Tesi: "Regulatory cooperation"

1

Pennell, Jennifer Lyn. "State Cooperation on Regulatory Policies for Transboundary Environmental Issues". PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4937.

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This research analyzes three contributing factors, perception, knowledge, and affordability, in order to estimate the likelihood of state cooperation on effective regulatory policies for transboundary environmental problems. The correlative hypothesis in this research postulates that states are more likely to support environmental regulatory policies when the issue is perceived by policymakers as serious, substantiated by a high level of knowledge, and affordable for the state. Regulatory policies for transboundary environmental issues require policymakers to act in foresight, employ precautionary measures, and cooperate. Cooperation implies that states will coordinate their policies and eschew their dominant strategy of independent decision making. However, this research contends that states decide to cooperate because they perceive the strategic interaction to be beneficial. Thus, the theory of cooperation in this research is consistent with realist assumptions of rational egoism.

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2

Moore, Monica Leigh. "Cultivating cooperation manipulating institutional design features to maximize regulatory efficiency". Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/244560.

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Thesis (Honors paper)--Florida State University, 2009.
Advisor: Dr. Christopher Reenock, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences, Dept. of Political Science. Includes bibliographical references.

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3

Götz, Matthias [Verfasser], Wolfgang [Gutachter] Wessels e Chad [Gutachter] Damro. "In Search of Regulatory Compatibilities. The Constraints on the European Commission’s Strategies in Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation / Matthias Götz ; Gutachter: Wolfgang Wessels, Chad Damro". Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1173321942/34.

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4

Zahudi, Zalina Muhamed. "The cooperation among authorities in implementing the regulatory framework for electronic money : Malaysia as a case study". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2006. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28504.

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The advance in information technology has encouraged many countries to develop diverse methods of delivering information and communicating. The enhancement of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has made it possible to deliver information and communication more rapidly and conveniently. Many emerging economies have taken advantage of ICT, including it in its development agenda. The development of ICT has had an impact on the provision of retail payment systems and its instruments. One of the main instruments, electronic money, promises to benefit the users with all the advantages of traditional notes and coins, and much more. Many countries have established or are considering the establishment of a regulatory framework of electronic money with its mass use in view. This volume examines the regulatory framework of electronic money, which some emerging economies have already established. It analyses the challenges faced in implementing laws and regulations for an evolving payment instrument where the regulatory framework may quickly become obsolete. The continuing development of electronic money with additional features and functions may invoke legislation leading to cross-regulatory functions among the authorities. The thesis is that the success of implementing the regulatory framework for electronic money will depend on the sound and effective coordination among relevant authorities. The role of the central bank and its relation to relevant authorities will be closely examined, because the central bank is often responsible for the development of payment systems, both wholesale and retail, especially in emerging economies, and plays a key role in its regulation. The use of a Memorandum of Understanding is proposed to ensure effective coordination and cooperation among relevant authorities. Malaysia will be used as the case study as the government has been enthusiastic in adopting electronic money, being involved in its development, implementation and regulation, which may not always be appropriate. Analysis in this thesis will be based on information as of 1 September 2004. The first three chapters of this volume will discuss the enhancement of ICT in emerging economies and the efforts taken to develop retail payment systems in consonant with ICT. Evaluation will be made on the relationship between ICT and the need to modernise the retail payment, which includes developing its regulatory framework. Analysis will then be made specifically on electronic money, focusing on stored-valued products. The overall development on stored-valued cards and why the acceptance of this product was initially slow will be examined, and then the underlying regulatory structure that may affect this is assessed. The last two chapters will focus on Malaysia. Analysis will be made on the approach taken in developing electronic money and its regulatory framework. The roles and functions of the relevant authorities involved will be critically examined, leading to a proposal to execute a Memorandum of Understanding among the authorities as a mechanism of ensuring the effective coordination and cooperation between the parties.

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5

kalomeni, kevin vivian. "Proliferation of PTAS and EU trade policy: variations in the design of regulatory cooperation mechanisms in CETA". Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/204077.

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Regulatory cooperation plays an increasing part in the European externalization strategy. This research aims for increasing the understanding of this phenomenon by providing a typology of different regulatory schemes used within trade agreements. While past research focused on legal design variation across trade agreements, this thesis concentrates its efforts on legal design variation intra-agreement, specifically variation between regulatory sectors. In a recent addition to the European trade network, the EU and Canada presented the Comprehensive and Economic Trade Agreement (CETA) as the “gold standard” for the new generation of trade agreements. This thesis thus looks at this referential treaty and attempts to answer the following question: What are the different types of regulatory design within CETA, and how can the variation in types across regulatory sectors be explained? Based on the literature on international legalization I propose two dimensions of “regulatory design”: nature of obligation (Hard/Soft) and mode of decision (Ex-ante/Ex-post). This typology establishes four design types that describe the different possible regulatory schemes: Type 1 (Ex-Ante/Hard); Type 2 (Ex-Post/Hard); Type 3 (Ex-Ante/Soft); Type 4 (Ex-post/Soft). Through reviewing CETA, I identify 7 regulatory sectors institutionalized within CETA according the four mentioned types: Biotechnology, Forest products, Geographical Indications, Motor Vehicles, Pharmaceutical Products, Professional Qualifications, Raw Materials. To explain the negotiation processes resulting in the choice of design types, I mobilize a Rational Institutionalist framework following the premises of the Rational Design research agenda. I develop an explanatory framework based on a structural understanding of the negotiating process. This structure is composed by two interdependence risks affecting the results of the negotiation and thus the design type : High/Low risk of “hold-up” and High/Low risk of shirking. The risk of “hold-up” refers to the possible future re-negotiation of the terms of the agreement and its consequences. It poses that the mutual economic integration resulting from cooperation could make such re-negotiation particularly damage for vulnerable parties. Shirking relates to the literature on enforcement and non-compliance issues. It looks at the possible defection by one party from its legal obligations and to the possibility that a party might opportunistically use pre-existing or existing regulatory divergences to create additional barriers to trade. This thesis posits that when a risk of hold-up is High, negotiators will use an Ex-ante design, which limits in time cooperation and reduces future “hostage” situations. If this risk is Low, negotiating parties will commit to an Ex-post design. A high level of shirking risk results instead in the use of Hard obligation with the aim of reducing the possible risk of avoidance of legal commitments. At the opposite, when such a risk is low, parties will rather use Soft obligation to design their cooperation. To explain the variation of design types, three hypotheses are formulated: Type 1 is caused by High “hold-up” and High shirking risks, Type 2 by Low “hold-up” but High shirking, Type 3 by High “Hold-up” but Low shirking, and Type 4 by Low “Hold-up” and Low shirking. The results support the four hypotheses for six sectors out of seven, Biotech being a deviant case. Type 3 is indirectly verified as it is absent from CETA and no sectors with its related results could be found. For empirical testing, a qualitative multi-method approach was adopted. Two methods of comparison were combined: across-case and within-case. The empirical analysis is thus divided in two parts, the first one compares all seven sectors, while the second uses process-tracing for each sector. In terms of data, different sources are harnessed: trade statistics from Eurostat, regulatory documents and position papers. I also interviewed 24 European and Canadian organizations either representing industry or public authorities.

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6

Ito, Atsuki. "Culture as Group Dynamics -Collective survival strategy, bases of intragroup cooperation and social hierarchy-". Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263731.

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京都大学
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第23270号
人博第985号
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻
(主査)教授内田由紀子, 教授齋木潤, 教授月浦崇
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies
Kyoto University
DGAM

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7

Johnson, Russell E. "Uncovering the Motivational Processes Underlying Justice: The Implicit Cognitive, Affective, and Conative Effects of Experiencing (Un)Fairness". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1150149988.

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8

Hellwig, Guilherme Centenaro. "A cooperação regulatória internacional na área financeira : uma análise sob a perspectiva do direito internacional público". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/32451.

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O presente trabalho aborda a cooperação regulatória internacional na área financeira a partir de uma perspectiva de direito internacional público. Destacando a crescente interdependência entre os sistemas financeiros nacionais e a consequente insuficiência de respostas regulatórias isoladas, circunscritas às fronteiras políticas dos países, examina os esforços conjuntos de governos e autoridades de regulação para a contenção do risco sistêmico internacional e a prevenção de crises financeiras. Para tanto, descreve inicialmente o processo histórico de internacionalização da atividade financeira e a formação de um consenso – especialmente após a recente crise financeira mundial – sobre a necessidade de fortalecimento da cooperação regulatória na área. Investiga, a seguir, as principais características das redes regulatórias transgovernamentais que, nas últimas décadas, têm ocupado o centro dos esforços de cooperação internacional no campo da regulação financeira, em especial o caráter subestatal dos seus principais atores, a informalidade que tem marcado as suas ações e uma crescente preocupação com a legitimidade procedimental. Na última parte, o trabalho centra a sua análise nos instrumentos e alcance da cooperação regulatória, abordando o uso de soft law na formulação de recomendações e padrões (standards) internacionais, sua absorção regulatória no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e a reforma que vem sendo realizada na arquitetura financeira mundial como reação à crise financeira global, com suas implicações para o futuro da cooperação internacional.
This study addresses international financial regulatory cooperation in a public international law perspective. It explores the combined efforts of national governments and domestic regulatory authorities to contain international systemic risk and prevent financial crises, as national financial systems became more interdependent and internal regulatory responses – conducted within and limited to national borders – have proved to be insufficient or ineffective. Describing the historical process that culminated with the internationalization of financial activity, this study points out the international consensus that was built, after the global financial crisis, on the need of strengthening regulatory cooperation. It assesses the main characteristics of transgovernmental regulatory networks that have been in the center of international financial regulation in the past three decades, analyzing its distinctive feature of being comprised of substate actors, the consequences of networks informality to international law and its growing concern with legitimacy. Attention is also drawn to the soft law regime and international standard setting process that marks regulatory cooperation in financial matters, in special to the regulatory influence exerted by international financial standards on the Brazilian legal system, the current reform of the international financial architecture after the global crisis and its implications to the future of international regulatory cooperation.

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9

Kopp, Thomas, e Valentin Pfisterer. "Between a rock and a hard place - legal pitfalls of voluntary cooperation of German companies with German and foreign regulatory and law enforcement authorities". Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-208934.

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German companies or German-based subsidiaries of international businesses may become subject of, or otherwise involved in, investigations by German or foreign regulatory or law enforcement authorities. In the context of such investigations, it is not unusual for the concerned company to face informal requests from German or foreign regulatory and law enforcement authorities for voluntary cooperation. Oftentimes, such requests focus on the transfer of electronic data for investigatory purposes, and such data typically relate, in whole or in part, to individuals (e.g. employees, suppliers and customers). In these and other cases, compliance of German companies or German-based subsidiaries with informal requests from regulatory and law enforcement authorities may itself entail a compliance risk or even constitute a breach by the corporate entity of the German data protection laws resulting in criminal prosecution, administrative sanctions, or damage claims and other actions by third party individuals. This article outlines the scope of application of the German Federal Data Protection Act, introduces the applicable statutory provisions, and discusses the relevant considerations in the context of an informal request by a regulatory or law enforcement authority for voluntary cooperation in the context of global investigations, in particular where a German-based entity faces requests from authorities abroad.

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10

Buck, Moritz. "Towards the evolution of multicellularity : a computational artificial life approach". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/6409.

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Technology, nowadays, has given us huge computational potential, but computer sciences have major problems tapping into this pool of resources. One of the main issues is how to program and design distributed systems. Biology has solved this issue about half a billion years ago, during the Cambrian explosion: the evolution of multicellularity. The evolution of multicellularity allowed cells to differentiate and so divide different tasks to different groups of cells; this combined with evolution gives us a very good example of how massively parallel distributed computational system can function and be “programmed”. However, the evolution of multicellularity is not very well understood, and most traditional methodologies used in evolutionary theory are not apt to address and model the whole transition to multicellularity. In this thesis I develop and argue for new computational artificial life methodologies for the study of the evolution of multicellularity that are able to address the whole transition, give new insights, and complement existing methods. I argue that these methodologies should have three main characteristics: accessible across scientific disciplines, have potentiality for complex behaviour, and be easy to analyse. To design models, which possess those characteristics, I developed a model of genetic regulatory networks (GRNs) that control artificial cells, which I have used in multiple evolutionary experiments. The first experiment was designed to present some of the engineering problems of evolving multicelled systems (applied to graph-colouring), and to perfect my artificial cell model. The two subsequent experiments demonstrate the characteristics listed above: one model based on a genetic algorithm with an explicit two-level fitness function to evolve multicelled cooperative patterning, and one with freely evolving artificial cells that have evolved some multicelled cooperation as evidenced by novel measures, and has the potential to evolve multicellularity. These experiments show how artificial life models of evolution can discover and investigate new hypotheses and behaviours that traditional methods cannot.

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11

Antal, Jarolím. "Transatlantické hospodárské vzťahy v meniacom sa prostredí svetovej ekonomiky". Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191791.

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This thesis focuses on analysis of the shifting role of the state in the context of globalization processes and aims to explain acting of the state in a bilateral cooperation, as an actor who faces these challenges. This framework is afterwards examined on the transatlantic economic cooperation. Main argument is, that in the bilateral cooperation, such shifts can be observed, that are intertwined with greater interactions of components of the states. These transgovernmental networks can be considered inevitable in response to the rising significance of non-tariff barriers and in trade liberalization. In case of the EU-US partnership, the cooperation on this level is focused on harmonizing of regulatory measures what is crucial for further integration of the transatlantic economic relations.

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12

Iwai, Tatiana. "Mecanismos formais e informais de regulação na decisão de cooperação: um estudo sobre seus efeitos em dilemas sociais". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/2260.

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Across the years, study fields such as Political Sciences, Organizations and Economy have dedicated to the subject of the role of regulatory mechanisms on the decision behavior of agents. From different perspectives and approaches, each one of those fields have studied the impact of regulatory instruments on the decision of the players for a given action orientation. From the most frequently quoted instruments on the literature to regulate the action of the agents, we can point out formal and informal regulatory mechanisms. An intense debate over the studies dedicated to the subject has taken place, discussing the efficiency of each of those mechanisms on the player s decision. Given the relevance of such debate, the present study aims to compare the effectiveness of formal and informal regulatory mechanisms on one’s decision of cooperating to social dilemmas. Such dilemmas are situations on which a person, searching for one’s own interests, takes the group to worse results than those that would have been reached if there were cooperation among the group. To reach the goal of this study, we performed an experiment with undergraduate students from EAESP-FGV to test in an experimental environment the behavior of the agents under the pressure of two regulatory mechanisms. The results of this experiment showed that the informal regulatory mechanisms have a greater influence on the player s decision to cooperate and the presence of such mechanisms reduces the necessity of using a formal regulatory mechanism to ensure the cooperation from members of a group.
Ao longo dos anos, campos de estudos como os de ciência política, organizações e economia vêm se debruçando sobre a questão do papel de mecanismos regulativos no comportamento decisório do indivíduo. A partir de óticas e abordagens diferentes, cada um desses campos vem estudando o impacto de instrumentos de regulação na conformação dos atores para determinada orientação de ação. Dos instrumentos mais citados na literatura para regular a ação do ator, podemos apontar os mecanismos formais e informais de regulação. Um intenso debate entre os trabalhos dedicados ao assunto vem sendo travado, discutindo a eficiência de cada um deles na conformação do ator. Dada a relevância desse debate, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a efetividade de mecanismos formais e informais de regulação na decisão de cooperação do indivíduo em dilemas sociais, que são situações onde cada indivíduo ao buscar seu interesse próprio, leva a coletividade a resultados piores do que aqueles que seriam atingidos, caso houvesse cooperação do grupo. Para alcançarmos o objetivo do trabalho, realizou-se um experimento com alunos da graduação da EAESP-FGV para testar em ambiente laboratorial o comportamento dos agentes sob a pressão dos dois mecanismos de regulação. Os resultados do experimento mostraram que mecanismos informais de regulação têm maior influência na decisão de cooperação do ator, assim como sua presença diminui a necessidade do uso de um mecanismo formal de regulação para assegurar a cooperação dos membros de um grupo.

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13

Rachman, Nora Matilde. "Caminhos da cooperação regulatória no mercado de capitais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-12112013-105022/.

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A recente crise financeira global trouxe para o centro do debate internacional o tema da regulação dos mercados de capitais e, com ela, suas diversas qualificações como um fator responsável pela crise. O trabalho tem como foco entender o papel da cooperação internacional em matéria regulatória e, particularmente, a existência de incentivos, preferências, ideias e instituições inerentes à cooperação entre estados. Para tanto, realiza uma análise sistêmica de iniciativas regulatórias tomadas por quatro países entre 2007 e 2011, com o fim de verificar a existência de padrões, modalidades específicas e os caminhos da cooperação na regulação do mercado de capitais. Tendo como gatilho a eclosão da crise financeira global, os principais resultados apontam para um efetivo escrutínio doméstico das recomendações internacionais editadas e, em consequência, uma ampliação do conceito de cooperação regulatória. O que se verifica é que, além das atividades de supervisão e enforcement, emergem iniciativas regulatórias com diversos elementos e formatos comuns, que levam em conta a interação dos determinantes políticos e consequências econômicas advindos desse momentum.
The recent global financial crisis brought to the center of international discussion the debate concerning the regulation of capital markets, including its many variances, as a factor responsible for the crisis. The focus of this work is on the role of international cooperation in regard to regulation, with specific attention given to particular aspects such as the existence of incentives, preferences, ideas, and institutions inherent to cooperation between states. As such, this dissertation will provide a systematic analysis of regulatory initiatives taken by four countries between the years 2007 and 2011. The goal was to verify the existence of patterns, specific models, as well as pathways to cooperation in the regulation of capital markets. The principle results suggest an effective domestic scrutiny of international recommendations driven mostly by the outbreak of the global financial crisis, and as a result a broader concept of what is understood as regulatory cooperation. Besides new measures of supervision and enforcement, the work verified the emergence of regulatory initiatives, with both common elements and formats that take into consideration the interaction of political determinants and economic consequences arising from this momentum.

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14

McKee, Kimberly. "Reconfiguring housing governance in Glasgow post-stock transfer regulatory and liberatory possibilities /". Thesis, Move to record for print version. Connect to e-thesis record to view abstract, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/44/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.
Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Urban Studies, Faculty of Law, Business and Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2007. Includes bibliographical references.

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15

Нижник, З. В. "Стан та перспективи співробітництва територіальних громад". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/12641.

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У роботі розглядаються теоретичні засади функціонування співробітництва територіальних громад: розглянуто сутність поняття, переваги співробітництва, основні завдання, ймовірні форми співробітництва та процедуру організації співробітництва територіальних громад. Проаналізовано нормативно-правове забезпечення співробітництва територіальних громад, з’ясовано сучасний стан розвитку співробітництва територіальних громад в Україні, охарактеризовано зарубіжний досвід співробітництва територіальних громад. Визначені проблеми запровадження механізму співробітництва територіальних громад, розглянуто потенціал розвитку управлінського інструментарію підтримки співробітництва територіальних громад, надані пропозиції для поліпшення якості надання адміністративних послуг в умовах розвитку співробітництва територіальних громад в Україні.
The work considers the theoretical principles of functioning of cooperation of local communities: cooperation such as essence of the concept, benefits of establishing cooperation, main tasks, possible forms of cooperation and procedure for organizing cooperation of territorial communities. The regulatory and legal support has been analyzed, the current state of development and cooperation of territorial communities has been found out, foreign experience of cooperation of territorial communities has been characterized. The problems of introduction of the mechanism of cooperation of local communities has been analyzed, the potential for development of management tools to support cooperation of local communities have been considered and offers on overcoming of proposals to improve the quality of administrative services in the development of cooperation of territorial communities are given.

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Hene, Boniswa Debbie. "Cooperative government in South Africa : examining enforcement mechanisms for municipalities to comply with South Africa’s water regulatory framework". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5119.

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Magister Philosophiae - MPhil
There is overwhelming evidence that South Africa’s rivers are heavily polluted, a situation which is attributable to a large degree to poorly functioning and inefficiently managed waste water treatment works in municipalities. The evidence suggests, furthermore, that municipalities often do not comply with their constitutional obligation to provide water services in a sustainable manner and promote a safe and healthy environment. Such non-compliance infringes on people's constitutionally guaranteed rights to a pollution-free environment and equitable access to sufficient and safe water. The problem is that municipalities are not properly managing the waste water treatment works (WWTWs) and not regulating industrial discharge into these works in accordance with the prescribed national norms and standards. The National Water Act 36 of 1998 and other related Acts provide for legal and informal enforcement mechanisms that criminalise acts of pollution. However, none of them have been effective in enforcing municipal compliance with the national norms and standards of effluent management. There are two main reasons for this. First, the constitutional structure does not allow the Minister responsible for water management to exercise direct supervision of the municipalities despite the functional relationship the Department of Water and Sanitation has with municipalities in respect of water. Secondly, the Constitution (1996) instructs the spheres of government to avoid legal processes and cooperate with one another by intervening to execute the function if the sphere responsible for the function lacks capacity. This thesis explores the possible use of two statutory instruments of cooperative government and intergovernmental relations as strategies to complement and support the conventional enforcement measures in the water sector: the establishment of water intergovernmental forums; and the use of implementation protocols to supervise municipalities that chronically lack capacity as a way of providing targeted support and monitoring to facilitate an effective compliance and enforcement regime in the water sector.

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VIOLA, ANDREA. "CREDITO COOPERATIVO: STRUTTURA ORGANIZZATIVA, PROSSIMITà ED ACCESSO AL CREDITO". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/119851.

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Il lavoro si pone come obiettivo lo studio del credito cooperativo italiano ed è diviso in due capitoli. Il primo indaga empiricamente l’efficienza del modello organizzativo a network studiando le economie di scala, le economie di scopo e il potere di mercato, alla luce della riforma che introduce la struttura organizzativa integrata nel 2018. Per 452 banche cooperative (e un gruppo di controllo di 223 banche commerciali) nel periodo 2006-2018, i risultati empirici mostrano che le banche cooperative sperimentano economie di scala e di scopo, ma sperimentano diseconomie di scala ed economie di scopo costanti sul lato dei ricavi. L’aumento di diversificazione e dimensione non impattano positivamente i ricavi. Le banche cooperative hanno un maggiore potere di mercato rispetto alle banche commerciali. Il secondo capitolo indaga empiricamente la persistenza dei vantaggi del relationship lending per le imprese italiane, misurati come un più facile accesso al credito bancario dovuto alla vicinanza di (almeno) una filiale di banca cooperativa. Per 348.019 imprese (1.135.125 osservazioni) nel periodo 2012-2019, i risultati empirici mostrano che le imprese situate in prossimità di filiali di banche cooperative hanno più accesso al debito bancario e ricorrono meno alla finanza informale (credito commerciale, prestiti dei soci). Questi effetti sono ancora più forti quando le imprese si trovano solo nelle vicinanze di filiali di banche cooperative.
The thesis aims to study Italian cooperative credit and is divided into two chapters. The first one empirically investigates the efficiency of the network organizational model by studying economies of scale, economies of scope and market power, in light of the reform introducing the integrated organizational structure in 2018. For 452 cooperative banks (and a control group of 223 commercial banks) over the period 2006-2018, the empirical results show that cooperative banks experience economies of scale and scope, but experience consistent diseconomies of scale and economies of scope on the revenue side. Increases in diversification and size do not positively impact revenues. Cooperative banks have greater market power than commercial banks. The second chapter empirically investigates the persistence of the advantages of relationship lending for Italian firms, measured as easier access to bank credit due to the proximity of (at least) one cooperative bank branch. For 348,019 firms (1,135,125 observations) over the period 2012-2019, the empirical results show that firms located near cooperative bank branches have more access to bank debt and resort less to informal finance (trade credit, member loans). These effects are even stronger when firms are only located in close proximity to cooperative bank branches.

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Fischer, Stefan W. "An explorative study of performance management in the German cooperative banking sector in response to regulatory and market forces". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2014. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24651.

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The effects of the Subprime Crisis in 2007, which evolved into the still continuing economic crisis, have caused worldwide financial damages in excess of USD 1,6 trillion until 2009 alone according to banks' estimates and renewed awareness for the way financial institutions are run and regulated. It has captured the interest of regulatory standard-setters in their efforts to adjust their supervisory frameworks in order to improve financial stability forcing bank executives to re-think and adjust their business models in order to adapt to the new regulatory environment. Several studies and other publications have been produced on this topic. However, these are limited by their focus on banks in general, especially large-scale and shareholder-oriented banks with sufficient information publicly available. This project contributes to current debates by analysing the impact of the new regulatory measures, Basel III, as well of other competitive forces on the German cooperative banking sector being the smallest of the so-called Three Pillar System, consisting of ap. 1.100 individual banks (primary banks) with 30 million customers and 17 million shareholders (members) plus two central institutions organized within the Cooperative Financial Services Network. Particularly, the aim is to explore and identify how primary banks react and adjust or have to adjust their modus operandi in order to stay competitive given the special characteristics and limitations within their network. Considering tangible as well as intangible assets, this is done via a multi-level research design using a number of methodologies and referencing a range of information and informants while taking advantage of the privileged status of having hands-on access to real-life subjects, i.e. cooperative banks, to gather relevant practical data. This research has concluded that the effect of Basel III on cooperative banks is not as severe as commonly assumed when the entire banking sectory is regarded. Especially with regard to equity, being the focus of the majority of literature, evidence suggests a low impact, with liquidity issues, having been of secondary attention, representing higher pressure. However, no need to conduct material reorganisations has been identified upon analysing current data and historical performance. Giving the dependence on interest income, the on-going low interest level in connection with limitations on conducting maturity transformation poses the biggest threat to performance requiring primary banks to carry out new thinking. A number of key topics have been researched and also implemented as part of this project. One of the main findings in this context was that there is in fact a well-developed awareness of issues and challenges, however, a lack of willingness to change. This is regarded a problem associated with core principles of adherence to cooperative values and the regional principle, a principle of the cooperative banking sector that requires primary banks to operate within a practically limited area. However, evidence and research suggests that there is high potential for performance improvements by introducing structured concepts and the enhanced use of the cooperative network. Quantitative and as well as qualitative instruments tested, such as a financial model for regulatory compliance or the BSC to improve operational improvements, have been successfully tested. With regard to the ideas and strategies proposed to improve competitiveness some will argue that it is not feasible. However, this research confirms that the economic and regulatory environment leaves no choice by to change the old-established way of operation. It forces banks, especially smaller ones, to react and fight with no time to lose.

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Su, Qi [Verfasser]. "Interaction between glucocorticoids and Toll-like receptor 2: regulatory and cooperative effects of glucocorticoids on cutaneous cells / Qi Su". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/114292081X/34.

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20

Vlachou, Charikleia. "La coopération entre les autorités de régulation en Europe (communications électroniques, énergie)". Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020055/document.

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La coopération entre les autorités de régulation en matière de communications électroniques et d’énergie s’inscrit dans le contexte de mutation de l’administration européenne qui est intervenue au fil des deux dernières décennies. Son architecture institutionnelle est marquée par la forte européanisation des autorités de régulation,laquelle est le résultat de l’harmonisation opérée par le droit de l’Union européenne et de la diffusion de meilleures pratiques. La coopération entre les autorités de régulation se fonde néanmoins sur des principes juridiques flous en droit primaire. Elle est de plus marquée par l’ambigüité de la délégation des pouvoirs à l’échelle de l’Union européenne. Dans les deux secteurs étudiés, elle traduit l’hybridation des modèles de gouvernance que sont les « agences de l’Union européenne » et les « réseaux d’autorités », car elle a donné naissance à une « agence en réseau » puissante dans le domaine de l’énergie - l’ACRE- et à un « réseau agenciarisé » faible en matière de communications électroniques– l’ORECE.Pour assurer l’effectivité de l’ « Union de droit », les actes de ces organismes de l’Unioneuropéenne sont contrôlés par le juge de l’Union européenne, dont la saisine par lesparticuliers reste malheureusement difficile. Dans ce contexte, le Médiateur européen présente un potentiel fort en tant qu’instance de contrôle complémentaire. Quant au prétendu déficit démocratique souligné par les détracteurs de l’Union européenne, il est ici démenti car le Parlement européen assure un contrôle démocratique efficace sur les organismes étudiés. Si ses moyens de contrôle politique sont largement informels et méritent d’être approfondis, le contrôle qu’il exerce dans le cadre de la procédure de décharge budgétaire peut, quant à lui, déboucher sur une transformation de l’architecture institutionnelle des organismes étudiés
The cooperation among regulatory authorities in the field of electronic communications and energy takes place against the background of the transformation of the european administration in the last two decades. Its institutional design bears the mark of the europeanisation of regulators through the harmonisation brought about by EU law and the diffusion of best practices. The cooperation among regulatory authorities is formalised on the basis of a primary law that is vague. It is also marked by ambiguity with regard to the delegation of pouvoirs on a European level. In the sectors of energy and electronic communications, it reflects the « hybrisation » of two models of governance, European agencies and networks, giving birth to a powerful « network agency » in the field of energy-the ACER- and a weak « agenciarised network » in the field of electronic communications- the BEREC. The control of the acts of these two organisms in a « Union of law » is ensured by the Cour of justice of the European Union which is, however, difficult to accessfor individuals. In this context, the European Ombudsman demonstrates a real potential as a complementary forum of control. Against a priori hypotheses with respect to the democratic deficit of the European Union, the European Parliament effectively ensures the democratic control of ACER and BEREC. Even if its means of political control are largelyinformal and should be better defined, the control it exercices in the context of the budgetary discharge procedure is capable of transforming the institutional design of the above mentioned organisms

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21

Soro, Russell Olivier. "El contrato normativo : análisis de una categoría". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40017.

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L'objet principal de notre recherche sera d'essayer d'éclairer l'obscurité relative à la figure du contrat normatif, existante particulièrement en espagne, en élaborant une étude minutieuse et en profondeur qui fait actuellement défaut dans la littérature juridique. de même, il sera aussi bien nécessaire d'analyser si la notion de contrat normatif, telle qu'elle est proposée par la doctrine et jurisprudence espagnole et surtout italienne, peut être transposée au droit français des contrats. et, d'autre part, si la notion française de contrat-cadre correspond à celle, espagnole, de « contrato marco ». pour ce faire, il sera nécessaire d'entamer une étude de ses différences et similitudes au moyen d'une comparaison de l'emploi, par les professionnels du droit de chaque pays, de chacun des termes. finalement il sera envisagé, le cas échéant, l'opportunité d'une éventuelle transposition de la figure du contrat-cadre au droit espagnol à travers celle de « contrato marco », l'intégrant comme équivalente ou application de la figure de contrat normatif.ainsi, une fois notre recherche achevée nous serons en mesure de proposer une définition complète et claire de contrat normatif, de déterminer sa nature juridique, d'obtenir ses principaux caractères, d'en tirer sa portée et, enfin, de rassembler ces principales applications pratiques. et ce, naturellement sans oublier de relever tant l'histoire ou la genèse de cette figure que sa valeur actuelle, en tant que nouvelle forme de négociation, d'autorégulation et de limitation volontaire de la liberté contractuelle
How far are now individuals free to create the most appropriate contractual tool to achieve the satisfaction of their needs and interests? What they have in common figures as diverse as a joint-venture agreement, a franchise agreement or a marriage contract? Is the old general theory of contract adapted to the contractual practice of the XXI century? A deep study of the normative contract in this book provides answers to these and to many other momentous matters of Private Law of Contract. Reconstructed from the detailed analysis of the theory and legal practice, the notion of normative contract as an agreement of cooperative nature could constitute the bridge to a new and inspiring way of conceiving the contract. Not surprisingly, as shown by its main practical manifestations, the contract is often more than just an instrument to organize an exchange of goods and services, a powerful regulatory tool of reality and human behavior. To put it briefly, if on the one hand in this essay the author seeks find a remedy for a situation of great uncertainty regarding the so-called normative contract, in the other hand he also invites the legal community to reflect calmly on the role played by contract in present society.Keywords: Normative contract, Normenvertrag, Alfred HUECK, genesis, concept, pactum de modo contrahendo, contrat-cadre, framework agreements, distribution, collective agreement, financial transactions, joint venture, marriage contract, codes of conduct, Spanish private law, French private law, contractual clause, cooperative agreement, intuitus personae, no-obligational and obligational content of the contract, union of contracts, regulatory function of contract, general contract theory, theory of legal regulation, Hans KELSEN , freedom of contract

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22

Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.

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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.

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BARZANTI, Fabrizio. "Media pluralism and the European audiovisual space : the role and cooperation of independent regulatory authorities". Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/40806.

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Defence date: 27 May 2015
Examining Board: Professor Bruno de Witte (European University Institute, Supervisor); Professor Loïc Azoulai (European University Institute); Doctor Rachael Craufurd Smith (University of Edinburgh); Professor Roberto Mastroianni (Università di Napoli).
This thesis explores the legal and institutional settings that contribute to the creation of general preconditions for the freedom of expression and, primarily, genuine pluralism to prosper throughout the European audiovisual media space. Taking into account the intense legislative and judicial activity on audiovisual media matters in the European Union (EU) and bearing in mind the developments brought about by new digital communications and technological convergence, the analysis focuses on the institutional forms and modes of governance for the media that are apt to foster an effective and consistent supranational approach to the fundamental objective of media pluralism and the values it involves, considering notably the role and functioning of Independent Administrative Authorities (IAAs) for the media. To this end, the three Parts into which the Thesis is divided deal with, respectively: the notion of media pluralism and its employment in EU law, highlighting the limits of classical hard-law based approaches (Part I); an examination of the institutional features as well as the operation of three national IAAs for the media – namely, the French Conseil Supérieur de l'Audiovisuel (CSA), the UK Office of Communications (Ofcom) and the Italian Autorità per le Garanzie nelle Comunicazioni (AGCom) – selected as case studies to illustrate the role of these bodies in securing media pluralism (Part II); the investigation of EU action in setting the necessary institutional preconditions and some specific related requirements to guarantee attainment of this objective, also looking in some detail at the legislative developments that have occurred in comparable sectors, such as data protection legislation, equality law and electronic communication regulation, before considering the arrangements in place at the supranational level, as well as the incipient ones in the governance of audiovisual media (Part III).

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Chen, Yi-ting, e 陳奕廷. "Non-tariff Barrier to Trade and Development and Challenge of Regulatory Cooperation: Lessons from Mega-regionalism". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8u389n.

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碩士
國立清華大學
科技法律研究所
106
After analyzing the Regulatory chapter in mega-regional trade agreements, this paper finds that parties involve in mega-regional trade agreements are still conservative about regulatory cooperation, given that regulatory cooperation is an effective tool eliminating regulatory barrier to trade. Many mega-regional agreements already incorporated regulatory cooperation in to their content and aiming high-level cooperation. However, the parties in mega-regional agreements seems outweigh regulatory sovereignty than the benefit of regulatory cooperation, and do not allow other parties and interest group from other parties influence their process of policy making through regulatory cooperation. Therefore, the majority of mandatory regulatory cooperation in mega-regional agreements remains low-level, and high-level regulatory cooperation becomes optional. This paper also review Taiwan’s regulatory cooperation mechanism in FTAs, and try to make suggestions relating the usage and phenomena of regulatory cooperation for Taiwan.

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25

Davidson, Nigel Joseph. "The lion that didn't roar : can regulatory theory save the Kimberley process?" Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151474.

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Diamonds are a symbol of love, purchased to celebrate marriage in many parts of the world. It is, therefore, a dark irony that the diamond trade has become linked with both warfare and human rights violations committed in African producer countries such as Sierra Leone and Angola. Graphic accounts of murder and mayhem, fuelled by the diamond black market, continue to emerge from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Zimbabwe, and Angola, posing an existential threat to the multi-billion dollar industry. These human rights violations fall under the legal categories of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, the most serious crimes under international law. In response to the grim reality of the blood diamonds trade, De Beers and other major corporate players joined with non-governmental organisations and national governments to create the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme in 2002. The objective of the Kimberley Process is to distinguish the legitimate rough diamond trade from the trade in diamonds linked to serious human rights abuses, known as 'conflict diamonds' or 'blood diamonds'. It involves a system of export and import certificates attesting to the 'clean' character of the rough diamonds traded, and is backed up by a peer review system to monitor compliance. The Kimberley Process has been supported through the regulatory action of national governments at the domestic level, as well as the United Nations Security Council and the International Criminal Court internationally. The first research question considered by this thesis is: (1) to what extent has the conflict diamonds governance system achieved its objectives? In response, it can be said that the conflict diamonds governance system has made significant progress in its core mandate. The quantity and value of the international legitimate diamond industry, once the very paradigm of secrecy, has become more transparent through publicly available Kimberley Process statistics. Based on these statistics, the Kimberley Process estimates that the blood diamond trade now constitutes less than one per cent of the world's rough diamond trade. However, it has not always been smooth sailing for the Kimberley Process, which has recently arrived in particularly stormy waters. The integrity of the system has been endangered by the seeming inability of the Kimberley Process to take appropriate action in the face of serious non-compliance by three important national government stakeholders, Venezuela, Zimbabwe and Angola. In short, commentators are asking whether the Kimberley Process 'lion' has forgotten how to 'roar'. The second research question is: (2) does an application of the networked pyramid regulatory model to the system provide descriptive or normative insights into its effectiveness? In considering both the relative success, and the current challenges facing the conflict diamonds governance system, important insights may be gained by looking at the system with reference to the networked pyramid regulatory model. Before applying the model the thesis suggests a modification, dubbed the 'dual' inetworked pyramid model', whereby the micro-regulatory system at the national level is seen as a networked pyramid within the greater networked pyramid of the international system. The relative success of Kimberley to date, when analysed against this theoretical hybrid of network and pyramid models, is largely linked to its self-conscious incorporation of insights from network theory. At the international level, the Kimberley Process can be seen as the central node, or command-centre, in which information is gathered, and regulatory action coordinated, from networks of corporations, national governments and non-government organisations. Its relative success to date can largely be attributed to a process of socialisation whereby big business as well as most national governments have become its key supporters. It is, however, in the theoretical domain of the regulatory pyramid that the Kimberley Process might find a way out of its current deadlock. Pyramid theory recognises the primacy of soft power, such as dialogue and socialisation, but demands escalation to more coercive measures where regulated parties are unresponsive or recalcitrant. It is suggested that improved procedures for managing 'serious non-compliance', combined with an agreed pathway to expulsion from the Kimberley Process in such cases, would bring the KP into better alignment with the pyramid model and help it to move out of the log jam in which it currently finds itself. Furthermore, a more defined pathway of escalation to the United Nations Security Council and the International Criminal Court would bolster the ongoing efficacy of the conflict diamonds governance system. A recommended mechanism for doing this would be to amend the Statute of the International Criminal Court to include a crime of trafficking in conflict diamonds, to be defined in terms of contravening a UNSC diamond embargo. Beyond breaking the current deadlock, the KP has an opportunity to reinvent itself by embracing the concept of 'development diamonds'. First suggested by NGOs, this label might be applied to diamonds from the informal sector which are not merely free from the taint of international crime, but also comply with other human rights standards, most notably freedom from child labour. A further modification to the 'dual networked pyramid model', assisted by insights from the 'pyramid of rewards' theoretical model, reveals that the KP has the chance to systematically ratchet up human rights, health, safety and environmental standards in the artisanal sector, thereby buttressing the industry against the return of blood diamonds.

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Lai, Wei-Ting, e 賴瑋婷. "Studies of the regulatory mechanism of the Low-Molecular-Weight Bacteriocin carocin gene through c-di-GMP and CRP cooperation in Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7f2zd6.

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碩士
國立中興大學
化學系所
101
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is a phytopathogenic enterobacterium. Some of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum strains produced low-molecular-weight-bacteriocin by ultraviolet induction. But litte is known about the signal transduction pathway of low-molecular-weight- bacteriocin carocin gene. The previous studies from our lab has shown that crp-defective mutant and dgc -defective mutant could not express carocin gene respectively. In this study, we want to known that how is the regulatory mechanism of carocin gene throgh cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) and cAMP receptor protein(CRP) cooperation? Here, we analyzed the carocin gene upstream sequence by the DNASIS MAX program and this sequence analysis indicated that the carocin gene upstream region contains two putative CRP binding sites. Thus, we designed two 30 bp DNA fragments as biotinylated probes and each probe contains the putative CRP binding site respectively. We thus used the biotinylated probe pull down assay and prepared the CRP polyclonal antibody for western blotting. As a result, in our experiments, CRP binds to two putative CRP sites called CIE-1(carocin induced element-1) and CIE-2(carocin induced element-2). CIE-1 located at positions -112~-117 bp relative to the translation start site, while CIE-2 located at positions -17~-22 bp. Without ultraviolet induction, CRP binds CIE-1 or CIE-2 dominantly in the biotinylated probe pull down assay. With ultraviolet induction, CRP binds to CIE-1 and CIE-2. In addition, in the absence of c-di-GMP, the level of CRP binds to CIE-1 and CIE-2 obviously decreased. Based on the data presented in this study, we think maybe c-di-GMP is a novel effecter for CRP allosteric transition and thus the cooperation of c-di-GMP and CRP regulates the carocin gene. We proposed that ultraviolet induction may cause increasing the level of c-di-GMP concetration and the role of c-di-GMP is to convert CRP from a repressor to an activator. In conclusion, our results attempted to model a signal transduction pathway of the carocin gene expression in response to the ultraviolet induction. In particular, we implicated the roles of the c-di-GMP and CRP cooperation in the carocin gene.

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Adcock, Fleur. "The United Nations special procedures and Indigenous peoples : a regulatory analysis". Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155949.

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The adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007 has shifted the attention of Indigenous rights scholars from norm elaboration to norm implementation. Yet, the influence of the United Nations Human Rights Council's special procedures in actualising Indigenous rights norm implementation remains under-researched. I investigate how the non-coercive and resource-poor special procedures regulate - or influence - state behaviour towards Indigenous peoples. I depart from the existing international law corpus by drawing on regulatory literature. Contrary to rationalist theories, I find that the apparently weak international mechanism of the special procedures regulates state behaviour towards Indigenous peoples imperfectly but appreciably. However, I argue that ritualism is states' dominant response: states outwardly agree with the special procedures' recommendations while inwardly developing techniques to avoid them. I conclude that the special procedures mechanism is capable of exerting enhanced influence over state behaviour towards Indigenous peoples and propose strategies to that end. The findings are based on case studies regarding the special procedures' influence in Aotearoa New Zealand and the Republic of Guatemala. The special procedures mechanism enjoys a broad mandate to advance the realisation of international Indigenous rights norms. In fulfilling this mandate the special procedures experts leverage a mixed dialogic tool-set; principally engaging techniques of shaming, in addition to dialogue-building and capacity-building. The experts' influence on state behaviour towards Indigenous peoples is perceptible in Aotearoa New Zealand and the Republic of Guatemala. But each state engages in ritualism both to disguise its inward resistance to recommendations regarding 'hard' rights to self-determination and land and its failure to fully commit to recommendations concerning the 'soft' cultural right to education. A complex collection of factors explain the experts' imperfect influence: key actors are not engaged, the core principles underlying states' responses to the experts' recommendations are not contested and important regulatory mechanisms are under-exploited. The analysis indicates that, by harnessing dialogic 'webs of influence', comparatively weak actors like the special procedures can influence powerful actors, such as states. It also reveals that, to counter states' rights ritualism, the special procedures should simultaneously shame and praise states, fostering continuous improvement in observing Indigenous rights.

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Maluleka, Khulumane John. "Transport economic regulatory intervention in the transport infrastructure : a public-private partnership exploratory study". Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1926.

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The aim of this study is to determine whether the introduction of a transport economic regulatory authority would serve as a valid intervention mechanism in the Public-Private Partnership of the transport infrastructure in South Africa. In order to achieve this objective, the study focused on the analysis of the concept of Public-Private Partnership, and how it has unfolded in a number of industrialised countries. Much attention was devoted in examining how the Public-Private Partnership arrangements followed by the studied countries influenced the current transport infrastructure management process in South Africa. To deal with the above, a host of macro-environmental variables were analysed in respect of their potential impact on the South African Department of Transport. The establishment of various agencies by the Department of Transport was seen as a consequence of the influence of the prevailing environmental forces. The outcome of the analysis revealed that a sustainable transport infrastructural development is a product of genuine partnership between the public and private sectors. Competition for the market and the significance of such competition in the transport infrastructure were outlined. The main goal of competition within the context of this study is to diffuse the economic power of the toll road industry and the protection of the individual's fundamental rights. The study also unearthed a need to deepen the talent and skills of both public and private sector officials as this would enable them to protect the citizens' right to make well-considered choices in the toll road industry. The study identified a need to establish a transport economic regulatory authority that would control the market dynamics of power relationships in the transport industry. Such a body should be creative and need to have regulatory oversight over transport infrastructure.
Transport Logistics & Tourism
D. Comm.

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Gintzburger, Anne-Sophie H. M. "The sources in variation in the application of Shari'a-compliant finance contracts : a comparative analysis of Shari'a scholars, Shari'a board roles, and regulatory variations in Malaysia and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states". Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151670.

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Amorim, Rute Filipa Oliveira. "TTIP: que oportunidades e desafios para a União Europeia?: o caso da cooperação regulatória". Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/49518.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Negócios Internacionais
A presente dissertação versa sobre o Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), acordo proposto entre a União Europeia e os EUA. O acordo foi objeto de um conjunto de negociações com o intuito de criar uma zona de comércio livre no Atlântico. O seu principal objetivo é reduzir as barreiras tarifárias e regulatórias, nas mais diversas áreas de ligação comercial e de investimento entre a União Europeia e os Estados Unidos da América. Pretende-se com ele criar uma relação estratégica e dinâmica, capaz de responder a desafios regionais e globais. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os impactos económicos e comerciais gerados pelo acordo na União Europeia, e no mercado único europeu, como também nos Países-Membros. A dissertação foca em particular a cooperação regulatória, que passa pela harmonização ou reconhecimento mútuo dos princípios que regem as certificações de bens e serviços. Metodologicamente, esta dissertação tem um carácter exploratório e analítico, pois a pesquisa tem como principal objetivo a obtenção de conhecimento. A dissertação vai mais além da descrição do acordo, tentando analisar as motivações, efeitos e consequências da sua implementação bem como, sintetiza algumas recomendações para que possa vir a ser bemsucedido no âmbito da cooperação regulatória.
The present dissertation analyses Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), negotiated between the European Union and the United States of America. The agreement aims to create a free trade zone in the Atlantic. Its main objective is to reduce tariff non-tariff barriers in trade and investment between the European Union and the United States. It is intended to create a strategic and dynamic relation, capable to answer to regional and global challenges. This dissertation has as goal to analyze the economic and commercial impacts generated by the agreement upon the European Union, and the European single market, as well as on its members.states. The dissertation focus on the regulatory cooperation, provisions of the agreement, that comprises harmonization or mutual recognition of the principles underlying the certification of commercialized goods and services. Methodologically, this dissertation has an exploratory and analytical character, as the researchs has as its main objective to acquire new knowledge on the topic. The dissertation goes beyond the description of the agreement, trying to analyze the motivations, effect and consequences of its implementation, as well as it systematizes some recommendations that may help to the sucess of the agreement in the área of regulatory cooperation.

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Gomes, Antonio. "Computational approaches to deciphering regulatory circuits in mycobacterium tuberculosis from chip-seq data, and developing theoretical strategies to combat drug-resistant infections". Thesis, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/14240.

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This thesis consists of two related studies directed at aspects of M. tuberculosis biology. The first focuses on deciphering gene-regulatory circuits from ChIP-seq data, and the second focuses on alternative strategies for combatting drug-resistant infections. The first study describes Binding Resolution Amplifier and Cooperative Interaction Locator (BRACIL), a post-peak-caller computational method that predicts transcription-factor (TF) binding sites with high-resolution as well as cooperative TF interactions derived from ChIP-seq data. BRACIL integrates ChIP-seq coverage with motif discovery from a signal-processing perspective and uses a blind-deconvolution algorithm that predicts binding-site locations and magnitudes. BRACIL also explicitly considers a second-order signal, represented by DNA fragments with two sites bound simultaneously, and uses it to predict cooperative interaction. Cooperative interaction indicates that the binding to a first site influences the probability of binding to a second site. This method estimates the probability of a binding configuration from the ChIP-seq coverage and performs a likelihood ratio test to predict cooperative interaction. As a proof of principle, I validated this method using M. tuberculosis transcription factor DosR. The second study focuses on strategies to fight antibiotic resistance. In particular, recent reports have shown the existence of treatment conditions (called "antiR") that select against drug-resistant strains. I used a mathematical model of infection dynamics and immunity to simulate the growth of resistant and sensitive pathogens under different treatment conditions (no drugs, antibiotic present, and antiR), and could show how a precisely timed combination of treatments can defeat resistant strains. This analysis suggested that a time- scheduled, multi-treatment therapy could lead to complete elimination of both sensitive and resistant strains. Also, my results indicated that the time necessary to turn a resistant infection into a sensitive one ("tclear") depends on the experimentally measurable rates of pathogen division, growth and plasmid loss. Additionally, I estimated tclear for a specific case, using available empirical data, and found that resistance may be lost up to 15 times faster under antiR treatment as compared to a no-treatment regime. Finally, an extension of these findings to population models provides quantitative support for therapeutic plans to clear antibiotic-resistant infections, including novel drug-cycling strategies.

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32

Jankowski, Aleksander. "Modeling transcription factor complex binding to eukaryotic genomes". Doctoral thesis, 2014.

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Abstract (sommario):

The binding of transcription factors (TFs) to their specific motifs in genomic regulatory elements of eukaryotic organisms is commonly studied in isolation. However, in order to elucidate the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation, it is essential to determine which TFs bind DNA cooperatively as dimers or higher order complexes, and to infer the precise nature of these interactions. So far, only a small number of such cooperative complexes are known.In this thesis, we present a method for predicting cell-type–specific TF-TF dimerization on DNA on a large scale. We applied it to DNase I hypersensitivity data, representing the universe of possible TF complexes by their corresponding motif complexes, and analyzed their occurrence at cell-type–specific DNase I hypersensitive sites. This way, we predicted 603 highly significant cell-type–specific TF dimers, the vast majority of which are novel. Our predictions included 69% (20/29) of the known dimeric complexes manually compiled from the existing biochemical literature. The predictions were also independently supported by evolutionary conservation, as well as quantitative variation in DNase I digestion patterns.Notably, the known and predicted TF dimers were almost always highly compact and rigidly spaced, suggesting that TFs dimerize in close proximity to their partners, which results in strict constraints on the structure of the DNA-bound complex. Applying our method to ChIP-seq data, we uncovered a general principle governing the structure of TF-TF-DNA ternary complexes, namely that the flexibility of the complex is correlated with, and most likely a consequence of, inter-motif spacing.To allow for a broad adoption of our method, we developed TACO, a software tool that takes as input any genome-wide set of regulatory elements and predicts cell-type–specific TF dimers based on enrichment of motif complexes. This is the first tool of such kind that can accommodate motif complexes composed of overlapping motifs, which are a characteristic feature of many known TF dimers. Our method comprehensively outperforms the existing approaches, iTFs and SpaMo, when benchmarked on a reference set of 29 known dimers.Finally, we propose MOCCA, a novel computational method to identify individual TF binding sites from genome sequence information and cell-type–specific experimental data, such as DNase-seq. We combine the strengths of its predecessors, CENTIPEDE and Wellington, while keeping the number of free parameters in the model reasonably low. Our method is unique in allowing for multiple binding modes for a single TF, differing in their cut profile and overall number of DNase I cuts.
Wiązanie czynników transkrypcyjnych do specyficznych motywów w elementach regulatorowych znajdujących się w genomach organizmów eukariotycznych jest zazwyczaj badane dla każdego z czynników oddzielnie, bez uwzględniania wpływu pozostałych. Jednakże w celu pełnego poznania mechanizmów regulacji transkrypcji należy rozstrzygnąć, które czynniki transkrypcyjne wiążą się kooperatywnie do DNA jako dimery lub kompleksy wyższego rzędu, a także poznać dokładną naturę tych oddziaływań. Do tej pory znana jest tylko niewielka liczba takich kooperatywnych kompleksów.W tej pracy przedstawiamy wielkoskalową i specyficzną dla poszczególnych typów komórek metodę przewidywania dimeryzacji czynników transkrypcyjnych na DNA. Stosujemy ją do danych o nadwrażliwości na DNazę I, reprezentując możliwe kompleksów czynników transkrypcyjnych przez odpowiednie kompleksy ich motywów. Następnie analizujemy występowanie tych kompleksów w regionach otwartej chromatyny specyficznych dla poszczególnych typów komórek. W ten sposób przewidzieliśmy 603 istotnie nadreprezentowanych dimerów czynników transkrypcyjnych, spośród których zdecydowana większość nie była wcześniej znana. Nasze przewidywania obejmują 69% (20 z 29) zbioru znanych dimerów, który zebraliśmy z istniejącej literatury biochemicznej. Przewidywania były również niezależnie potwierdzone przez ewolucyjną konserwację, a także przez ilościową zmienność w profilach cięcia DNazą I.Co istotne, zarówno znane, jak i przewidywane dimery czynników transkrypcyjnych niemal zawsze były zwarte i sztywnie rozmieszczone. Sugeruje to, że dimeryzacja czynników transkrypcyjnych zachodzi w bezpośredniej ich bliskości, co narzuca ścisłe ograniczenia w strukturze kompleksu związanego z DNA. Stosując naszą metodę do danych ChIP-seq, ustaliliśmy ogólną zasadę regulującą strukturę kompleksów złożonych z dwóch czynników transkrypcyjnych i DNA, mianowicie, że ich elastyczność jest skorelowana z odstępem między motywami tych czynników na sekwencji DNA, prawdopodobnie będąc jego konsekwencją.Aby umożliwić upowszechnienie naszej metody, opracowaliśmy program TACO, który przyjmuje jako wejście dowolny zbiór genomowych elementów regulatorowych i przewiduje dimery czynników transkrypcyjnych specyficzne dla poszczególnych typów komórek w oparciu o nadreprezentację kompleksów motywów. Jest to pierwsze narzędzie tego typu, które obsługuje kompleksy złożone z nachodzących na siebie motywów. Takie kompleksy są cechą wielu znanych dimerów czynników transkrypcyjnych. Na podstawie porównania ze wspomnianym zbiorem 29 znanych dimerów, stwierdziliśmy że nasza metoda prześciga istniejące, iTFs i SpaMo.Pod koniec pracy przedstawiamy program MOCCA, będący nowatorską obliczeniową metodą identyfikacji poszczególnych miejsc wiązania czynników transkrypcyjnych, na postawie informacji o sekwencji genomu oraz danych eksperymentalnych specyficznych dla typów komórek, takich jak dane DNase-seq. Łączymy zalety dwóch poprzednich podejść, CENTIPEDE i Wellingtona, zachowując przy tym rozsądnie ograniczoną liczbę wolnych parametrów w modelu. Nasza metoda jest wyjątkowa przez to, że dopuszcza by pojedynczy czynnik transkrypcyjny miał wiele różnych stanów wiązania z DNA, różniących się profilami cięcia DNazą I oraz ogólną liczbą tych cięć.

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33

Fonseca, Ana Rita Vicente da. "Compliance Fiscal". Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/97483.

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Abstract (sommario):

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
Tendo em atenção que atualmente é indiscutível que o Estado deve intervir na economia, de modo a assegurar a livre concorrência e a corrigir as falhas no mercado, nesta dissertação serão abordadas as deficiências da política fiscal adotada e a necessidade de mudanças no sistema tributário.Com o objetivo do aumento do índice de compliance, será analisada a insuficiência da atuação exclusivamente punitiva do Estado em caso de não cumprimento das obrigações tributárias (noncompliance), isto porque são vários os fatores que influenciam o comportamento dos contribuintes para além da componente económica, sendo necessária uma política de incentivo ao comportamento em conformidade com as regras tributárias (compliancefiscal). Neste sentido, o modelo de regulação fiscal cooperativa defende uma relação de maior proximidade entre a administração tributária e o contribuinte, existindo entre ambos uma relação de cooperação e de confiança, que poderá resultar num aumento da conformidade fiscal.É de destacar, com vista a um resultado positivo das administrações tributárias, as orientações e sugestões propostas pela Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico (OCDE), que defendem a prática de elementos de boa governança corporativa, como a transparência e a informação, promovendo um clima de confiança e de justiça fiscal.A boa governança corporativa assume especial importância nas empresas, sendo essencial para a integridade das mesmas e consequentemente para a estabilidade económica e financeira. Desta forma, deveres como a transparência e accountability devem fazer parte da gestão empresarial, existindo assim uma maior dificuldade de praticar evasão ou sonegação fiscal, e consequentemente uma maior conformidade fiscal.Por fim, o compliance é fundamental para tornar o planeamento tributário eficiente e assegurar que o mesmo está em conformidade com a lei tributária, garantindo assim que os agentes económicos assumem uma postura em conformidade com a lei.Palavras-Chave: Estado Regulador; Política Fiscal;Compliance Fiscal; Regulação Fiscal Cooperativa;Boa Governança Corporativa
Considering that it is currently indisputable that the State must intervene in the economy, in order to ensure free competition and correct market failures, this dissertation will address the deficiencies of the fiscal policy adopted and the need for changes in the tax system.With the objective of increasing the compliance index, the insufficiency of the exclusively punitive action of the State in case of non-compliance with tax obligations will be analysed, because there are several factors that influence the behaviour of taxpayers besides the economic component, being necessary a policy of incentive to behaviour in conformity with the tax rules (tax compliance). In this sense, the model of cooperative tax regulation advocates a relationship of greater proximity between the tax administration and the taxpayer, with a relationship of cooperation and trust between the two, which may result in an increase in tax compliance.It is worth mentioning, with a view to a positive outcome for tax administrations, the guidelines and suggestions proposed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which advocate the practice of elements of good corporate governance, such as transparency and information, promoting a climate of trust and tax justice.Good corporate governance is of particular importance in companies, being essential to their integrity and consequently to economic and financial stability. In this way, duties such as transparency and accountability must be part of the corporate management, thus making it more difficult to practice tax evasion or tax avoidance, and consequently a greater tax compliance.Finally, compliance is fundamental to make tax planning efficient and ensure that it is in accordance with the tax law, thus ensuring that economic agents assume an attitude in accordance with the law.Keywords: Regulatory State; Tax Policy; Tax Compliance; Cooperative Tax Regulation; Good Corporate Governance

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34

Рудий, А. О. "Способи мінімізації кредитного ризику банку (на прикладі банку Південний)". Thesis, 2018. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/7852.

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Abstract (sommario):

Проаналізовано Аналіз кредитного ринку України, Характеристика фінансового стану та результатів діяльності банківської установи, Практика мінімізації кредитного ризику в акціонерному банку "Південний", Зарубіжний досвід щодо мінімізації кредитного ризику Запропоновано Практичні аспекти організації системи захисту від кредитного ризику в акціонерному банку "Південний".
The analysis of the credit market of Ukraine, Characteristics of the financial state and results of the banking institution, The practice of minimizing credit risk in the joint-stock bank "Pivdennyi", Foreign experience in minimizing credit risk is analyzed. Practical aspects of organization of the system of protection against credit risk in Joint-Stock Bank "Pivdennyi" are offered.

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Tesi sul tema "Regulatory cooperation"

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