (WHO, 1994). Patients with depression and alcoholism are associated with low scores on tests assessing quality of life. Quality of life assessment is useful for planning and evaluation of medical and psychological treatment outcomes.
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Ausín, Berta, Miguel Ángel Castellanos, Clara González-Sanguino, Olga V. Vakhantseva, Olga V. Almazova, Ludmila A. Shaigerova, Aleksandra G. Dolgikh e Manuel Muñoz. "!e Psychological Impact of Six Weeks of Lockdown as a Consequence of COVID-19 and the Importance of Social Support: A Cross-Cultural Study Comparing Spanish and Russian Populations". Psychology in Russia: State of the Art 13, n. 4 (2020): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/pir.2020.0406.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background. !e COVID-19 pandemic has been an unprecedented social and health emergency worldwide. Cross-cultural research on mental health during this situation is needed to better understand its consequences. Objective. To evaluate the di"erent psychological impacts of the crisis and lockdown situation during the #rst six weeks of COVID emergency measures in samples of the Spanish and Russian populations. Design. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey (NSpain = 1041; NRussia = 743). !e prevalence of loneliness, depression, anxiety, perceived discrimination (PD), internalized stigma (IS), and perceived social support (PSS) was evaluated. Chi-square tests and t-tests were administered. The Enter Method were used to identify the predictors of the mental health impact. Results. Di"erences were found between the Russian and the Spanish populations. While the degrees of anxiety and depression did not di"er signi#cantly, loneliness, the alienation dimension of IS, and PD were more pronounced in the Russian respondents. In Spain, the predictor of less negative impact was PSS from various sources, while in Russia we only found PSS from the family. Conclusion. Although in both countries the impact at the clinical level seemed to be similar, di"erences were found at the psychosocial level. Variables with a strong cultural component may be key to determining the means of alleviating the e"ects of the crisis, with PSS being a fundamental protective factor. More crosssectional studies are needed to understand the impact of the pandemic in depth.
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Dasen, Pierre R., Ramesh C. Mishra e Jürg Wassmann. "Quasi-experimental research in culture sensitive psychology". Culture & Psychology 24, n. 3 (17 agosto 2018): 327–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x18779043.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The research presented in this article follows up on several aspects of Gustav Jahoda’s long and fruitful career: (1) his early fieldwork on cognitive development in Africa, particularly in the area of spatial skills; (2) his interest in cross-cultural psychology as a research method; and (3) his insistence on bringing anthropology and psychology together. The topic of our research is the development of a so-called “geocentric” frame of spatial reference. This is a cognitive style, in which individuals describe and represent small-scale table-top space in terms of large-scale geographic dimensions. We explore the development with age of geocentric language and cognition, and the relationships between the two. We also explore the many environmental and socio-cultural variables that favor the use of this frame. We demonstrate how we untangled several of these variables by using a succession of within-society group comparisons, in several societies where a geocentric frame is in common usage (Bali, Indonesia, India, and Nepal). Our research program unfolds like a detective story, where one finding that is difficult to interpret because of several confounded variables leads to another quasi-experimental group comparison that suggests another hypothesis, which is then tested in a further session of field-work. In each case, we emphasize how important it was to have extensive linguistic and ethnographic knowledge before implementing psychological tests. The research design is not cross-cultural as such (we hardly ever perform comparisons between societies), but culturally sensitive within a series of societies; in other words, as Dasen and Jahoda (1986 , p. 413) defined it, “cross-cultural developmental psychology is not just comparative: essentially it is an outlook that takes culture seriously.”
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McGeer, E. G., R. P. Peppard, P. L. McGeer, H. Tuokko, D. Crockett, R. Parks, H. Akiyama, D. B. Calne, B. L. Beattie e R. Harrop. "18Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Studies in Presumed Alzheimer Cases, Including 13 Serial Scans". Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 17, n. 1 (febbraio 1990): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100029930.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT:Positron emission tomographic (PET) data on local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (LCMR) are reported for 32 regions of interest (ROI)s in cross-sectional studies on 57 patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 20 neurologically normal controls, and in serial studies on 13 of the AD cases, including a familial, young-onset case where the diagnosis has been confirmed at autopsy. Extensive psychological testing was done on all the AD cases. Almost all cortical regions showed a significant decline in LCMR with age in the control subjects. There were the expected cortical metabolic deficits in AD and the serial studies showed a general increase in such deficits over time in 12 of the 13 cases. The regions showing the greatest declines with time in serial studies are the same as those showing the most severe deficiencies in cross-sectional studies. The young-onset case did not show a greater rate of metabolic decline than many of the older cases studied. Results on individual psychological tests tended to correlate with metabolic rates in multiple, rather than single, cortical regions, suggesting intact neuronal networks are required for good performance. The correlations with cortical metabolic activity found were of a sign indicating that the higher the metabolic rates and the better the left:right asymmetry index, the better was the performance.
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Gómez-Salgado, Juan, Ingrid Adanaque-Bravo, Mónica Ortega-Moreno, Regina Allande-Cussó, Cristian Arturo Arias-Ulloa e Carlos Ruiz-Frutos. "Psychological distress during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador: Cross-sectional study". PLOS ONE 16, n. 9 (22 settembre 2021): e0257661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257661.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background The effects of the COVID 19 pandemic on the mental health of citizens from Asia, Europe, or North America begin to be known, but there are fewer publications on its effects in Latin American countries. In this study, its impact in Ecuador is described, with data collected during the first phase of the pandemic. The objective of this study was to analyse the level of psychological distress in the population of Ecuador during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods and findings Cross-sectional observational study. The questionnaires were collected through an online self-developed questionnaire, between April 2 and May 17, 2020, using the non-probabilistic sampling methodology: snowball method. The variables considered were sociodemographic variables, physical symptoms, health status, COVID-19 contact history, preventive measures, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The percentage with high psychological distress (PD) (GHQ-12 ≥ 3) has been somewhat lower than that found in Europe, being women, young people, people with higher level of education, living without a partner, not living with children or children under 16 years of age, and with worse perception of health the groups with the highest PD. Differences have been observed with European studies regarding common symptoms, preventive measures to avoid contagion, percentage of infected relatives, or diagnostic tests performed. Conclusions The use of the same research instrument, validated in Europe and adapted to Ecuador, has facilitated the comparison of the found results and differences, which can be explained by socio-economic or cultural variables, the health system, level of information, or by preventive measures put in place to prevent the pandemic.
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Arokkiaraj, H., Archana Kaushik e S. Irudaya Rajan. "Effects of International Male Migration on Wives Left Behind in Rural Tamil Nadu". Indian Journal of Gender Studies 28, n. 2 (15 marzo 2021): 228–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521521997964.
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Emigration by skilled and semi-skilled workers from India to the Middle East is a strategy for better economic returns. Families rarely accompany migrants. Drawing insights from primary data gathered from intensive fieldwork in Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu, this article attempts to understand the psychological consequences on the wives left behind. A mixed sampling method was used to derive the sample size. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson’s chi-square tests were mainly used for quantitative analysis supplemented by qualitative methods. The results indicated that wives considered loneliness the most significant psychological problem arising from their husbands’ absence. Stress was also caused by financial problems and the necessity of taking on additional roles in the family.
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Shupe, Ellen I., Lilia M. Cortina, Alexandra Ramos, Louise F. Fitzgerald e Jan Salisbury. "The Incidence and Outcomes of Sexual Harassment Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women: A Comparison Across Levels of Cultural Affiliation". Psychology of Women Quarterly 26, n. 4 (dicembre 2002): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.t01-2-00069.
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An extensive body of literature has documented the widespread and damaging nature of sexual harassment among Anglo women, but little attention has focused on the experiences of women of color. The current paper begins to address this gap by comparing sexual harassment incidence rates and psychological and work-related outcomes of Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women across varying levels of cultural affiliation. Chi-square tests of association suggest that risk of harassment increases with affiliation to the mainstream U.S. culture, and hierarchical regression analyses suggest that cultural affiliation moderates the relation between sexual harassment and occupational functioning. These provocative findings are discussed in the context of social and economic vulnerability, socio-sexual norms, and cultural background.
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Bernstein, J. H., e F. Youssef. "It's Not All Tests and Norms! The Reach of Culture in Behavioral Research". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, n. 7 (30 agosto 2019): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.67.
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Abstract Five major challenges experienced while conducting a study regarding the neurobehavioral developmental trajectories of primary school children in Trinidad and Tobago are reviewed. 1. Governing Principles. Institutional review of the scientific rationale for the work and safety of participants is required for research activities in any/all settings. 2. Design/Methodology. Cultural beliefs/values/goals shape the research endeavor from recruitment strategies, informed consent, research design, and data collection to outcome monitoring. 3. Participants. Research studies involving children are closely scrutinized. Children need additional protections because they cannot give informed consent. Who speaks for children and how? Children must be recruited via guardians - who may not be parents but societal institutions functioning as “proxy guardians”. The relationships between parents and different “proxy guardians” respond to cultural beliefs/values. 4. Behavioral Measurement-Tests. American psychology has been severely critiqued as focusing on a circumscribed sector of the population while neglecting 95% of the global community. A core concern is the use, in non-United States settings, of behavioral measures developed and normed in the U.S. No measure can be truly culture free: all brains are sculpted by interactions not only with the physical world but also with the psychological world of their own cultural heritage. 5. Behavioral Measurement-Rating Scales. In transferring research across cultures, language/dialect differences are frequently highlighted. Differences in literacy can be even more challenging. Lack of literacy cannot be used to exclude persons from potential research benefits, nor for the failure to conduct effective informed consent processes. Cultural variations in the value/use of the written word have direct impact on research design/methodology, data collection/quality, the training/conduct of research personnel, and on funding. Implications for the mounting research in international settings are discussed.
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Ng, Sharon, e Shankha Basu. "Global Identity and Preference for Environmentally Friendly Products: The Role of Personal Responsibility". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, n. 8 (settembre 2019): 919–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022119873432.
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This research tests the idea that a salient global identity positively affects people’s willingness to pay for environmentally friendly products. Results from a large-scale multi-nation survey ( N = 75,934) as well as two studies ( N = 322) conducted in Singapore supported this prediction. We found that participants with a more (vs. less) dominant global identity indicated greater support for environmentally friendly products and exhibited increased pro-environmental behavior. We further show that the effect is driven by a stronger feeling of personal responsibility toward the environment among individuals who possess a dominant global identity. Findings from this research suggest that the formation of stronger global identity, a psychological consequence of increasing globalization, can have an important impact on people’s pro-environmental behavior.
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Chen, Jing, Jian-Quan Tian, Danmin Miao e Rosina C. Chia. "Item description in translated tests: Cultural effects on factor structure of the Chinese Version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator-G". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2009): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.1.31.
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Construct validity is a core issue in the design of a standard psychological instrument. There are many contrasting arguments about the factor structure of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI, Myers, 1962). A variety of methods and sample sizes used in prior studies has created these differences. Therefore, this study explored factor structure of the Chinese version MBTI, Form G based on two samples with roughly equal sample sizes, using the same method. Results supported construct validity of the Chinese version of the MBTI-G (Miao, Huangfu, Chia, & Ren, 2004), for there were four factors extracted based on the two samples respectively. However, factor analysis results raised questions about the nature of the Sensation-Intuition scale. This study provided evidence that, for a collectivist culture, the description of items related to the individual's own preference and attitude or other people's value and attitude would affect the results of the Chinese version MBTI-G in construct validity evaluation.
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Chung, Sara, Qing Zhou, Catherine Anicama, Carol Rivera e Yuuko Uchikoshi. "Language Proficiency, Parenting Styles, and Socioemotional Adjustment of Young Dual Language Learners". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, n. 7 (agosto 2019): 896–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022119867394.
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Dual language learners (DLLs) make up 32% of all children in the United States. Past research showed that proficiency in a heritage language (HL) was associated with better psychological adjustment in school-aged children and adolescents, but the associations of HL and English (EL) proficiency with preschool-aged DLLs’ socioemotional adjustment remain understudied. This study included a sample of low-income Mexican and Chinese immigrant families with preschool-aged DLLs ( N = 90). Children’s HL and EL proficiencies were assessed using language tests. Parents rated their own cultural orientations, parenting styles, and children’s socioemotional adjustment. Children’s expressed anger/frustration and sadness were observed from an emotion-evoking task. Path analyses were conducted to test (a) the unique relations of children’s HL and EL proficiency and parents’ American and heritage cultural orientations to parenting styles, and (b) the relations of parenting styles to children’s adjustment. Results showed that children’s expressive HL proficiency and parents’ American and heritage cultural orientations were positively associated with authoritative parenting, which in turn was associated with children’s lower externalizing problems and higher prosocial behaviors. Children’s expressive EL was negatively associated with parents’ use of authoritarian parenting, and both expressive and receptive HL were negatively associated with children’s expressed sadness. These results indicate that children’s HL development and parents’ host and heritage cultural orientations are associated with socioemotional benefits for young DLLs growing up in low-income immigrant families.
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Darabant, Adrian Sergiu, Diana Borza e Radu Danescu. "Recognizing Human Races through Machine Learning—A Multi-Network, Multi-Features Study". Mathematics 9, n. 2 (19 gennaio 2021): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9020195.
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The human face holds a privileged position in multi-disciplinary research as it conveys much information—demographical attributes (age, race, gender, ethnicity), social signals, emotion expression, and so forth. Studies have shown that due to the distribution of ethnicity/race in training datasets, biometric algorithms suffer from “cross race effect”—their performance is better on subjects closer to the “country of origin” of the algorithm. The contributions of this paper are two-fold: (a) first, we gathered, annotated and made public a large-scale database of (over 175,000) facial images by automatically crawling the Internet for celebrities’ images belonging to various ethnicity/races, and (b) we trained and compared four state of the art convolutional neural networks on the problem of race and ethnicity classification. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest, data-balanced, publicly-available face database annotated with race and ethnicity information. We also studied the impact of various face traits and image characteristics on the race/ethnicity deep learning classification methods and compared the obtained results with the ones extracted from psychological studies and anthropomorphic studies. Extensive tests were performed in order to determine the facial features to which the networks are sensitive to. These tests and a recognition rate of 96.64% on the problem of human race classification demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
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Numanović, Almedina, Željko Mladenović, Vladimir Janjić e Branimir Radmanović. "PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE DEPENDENCE". Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 24, n. 1 (gennaio 2018): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220182401177563.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Excessive physical exercise combined with certain psychic and sociodemographic factors can lead to dependence. Objective: To examine which factors lead to the emergence of exercise dependence. Methods: Sample consisted of 103 men (mean age 27.3 years, SD 6.127) who performed exercises at gyms at least three times a week in the last year or more in Novi Pazar, Sjenica, Raska and Tutin, Serbia. Participants completed questionnaires and took appropriate tests. Results: Our results showed that there is no association between exercise dependence and financial status, number of siblings, level of education, family stability, health, and medication use among the interviewees. However, it was found that the degree of exercise dependence is associated with marital status and problems with the law. Regression analysis showed that body dysmorphia, body mass index and aggressiveness are better predictors of exercise dependence. Conclusion: People whose self-perception is dismorphic have lower self-esteem, and exercise in gyms to improve their physical appearance. If we consider other characteristics, such as unfavorable BMI, problems with the lаw and being single, it is hardly surprising these individuals cross the line between healthy exercise and exercise dependence. An important finding is that aggressiveness and exercise dependence are related to problems with the law due to aggression, and body dysmorphia. Level of Evidence; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.
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Kennedy, Robert S., Julie M. Drexler, Gene G. Rugotzke e Janet J. Turnage. "Application of Multiple Cut-Offs for Fitness for Duty Testing". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, n. 12 (ottobre 1996): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604001203.
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“Sensitivity,” (percentage correct detections of the number treated) is the most often used index of psychological tests or test battery adequacy, although other factors (stability, reliability, other forms of validity, usability, etc.) are also reported as positive features. This paper reports on a method to improve “specificity” [ratio of persons correctly identified as not treated to total number not treated]. Specificity issues are a great concern, where behavioral testing may be used for managerial or regulatory decisions about workers. In such cases the percentage of workers with appreciable dosages may be < 10% and false positive percentages thereby become important. In two alcohol experiments, we empirically validated different multiple cut-offs seeking good false positive rates. In two additional alcohol studies we cross validated our optimum findings and found false positive rates of 3.6% (96.4% specificity) can be achieved with a combination of 6% decrement on three of four tests while retaining adequate sensitivity.
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Sutarto, Auditya Purwandini, Shanti Wardaningsih e Wika Harisa Putri. "Work from home: Indonesian employees' mental well-being and productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic". International Journal of Workplace Health Management 14, n. 4 (25 maggio 2021): 386–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-08-2020-0152.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore to what extent employees' mental well-being affects their productivity while working from home (WFH) during the COVID-19 crisis and whether mental well-being and productivity differ across some socio-demographic factors.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional study with online questionnaires was designed with 472 valid responses in Indonesia. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ) were administered. Non-parametric tests and structural equation modeling were employed to analyze the data.FindingsThe prevalence of depression was 18.4%, anxiety 46.4% and stress 13.1%, with relatively good productivity. Gender, age, education level, job experiences, marital status, number of children and nature of the organization were associated with the employees' psychological health but not with their productivity, while the workspace availability influenced both outcomes. The study path model showed the negative correlation between WFH employees' psychological well-being and productivity.Research limitations/implicationsThis study may contribute to the implication of current mandatory WFH on mental well-being and productivity. Further studies need to address the representativeness and generalizability issues as well as incorporating potential stressors.Practical implicationsOrganizations may adopt WFH as a future working arrangement and identify the individual and occupational characteristics that provide the most impacts on productivity. It is also necessary for them to develop proper strategies to mitigate the psychological risks and overcome the WFH challenges.Originality/valueThere is still a lack of studies investigating the relationship between simultaneous effects of WFH on psychological well-being and productivity, and how they affect some socio-demographic variables in the context of COVID-19.
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Neto, Félix. "Intercultural Relations Among Guinean Immigrants Living in Portugal: Testing Multiculturalism, Contact, and Integration Hypotheses". Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 8, n. 2 (15 aprile 2021): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/641.
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This study tests several specific predictions derived from three general core hypotheses of intercultural relations (multiculturalism, contact, and integration hypotheses). The participants were 405 migrants from Guinea-Bissau (51 percent women). Their average age was 38 years. The average length of stay in Portugal was 18 years. Data collection involved the completion of questionnaires to measure multicultural ideology, security, cultural identity, contact, perceived discrimination, acculturation strategies, mental health problems, sociocultural adaptation, and tolerance. In concert with the multiculturalism hypothesis, security and cultural identity positively predicted multicultural ideology. The contact hypothesis was partially confirmed given that intercultural contact did not predict perceived discrimination, although contact predicted national identity. Regarding the integration hypothesis, integration strategy predicted psychological and intercultural adaptations, while the predictors of sociocultural adaptation were assimilation and marginalization. Hence, the integration hypothesis obtained partial support for migrants from Guinea-Bissau residing in Portugal. Finally, some implications of the findings are discussed. This study contributes to extending the integration hypothesis to a recently suggested new form of adaptation, intercultural adaptation. Feelings of being secure in the larger society and one’s identity contributes to higher acceptance of diversity.
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Faden, Eric, Aaron Mitchel, Alexander Murph, Taylor Myers e Nathan C. Ryan. "Mr. Hulot’s Invisible Gorilla". Projections 15, n. 2 (1 giugno 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/proj.2021.150201.
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This article examines the work of mid-century French filmmaker Jacques Tati. Tati suggested that his films allow more visual freedom to audiences and that audiences discover new material upon multiple viewings of his films. We review the scholarship on Tati, especially in relation to critic André Bazin’s theories of realism, and then propose another model for understanding Tati’s films: the psychological concept of inattentional blindness. The article then discusses our experiment using eye tracking technology to study how subjects watch Tati’s films versus other types of cinema and also how they re-watch films. Finally, we applied several statistical and mathematical tests to the eye tracking data to understand key differences between Tati’s films and other filmmaking practices.
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شادن خليل حسين عليوات, شادن خليل حسين عليوات. "Cognitive Flexibility as the Mediator between Unemployment Anxiety and Psychological Wellbeing among University Students with Disabilities". journal of King Abdulaziz University Arts And Humanities 28, n. 14 (20 maggio 2020): 299–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/art.28-14.10.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Many previous studies confirm that anxious individuals usually express lower wellbeing. Additionally, being anxious usually undermines cognitive performance and prevents development of new ways of achieving desired levels of wellbeing, by reducing cognitive flexibility. This makes cognitive flexibility a possible mediator for the negative relationship between anxiety and wellbeing. Objectives: This study tests if cognitive flexibility serves as a mediator between anxiety and psychological wellbeing, with a special focus on the unemployment anxiety experienced by individuals with disabilities. Methods: Research assistants collected the data from 155 Saudi individuals with different disabilities (71 men and 84 women) between February and May 2019. The data was collected by questionnaires (Unemployment Anxiety Questionnaire, Ryff’s Psychological Wellbeing Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Inventory), and analyzed in R. After checking for and obtaining valid factor structures, path analyses were conducted to obtain the results. Results: The applied path analyses have shown that cognitive flexibility serves as a partial mediator between unemployment anxiety and psychological wellbeing.. Conclusion: Cognitive flexibility partially mediates the relationship between unemployment anxiety and wellbeing. However, the failure to replicate the factor structures of the applied questionnaires provides both valuable insight into potential cultural differences and highlights the need to replicate the study with the use of more culturally adapted and validated measures.
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Agarwal, Upasna A. "Examining PCB-Outcomes Relationship: Moderating Role of Individualism". Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 39, n. 2 (aprile 2014): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920140210.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the current climate of continuing economic uncertainty caused by major developed nations struggling with high-debt and sub-par growth, employee goodwill, motivation, and cooperation are fragile yet critical for organizational success. These attitudes and behaviours can be powerfully influenced by the fulfillment of psychological contracts. Psychological Contract is a useful framework for examining the quality of employeeorganization relationship. Psychological Contract Breach (PCB), defined as the cognition that one's organization has failed to meet one or more obligations within one's psychological contract in a manner commensurate with one's contributions, has deleterious effects of employee motivation. Despite the growing amount of research about psychological contracting, a review of studies on PCB indicates that there are deficiencies in the literature which need to be addressed. Firstly, limited efforts have been made to examine the effects of individual dispositions on PCB. Secondly, although trust has been examined as an essential condition for establishment of social exchange, there is paucity of research on the effect of PCB on trust. Thirdly, there have been fairly good number of studies examining the effects of breach. However, these studies seem to have been stuck in terms of examining only specific group of outcome variables. Further, much of the published research on PCB has been experienced by a single cohort of MBA graduates making generalization of findings for more diverse sample populations difficult. Finally, much of our current knowledge about PCB is based on the studies conducted in the West. Since different national cultures display varied cultural elements in the workplace, drawing parallels from studies conducted in other collectivistic cultures will not be appropriate. This work is significant for four reasons: It examines the effect of PCB on trust and work engagement It examines the mediating role of trust in PCB-engagement relationship It tests the moderating role of individualism and collectivism value orientation It examines PCB in a novel geographical context. Results of this study with 501 Indian managerial employees working in eight organizations in India suggest that: PCB is related to trust and work engagement. Trust mediates the PCB-engagement relationship. Individualism⁄Collectivism moderates the PCB-trust relationship.
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Sabharwal, Alka, Babita Goyal e K. E. Sadanandan Unni. "Effect of Lockdown due to COVID-19 on Psychological Health of Young Adults- A Survey Report". Journal of Medical Research 6, n. 5 (28 ottobre 2020): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2020.6507.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background- Uncertainties are prevailing duringunprecedented COVID-19 outbreak time affecting higher studies/careers of undergraduate and graduate students. Aims- To identify symptoms of psychological problems existing in young adults in general and also, the effect of forced quarantine due to COVID-19lockdowns on their psychological behaviour. Setting and Design- A cross-sectional study through an online survey using 17+extended English version of the Strength and Difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) to measure effect of lock down / forced quarantine on psychological behaviour of young adults in India at the time of pandemic. Methods and Material- Survey was carried in the months of May-June 2020 among college/university students and 1020 responses were obtained. Absolute and relative frequency distributions are computed.Scores of the five SDQ scales, difficulty scores and impact score are compared gender wise. Statistical analysis-The effects of gender and chronicity are tested using permutation test. Chi square tests of goodness of fit and independent attributes are applied. Results and Conclusions- The 16.93%, 14.38 %,3.94 %,16.07 % of respondentsare under significant risk categories for Emotional, Conduct, Hyperactivity, and Peer problem scalesrespectively.Except for Prosocial scale, there is no effect of gender on other scales as the p value is greater than 0.05. There is significant difference in observed numbers under all categories from the expected SDQ standards on 877 distressed respondents as p value < 0.001. Irrespective of gender, the prolonged lockdown due to COVID-19 is affecting psychological behaviour of young adults.
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Stevenson, Harold W., Chuansheng Chen e Shinying Lee. "Motivation and Achievement of Gifted Children in East Asia and the United States". Journal for the Education of the Gifted 16, n. 3 (aprile 1993): 223–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016235329301600302.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Analyses were conducted of data from 5 studies related to the academic achievement and cognitive abilities of students in Japan, Taiwan, Mainland China, and the United States. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data were available for students in kindergarten and grades 1, 5, and 11. The analyses compared the top 10 percent of students with the 10 percent of the students whose scores clustered most closely to the average on (a) tests of cognitive ability and then on (b) tests of mathematics achievement. The high ability students in Asian samples outperformed high ability American students in mathematics at grade level 1, 5, and 11 but not in reading. Parents of high ability students in the United States had a higher opinion of their children's ability and performance than did Japanese parents of high ability students. Many factors related to high ability and/or to high achievement are discussed, including mothers' and students'evaluations of the students' abilities and personality characteristics, attributional beliefs, sources of motivation, psychological well-being, and demographic factors. The relation of cognitive ability to academic achievement is also discussed.
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Zou, Changqing, Weiyu Zhang, Kristin Sznajder, Fengzhi Yang, Yajing Jia, Ruqing Ma, Can Cui e Xiaoshi Yang. "Factors Influencing Anxiety Among WeChat Users During the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mainland China: Cross-sectional Survey Study". Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, n. 5 (17 maggio 2021): e24412. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24412.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background The rapid outbreak of COVID-19 around the world has adversely affected the mental health of the public. The prevalence of anxiety among the public has increased dramatically during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are few studies evaluating the effects of positive psychological responses and information-seeking behaviors on anxiety experienced among social media users during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective This study evaluated the prevalence of anxiety and its associated factors among WeChat users in mainland China during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods From February 10 to February 24, 2020, a nationwide, web-based cross-sectional survey study was carried out using convenience sampling. Participants’ levels of anxiety, positive psychological responses, and information-seeking behaviors were assessed. The survey was distributed among WeChat users via the WeChat smartphone platform. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the factors associated with anxiety. Results This study found that the prevalence of anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item [GAD-7] scale score ≥7) among WeChat users in China was 17.96% (446/2483) during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that information-seeking behaviors such as cannot stop searching for information on COVID-19, being concerned about the COVID-19 pandemic, and spending more than 1 hour per day consuming information about the pandemic were found to be associated with increased levels of anxiety. Additionally, participants who chose social media and commercial media as the primary sources to obtain information about the COVID-19 pandemic were found more likely to report anxiety. Conversely, participants who were confident or rational about the COVID-19 pandemic were less likely to report anxiety. Conclusions This study found that positive psychological responses and information-seeking behaviors were closely associated with anxiety among WeChat users during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. It might be paramount to enhance mental well-being by helping people respond to the COVID-19 pandemic more rationally and positively in order to decrease symptoms of anxiety.
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Haible, Stephanie, Carmen Volk, Yolanda Demetriou, Oliver Höner, Ansgar Thiel e Gorden Sudeck. "Physical Activity-Related Health Competence, Physical Activity, and Physical Fitness: Analysis of Control Competence for the Self-Directed Exercise of Adolescents". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 1 (19 dicembre 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010039.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
(1) Background: Individuals have to effectively manage their physical activity in order to optimize the associated physical and psychological health benefits. Control competence allows the individual to structure and pace physical activity in a health-enhancing way. The concept was developed within a model of physical activity-related health competence, and is related to the concepts of health literacy and physical literacy. Therefore, the study firstly aimed to validate a self-report scale to measure the physical and psychological facets of control competence in adolescents. Secondly, relationships between control competence and its basic elements, knowledge and motivation, as well as between control competence, sport activity, and fitness, were investigated. (2) Methods: In two cross-sectional studies, ninth grade adolescents (study A: n = 794, 51% female; study B: n = 860, 52% female) were tested using self-report scales (study A and B), a test for health-related fitness knowledge (study B), and cardiovascular and muscular fitness tests (study B). (3) Results: Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the two-factor structure of the self-report scale for control competence in studies A and B. In addition, the results of structural equation modeling in study B showed a relationship between motivation (via control competence) and sport activity, and a relationship between control competence and fitness. (4) Conclusion: The questionnaire extends the ability to assess control competence in adolescents. Moreover the findings support the importance of control competence in order to achieve health benefits through physical activity.
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Gilbert, G. Ronald, Ravipreet S. Sohi e Adriana G. McEachern. "Measuring work preferences". Career Development International 13, n. 1 (8 febbraio 2008): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13620430810849542.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce a multidimensional work preference research instrument, and to relate scores on these dimensions with subjects' real world work choices.Design/methodology/approachRepeated samples of 1,002 and 975 adult subjects were used to identify 17 empirically derived constructs, using both EFA and CFA statistical applications. The CFA revealed measurement invariance among the predicted and measured constructs. The 17 validated constructs were culled from career development‐related psychology that has variously been identified with learning styles, work interests, work values, and temperament. Using a third sample of 590 subjects, MANOVA analyses of work preference scores were conducted with working adults, representing ten different types of work. When the scores on the 17 measures were compared with occupational choices made by the subjects, significant differences in outcomes were identified, indicating commonality within specific work types.Research limitations/implicationsBecause the work preference construct is relatively new and fluid, continuous research is needed to gain greater understanding of the construct and its characteristics. Additional sampling and tests for measurement invariance are indicated using cross‐national samples, as well as non‐English‐speaking languages. Samples from younger, pre‐career subjects in secondary schools and representing a wide array of demographic characteristics are also needed as the research progresses. In addition, more studies are needed to test for predictive validity, using other unobtrusive performance measures taken at different points in time.Practical implicationsMultiple measures embedded in one tool may prove useful aids to people when making career choice decisions that are associated with the selection of short‐term work placement, long‐term career occupations, and academic fields of study. The development of this tool will enable career development researchers to examine the relationships of psychological constructs identified with different fields of psychological measurement, and examine these constructs as they relate to classroom, organizational and cross‐national contexts.Originality/valueThe creation of a tool consisting of measures from multiple psychological fields for use in short‐term career planning, job placement, and enrichment is novel. When combined, the multiple constructs used in this instrument have been found to provide a constellation of useful indicators that are related to career choice and work placement decisions. The measures are also likely to be useful in cross‐national research contexts.
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Charkhabi, Morteza. "Do cognitive appraisals moderate the link between qualitative job insecurity and psychological-behavioral well-being?" International Journal of Workplace Health Management 11, n. 6 (3 dicembre 2018): 424–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-01-2018-0008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to detect the association between qualitative job insecurity and well-being related outcomes and to determine the extent to which cognitive appraisals of job insecurity moderate this association. According to appraisal theory, it is anticipated a hindrance appraisal of job insecurity to amplify and a challenge appraisal of job insecurity to buffer this association. Design/methodology/approach To test the hypotheses, 250 healthcare employees from different departments of an Iranian large public hospital were recruited. Participants responded to scales on qualitative job insecurity, cognitive appraisals, job satisfaction, emotional exhaustion, absenteeism and presenteeism. Findings Results showed that qualitative job insecurity negatively influenced both psychological and behavioral well-being; however, this influence was greater for psychological well-being than for behavioral well-being. Besides, the moderation tests showed that only the hindrance appraisals of job insecurity amplified the link between job insecurity and psychological outcomes. Research limitations/implications This study sampled employees from a public hospital and did not include employees from private hospitals. This may limit the generalizability of the findings. Also, due to using a cross-sectional research design we encourage future studies to replicate the same findings using other different research designs. Practical implications The findings aid occupational health psychologists to design particular interventions for protecting those aspects of employee’s well-being that are more vulnerable when qualitative job insecurity is chronically perceived. Originality/value Together, these findings suggest that the hindrance appraisals of qualitative job insecurity are more likely to moderate the link between job insecurity and well-being outcomes.
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Do Carmo Ferruzzi, Luciana Paula, Letícia Resende Davi, Daniela Cristina Braga de Lima, Marcelo Tavares e Alessandra Maia de Castro. "Oral health-related quality of life of athletes with disabilities: a cross sectional study". Bioscience Journal 37 (20 gennaio 2021): e37008. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v37n0a2021-53664.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Several studies have suggested that athletes with disabilities experience more difficulties having access to oral health care than the population in general. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of socio-demographic/socio-economic factors, oral hygiene habits and clinical oral health conditions on the OHRQoL – Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (assessed with the Oral Health Impact Profile 14 – OHIP-14) on a sample of athletes with heterogeneous types of disabilities. Altogether, 105 athletes with disabilities were evaluated. Cross-sectional data was collected including interviews to obtain socio-demographic/socio-economic data, the OHIP-14 and clinical oral examinations parameters. The outcome variable was the OHIP-14 severity score. The explanatory variables were sex, age, monthly household income, level of schooling, frequency of toothbrushing and flossing, gingival bleeding, periodontal disease, trauma in incisors, prosthesis wearing and needs, number of sound teeth, DFMT (decayed, filled and missing teeth) index and its isolate components. Mann-Whitney, Kruskall-Wallis and Spearman tests used to compare OHIP-14 severity scores associated with the explanatory variables. The mean OHIP-14 severity score for the sample was 9.32 (SD 8.99) and the most affected domain was Physical Pain (mean 2.63; SD 1.97), followed by Psychological Discomfort (mean 1.81; SD 2.02). Significant differences in mean OHIP-14 scores were found for periodontal disease, need for complete dentures, number of sound teeth, DFMT index and its components. These results suggest that these clinical parameters can be related to impaired OHRQoL for this population.
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Ramirez, Carole, Véronique Christophe, Charlotte Dassonneville e Delphine Grynberg. "Caregivers’ quality of life and psychological health in response to functional, cognitive, neuropsychiatric and social deficits of patients with brain tumour: protocol for a cross-sectional study". BMJ Open 7, n. 10 (ottobre 2017): e016308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016308.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
IntroductionPatients with gliomas generally present cognitive, neuropsychiatric and functional deficits. Although previous research has shown that their caregivers present a poor quality of life and poor mental health, only a few studies have tested in a comprehensive way which deficits/preserved abilities of patients predominantly impact their caregivers. Furthermore, only a few studies have focused on the social impact of gliomas, which may also damage the caregivers’ quality of life. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aims to investigate which patients’ impairments are particularly deleterious for the caregivers and whether the histological characteristics of the gliomas also affect their quality of life.Methods and analysisIn order to examine these research questions, this study intends to include 180 patients (60 patients with grade II gliomas, 60 patients with grade III gliomas and 60 patients with grade IV gliomas), their caregivers and 60 healthy controls. While patients will complete a full battery of cognitive, neuropsychiatric, functional and social tests, caregivers will complete questionnaires about their quality of life, depression, anxiety and burden. Patients’ performances and caregivers’ reports of depression and anxiety will be compared with the scores of healthy controls. Eventually, our aim will be to provide specific care support both to reduce patients’ deficits and alleviate caregivers’ difficulties.Ethics and disseminationThe study has obtained the approval of the local faculty ethics committee (‘Comité d’éthique en sciences comportementales’; 2016–5 S41 and 2015–3 S37). On completion of the study, data will be kept by Lille University for 5 years before they are destroyed. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publications and conference presentations with no reference to a specific individual.
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Luo, Na, Martijn Van Heel e Karla Van Leeuwen. "Perspectives of Early Adolescents, Parents, and Grandparents on Parenting Behaviors in China". Journal of Early Adolescence 40, n. 8 (15 aprile 2020): 1244–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431620912476.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In China, both parents and grandparents play an important role in child-rearing. However, it is unclear whether parenting behaviors reported by early adolescents, parents, and grandparents are comparable. Therefore, this study investigated (a) cross-generational validity of reporting (grand)parenting behavior based on perspectives of adolescents, parents, and grandparents; (b) mean differences in parenting across informants; and (c) how (grand)parenting is related to adolescent’s problem behaviors. The sample included 1,149 early adolescents, 1,038 mothers, 926 fathers, and 248 grandparents. Confirmatory factor analyses showed scalar measurement invariance for a five-factor parenting model, including parental support, proactive control, punitive control, harsh punitive control, and psychological control, across informants. Pearson correlations indicated evidence for agreement between informant dyads. Paired samples t-tests showed the lowest scores for grandparents on all parenting variables. By comparing covariance matrices, the results suggested that interrelations of parenting dimensions and associations between parenting and problem behaviors differ for different family members.
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N, Lamichhane, Thapa D.K e Tamrakar B.K. "Quality of life in substance dependence syndrome". Asian Journal of Health Sciences 1, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2013): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/ajhs.v1i1.414.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Euphoriant or consciousness altering substance is detrimental to the quality of life of the users. However, due to paucity of studies it is difficult to draw an overall picture of the connection between substance use and quality of life. Fishtail Hospital and Research Centre Pvt. Ltd is located at Pokhara. It is a well-known region in Nepal which has high prevalence of the substance dependence and thus warrants certain effective strategies to address this public health problem. This is a cross- sectional, descriptive hospital based study. After informed consent by administering a semi-structured clinico-socio- demographic performa 60 subjects were included. ICD-10 criteria were used for the diagnosis. The Nepali version of WHOQOL-BREF was administered to assess the quality of life10. Data were analysed by using appropriate tools like Chi-square and Fisher exact tests for association between the continuous variable. The relevant socio-demographic and clinical profiles were also incorporated. The subjects made two groups 30 with alcohol dependence (ADS) and 30 with injecting drug use (IDU). QOL in all spheres was low in all the subjects but with IDU it was even poorer. Among the domain score of both the group of subjects the most affected areas were the psychological health followed by physical health while social and environmental health were relatively less affected.QOL in all spheres was low in all the subjects but with IDU it was even poorer. The most affected areas were the psychological health and physical health.
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Vanegas, Emanuel, Miguel Felix, German D. Ramon, Orlando López Jove, Edgar Emilio Matos Benavides, Iván Tinoco-Morán, Jonathan A. Bernstein e Iván Cherrez-Ojeda. "Influence of alexithymia on the management of Latin American patients with asthma: A cross-sectional study". SAGE Open Medicine 8 (gennaio 2020): 205031212093091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312120930913.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objectives: In asthmatic patients, studies suggest that alexithymia leads to negative consequences and emotions that can affect physical, psychological, and social aspects of life. We designed this study to determine the frequency of alexithymia in Latin American patients with asthma, as well as to understand how this personality trait and each of its components interact with asthma severity and demographic variables, and their implications on treatment adherence and disease control under such setting. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, involving 265 Latin American patients with asthma. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were reported. The presence of alexithymia, asthma severity, and control, as well as treatment adherence, was analyzed. To assess the presence of alexithymia, the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale was used. For the statistical analyses, we performed Kendall’s tau-b correlation coefficient, chi-square tests for association, and one-way analysis of variance. Results: A total of 265 patients participated in the study with a gender distribution of 69.4% female and an average age of 54.7 years. In total, 30.2% of individuals presented alexithymia. There was a statistically significant correlation between educational level and 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale categories ( p < .001), as well as a higher proportion of severe (35.1%, p = .001) and uncontrolled (50.0%, p = .185) asthma in patients with alexithymia. A higher proportion of patients with some level of non-adherence was seen on those with uncontrolled asthma (68.5%, p = .008). Conclusion: Our results suggest that in our sample, 3 in 10 Latin American asthma patients have alexithymia, and such mental condition is more common in those individuals with lower educational levels. Individuals with alexithymia present with severe asthma more frequently than do patients with possible or no alexithymia and are also more likely to have their disease uncontrolled.
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Cheung, Kin, Jeremy Ng, Hilda Tsang, Kelvin K. L. Pang, C. L. Johnny Wan e Kristin Moser. "Factors Affecting Direct and Transfer Entrants’ Active Coping and Satisfaction with the University". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 8 (18 aprile 2020): 2803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082803.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Psychological wellbeing is vital to public health. University students are the future backbone of the society. Direct and transfer entrants might encounter different adjustment issues in their transition from secondary school or community college to university studies. However, worldwide, the factors affecting their active coping and satisfaction with the university are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to address this gap. Nine-hundred-and-seventy-eight direct entrants and 841 transfer entrants, recruited by convenience sampling, completed a cross-sectional survey study in 2018. A valid and reliable Hong Kong modified Laanan-Transfer Student Questionnaire (HKML-TSQ) was used to collect data. Multiple methods of quantitative data analysis were employed, including factor analyses, test of model fit, t-tests, correlations, and linear regression. The results showed that the transfer entrants had relatively less desirable experiences in their adjusting processes than did the direct entrants. There was evidence of both common and different factors affecting the two groups’ active coping and satisfaction with the university. Different stakeholders from community colleges, universities, and student bodies should work collaboratively to improve students’ transitional experiences before, during and after admission to the university.
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Damone, Anna L., Anju E. Joham, Deborah Loxton, Arul Earnest, Helena J. Teede e Lisa J. Moran. "Depression, anxiety and perceived stress in women with and without PCOS: a community-based study". Psychological Medicine 49, n. 09 (22 agosto 2018): 1510–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002076.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractBackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with increased psychological distress in clinical populations. We aimed to assess depression, anxiety and perceived stress in women with and without PCOS in a large community-based sample and investigate the role of stress in contributing to and mediating the relationship between PCOS, depression and anxiety.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis was performed from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health (ALWSH) comparing women with (n = 478) or without (n = 8134) a self-reported diagnosis of PCOS. Main outcome measures were depression, anxiety and perceived stress measured using validated scales. The χ2 and t tests were used to assess differences between groups. Univariable and multivariable regression were performed to determine factors contributing to each outcome.ResultsWomen reporting PCOS, compared with women not reporting PCOS, reported higher prevalence of depression (27.3% v. 18.8%), anxiety symptoms (50% v. 39.2%) and greater score for perceived stress (1.01 ± 0.03 v. 0.88 ± 0.01). After adjusting for body mass index, infertility and socio-demographic factors, women with PCOS were still more likely to be depressed, anxious and to have a higher level of perceived stress. There was a high-level mediation effect of stress between PCOS and both depression and anxiety.ConclusionCompared with women not reporting PCOS, women reporting PCOS have increased depression, anxiety and perceived stress. Stress may play a role in the association between PCOS, depression and anxiety. Further studies should consider assessment and management of stress in PCOS as it may be relevant for understanding the aetiology and treatment of psychological distress.
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Bersani, F. S., O. Wolkowitz e E. Epel. "A Phenotype Of Resiliency? Cross-Sectional Psychobiological Differences Between Caregivers Who Are Vulnerable vs. Resilient To Depression, And Controls". European Psychiatry 33, S1 (marzo 2016): S524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1940.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
IntroductionBeing a caregiver of chronically ill children is a source of chronic-psychological stress affecting general physical and mental health. However, there is tremendous variance among caregivers: some may develop stress-related depression, whereas others are more “resilient”. The objective of the study was to phenotypically differentiate on psychobiology caregivers who developed depressive symptoms (“vulnerable”) vs. those who did not (“resilient”) from each other and from age-matched controls.MethodsForty-five mothers of chronically-ill children and 18 controls have been examined. Caregivers were divided via a median split of Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale scores in “resilient” (RCs) and “vulnerable” (VCs). We assessed cognitive, affective, metabolic, neuroendocrine and oxidative markers at rest and in response to a laboratory social stressor. ANCOVAs and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to examine between-group differences.ResultsAlthough RCs compared to VCs had similar levels of objective parenting-related burden (P = 0.51), they had lower subjective distress (P < 0.01) and higher levels of positive affect (P = 0.04). Although RCs compared to controls had higher levels of objective parenting-related burden (P = 0.04), they had greater cortisol suppression post-dexamethasone (P = 0.05), lower F2-isoprostanes/vitamin E ratio (P < 0.01) and lower fasting insulin levels (P = 0.06).DiscussionOur results suggest that caregivers with higher resiliency demonstrate more salutary stress-related functioning in comparison with less resilient caregivers and, more surprisingly, non-caregiver controls. These findings might be interpreted in the spirit of Nietzsche's quote “What does not kill me, makes me stronger” and of the idea that successfully overcoming adversity may be more psychobiologically beneficial than not having been exposed to any adversity.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Gemmati, Donato, Katia Varani, Barbara Bramanti, Roberta Piva, Gloria Bonaccorsi, Alessandro Trentini, Maria Cristina Manfrinato, Veronica Tisato, Alessandra Carè e Tiziana Bellini. "“Bridging the Gap” Everything that Could Have Been Avoided If We Had Applied Gender Medicine, Pharmacogenetics and Personalized Medicine in the Gender-Omics and Sex-Omics Era". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2019): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010296.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Gender medicine is the first step of personalized medicine and patient-centred care, an essential development to achieve the standard goal of a holistic approach to patients and diseases. By addressing the interrelation and integration of biological markers (i.e., sex) with indicators of psychological/cultural behaviour (i.e., gender), gender medicine represents the crucial assumption for achieving the personalized health-care required in the third millennium. However, ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ are often misused as synonyms, leading to frequent misunderstandings in those who are not deeply involved in the field. Overall, we have to face the evidence that biological, genetic, epigenetic, psycho-social, cultural, and environmental factors mutually interact in defining sex/gender differences, and at the same time in establishing potential unwanted sex/gender disparities. Prioritizing the role of sex/gender in physiological and pathological processes is crucial in terms of efficient prevention, clinical signs’ identification, prognosis definition, and therapy optimization. In this regard, the omics-approach has become a powerful tool to identify sex/gender-specific disease markers, with potential benefits also in terms of socio-psychological wellbeing for each individual, and cost-effectiveness for National Healthcare systems. “Being a male or being a female” is indeed important from a health point of view and it is no longer possible to avoid “sex and gender lens” when approaching patients. Accordingly, personalized healthcare must be based on evidence from targeted research studies aimed at understanding how sex and gender influence health across the entire life span. The rapid development of genetic tools in the molecular medicine approaches and their impact in healthcare is an example of highly specialized applications that have moved from specialists to primary care providers (e.g., pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic applications in routine medical practice). Gender medicine needs to follow the same path and become an established medical approach. To face the genetic, molecular and pharmacological bases of the existing sex/gender gap by means of omics approaches will pave the way to the discovery and identification of novel drug-targets/therapeutic protocols, personalized laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures (sex/gender-omics). In this scenario, the aim of the present review is not to simply resume the state-of-the-art in the field, rather an opportunity to gain insights into gender medicine, spanning from molecular up to social and psychological stances. The description and critical discussion of some key selected multidisciplinary topics considered as paradigmatic of sex/gender differences and sex/gender inequalities will allow to draft and design strategies useful to fill the existing gap and move forward.
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Gierl, Mark J., e Samira ElAtia. "Book Review: Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessment". Applied Psychological Measurement 31, n. 1 (gennaio 2007): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146621606288556.
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Spielberger, Charles D. "Cross-Cultural Assessment of Emotional States and Personality Traits". European Psychologist 11, n. 4 (gennaio 2006): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.11.4.297.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Biographical information regarding Wilhelm Wundt and William James is briefly described, and the contributions of these founders of psychology in Europe and the US to the understanding of emotions and personality are reviewed. Important theoretical contributions of Darwin and Freud to the historical evolution of emotions and personality as psychological constructs are also examined. Critical issues and sources of error in the cross-cultural adaptation of psychological tests of emotional states and personality traits are evaluated, emphasizing the importance of construct equivalence in the languages of the tests that are being translated and adapted. The nature of anxiety, anger, depression, and curiosity as fundamental psychological concepts is discussed, and the importance of measuring these vital signs in diagnosis and treatment is emphasized.
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Chen, Ching-Fu, e Ting Yu. "Effects of positive vs negative forces on the burnout-commitment-turnover relationship". Journal of Service Management 25, n. 3 (10 giugno 2014): 388–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/josm-01-2012-0003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine relationships among job demands, job resources, burnout, organizational commitment, and staff turnover intentions in a volunteer workforce setting. Design/methodology/approach – To test empirically the positive and negative forces on the burnout – commitment – turnover relationship, this study uses 190 questionnaires collected from museum volunteers who also hold paid service jobs. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling. Findings – Consistent with previous studies, both job demands and job resources have significant impacts on burnout. Job resources have positive significant impact on organizational commitment. Both burnout and organizational commitment have significant impacts on volunteers’ turnover intentions. Research limitations/implications – An integrated understanding would require different theoretical approaches to volunteering in various settings to determine cross-influences. Moderator analyses might clarify the predictability of job demands and resources. A multilevel research design would provide further insights. Practical implications – To retain their volunteer workforce, firms should grant volunteers sufficient autonomy and allow them to determine their work processes, which not only reduces burnout but also satisfies psychological control needs. Constructive feedback from colleagues offers better organizational support to volunteers. Originality/value – This study identifies and empirically tests key indicators of job demands and job resources for volunteers who also hold paid jobs. It helps explain inconsistent reports of the burnout – organizational commitment link by raising the possibility that it is context specific rather than generic.
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Margaretha, Christine, Widodo Sarjana, Suharto Suharto e Innawati Jusup. "Relationship between Quality of Life, Depression, and Participation in Elderly Integrated Health Service Post among Older Adults". Nurse Media Journal of Nursing 11, n. 2 (11 maggio 2021): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v11i2.33500.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Older adults are susceptible to worsened quality of life (QOL) and depression due to aging. Elderly integrated health service post (EIHSP) is community-based health care that aims to improve older adults’ health; however, not all older adults participate in this health service.Purpose: This study was conducted to assess the relationship between the QOL, depression level, and older adults’ participation in EIHSP.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 102 older adults in a community-dwelling area in Semarang, Indonesia. Respondents were recruited using a total sampling technique. QOL was assessed by the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, while the level of depression was assessed by Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, Spearman, and Sommers’ d tests were used to analyze the data.Results: Higher participation in EIHSP significantly affected QOL on every domain (general quality of life, physical, psychological, social relationship, and environmental domains) with p<0.05. This study also showed that participation in EIHSP had a significant relationship with depression levels (p=0.002). Furthermore, higher depression levels significantly affected QOL on every domain (p<0.05).Conclusion: This study showed that older adults’ participation in EIHSP had a significant relationship with QOL and depression. Community nurses can promote the utilization of EIHSP among older adults for better physical and mental health. Future studies should investigate these relationships in a larger sample size.
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Stankovic, Biljana, Aleksandar Baucal e Tania Zittoun. "Uses of symbolic resources in youth: Moving from qualitative to quantitative approach". Psihologija 42, n. 4 (2009): 437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0904437s.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Youth is a period of intense changes during which young people engage in various transitions resulting in theirs acquisition of a longer time perspective and a system of orientation, enabling to set priorities and values, and to guide their actions accordingly. In a socio-cultural theoretical background, both the establishment of values and the ability to think time require some psychological distancing from the here and now, distancing which is foremost enabled by semiotic mediation. In our former studies on youth transitions, we observed that young people may use songs, movies, arts, or novels as symbolic resources, that is, as external mediators that seem to support these developmental processes. Through an abductive process linking qualitative, ideographic data and theoretical elaboration, we proposed a theoretical 7 dimensional model for analyzing people's uses of symbolic resources. This model was then turned to a first, provisional questionnaire aiming at testing the model, whose items were extracted from the first empirical investigation. In this paper, we attempted to tests this questionnaire on a population of young people in Serbia. The symbolic resources questionnaire was tested on a sample of young people (N=475). A SEM analysis was used to test the model. At large, the theoretical model is verified. However, an unexpected, very strong correlation between the dimensions had to be explained. We finally propose a further adaptation to the questionnaire.
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Arana, Fernán G., Mariana C. Miracco, Marina S. Galarregui e Eduardo G. Keegan. "A Brief Cognitive Behavioural Intervention for Maladaptive Perfectionism in Students: A Pilot Study". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 45, n. 5 (9 giugno 2017): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465817000406.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background:Researchers focused on developing therapeutic strategies for perfectionism given its well-established link to the onset and maintenance of several mental disorders. Meta-analytical findings provided support for the efficacy of cognitive behavioural (CB) approaches. However, most studies have focused on the efficacy of interventions, without analysing their efficiency.Aims:To explore the feasibility of a brief (five weekly sessions) CB group intervention focused on reducing perfectionistic concerns in Argentine students. We also aimed to identify participants who benefited from the intervention and to explore their differences with non-respondents. A third aim was to explore the potential merits of the intervention in a different cultural context as this is the first attempt to adapt an English-spoken protocol to the Spanish language.Method:A quasi-experimental design with two time points was used. Twenty-four out of 84 participants (mean age = 27.75 years,SD= 8.3) were classified as maladaptive perfectionists.Results:Pairedt-tests and reliable change index comparisons revealed that most students (75%) statistically and clinically reduced their levels of perfectionistic concerns as well as their perfectionistic strivings. General distress, operationalized as anxious and depressive symptoms, was also decreased. Students who completed and responded to the intervention were more dysfunctional in academic and psychological measures at baseline than non-completers and non-improvers.Conclusions:Findings support the feasibility, preliminary efficacy and efficiency of this five weekly session intervention when applied to a sample of Argentine university students.
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Loughan, Ashlee, Sarah Braun, Mariya Husain, Farah Aslanzadeh, Rachel Boutte e Autumn Lanoye. "QOLP-06. EXISTENTIAL DISTRESS: UNADDRESSED CONCERNS FOR ADULT NEURO-ONCOLOGY PATIENTS". Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (novembre 2019): vi198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.826.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract BACKGROUND Primary brain tumor (PBT) patients may experience existential distress including fear of cancer recurrence and death anxiety; however, to date few have examined this issue. The objectives of this study were twofold: first, to systematically review PBT representation in the psycho-oncology literature on existential distress, and second, to preliminarily assess the prevalence and correlates of existential distress in a sample of PBT patients. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE METHODS/ RESULTS Three databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, and CINAHL) were systematically searched to identify articles measuring fear of cancer recurrence, fear of dying, or death anxiety in oncology patients. Included studies were examined to determine the frequency of PBT patients and identify exclusion criteria relevant to neuro-oncology. For studies including PBT patients, a more thorough data extraction was undertaken. Systematic searching found 336 studies meeting inclusion criteria (N=133,027). Eight studies (0.16% of the participants) included PBT patients. Exclusion criteria such as cognitive impairment and specific treatment parameters may have prohibited PBT patient participation. Studies including PBT patients used mixed methods with limited demographic analyses; existential distress was correlated with heightened psychological distress and poor quality of life. SECONDARY OBJECTIVE METHODS/ RESULTS A cross-sectional analysis of 81 PBT patients (20–86 years old) was conducted. Patients completed validated questionnaires of death anxiety, death distress, generalized anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Descriptive analyses, t-tests, chi-square, and Pearson correlations were conducted. Up to 79% of PBT patients endorsed death anxiety. These patients were significantly younger, more likely to be female, and have a low-grade brain tumor (p< 0.05). Significant correlations were found between death anxiety and distress and symptoms of anxiety and depression (p< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS PBT patients are underrepresented in existential psycho-oncology literature, despite preliminary findings suggesting prevalence of these concerns. Future investigations of existential distress in neuro-oncology is warranted to inform psychosocial screening and treatment for PBT patients.
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SLONE, MICHELLE, MICHAL ADIRI e AVIV ARIAN. "Adverse Political Events and Psychological Adjustment: Two Cross-Cultural Studies". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 37, n. 10 (ottobre 1998): 1058–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199810000-00016.
Testo completo
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Wahyuningrum, Eka, Natalia Ratna Yulianti e Andri K. Gayatina. "Factors Affecting Sleep Problems in Preschoolers". Nurse Media Journal of Nursing 10, n. 2 (26 aprile 2020): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v10i2.26649.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Sleep problems are self-care deficits of sleep experienced by more than 44% of preschoolers. Some studies have showed that physical, psychological, family, environmental, and temperamental factors could cause sleep problems among children. However, other research showed that there is no correlation between sleep problems and environmental factors. There are pro-cons regarding the causes of sleep problems. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze factors affecting sleep problems among preschoolers.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 297 preschoolers selected by systematic random sampling. Data were collected using the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaires (CSHQ) and analyzed using bivariate (Chi-Square and Fisher tests) and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses. Results: Results of the bivariate analysis showed that some variables were related to sleep problems among preschoolers, including family income (p=0.027), the education level of the mother (p<0.001), and bed-sharing (p=0.003). Multivariate analysis found that factors related to sleep problems were bed-sharing (p=0.031; OR=2.377), gadget use in two hours before sleep (p=0.039; OR= 2.703), and the education level of the mother (p=0.007; OR=2.244).Conclusion: Factors related to sleep problems in preschoolers were bed-sharing, gadget use in two hours before sleep, the education level of the mother, and family income. This study recommends that environmental and family factors should be modified by limiting bed-sharing and reducing the use of gadgets before bedtime.
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Lakeh, Nasrin Mokhtari, Fataneh Bakhshi, Ehsan Kazemnezhad Leyli e Raziyeh Sahranavard. "Investigating the factors related to the tendency to have rhinoplasty in candidates visiting educational and medical centers in the city of Rasht in 2019". Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, n. 7 (30 luglio 2021): 2103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211572103.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: Aesthetics is a value for the current Iranian society, leading to a competition to become more beautiful. According to global studies, Iran has the highest rate of cosmetic surgery in the world. Aim: The present study aims to investigate and determine the factors related to the tendency to have rhinoplasty in candidates visiting educational and medical centers in Rasht. Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study in which 230 samples for rhinoplasty were selected based on the gradual visits to be accepted as candidates. Data collection tools include demographic and researcher-made questionnaires to assess the factors related to rhinoplasty. After determining the factors related to the rhinoplasty, Cronbach's alpha and gamma coefficients were used to determine the internal stability of the factors and questions. ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) and Spearman’s correlation coefficient were used for the factors’ reliability. SPSS-23 was used for data analysis, and the significance level of the tests was P<0.05. Results: The majority (69.6%) of the studied subjects were married and of the average age of 29.61 ± 8.707, and half of the studied subjects (50%) were married. Also, 37% of the studied subjects were housewives, and 47.8% had a high school diploma. The majority (76.5%) of the studied subjects reported their family income to be sufficient. According to the factor loadings in the study, five factors of competitive attitude, social anxiety, openness, unique surgical conditions, and low self-esteem were identified. The internal stability of the factors and questions was also confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha and gamma coefficient. Competitive attitude had the highest correlation with the tendency to have a rhinoplasty. Conclusion: Because of the direct statistical correlation between various individual and psychological factors and the tendency to have rhinoplasty, it is essential to pay serious attention to this phenomenon and plan appropriately for education, counseling, and treatment for people to reduce this dilemma. Keywords: Cosmetic surgery, rhinoplasty
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Faruquie, Sahrish Sonia, Elizabeth Kumiko Parker e Peter Talbot. "Evaluation of patient quality of life and satisfaction with home enteral feeding and oral nutrition support services: a cross-sectional study". Australian Health Review 40, n. 6 (2016): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15083.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objective The aims of the present study, in home enteral nutrition (HEN) patients, were to assess patient satisfaction with the service and quality of life (QOL) scores, and to compare QOL scores in HEN patients with general Australian population values. Methods Self-administered voluntary questionnaires for the present cross-sectional study were mailed out to 322 eligible participants registered with HEN for >5 months. The questionnaires used included a patient satisfaction survey and a validated QOL questionnaire. Data analysis consisted of cross-tabulation, Chi-squared tests and t-tests. Results There were 112 participants. Patients reported satisfaction with information received before discharge (86%), support received after discharge (74%), expertise of the health professional (87%), access to health professionals experienced with HEN (74%), communication between health professionals (74%), costs of HEN supplies (52%) and delivery of HEN supplies (88%). QOL scores related to physical, psychological, social and environment domains were significantly lower in HEN patients than in the Australian reference population (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in QOL and health satisfaction across different clinical areas (0.737 and 0.316, respectively). Conclusion Overall, participants were satisfied with HEN services. Participants had lower QOL scores compared with the Australian general population. Improvements to the HEN service were suggested, including sooner follow-up after hospital discharge; more frequent reviews for long-term patients; and the availability of a multidisciplinary team to manage HEN patients. What is known about the topic? Malnutrition is a common problem in Australian hospitals. Many patients require nutrition support to maintain or improve their nutrition status because of inadequate oral intake, malabsorption of nutrients or because of a disease process. Nutrition support is commonly started in the in-patient setting and, because of faster patient discharge from hospital, HEN is a cost-effective and reliable way of treating patients who continue to need nutrition support after hospital discharge. Inconsistencies exist in service provision of HEN because there is no national or state-wide standardisation of services. Australian studies that have evaluated patient satisfaction with HEN services are lacking. This is of particular importance because HEN service use is increasing. What does this paper add? This study reveals that patients receiving HEN therapy are mostly satisfied with the service provided. Patients surveyed have expressed important aspects of the HEN service include follow-up and advice from health care professionals, low price and home delivery of supplies, emphasising the importance of adequate clinical services, supply and delivery of HEN. QOL is poorer in the HEN patient population compared with the general Australian population. What are the implications for practitioners? Standardisation of HEN services is important to ensure uniformity in service provision to HEN patients. Health services adhering to best practice guidelines for HEN will result in the provision of adequate quality of care, and subsequently improved patient satisfaction and adherence to HEN therapy. Adequate service provision and appropriate monitoring and review of HEN patients in the community may also contribute to better health outcomes and better QOL for patients.
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Kanter, Julie, Amber L. Allison, Caitlin Henry, Sheryl Martin-Schild, Melody Benton, Ernest DeJean, Katarina Unger e Stacy Drury. "The Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) Is Feasible and Valuable for the Evaluation of Neurocognitive Deficits in Pediatric Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: Results of a Pilot Study". Blood 118, n. 21 (18 novembre 2011): 4839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.4839.4839.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Abstract 4839 Background: As children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at significant risk for neurocognitive complications, an automated and objective measure of neurocognitive functioning would address several challenges facing both clinical and research progress in SCD including longitudinal monitoring of deficits, cross-site comparability of neurocognitive tests in multicenter trials, and limited access to pediatric neuropsychologists. The Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) is a well-validated computerized test with significant normative data in individuals age 4 to 80 that has been used to monitor disease progression and treatment response in children and adults with a range of disorders but has not been used previously in SCD. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the CANTAB system is a useful and viable tool for the neurocognitive evaluation of pediatric patients with SCD. We expect that the CANTAB testing will be well tolerated by SCD patients and parents, easy to administer in our comprehensive clinic, and generate valid results that correlate with both medical and psychological outcomes. Methods: 7 CANTAB tests which assess attention, executive function and memory were run on pediatric SCD patients during scheduled clinic visits. Parents completed the child behavior checklist (CBCL) which generates t-scores for children on internalizing, externalizing scales as well as DSM-oriented scales of affective, anxiety, pervasive developmental, attention and oppositional scales. Medical data including SCD genotype, average hemoglobin (hgb), hematocrit (hct), reticulocyte count (rct), lactate dehydrogenase and hospital utilization records (ER visits, # hospital visits in the last year) was collected. Demographic information and a total pain burden assessment were also collected. Results: 11 children with HbSS SCD were enrolled in the pilot study (table 1). All patients successfully completed the CANTAB testing without difficulty. Hgb and rct were associated with strategy score on spatial working memory and the latency score on the motor screening task. Hgb and rct also correlated with internalizing, externalizing, and total symptoms scores on the CBCL (table 2). Specifically lower hgb and higher rct were associated with increased CBCL scores. A regression model incorporating average hgb and total internalizing scores with spatial working memory as the dependent variable revealed a significant interaction between internalizing scores and hgb and a significant model p=.01 and r2 of 0.89 offering preliminary support for a multi-level model incorporating disease and child specific factors (table 2). The total pain burden score correlated error making in several tests including the delayed match to sample test (p=.01), spatial working memory test (p=.06), and Stockings of Cambridge task (p=.0038). The pain burden score was not associated with performance or latency on these tests indicating that pain burden may have a specific association with error making. Pain burden also correlated with the somatic measure on the CBCL (p=.01) indicating cross validation between the two measures. Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility and value of the CANTAB system in evaluating neurocognitive deficits in pediatric patients with SCD. These results can be assessed longitudinally following medical interventions. Furthermore, results indicate a multi-level model that includes medical factors, child specific factors, and demographics may be a more appropriate model to utilize in determining the etiology of neurocognitive deficits in SCD. Ongoing studies with an increased sample size will examine the association of neurocognitive function with SCD genotype, MRI, transcranial doppler studies, and family stress. SWM: Spatial working memory SOC: Stockings of Cambridge MOT: Motor Screening Test Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Fiksenbaum, Lisa, Zdravko Marjanovic e Esther Greenglass. "Financial threat and individuals’ willingness to change financial behavior". Review of Behavioral Finance 9, n. 2 (10 luglio 2017): 128–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rbf-09-2016-0056.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose Financial threat is defined as fearful-anxious uncertainty regarding one’s current and future financial situation. The purpose of this paper is to examine predictors and outcomes of financial threat in two samples of students who completed an online questionnaire for course credit. The theoretical model the authors proposed tested the association between personal debt, anxiety, and economic hardship with financial threat, and in turn, financial threat’s relationship with willingness to change financial behavior (e.g. increase income, cut expenses, and reduce debt), job search activity, and psychological distress. Consistent across samples, structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that the data fit the model and supported all four hypotheses. Debt, economic hardship, and anxiety were all related positively to financial threat, which itself related positively to willingness to change, job search, and psychological distress. Importantly, financial threat mediated the relationship between these economic-situational predictors and affective-behavioral outcomes of financial stain. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. Design/methodology/approach Using an online questionnaire, participants completed measures of economic hardship, intolerance of uncertainty, job search behavior, financial threat, life satisfaction, general health, perceived stress, and willingness to change to financial behavior. The authors developed and tested a model that explores emotional and cognitive reactions to financial stressors following the recession. Findings Results of SEM revealed that the data fit the model and no modification indices were suggested. Examination of parameter estimates indicated that total debt, economic hardship, and anxiety were positively related to financial threat. Financial threat, in turn, positively related to willingness to change one’s financial behaviors, job search, and psychological distress. In addition, economic hardship and anxiety were positively related to psychological distress. That is, individuals who were feeling more threatened by their financial situation were more willing to change their financial situation and were more likely to engage in job search behavior. They were also more likely to report more psychological distress than individuals reporting lower levels of financial threat. Research limitations/implications This study was cross-sectional and therefore precludes causal interpretations of the findings. Longitudinal data with repeated assessments of all measures would help determine the direction of causation. Also, the study relied on self-report data, which is prone to bias. For example, it is possible that some participants did not know their exact debt levels, which may have resulted in an under- or overestimation of debt levels. Future research should extend this line of research using objective measures. While the model tested in this study examined the impact of economic factors on perceived threat, behavior, and psychological distress, it did not include social and psychological resources. For example, the authors did not include measures of social support, coping, or personality, which may moderate the impact of economic variables and stress on psychological distress. Although financial knowledge/literacy was not studied here, future research could include it since it has been associated with a variety of financial behaviors such as cash-flow management, credit management, saving, and investing. There is some evidence that financial literacy can decrease emotional stress and anxiety (Vitt et al., 2000). Practical implications The current study can help researchers and practitioners understand the concept of financial threat among university students. For example, if students have incurred student loans and debt and begin displaying symptoms of distress, like anxiousness, worry, and irritability, they could be referred to a professional experienced in working with emotional and behavioral disorders related to financial issues. It can also help practitioners gain an understanding and insight into clients’ poor financial decision making. Government could initiate programs that help individuals cope with the negative effects of unemployment. Given that young people are experiencing disproportionately high unemployment that can have a lasting adverse effect on employment prospects and future earnings, the current post-secondary curriculum needs to prepare young people for the world of work, and gain a footing in the labor market. One way to achieve this is through high-quality work experiences (e.g. internships/apprenticeships). Identifying ways to mitigate the effects of debt and economic hardship is also imperative. For example, money and debt advice may improve one’s financial circumstances, which, in turn, may improve their physical and psychological well-being. Social implications Future studies could focus on developing models predicting to financial stress using personality, psychological resources, and an objective measure of financial knowledge. Despite these limitations, this research demonstrates how emotional factors need to be included in economic models that also include debt and economic hardship. The study contributes to the economic and psychological literature by documenting how economic hardship and debt influence perceptions of threat, planned behavior, and psychological distress. The authors take a unique approach to describing economic hardship and financial threat as antecedents of distress, job search, and willingness to change. Future research could be directed toward employing the model for predicting behavior that would lessen economic stress and thereby leading to increased psychological well-being. Originality/value The study develops and tests an original theoretical model linking financial, emotional, and psychological variable in a comprehensive framework that is then tested empirically. This model is original with this paper.