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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Regulator"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 24 gennaio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Regulator"

Guthrie, Graeme. "Regulating Infrastructure: The Impact on Risk and Investment". Journal of Economic Literature 44, n. 4 (1 novembre 2006): 925–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.44.4.925.

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The last thirty years have witnessed a fundamental change in the regulation of infrastructure industries. Whereas firms were subject to rate of return regulation and protected from entry in the past, they now face various forms of incentive regulation, competition is actively promoted by many regulators, and both regulators and the firms they regulate must often confront rapid technological progress. This paper surveys the literature on the investment implications of different regulatory schemes, highlighting the relevance of modern investment theory, which puts risk and intertemporal issues, such as the irreversibility of much infrastructure investment, center stage. It discusses the impact on regulated monopolists' investment behavior of key regulatory characteristics, namely the price flexibility allowed by the regulator, the length of the regulatory cycle, and the costs the regulator will allow the firm to recover at future regulatory hearings. It also considers the impact of competition, especially the situation where a vertically integrated firm has its operation of a bottleneck asset regulated, on investment by regulated firms and their competitors.

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Rashid, M. Mamunur, Yumi Ikawa e Seiji Tsuge. "GamR, the LysR-Type Galactose Metabolism Regulator, RegulateshrpGene Expression via Transcriptional Activation of Two KeyhrpRegulators, HrpG and HrpX, in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, n. 13 (22 aprile 2016): 3947–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00513-16.

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ABSTRACTXanthomonas oryzaepv. oryzae is the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice. For the virulence of the bacterium, thehrpgenes, encoding components of the type III secretion system, are indispensable. The expression ofhrpgenes is regulated by two keyhrpregulators, HrpG and HrpX: HrpG regulateshrpX, and HrpX regulates otherhrpgenes. Several other regulators have been shown to be involved in the regulation ofhrpgenes. Here, we found that a LysR-type transcriptional regulator that we named GamR, encoded byXOO_2767ofX. oryzaepv. oryzae strain MAFF311018, positively regulated the transcription of bothhrpGandhrpX, which are adjacent to each other but have opposite orientations, with an intergenic upstream region in common. In a gel electrophoresis mobility shift assay, GamR bound directly to the middle of the upstream region common tohrpGandhrpX. The loss of either GamR or its binding sites decreasedhrpGandhrpXexpression. Also, GamR bound to the upstream region of either a galactose metabolism-related gene (XOO_2768) or a galactose metabolism-related operon (XOO_2768toXOO_2771) located next togamRitself and positively regulated the genes. The deletion of the regulator gene resulted in less bacterial growth in a synthetic medium with galactose as a sole sugar source. Interestingly, induction of the galactose metabolism-related gene was dependent on galactose, while that of thehrpregulator genes was galactose independent. Our results indicate that the LysR-type transcriptional regulator that regulates the galactose metabolism-related gene(s) also acts in positive regulation of two keyhrpregulators and the followinghrpgenes inX. oryzaepv. oryzae.IMPORTANCEThe expression ofhrpgenes encoding components of the type III secretion system is essential for the virulence of many plant-pathogenic bacteria, includingXanthomonas oryzaepv. oryzae. It is specifically induced during infection. Research has revealed that in this bacterium,hrpgene expression is controlled by two keyhrpregulators, HrpG and HrpX, along with several other regulators in the complex regulatory network, but the details remain unclear. Here, we found that a novel LysR-type transcriptional activator, named GamR, functions as anhrpregulator by directly activating the transcription of bothhrpGandhrpX. Interestingly, GamR also regulates a galactose metabolism-related gene (or operon) in a galactose-dependent manner, while the regulation ofhrpGandhrpXis independent of the sugar. Our finding of a novelhrpregulator that directly and simultaneously regulates two keyhrpregulators provides new insights into an important and complex regulation system ofX. oryzaepv. oryzaehrpgenes.

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Baltrus, David A., Kevin Dougherty, Beatriz Diaz e Rachel Murillo. "Evolutionary Plasticity of AmrZ Regulation in Pseudomonas". mSphere 3, n. 2 (18 aprile 2018): e00132-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00132-18.

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ABSTRACT amrZ encodes a master regulator protein conserved across pseudomonads, which can be either a positive or negative regulator of swimming motility depending on the species examined. To better understand plasticity in the regulatory function of AmrZ, we characterized the mode of regulation for this protein for two different motility-related phenotypes in Pseudomonas stutzeri. As in Pseudomonas syringae, AmrZ functions as a positive regulator of swimming motility within P. stutzeri, which suggests that the functions of this protein with regard to swimming motility have switched at least twice across pseudomonads. Shifts in mode of regulation cannot be explained by changes in AmrZ sequence alone. We further show that AmrZ acts as a positive regulator of colony spreading within this strain and that this regulation is at least partially independent of swimming motility. Closer investigation of mechanistic shifts in dual-function regulators like AmrZ could provide unique insights into how transcriptional pathways are rewired between closely related species. IMPORTANCE Microbes often display finely tuned patterns of gene regulation across different environments, with major regulatory changes controlled by a small group of “master” regulators within each cell. AmrZ is a master regulator of gene expression across pseudomonads and can be either a positive or negative regulator for a variety of pathways depending on the strain and genomic context. Here, we demonstrate that the phenotypic outcomes of regulation of swimming motility by AmrZ have switched at least twice independently in pseudomonads, so that AmrZ promotes increased swimming motility in P. stutzeri and P. syringae but represses this phenotype in Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Since examples of switches in regulatory mode are relatively rare, further investigation into the mechanisms underlying shifts in regulator function for AmrZ could provide unique insights into the evolution of bacterial regulatory proteins.

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Gao, Rong, Sophie Bouillet e Ann M. Stock. "Structural Basis of Response Regulator Function". Annual Review of Microbiology 73, n. 1 (8 settembre 2019): 175–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115931.

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Response regulators function as the output components of two-component systems, which couple the sensing of environmental stimuli to adaptive responses. Response regulators typically contain conserved receiver (REC) domains that function as phosphorylation-regulated switches to control the activities of effector domains that elicit output responses. This modular design is extremely versatile, enabling different regulatory strategies tuned to the needs of individual signaling systems. This review summarizes structural features that underlie response regulator function. An abundance of atomic resolution structures and complementary biochemical data have defined the mechanisms for response regulator enzymatic activities, revealed trends in regulatory strategies utilized by response regulators of different subfamilies, and provided insights into interactions of response regulators with their cognate histidine kinases. Among the hundreds of thousands of response regulators identified, variations abound. This article provides a framework for understanding structural features that enable function of canonical response regulators and a basis for distinguishing noncanonical configurations.

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Vasil, Michael L., Urs A. Ochsner, Zaiga Johnson, Jane A. Colmer e Abdul N. Hamood. "The Fur-Regulated Gene Encoding the Alternative Sigma Factor PvdS Is Required for Iron-Dependent Expression of the LysR-Type Regulator PtxR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Journal of Bacteriology 180, n. 24 (15 dicembre 1998): 6784–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.24.6784-6788.1998.

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ABSTRACT We previously identified a novel regulator of the exotoxin A gene (toxA) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PtxR, that belongs to the LysR family of prokaryotic regulatory proteins. Preliminary data also suggest that PtxR affects the expression of siderophores in P. aeruginosa. Because toxAexpression and siderophore production in this organism are coordinately regulated by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) and the Fur-regulated alternative sigma factor PvdS, regulation of ptxR itself in the context of these regulators was examined. RNase protection analyses of ptxR transcription revealed that there are two independent transcription initiation sites (T1 and T2). While transcription from the promoter of T1 is constitutive throughout the growth cycle of PAO1, transcription from the second promoter (P2) is negatively affected by iron. Transcription from the P2 promoter is constitutive in a fur mutant under microaerobic conditions but still iron regulated during aerobic growth. High concentrations (>100 nM) of the ferric uptake regulatory protein (Fur) failed to bind to either of the promoter regions of ptxR in either gel mobility shift assays or DNase I footprint experiments. These results indicate that Fur indirectly regulates the iron-dependent expression ofptxR. Iron-regulated transcription of ptxR from the P2 promoter, but not constitutive expression from the P1 promoter, was dependent on the Fur-regulated alternative sigma factor genepvdS, even under aerobic conditions. Consequently, there are two levels of iron-regulated expression of ptxR. The iron-regulated expression of ptxR under microaerobic conditions from the P2 promoter of ptxR is mediated indirectly by Fur through the iron-regulated expression ofpvdS. In contrast, pvdS-mediated iron regulation of ptxR under aerobic conditions is Fur independent.

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Hill, Robert E., e Laura A. Lettice. "Alterations to the remote control of Shh gene expression cause congenital abnormalities". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, n. 1620 (19 giugno 2013): 20120357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0357.

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Multi-species conserved non-coding elements occur in the vertebrate genome and are clustered in the vicinity of developmentally regulated genes. Many are known to act as cis -regulators of transcription and may reside at long distances from the genes they regulate. However, the relationship of conserved sequence to encoded regulatory information and indeed, the mechanism by which these contribute to long-range transcriptional regulation is not well understood. The ZRS, a highly conserved cis -regulator, is a paradigm for such long-range gene regulation. The ZRS acts over approximately 1 Mb to control spatio-temporal expression of Shh in the limb bud and mutations within it result in a number of limb abnormalities, including polydactyly, tibial hypoplasia and syndactyly. We describe the activity of this developmental regulator and discuss a number of mechanisms by which regulatory mutations in this enhancer function to cause congenital abnormalities.

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Artiach, Tracy, Helen Irvine, Janet Mack e Christine Ryan. "The legitimising processes of a new regulator". Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 29, n. 5 (20 giugno 2016): 802–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-10-2014-1850.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to strengthen the theoretical understanding of the processes through which a new regulator seeks to gain legitimacy within an existing regulatory space. The authors do this by investigating the case of the Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission (ACNC). Design/methodology/approach – Synthesising legitimacy theory with the concept of regulatory space, the authors analyse formal public discourse surrounding the establishment and operations of the ACNC. Findings – Regulation is essentially a context-bound political process in which a new regulator needs to establish legitimacy to ensure its survival. It must convince its constituents that it has developed processes to operate effectively and professionally in addressing constituents’ needs, to bargain authoritatively with other regulators in establishing its operational boundaries, and to engage politically with government and constituents. Over a relatively short time, the ACNC built legitimacy, despite the political threats to its formal regulatory authority. Research limitations/implications – The conclusions are based on the analysis of one case. There is scope for further investigations of the processes by which new regulators establish their legitimacy in different contexts. Practical implications – The potential for a political threat to the authority of a new regulator, and the difficulty of achieving regulatory reform, particularly in a federated system such as Australia, highlight the necessity for a new regulator to develop a compelling discourse of legitimacy. Originality/value – The authors synthesise regulatory space and legitimacy perspectives, contributing to an understanding of the processes of regulation.

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Luo, Jiawei, Dan Song, Cheng Liang, Guanghui Li e Buwen Cao. "Detecting Co-Regulatory Modules from Human Regulatory Network by Randomly Walking Between Regulator and Gene Modules". Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 14, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2017): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2017.6331.

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Gene expression is jointly regulated by microRNAs and transcriptional factors. As such, constructing a regulatory network for microRNAs and transcriptional factors and analyzing their combinatorial effects are vital to understand living organisms. Co-regulatory modules, including functional homogeneous microRNAs, transcriptional factors, and genes, provide insights into coordinate regulation. In this paper, we propose a random walk with restart between regulator and gene modules (RWRRGM) method to detect co-regulatory modules from a human regulatory network. The network integrates large, heterogeneous data, including transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional regulation, and gene-gene interaction. RWRRGM first identifies regulator and gene modules by greedily expanding seed nodes and then walks on the identified modules randomly. Finally, functional homogeneous regulator and gene modules are integrated to form co-regulatory modules. RWRRGM-based modules exhibit higher enrichment in gene ontology terms and known pathways than modules predicted by other methods.

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Peeters, Eveline, e Daniel Charlier. "The Lrp Family of Transcription Regulators in Archaea". Archaea 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/750457.

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Archaea possess a eukaryotic-type basal transcription apparatus that is regulated by bacteria-like transcription regulators. A universal and abundant family of transcription regulators are the bacterial/archaeal Lrp-like regulators. The Lrp family is one of the best studied regulator families in archaea, illustrated by investigations of proteins from the archaeal model organisms:Sulfolobus,Pyrococcus,Methanocaldococcus, andHalobacterium. These regulators are extremely versatile in their DNA-binding properties, response to effector molecules, and molecular regulatory mechanisms. Besides being involved in the regulation of the amino acid metabolism, they also regulate central metabolic processes. It appears that these regulatory proteins are also involved in large regulatory networks, because of hierarchical regulations and the possible combinatorial use of different Lrp-like proteins. Here, we discuss the recent developments in our understanding of this important class of regulators.

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Wu, Irene. "Who Regulates Phones, Television, and the Internet? What Makes a Communications Regulator Independent and Why It Matters". Perspectives on Politics 6, n. 4 (13 novembre 2008): 769–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708081905.

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More political scientists should engage in the debates surrounding regulation of communications networks, the infrastructure on which telecom, media, and Internet services ride. In 1990 there were 14 communications regulators worldwide, by 2007 there were 148. To fulfill World Trade Organization Agreement on Basic Telecommunications commitments, many countries aim to create regulatory agencies that are “independent.” What characterizes independence? Regulators are embedded in a political context that includes three main constituencies : other government institutions, industry, and consumers. Independent regulators are able to take action autonomously from other government institutions and industry while serving as advocates for consumers. In a survey of 18 countries, several traits emerge; a leader who cannot be dismissed arbitrarily, regulatory authority clearly distinct from policymaking, independent funding, minimal staff exchange between regulator and regulated firm, and dedicated support for consumers. It is usually easier for a regulator to be independent if operators are privatized. In a study of 4 countries, independent regulators follow decision-making procedures that give the public notice about proposed rule changes, opportunities to provide comments, and final decisions with explanation. Also, independent regulators have gift, conflict of interest, and post-employment rules, which set ethical standards and expectations for staff.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Regulator"

Nghe, Brandon K. "Cascaded Linear Regulator with Positive Voltage Tracking Switching Regulator". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2173.

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This thesis presents the design, simulation, and hardware implementation of a proposed method for improving efficiency of voltage regulator. Typically, voltage regulator used for noise-sensitive and low-power applications involves the use of a linear regulator due to its high power-supply rejection ratio properties. However, the efficiency of a linear regulator depends heavily on the difference between its input voltage and output voltage. A larger voltage difference across the linear regulator results in higher losses. Therefore, reducing the voltage difference is the key in increasing regulator’s efficiency. In this thesis, a pre switching regulator stage with positive voltage tracking cascaded to a linear regulator is proposed to provide an input voltage to a linear regulator that is slightly above the output of the linear regulator. The tracking capability is needed to provide the flexibility in having different positive output voltage levels while maintaining high overall regulator’s efficiency. Results from simulation and hardware implementation of the proposed system showed efficiency improvement of up to 23% in cases where an adjustable output voltage is necessary. Load regulation performance of the proposed method was also overall better compared to the case without the output voltage tracking method.

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Lei, Ernest. "Cascaded Linear Regulator with Negative Voltage Tracking Switching Regulator". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2176.

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DC-DC converters can be separated into two main groups: switching converters and linear regulators. Linear regulators such as Low Dropout Regulators (LDOs) are straightforward to implement and have a very stable output with low voltage ripple. However, the efficiency of an LDO can fluctuate greatly, as the power dissipation is a function of the device’s input and output. On the other hand, a switching regulator uses a switch to regulate energy levels. These types of regulators are more versatile when a larger change of voltage is needed, as efficiency is relatively stable across larger steps of voltages. However, switching regulators tend to have a larger output voltage ripple, which can be an issue for sensitive systems. An approach to utilize both in cascaded configuration while providing a negative output voltage will be presented in this paper. The proposed two-stage conversion system consists of a switching pre-regulator that can track the negative output voltage of the second stage (LDO) such that the difference between input and output voltages is always kept small under varying output voltage while maintaining the high overall conversion efficiency. Computer simulation and hardware results demonstrate that the proposed system can track the negative output voltage well. Additionally, the results show that the proposed system can provide and maintain good overall efficiency, load regulation, and output voltage ripple across a wide range of outputs.

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Teo, Adrian Kee Keong. "Pluripotency factors regulate endoderm specification via key regulator Eomesodermin". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609139.

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Bastedo, Donald. "Regulation of bacterial chromosome replication origins through binding of 'response regulator' transcription factors and regulated proteolysis". Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96776.

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In order to proliferate, bacteria must coordinate chromosome replication and chromosome segregation with cell wall remodeling and other growth-related events. Selective inhibition of these incompletely understood control processes can enable antibiotic and therapeutic strategies. In my thesis, I examine molecularly similar mechanisms for regulating chromosome replication in alpha-proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus and in the Actinobacterial human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was presumed that the response regulator CtrA, a global phospho-relay transcription factor, coordinates asymmetric timing of chromosome replication in C. crescentus. CtrA is absent from replicating stalked cells and abundant in non-replicating 'swarmer' cells, and the presence of five high affinity CtrA binding sites in Cori, the origin of chromosome replication, presumably allows repression of replication in swarmer cells. I tested this long-standing hypothesis in vivo using a DNA replacement strategy that uncouples CtrA's function as a global transcription regulator from its specific function(s) at Cori. My results substantially change the established model. Rather than being the principal timer of chromosome replication, CtrA binding sites in Cori rescue cells challenged by simultaneous growth and antibiotic stresses. I propose that CtrA provides an 'emergency brake' that prevents lethal replication during adverse conditions. Presumably, the evolutionary benefits of such regulation are manifested by improved odds of viability when cells resume growth following stressful conditions. CtrA regulates replication, presumably by targeting DnaA, the major bacterial replication protein. In C. crescentus, regulation of both CtrA and DnaA is dominated by proteolysis. DnaA is inherently unstable and further regulated by a proteolysis that specifically removes DnaA protein from nitrogen or carbon-starved cells. I further defined the cues that prompt DnaA proteolysis by using specific auxotrophic strains, implicating tRNA and the ribosomes in this mechanism. Furthermore, as the chaperone that presents DnaA to the ClpP protease is currently unknown, I also designed and characterized translational fusions with DnaA for genetic screens and for biochemical affinity purification methods. This second strategy also implicated contacts between DnaA and a ribosomal protein.Additional insights into response regulator control of chromosome replication were provided by studies of MtrA (a proposed analog of CtrA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. By studying MtrA binding to DNA sequences in vitro, I determined that the spacing between conserved MtrA-binding sequences in oriC is sub-optimal yet highly conserved among Mycobacteria oriC's. I also examined MtrA binding at the promoter for immune-dominant antigen 85B, where I argue MtrA binds cooperatively as a tetramer. As the genes regulated by MtrA remain poorly defined, I also proposed the MtrA regulon. Using computational representations of the MtrA binding site and for eleven of the thirteen M. tuberculosis sigma factors, I identified 54 genes likely to be regulated by MrA. These genes are functionally related, arguing that MtrA coordinates replication control with cell wall remodeling and with metabolic adjustments that exploit host nutrients available during the M. tuberculosis phases of infection and dormancy.
Pour proliférer, les bactéries doivent coordonner la réplication des chromosomes et la ségrégation des chromosomes avec le remodelage de la paroi cellulaire et d'autres événements liés à la croissance. L'inhibition sélective de ces processus de contrôle mal comprise peut permettre à des stratégies antibiotiques et thérapeutiques. Dans ma thèse, je examiner les mécanismes moléculaires similaires de régulation de la réplication des chromosomes dans Caulobacter crescentus alpha-protéobactérie et la tuberculose Mycobacterium Actinobacterial agents pathogènes humains.Il a été présumé que le régulateur de réponse Ctra, un facteur de transcription mondiale phospho-relais, coordonne le calendrier asymétrique de la réplication des chromosomes dans C. crescentus. Ctra est absent de la réplication des cellules de harcèlement et abondante dans les cellules non-réplication »Grouillant, et la présence de cinq sites de haute affinité de liaison au Ctra Cori, l'origine de la réplication des chromosomes, permet sans doute la répression de la réplication dans les cellules Grouillant. J'ai testé cette hypothèse de longue date in vivo en utilisant une stratégie de remplacement d'ADN qui découple la fonction Ctra comme un régulateur de transcription globale de sa fonction spécifique (s) à Cori. Mes résultats sensiblement modifier le modèle établi. Plutôt que d'être la minuterie principale de la réplication des chromosomes, Ctra sites de liaison dans les cellules de sauvetage Cori contestée par la croissance simultanée et souligne antibiotiques. Je propose que Ctra offre «frein de secours" qui empêche la réplication létale dans des conditions difficiles. Vraisemblablement, les avantages de l'évolution de cette réglementation se manifestent par l'amélioration de la viabilité de cotes lorsque les cellules renouer avec la croissance après des conditions stressantes.Ctra régule la réplication, probablement en ciblant DnaA, la protéine majeure de réplication bactérienne. Dans C. crescentus, la réglementation des deux Ctra et DnaA est dominé par protéolyse. DnaA est intrinsèquement instable et plus réglementé par une protéolyse qui élimine spécifiquement la protéine DnaA de l'azote ou de carbone cellules-faim. De plus, je définis les indices qui invite la protéolyse DnaA à l'aide de certaines souches auxotrophes, impliquant ARNt et les ribosomes dans ce mécanisme. En outre, comme le chaperon qui présente DnaA à la protéase ClpP est actuellement inconnue, J'ai également conçu et caractérisé fusions traductionnelles avec DnaA pour les écrans génétiques et biochimiques pour les méthodes de purification d'affinité. Cette seconde stratégie a également impliqué des contacts entre DnaA et une protéine ribosomique.autres renseignements sur commande du régulateur de réponse de la réplication des chromosomes ont été fournies par des études de MTRA (un analogue de la proposition de Ctra) de Mycobacterium tuberculosis. En étudiant MTRA lient à des séquences d'ADN in vitro, j'ai déterminé que l'espacement entre les séquences conservées MTRA-obligatoire dans Oric est sous-optimale encore fortement conservées chez les mycobactéries Oric. J'ai aussi examiné MTRA contraignant au niveau du promoteur pour 85B antigène immuno-dominant, où je soutiens MTRA lie collaboration sous forme de tétramère. Comme les gènes régulés par MTRA restent encore mal définies, j'ai également proposé le régulon MTRA. En utilisant des représentations de calcul de la MTRA site de liaison et de onze des treize facteurs sigma M. tuberculosis, j'ai identifié 54 gènes susceptibles d'être réglementés par l'ARM. Ces gènes sont en relation fonctionnelle, en faisant valoir que MTRA coordonnées contrôle de la réplication avec le remodelage de la paroi cellulaire et avec des adaptations métaboliques qui exploitent des éléments nutritifs de l'hôte disponibles pendant les phases de M. tuberculosis de l'infection et de la dormance.

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Choo, Zacky. "Computing Borel's regulator". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489358.

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Luz, Neto Luiz Guedes da. "Agências reguladoras: uma promessa não realizada contra o risco da captura". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8679.

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The dissertation has as its theme the capture of the regulator, in particular the Regulatory Agencies implemented in the legal system from the American model with the administrative reform carried out with more emphasis in the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso. In this reform, the regulatory agencies have been placed as a modern model and legal certainty generator, considering that their leaders, because they are technical professionals in the regulated area, would be more protected from outside influence, and thus harder to regulatory capture. Notwithstanding the model "modern" presented the facts demonstrated the capture of leaders of regulatory agencies, not fulfilling these ones promised in the administrative reform of the 1990s in Brazil. They will be analyzed in the first chapter, the historical and economic assumptions of regulatory agencies; in the second chapter, it analyzes will be the regulatory agencies, and in the latter the phenomenon of regulatory capture of the agencies. From the combination of the theoretical framework of the Theory of Economic Regulation (economic theory of capture), George J. Stigler, and the notion of State from Leon Duguit, state-fact theory, the conclusion about the capture of the dynamics will be made of specific regulatory entities, called Independent Regulatory Agencies.
A dissertação tem como tema a captura do agente regulador, em especial das Agências Reguladoras implementadas no ordenamento jurídico a partir do modelo norte-americano com a reforma administrativa realizada com mais ênfase no governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Nessa reforma, as Agências Reguladoras foram colocadas como um modelo moderno e gerador de segurança jurídica, haja vista que os seus dirigentes, por serem profissionais técnicos na área regulada, estariam mais protegidos da influência externa, sendo, assim, mais difícil a captura regulatória. Não obstante o modelo “moderno” apresentado, os fatos demonstraram a captura dos dirigentes das Agências Reguladoras, não cumprindo esses entes o prometido na reforma administrativa da década de 1990 no Brasil. Serão analisados, no primeiro capítulo, os pressupostos históricos e econômicos das Agências Reguladoras; no segundo capítulo, analisarse- ão as Agências Reguladoras, e, no último o fenômeno da captura regulatória das agências. A partir da conjugação dos referenciais teóricos da Teoria da Regulação Econômica (teoria econômica da captura), de George J. Stigler, e da noção de Estado de León Duguit, teoria do Estado-fato, será feita a conclusão acerca da dinâmica da captura dos entes regulatórios específicos, denominados de Agências Reguladoras Independentes.

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Marrs, Kevin L. "The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator regulation by HSP-90 /". View the abstract Download the full-text PDF version, 2007. http://etd.utmem.edu/ABSTRACTS/2007-031-Marrs-index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2007.
Title from title page screen (viewed on July, 18, 2008). Research advisor: Anjaparavanda Naren, Ph.D. Document formatted into pages (xv, 72 p. : ill.). Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-72).

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Madera, Laurence. "Mechanisms of immune response regulation by innate defense regulator peptides". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43066.

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The growing threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitates the development of new anti-infective therapeutics. Innate defense regulator (IDR) peptides are a novel class of immunomodulatory agents shown to combat bacterial pathogens in murine models of infection via the augmentation of host immune functions, including the stimulation of chemokine production and enhancement of leukocyte recruitment, while suppressing bacterial-induced inflammation. Although IDR-peptides present the potential for future broad-range anti-infective agents, our limited understanding of how they modulate host immunity remains an obstacle in their development as clinical therapeutics. I hypothesized that IDR-peptides impact host immunity by modulating the immune responses of monocytes, a cell population necessary for IDR-mediated protection against infection. In this study, IDR-1002 was found to be a multi-faceted regulator of monocyte migration. IDR-1002 induced the production of monocyte-specific chemokines MCP-1 and MCP-3, as well as neutrophil-specific chemokines, IL-8 and GRO-α in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), correlating with the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), p38 and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2, in monocytes. IDR-1002 was also found to enhance human monocyte migration towards chemokines through the enhancement of β1-integrin-mediated adhesion to fibronectin via regulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signalling pathway. In addition, IDR-1002 increased monocyte responsiveness to the chemokines MIP-1α and RANTES via modulation of CCR5 expression. These results demonstrate an overall promotion of monocyte motility by IDR-1002. In contrast to the immune-strengthening effects of IDR-1002, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human PBMCs stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was suppressed by the peptide, and correlated with a suppression of LPS-induced NFκB and p38 MAPK signalling and activation of PI3K-Akt signalling in monocytes. These results demonstrate that IDR-peptides are potent modulators of human monocyte function via their extensive regulation of monocyte signalling networks, potentially accounting for their multifunctional effects on host immunity in murine models of bacterial infection.

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Biggs, Leah Christine. "Interferon regulatory factor 6: a novel regulator of keratinocyte differentiation and migration". Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2823.

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Cutaneous wound healing is an inherent biological process to every injury, surgical procedure, and cases of trauma. Wound healing is loosely categorized into three overlapping phases: inflammation, epithelialization, and maturation. Dysregulation of any of these steps leads to poor wound healing, as do conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and advanced age. We recently identified the clefting syndrome, Van der Woude (VWS), as another condition resulting in poor healing. VWS and the allelic syndrome, popliteal pterygium (PPS) are caused by mutations in Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6). In the mouse, removal of Irf6 leads to major developmental defects, including limb, craniofacial and cutaneous anomalies. As embryonic development and wound healing share common biological processes, we hypothesized that Irf6 is critical to the regulation of differentiation, proliferation, and migration of keratinocytes, processes essential to wound healing. Upon in vitro differentiation, wild type murine keratinocytes exhibited increased Irf6 expression. Fittingly, Irf6-/- keratinocytes exhibited a defect in terminal differentiation and increased capacity for long-term proliferation. We also determined that a craniofacial enhancer of Irf6 is functional in differentiating keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. As cellular migration is a critical process to wound epithelialization, we tested the role of Irf6 in keratinocyte migration. We report a significant delay in closing an in vitro scratch wound in the absence of Irf6. Analysis of time-lapse microscopy revealed that this delay was due to a reduction in keratinocyte velocity. We report a substrate non-specific reduction in adhesion in Irf6-/- keratinocytes compared to wild type cells. In addition,Irf6-/- keratinocytes exhibited longer and more prominent actin stress fibers that were rescued by the addition of the ROCK inhibitor, Y27632. The active form of RhoA, a GTPase regulating stress fiber formation upstream of ROCK was increased in Irf6-/- keratinocytes, suggesting a role for Irf6 in regulating RhoA-dependent stress fibers. We further identified Arhgap29, a GTPase activating protein deactivator of RhoA, as a downstream effector of Irf6 in skin and keratinocytes. Finally, we used a conditional strategy to delete Irf6 in adult murine epidermis to study in vivo wound healing. We report a significantly smaller macroscopically visible wound that was not confirmed by wound stereological analysis. We also utilized an embryonic model to exclusively test epithelialization in the absence of Irf6. Our results indicate a trend toward faster migration in Irf6-/- e10.5 wounds, yet the difference in wound closure after 6 hours of healing was not significant. Thus we conclude that Irf6 regulates the balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, it regulates stress fiber formation and speed of migrating keratinocytes in vitro, while Irf6 is dispensable for cutaneous wound epithelialization in vivo.

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Hyder, Nishat. "Developing facilitative governance frameworks for emerging biotechnologies : exploring new approaches to cross-border regulation". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/developing-facilitative-governance-frameworks-for-emerging-biotechnologies-exploring-new-approaches-to-crossborder-regulation(525a9a76-d3bc-43a8-adb4-1cd8c91d8583).html.

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This thesis considers the applicability of 'new governance' techniques within the field of emerging biotechnologies. Through three contrasting case studies I construct an argument in favour of new governance, contending that the qualities of this regulatory trend (flexibility, reflexivity, nuance, open discourse, and participation - 'regulatory desirables' ) have much to offer the regulation of emerging biotechnologies. The first case study examines the existing European and international regulatory frameworks for genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This case study explores the role of (bio)ethics within the regulatory process through each progressive stage: design, operation, and assessment. The regime's failure to provide adequate space for ethical reflection, and the limited role of ethics throughout the regulatory process prompts a proposal for an alternative approach that recognizes the multiple contexts in which regulation operates, and is able to accommodate the socio-ethical nuances of the GMO products being assessed. This case study analyses a traditionally structured regulatory framework. It exemplifies a number of qualities that I consider undesirable in the context of regulating biotechnologies: inflexibility, lack of reflexivity, lack of nuance within the regime, absence of ethical discussion, absence of participation from all interested/affected parties. In the second and third case studies I show how these 'regulatory undesirables' can be addressed through new governance techniques. The second case study focuses on the international regulation of stem cell research; I propose developing a polycentric, principles-based regulation (PBR) regime. The third case study centres on the international governance of the gene synthesis industry; here I recommend adopting a risk-based regulation (RBR) approach. In both these fields, voluntary, interdisciplinary, international organisations have collaborated to produce guidelines, codes, protocols, standards, and statements addressing matters of practice. I argue that these 'soft law' documents form the ideal starting point for the development of more sophisticated regulatory regimes in both fields. Furthermore, I argue that the informal organisations producing these documents are, in certain instances, best placed to step into the role of 'regulator' due to their in-depth, inside knowledge of the field, and network. Thus, I collapse the regulator-regulatee distinction held in traditional, 'command and control' style systems, as these organisations typically include those who would traditionally be seen as the 'regulatee'. Each case study considers the nuances of context vis-à-vis the regulatory approach advocated. I conclude by engaging in a comparative analysis of these three case studies, drawing out the qualities, characteristics and considerations that I regard as essential to the construction of responsible, facilitative governance frameworks across the field of emerging biotechnologies. I conclude that new governance is best suited to achieving these (aforementioned) 'regulatory desirables'.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Regulator"

Dodds, Benjamin. Regulator. Glebe, NSW: Puncher & Wattmann, 2014.

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King, Stephen. Regulator. Munich, Germany: Heyne, 1997.

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Toshiba. Voltage Regulator. [Japan]: Toshiba, 1994.

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The regulator. Waterville, Maine: Thorndike Press, 2015.

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Harasymowicz, Jerzy. Na cały regulator. Kraków: Wydawn. Literackie, 1985.

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Wolfinger, Pete. Scuba regulator savvy. Galion, Ohio: Peter Built Co., 2003.

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Harasymowicz, Jerzy. Na caly regulator. Krakow: Wydawnictwo Literaskie, 1985.

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Forum, International Transport, e OECD iLibrary, a cura di. Better economic regulation: The role of the regulator. Paris: OECD, 2011.

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Huault, Isabelle, e Chrystelle Richard, a cura di. Finance: The Discreet Regulator. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137033604.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Regulator"

Jung, Gu Ho. "Regulator". In The On-line Electric Vehicle, 187–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51183-2_13.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Regulator". In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 621. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9884.

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Lloyd, Stephen. "Regulator: Love, Law, and the Regulator". In The World that Changes the World, 259–75. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119199427.ch15.

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Wu, Keng C. "Series Regulator". In Pulse Width Modulated DC-DC Converters, 84–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6021-0_7.

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Stöcker, W., e C. Krüger. "Autoimmun-Regulator". In Springer Reference Medizin, 387. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_472.

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Stöcker, W., e C. Krüger. "Autoimmun-Regulator". In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_472-1.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Regulator Gene". In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 920. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14661.

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DeMartino, George N., e Cezary Wojcik. "Proteasome Regulator, PA700 (19S Regulatory Particle)". In Protein Degradation, 288–316. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/352760586x.ch11.

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Heppner, John B., D. G. Boucias, J. C. Pendland, Andrei Sourakov, Timothy Ebert, Roger Downer, Kun Yan Zhu et al. "Insect Growth Regulator". In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1958. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1538.

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Turner, Jacob. "Building a Regulator". In Robot Rules, 207–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96235-1_6.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Regulator"

Akhigbe, Okhaide. "Towards a Regulator-Oriented Regulatory Intelligence Framework". In 2016 IEEE 24th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/re.2016.26.

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Garrigos, A., J. Carrasco, J. Blanes e E. Sanchis-Kilders. "A new Sequential Switching Shunt Regulator Digital Shunt Regulator (S3R-DSR) for Solar Array Regulators". In 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isie.2006.295784.

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Paredes, Victor, e Ayonga Hereid. "Dynamic Locomotion of a Lower-Limb Exoskeleton Through Virtual Constraints Based ZMP Regulation". In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3170.

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Abstract Robotic lower-limb exoskeletons have the potentials to assist individuals with paraplegia to perform normal ambulatory functions and to provide exceptional health benefits. While modern-day hardware for exoskeletons is becoming more powerful, there are still significant challenges in implementing a practical exoskeleton motion control framework that helps paraplegic individuals to complete regular ambulatory tasks stably, safely, and efficiently without the use of arm-crutches. Inspired by the current development in dynamic walking controllers for a bipedal robot, this paper proposes a Hybrid Zero Dynamics (HZD) based control approach for powered lower-limb exoskeletons to achieve dynamic hand-free locomotion. Due to the unmodelled dynamics and exerted forces from the user upon the exoskeleton, the model-based approaches such as Hybrid Zero Dynamics struggles when implementing on the actual hardware. In this paper, we systematically formulate a virtual-constraints-based regulation framework in order to robustly stabilize the system around a stable periodic gait within the HZD framework. This regulator is then used to regulate the zero moment point (ZMP) to improve the lateral stability of the bipedal robot by indirectly regulating the center of mass (CoM) position of the exoskeleton due to the lack of available force sensors at the bottom of the feet. The proposed approach presents a general structure with which the virtual constraints can be heuristically regulated to satisfy the stability condition imposed by the ZMP criteria without compromising the hybrid invariance of the walking gaits. The effectiveness of the regulators was demonstrated through stable walking of a powered lower-limb exoskeleton in simulation and experimentation.

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Skjong, Rolf, e Knut O. Ronold. "So Much for Safety". In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28451.

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The paper demonstrates that a simple method exists, by which easily accessible information aggregated in national statistics can be used to derive acceptance criteria for use in cost effectiveness evaluations. Cost effectiveness assessment is normally used for risks that should be made as low as reasonably practicable. These are risks, which are neither intolerably high nor negligible. Examples of users of such criteria are the national and international regulators that implement safety related regulations and industrial companies that operate in an industrial self-regulation regime and therefore define and implement their own risk control strategies. The criteria are derived by combining societal indicators published by the United Nations development program and national statistics. It is observed that in an unregulated market, individuals invest in their own safety or in the safety of their own family. In the same way as the societal indicators indicate how much the regulator should use on safety, the data on how much individuals spend on safety when the decision is up to them indicate when the regulator should not regulate. The idea is then that when individuals make better use of the available resources there is no reason to regulate. As a last point, when it comes to cost effectiveness, the paper demonstrates that situations may well occur for which a wealthy country should invest in safety and a poor country should not.

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Wu, Zhizheng, e Foued Ben Amara. "Flying Height Control for a 2-DOF Tripad Slider in Hard Disk Drives With Switched Regulator". In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81814.

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Maintaining a constant small flying height of the read/write head is an important target in the design of the ultra high storage density hard disk drives. One effective way to achieve this goal is to use a feedback regulator to suppress the flying height variations. For low flying heights, the read/write head enters into intermittent contact with the disk surface, which results in a switched system regulation problem. In this paper a new control method is proposed to maintain the flying height at its desired value based on the switched system models, despite the unknown microwaviness in the disk surface profile and the unpredictability in the switching times. First, a switched system model is constructed. Then, a Q parameterized set of switched regulators is constructed and the stability of the resulting switched closed loop system is analyzed. Online adaptive regulator tuning is then performed by adjusting the Q parameter in the controller to achieve regulation. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Yuan-suo, Zhang, Tao Jin-wei e Mai Xin-chen. "Design and Analysis of a Sliding Mode Parameter Limit Regulating System for Turbo Fan Engine". In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64510.

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In this paper, a sliding mode (SM) parameter limit regulating system is designed to regulate the fuel flow rate to the turbofan engine. Firstly, a linear engine model is identified using a general engine dynamic nonlinear model. Then based on the one Lyapunov function, one SM parameter limit regulating system is designed mainly including regulators design, selector design and integrator design. After that the feedback gains and coefficient sets (switching gain and boundary thickness for every regulator) of the SM regulators are optimized and chosen. Finally, the global asymptotical stability of the regulating system is demonstrated. The simulation results also show that SM parameter limit regulator functions all the time during engine transient state control process, and the design SM parameter limit regulating system ensures that the target steady speed state or limit steady state can be attained in finite time interval without exceeding critical parameter limits.

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Köse, Selçuk. "Regulator-gating". In the 24th edition of the great lakes symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2591513.2591524.

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Wu, Zhizheng, e Foued Ben Amara. "Parameterized Regulator Design Method for Switched Linear Systems". In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-16021.

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In this paper, a parameterized regulator design method based on bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs) is presented for switched linear systems, where it is desired to reject known disturbance signals and/or track known reference inputs. Switching among plant models as well among disturbance and reference signals is defined according to a switching surface. The regulator design approach consists of three steps. The first step consists of constructing a switched observer-based state-feedback central controller for the switched linear system. Switching in the controller is performed according to the same switching rule as in the plant. The second step involves augmenting the switched central-controller to construct a parameterized set of switched controllers. Conditions for internal stability of the resulting switched closed loop system are presented. In the third step, regulation conditions are derived for the switched closed loop system. Based on the regulation conditions, a regulator synthesis approach is proposed based on solving properly formulated BMIs. Finally, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed regulator.

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Freimanis, Kristaps, e Maija Šenfelde. "ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF REGULATOR’S COMMUNICATION ON THE FINANCIAL MARKET PARTICIPANTS". In 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.857.

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There is significant discussion in the academia and industry regarding over-regulation and under-regulation of the financial markets. Some discussion has been devoted to the transparency requirements for market players im-posed by the regulator and their impact on the financial market. However, in the view of the authors, there is a lack of discussion on the effects of regulator communication on financial market participants. Thus, the aim of this paper is to contribute to this discussion. Authors review methods used in assessing central banks’ communication effects on the financial markets and based on them develop the approach for regulator’s (in this case central bank) communication effect assessment on the financial market participants. The model is validated on the euro area central bank and two major economies. The results show that a lot of adverse market participants’ reactions on the signals from the central bank’s speeches have been observed.

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Luo, Jian, e Min Shi. "Game Analysis of Duopoly and Regulator in Regulated Market". In 2009 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciii.2009.243.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Regulator"

Marsden, Eric. La relation contrôleur-contrôlé dans les activités industrielles à risque. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, marzo 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/723uib.

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This document concerns the regulatory oversight and governance of high-hazard industrial activities. A complex set of laws, regulations and institutions contribute to the social control of these activities, reinforcing and serving as a complement to the risk prevention mechanisms put in place by operating companies. This document focuses in particular on the relationship between regulators and the regulated entities and the impact of the quality of this relationship on industrial safety. The scope is the prevention of major accident hazards in different industry sectors (process industry, transport, energy), in France and at an international level. The document addresses a broad range of meanings for the term “regulator”, including the entities and people who play an official role in regulatory control and societal governance: legislators, control authorities, inspectors, as well as certified third parties with a mandate to control specific activities, and the internal risk control organizations within firms. This document aims to outline the impacts of the regulator-regulatee relationship, its contribution to the governance and control of major accident hazards, and the factors that determine the quality of this relationship and its capacity to contribute to safety.

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Dobeck, N., G. Burtner, O. Garza e R. LaMora. Modular magnet current regulator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6359829.

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Dobeck, N., G. Burtner e R. LaMora. Modular magnet current regulator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6104896.

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Zhang, Hong. A Novel Apoptosis Regulator. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, giugno 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada390571.

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Jin, Can, Hong Zhang, Han J. Chae e John C. Reed. BARC: A Novel Apoptosis Regulator. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, luglio 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada436913.

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Jin, Can, John C. Reed, Hong Zhang e Han J. Chae. BARC: A Novel Apoptosis Regulator. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, giugno 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada443595.

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Zinaman, O., M. Miller e M. Bazilian. Evolving Role of the Power Sector Regulator: A Clean Energy Regulators Initiative Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), aprile 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1130633.

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Hasanul Basher, A. M. Design and develop speed/pressure regulator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10181918.

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Li, Luyuan. A Novel Negative Regulator of Angiogenesis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, agosto 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada390998.

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Li, Luyuan. A Novel Negative Regulator of Angiogenesis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, agosto 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada391074.

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