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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Rat colon"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 6 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Rat colon"

1

Cox, Helen M. "Receptors for calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in gastrointestinal epithelia". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 73, n. 7 (1 luglio 1995): 974–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y95-135.

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Abstract (sommario):

A pharmacological comparison of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) receptors expressed in normal rat colon mucosa and two human adenocarcinoma cell lines has been undertaken. Using voltage-clamp techniques electrogenic ion transport was continuously monitored across either mucosal preparations or confluent epithelial monolayers grown on permeable supports. The data presented at this meeting show that CGRP receptors are preferentially located on the basolateral epithelial surface and that their stimulation by a variety of CGRP analogues results in enhanced Cl− secretion mediated via a cyclic AMP dependent mechanism. Responses to rat αCGRP in rat descending colon mucosa and in the adenocarcinoma cell line Colony-29 are insensitive to the inhibitory effects of the C-terminal fragment human CGRP(8–37); however, significant inhibition of rat αCGRP responses was observed in the parent epithelial cell line HCA-7. This together with the subtle differences seen in agonist orders of potency in the three preparations indicates that different CGRP receptor subtypes exist in the basolateral domains of HCA-7 compared with rat colon and Colony-29 epithelia.Key words: calcitonin gene related peptide, receptors, ion transport, rat colon, epithelial cell lines.

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2

Svitina, H. M. "THE CULTIVATION OF RAT COLON TUMOR WITH PLACENTAL MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS". Biotechnologia Acta 9, n. 4 (agosto 2016): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech9.04.050.

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3

Potter, G. D., e S. M. Burlingame. "Glucose-coupled sodium absorption in the developing rat colon". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 250, n. 2 (1 febbraio 1986): G221—G226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.2.g221.

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The developing mammalian colon is lined by villi and is capable of glucose and amino acid absorption at birth in the rat. Neither the point at which this capacity is lost nor the effect of the capacity for glucose transport on Na absorption has been studied. We have now applied a system for perfusion of the lumen of in vitro segments of colon from 20-day-old fetal rats, and pups between 6 and 8 days old, to measure Na transport and transepithelial potential difference (PD). The lumens of colons from animals at both ages were perfused with solutions containing glucose or mannitol and 22Na. Net Na transport was 164 +/- 37 mu eq X h-1 X g dry weight tissue perfused-1, as determined by the difference between lumen-to-bath and bath-to-lumen flux in fetal rat colons at day 20. Glucose increased the lumen-to-bath flux by 90 +/- 35 mu eq X h-1 X g-1. PD was immediately increased from -1.7 +/- 0.16 to -8.0 +/- 0.96 mV (lumen with respect to bath) by the addition of glucose, and the change in PD was inhibited by 10(-4) M phlorizin. The PD response to glucose was lost at day 2 of life, but the villus epithelium persisted. Amiloride, 10(-4) M, did not alter PD or Na transport at either age. We conclude that the fetal rat colon exhibits glucose-dependent Na flux at birth but that this property is lost by 6-8 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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4

Butt, Warren G., Michael Wang, James P. Ryan, Jonathan Leiser, Steven T. Kaufman e Sidney Cohen. "Regional Comparison of Rat Colon Mechanics". Neurogastroenterology & Motility 3, n. 2 (28 giugno 2008): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.1991.tb00052.x.

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5

Roman, Marco, María Luisa Fernández Sánchez, Alfredo Sanz-Medel, Héctor González Iglesias, Paolo Cescon e Carlo Barbante. "Selenium speciation in rat colon tissues". J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 26, n. 1 (2011): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ja00116c.

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6

Zhang, Lubo. "Muscarinic receptors in developing rat colon". European Journal of Pharmacology 304, n. 1-3 (maggio 1996): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(96)00130-6.

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7

Karbach, U., e W. Rummel. "Strontium transport in the rat colon". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 335, n. 1 (gennaio 1987): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00165042.

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8

Kigata, Tetsuhito, Hideshi Shibata e Yasushi Kobayashi. "Arterial supply to the rat colon". Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 50, n. 5 (19 agosto 2021): 853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ahe.12730.

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9

Aizman, R. I., G. Celsi, L. Grahnquist, Z. M. Wang, Y. Finkel e A. Aperia. "Ontogeny of K+ transport in rat distal colon". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 271, n. 2 (1 agosto 1996): G268—G274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1996.271.2.g268.

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Abstract (sommario):

Infants need to retain more K+ than adults to avoid growth retardation. Since the K+ requirements are different in infants (I) and in adults (A), the mechanisms regulating K+ homeostasis should also be different. The colon plays an important role for the regulation of K+ homeostasis. Colonic K+ transport is bidirectional. In this study we have examined the development of colonic K+ transport with special reference to the contribution of different K(+)-transporting pathways. The net colonic K+ uptake, as determined by in vivo perfusion studies and by 86Rb uptake, was significantly higher in I than in A rats. In both I and A colon, approximately 80% of total 86Rb uptake was dependent on vanadate-sensitive P-type adenosinetriphosphatases (ATPases), but the contribution of these different ATPases changes during development. The activity of colonic Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, measured as ouabain-sensitive Na(+)-dependent ATP hydrolysis and as 86Rb uptake, was lower in I than in A rats. In contrast, the activity of K(+)-ATPases located in apical membrane and measured as ouabain insensitive and SCH-28080 sensitive, as ouabain-sensitive Na(+)-independent ATP hydrolysis, and as 86Rb uptake was significantly higher in I than in A rats. The ratio between apically located K(+)-ATPases and basolateral Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activities was almost 3.2-fold higher in I than in A colon. We identified with Northern blot the expression of the colonic H(+)-K(+)-ATPase and the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunits. The alpha-mRNA expression of both ATPases was significantly higher in I than in A rats. The pH and K+ sensitivity of the ouabain-insensitive, SCH-28080-sensitive K(+)-ATPase was the same in I and A colons. In conclusion, the relative activity of apical K+ absorbing ATPases is higher in the I than in the A colon, which should aid infants in retaining K+.

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Aguilar, María J., Luis Estañ, Inocencia Martínez-Mir, Manuel Martínez-Abad, Elena Rubio e Francisco J. Morales-Olivas. "Effects of dopamine in isolated rat colon strips". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 83, n. 6 (1 giugno 2005): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y05-031.

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The aim of the present work is to investigate the effects of dopamine on isolated rat colon strips, and whether dopamine receptors are involved in these effects. Experiments on spontaneous motility and under potassium contraction were performed with dopamine and isoprenaline, both in the absence and presence of antagonists (distal colon strips, isotonic recording, Tyrode solution, 31 °C, 1 g of resting tension). At higher concentration (10–4mol/L), dopamine abolished spontaneous motility of the rat colon and this effect was not modified by antagonists. In isolated rat colon strips that were depolarized with potassium, dopamine produced concentration-dependent relaxation, without significant differences in reserpinized rats. Preincubation with sulpiride or Sch 23390, dopamine antagonists, did not modify the effects of dopamine. Propranolol shifted the concentration-response curve to the right, though in a noncompetitive manner. Prazosin and yohimbine (α-antagonists) did not modify the response to dopamine. Isoprenaline produced a concentration-dependent relaxant response to the KCl-induced contraction antagonized by propranolol, but not by prazosin, in a noncompetitive manner. In conclusion, dopamine exhibits a relaxant effect on the isolated rat colon, which is not mediated by specific dopamine receptors or α-adrenoceptors but it may be mediated by atypical β-adrenoceptors. Key words: dopamine, isolated rat colon, dopamine receptors.

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Tesi sul tema "Rat colon"

1

Mook, Olaf Roger Franciscus. "Tumor development of colon cancer in rat liver". [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2004. http://dare.uva.nl/document/88454.

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2

Mckeen, Emma Selina. "Pharmacological properties of functional somatostatin receptors in rat colon". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264162.

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3

Chainani, Rick. "THE EFFECTS OF NEUROTENSIN ON THE RAT DISTAL COLON". VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3205.

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The enteric nervous system controls the gut through the release of specific neurotransmitter and neuromodulators at specific sites such as mucosal secretory cell or smooth muscle cell. In the present study, we have examined the response to one of these neurohumoral agents, Neurotensin, in the rat distal colon. Neurotensin is a paracrine and endocrine modulator of the digestive tract. Even though these effects have been seen in colonic preparations, there are very few functional studies of the effects of Neurotensin in the rat colon, especially the distal colon. In the current study we propose the following hypothesis that Neurotensin will lead to contractile effect on basal tone and phasic contraction in the distal rat colon and will mediate this process primarily through the NT1 receptor. This hypothesis is based on evidence from the mixed action of Neurotensin in other regions of the gut and the more widespread distribution of the NT1 receptor. We have identified two specific aims to investigate this hypothesis. Aim 1 is to investigate the role of Neurotensin in tonic contraction and phasic contraction of the distal rat colon. In this aim, we will expose distal rat colon strips to varying doses of Neurotensin and record changes in basal tone and phasic activity. For our second aim, we will investigate the receptors mediating these responses to Neurotensin. In this aim, we will introduce NT1, NT2, and nonspecific inhibitors to distal rat colon and observe modulation in Neurotensin effects. We will also determine the existence of the receptors via Western Blot. The rat distal colon did respond in a dose-response fashion to varying doses of Neurotensin, but elicited different effects dependent on the strip preparation. When the mucosa was intact, circular muscle responded with an inhibitory effect to phasic activity, but there was little to no change in tonic activity. When the mucosa was removed, the circular muscle responded to Neurotensin by eliciting an increase in tonic activity, but had no effect on phasic activity. The use of SR48692, a specific NT1 receptor inhibitor, showed that the effects that were observed due to Neurotensin were not mediated through the NT1 receptor. With the use of SR142948, a non-selective NT1/NT2 inhibitor, the effects of Neurotensin was completely abolished. This led us to believe that the observed effects were mediated through a Neurotensin receptor and that receptor is likely the NT2 receptor. This was confirmed by the use of the specific NT2 receptor antagonist, levocabastine. The existence of the receptor in rat colon had to be confirmed in order to ensure that the effects observed were mediated through the NT2 receptor and not from an outside mediator. Western Blot analysis confirmed the existence of the NT2 receptor within the mucosa, within the muscle, and within the intact preparation of the distal rat colon. Although these results conflict with our hypothesis, it provides for an interesting template and avenue of exploration.

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4

Karlsson, Pernilla C. "Biomarkers for colon cancer : applications in human and rat studies /". Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-509-7/.

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5

Coleman, Leana. "Dietary fat and fibre alters colon risk in the rat /". Title page and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbc692.pdf.

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6

Du, Chuang. "Motricité du colon chez le Rat nature et contrôle médullaire". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37597298v.

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7

Du, Chuang. "Motricité du colon chez le rat : nature et controle medullaire". Toulouse, INPT, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPT006A.

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A l'aide de la technique d'electromyographie chronique, l'auteur a etudie la motricite du colon chez le rat et son controle medullaire. Il a pu definir un profil moteur colique et determiner le role respectif du systeme sympathique et parasympathique de la substance p et des opioides dans le controle medullaire de la motricite colique

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8

Chin, Ji Jenny. "Fats and Iron in the Rat Colon: Effects on Lipid Peroxidation". DigitalCommons@USU, 1996. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5432.

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Preliminary studies were undertaken to investigate whether or not added iron (0, 35, 880 ppm of iron as ferrous fumarate) and fat type (corn oil, beef tallow, or menhaden oil ) influenced the oxidation of the rat diet during storage . Iron level affected thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values only in the menhaden oil diets. Storage for 4 d did not affect TBA values of the diets . Neither food intake nor body weight of the rats was affected by the different diets, suggesting all diets were equally acceptable to rats. The effects of iron supplementation and fat type on in vivo lipid peroxidation in rat colon were studied. Semi-synthetic diets were formulated to contain 15% (wt/wt) total fat, an amount comparable with human diets, as either 15% corn oil (C), 1% corn oil + 14% beef tallow (B), or 1% corn oil + 14% menhaden oil (M). Diets of each fat type were formuIated with ferrous fumarate to contain 35 ppm iron, a level sufficient to meet the requirement of the rats, or 880 ppm iron, a level similar to that found in iron-fortified breakfast cereals. During a 6-wk study, each of 6 groups of 10 male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats was fed one of the 6 diets (C35, C880, B35, B880, M35, M880). Lipid peroxidation products in the colon mucosa and in the feces were measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and other possible physiological changes were monitored by measuring body weight, and iron levels of the feces and colon mucosa, and by observing the histology of the colon. At the beginning of the trial, each group of rats had similar body weights and TBARS in the feces. After the feeding trial, groups of rats remained similar in body weight, and no histological changes were observed in the colon. However, rats fed the different dietary fats had different (p < 0.05) TBARS in the feces and colon mucosa (BThus, the type of dietary fat was a significant determinant of in vivo lipid peroxidation, independent of dietary iron level. Rats fed the high iron diets had higher TBARS in both the feces and colon mucosa. When compared by dietary fat type, rats fed high iron diets had higher TBARS in the mucosa only if they were also fed the menhaden oil diet. Thus, dietarv iron was a significant determinant of in vivo lipid peroxidation only in combination with menhaden oil. The long-term intake of iron-fortified foods with high menhaden oil may lead to significant increased in vivo lipid peroxidation.

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9

Lynn, Penelope Ann. "An electrophysiological investigation of colonic afferent sensitivity in the rat and mouse - in vitro /". Title page, contents and general abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl989.pdf.

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10

Lund, Elizabeth Kay. "The role of iron in the aetiology of colon cancer". Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323076.

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Libri sul tema "Rat colon"

1

Butterfield, Ian. Characterisation of apical potassium channels in rat distal colon. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1996.

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2

Yiwen, Zhang, e Zheng Xuefang, a cura di. Da zi ran di yen se. Taibei Shi: Qin qin wen hua shi yeh yu xian gong si, 1991.

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3

Nijaz, Hadžić, e Jakšić Želimir, a cura di. Rak debelog crijeva: Iskustvo osječkog programa zaštite. Osijek: JAZU, 1990.

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4

McKeague, William John. The role of Kirsten-RAS in colon cell function and malignant progression. [S.l: The Author], 2002.

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5

Wu, Shusheng. Zhongguo ran zhi shi. Shanghai: Shanghai ren min chu ban she, 1986.

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6

Wu, Shusheng. Zhongguo ran zhi shi. Shanghai: Shanghai ren min chu ban she, 1986.

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7

Powell, Gail. Bound for America. Valparaiso, Fla: Bayou Pub., 2001.

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8

Color atlas and synopsis of cardiovascular MR and CT. New York: McGraw-Hill Education/Medical, 2014.

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9

McCracken, Thomas. Color atlas of small animal anatomy: The essentials. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub., 2008.

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10

Ran zuo Jiang nan chun shui se: The classical colors of China. Kunming Shi: Yunnan ren min chu ban she, 2006.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Rat colon"

1

Newberne, Paul M., e Adrianne E. Rogers. "Adenocarcinoma, Colon and Rectum, Rat". In Digestive System, 365–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96910-2_66.

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2

Newberne, Paul M., e Adrianne E. Rogers. "Adenocarcinoma, Colon and Rectum, Rat". In Digestive System, 432–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60473-7_69.

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3

Newberne, Paul M., e Adrianne E. Rogers. "Adenocarcinoma, Colon and Rectum, Rat". In Digestive System, 432–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-25996-2_69.

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4

Rajendran, Vazhaikkurichi M., e Henry J. Binder. "Ion Transport in Rat Colon". In Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, 113–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77118-7_6.

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5

Suzuki, Rikako, Hiroyuki Kohno, Shigeyuki Sugie, Akira Murakami, Masamichi Yano, Hajime Ohigashi e Takuji Tanaka. "Citrus Flavonoid Nobiletin Suppresses Azoxymethane-Induced Rat Colon Tumorigenesis". In ACS Symposium Series, 104–20. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2006-0936.ch008.

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6

Ammann, Patrick, René Rizzoli e Herbert Fleisch. "Calcium Absorption in the Rat Colon Measured in Vivo". In Phosphate and Mineral Homeostasis, 235–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5206-8_29.

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7

Cuthbert, A. W. "Control of Chloride Secretion by Intracellular Calcium in the Rat Colon". In Proceedings in Life Sciences, 14–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70613-4_3.

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8

van Rees, Emmelien P., Marsetyawan Soesatyo, Marja van der Ende e Taede Sminia. "Macrophages and Dendritic Cells in Rat Colon in Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease". In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 605–10. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2930-9_101.

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9

Tazawa, K., Hideo Ohkami, Iwao Yamashita, Yasuharu Ohnishi, Tomohiro Saito, Masahiro Okamoto, Kiichi Masuyama et al. "Anticarcinogenic and/or Antimetastatic Action of Apple Pectin in Experimental Rat Colon Carcinogenesis and on Hepatic Metastasis Rat Model". In ACS Symposium Series, 96–103. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0701.ch009.

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10

Siemer, Christiane, e Heinz Gögelein. "Nonselective Cation Channels in Cells of the Crypt-Base of Rat Distal Colon". In Nonselective Cation Channels, 219–22. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7327-7_17.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Rat colon"

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Onda, Nobuhiko, Reiko Mizutani-Morita, Susumu Yamashita, Miho Kojima, Toshinori Yoshida e Makoto Shibutani. "Fluorescence colon tumor imaging by i.v. administered indocyanine green in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis". In 17th International Photodynamic Association World Congress, a cura di Tayyaba Hasan. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2528096.

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2

Luo, Yuemei, Nanshuo Wang, Dongyao Cui, Xiaojun Yu, En Bo, Xianghong Wang, Xinyu Liu et al. "Micro-optical coherence tomography endoscopic imaging of rat colon ex vivo". In 2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics - Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleopr.2017.8118772.

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3

Harris, Kelly L., Mohammad S. Niaz, Awadh A. Binhazim, Mary K. Washington, Samuel E. Adunyah e Aramandla Ramesh. "Abstract 1278: Obesity enhances benzo(a)pyrene-induced colon tumorigenesis in a PIRC rat model of colon cancer.." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-1278.

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4

Messmann, Helmut, Peter Mlkvy, Claire Davies, Alexander J. MacRobert e Stephen G. Bown. "Threshold effects of PDT in the normal rat colon with ALA photosensitization". In Fifth International Photodynamic Association Biennial Meeting, a cura di Denis A. Cortese. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.203409.

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Rao, Chinthalapally V., Naveena B. Janakiram, Altaf Mohammed, Venkateshwar Madka, Li Qian, Misty Brewer, Ashley Duff, Yuting Zhang e Vernon E. Steele. "Abstract B42: Lack of chemopreventive effects of metformin in azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis". In Abstracts: AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research‐‐ Oct 22-25, 2011; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.prev-11-b42.

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Busi, Susheel Bhanu, Zhentian Lei, Lloyd Sumner e James Amos-Landgraf. "Abstract 2400: Complex gut microbiota modulate rat colon adenoma susceptibility, metabolites, and host gene expression". In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-2400.

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Obo, Yumi, Yui Sokuza, Min Wei, Anna Kakehashi, Keiko Tei e Hideki Wanibuchi. "Abstract 2473: Effects propolis on inflammation-related rat colon carcinogenesis induced by DMH and DSS". In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-2473.

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Sassy, T., N. Breiter, Ronald Sroka e Helmut Ernst. "Acute and chronic effects of rat colon after photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy: a comparative study". In Europto Biomedical Optics '93, a cura di Giulio Jori, Johan Moan e Willem M. Star. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.168718.

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Asencio-Arana, Francisco, Vicente Torres-Gil, Francisco Martinez-Soriano e R. Perez-Sarrio. "Histological effects of He-Ne laser on the healing of experimental colon anastomoses in the rat". In OE/LASE '90, 14-19 Jan., Los Angeles, CA, a cura di Stephen N. Joffe e Kazuhiko Atsumi. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.17505.

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Aryani, Dhita Evi, Aulanni'am Aulanni'am, Agri Kaltaria Anisa e Wawid Purwatiningsih. "Profile Histopathology Analysis of Gastric, Duodenum, Ileum, and Colon of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Rat Model". In 1st International Conference in One Health (ICOH 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icoh-17.2018.23.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Rat colon"

1

Heinanen, J., e R. Guerin. A Single Rate Three Color Marker. RFC Editor, settembre 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2697.

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2

Heinanen, J., e R. Guerin. A Two Rate Three Color Marker. RFC Editor, settembre 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2698.

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3

Catlett, P. Process waste assessment: Color print processing (RA-4). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maggio 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10170294.

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4

Bionta, R. M. Color gamma ray camera: Laboratory directed research & development (LDRD) FY 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), giugno 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/251602.

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5

Zholents, A. A. A proposal for a generation of two-color ultra-short x-ray pulses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), novembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1067990.

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6

Aboul-Magd, O., e S. Rabie. A Differentiated Service Two-Rate, Three-Color Marker with Efficient Handling of in-Profile Traffic. RFC Editor, luglio 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4115.

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7

Nam, K. C., e Dong U. Ahn. Use of Double Packaging and Antioxidant Combinations to Improve Color, Lipid Oxidation, and Volatiles of Irradiated Raw and Cooked Turkey Breast Patties. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, gennaio 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1022.

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8

Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset e Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, giugno 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.

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Abstract (sommario):

Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.

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9

Gamma-ray composite-color maps of the Tushar Mountains and adjoining areas, Marysvale volcanic field, Utah. US Geological Survey, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i1430h.

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10

Aerial gamma-ray contour maps of regional surface concentrations of potassium, uranium, thorium and composite-color maps of uranium, potassium, thorium, and their ratios in New Mexico. US Geological Survey, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/gp980.

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