Articoli di riviste: "Regulatory cooperation"

1

Herwig, Alexia. "TTIP Regulatory Cooperation". European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, n. 2 (giugno 2016): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00005651.

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The leaked TTIP documents reveal that the EU and US are discussing the introduction of a detailed set of procedural requirements for the adoption of regulatory measures. Default provisions are set forth in the chapter on regulatory cooperation, applicable to goods and services. More specific provisions are being negotiated in the chapters on technical barriers to trade and on sanitary and phytosanitary measures. If they conflict with the regulatory cooperation chapter, they prevail.This article analyses the regulatory cooperation chapter insofar as it pertains to trade in goods but to the exclusion of SPS matters and anything provided in the TBT chapter itself. The questions this article examines are to what extent the TTIP proposals expand upon the obligations the two parties have already taken on under WTO law and to what extent the resulting regulatory coordination is consistent withWTO law. It will be shown that the US proposals on procedure may constrain substantive regulatory discretion beyond what applies under the GATT and TBT Agreement of the WTO. It will alsobe shown that the needs to conduct trade impact assessments and a detailed explanation of the necessity of measures anticipate a legal challenge to necessity and will provide information of much use to complainants in meeting their burden of proof.

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Hughes, Bethan. "Transatlantic regulatory cooperation expanded". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6, n. 8 (agosto 2007): 589–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd2392.

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Vantaggiato, Francesca P. "The drivers of regulatory networking: policy learning between homophily and convergence". Journal of Public Policy 39, n. 3 (19 giugno 2018): 443–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x18000156.

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AbstractThe literature on transnational regulatory networks identified interdependence as their main rationale, downplaying domestic factors. Typically, relevant contributions use the word “network” only metaphorically. Yet, informal ties between regulators constitute networked structures of collaboration, which can be measured and explained. Regulators choose their frequent, regular network partners. What explains those choices? This article develops an Exponential Random Graph Model of the network of European national energy regulators to identify the drivers of informal regulatory networking. The results show that regulators tend to network with peers who regulate similarly organised market structures. Geography and European policy frameworks also play a role. Overall, the British regulator is significantly more active and influential than its peers, and a divide emerges between regulators from EU-15 and others. Therefore, formal frameworks of cooperation (i.e. a European Agency) were probably necessary to foster regulatory coordination across the EU.

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Bach, David, e Abraham Newman. "Domestic drivers of transgovernmental regulatory cooperation". Regulation & Governance 8, n. 4 (6 gennaio 2014): 395–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rego.12047.

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5

Winslett, Gary. "Choosing among Options for Regulatory Cooperation". Global Governance 25, n. 1 (1 marzo 2019): 100–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02501007.

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Abstract When states face a regulatory difference that impedes commerce between them, they have a range of options to choose from in how to pursue regulatory cooperation on that issue. They may attempt to unilaterally impose their position, attempt to negotiate binding agreements, promote mutual recognition, utilize networked governance, create private standards, rely on business self-regulation, or choose not to pursue cooperation. Each of these choices has implications for the commerce and international relations on that issue, and so the choice of policy route is of vital importance. This article builds on lobbying, regulation, and trade scholarship to advance a theory that explains how states choose a regulatory cooperation pathway.

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Lang, Mark, Mark Maffett, James D. Omartian e Roger Silvers. "Regulatory cooperation and foreign portfolio investment". Journal of Financial Economics 138, n. 1 (ottobre 2020): 138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2020.04.016.

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Yan, Jinyuan, Hilary Monaco e Joao B. Xavier. "The Ultimate Guide to Bacterial Swarming: An Experimental Model to Study the Evolution of Cooperative Behavior". Annual Review of Microbiology 73, n. 1 (8 settembre 2019): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120033.

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Cooperation has fascinated biologists since Darwin. How did cooperative behaviors evolve despite the fitness cost to the cooperator? Bacteria have cooperative behaviors that make excellent models to take on this age-old problem from both proximate (molecular) and ultimate (evolutionary) angles. We delve into Pseudomonas aeruginosa swarming, a phenomenon where billions of bacteria move cooperatively across distances of centimeters in a matter of a few hours. Experiments with swarming have unveiled a strategy called metabolic prudence that stabilizes cooperation, have showed the importance of spatial structure, and have revealed a regulatory network that integrates environmental stimuli and direct cooperative behavior, similar to a machine learning algorithm. The study of swarming elucidates more than proximate mechanisms: It exposes ultimate mechanisms valid to all scales, from cells in cancerous tumors to animals in large communities.

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Schreiber, Kerstin, Robert Krieger, Beatrice Benkert, Martin Eschbach, Hiroyuki Arai, Max Schobert e Dieter Jahn. "The Anaerobic Regulatory Network Required for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nitrate Respiration". Journal of Bacteriology 189, n. 11 (30 marzo 2007): 4310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00240-07.

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ABSTRACT In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the narK 1 K 2 GHJI operon encodes two nitrate/nitrite transporters and the dissimilatory nitrate reductase. The narK 1 promoter is anaerobically induced in the presence of nitrate by the dual activity of the oxygen regulator Anr and the N-oxide regulator Dnr in cooperation with the nitrate-responsive two-component regulatory system NarXL. The DNA bending protein IHF is essential for this process. Similarly, narXL gene transcription is enhanced under anaerobic conditions by Anr and Dnr. Furthermore, Anr and NarXL induce expression of the N-oxide regulator gene dnr. Finally, NarXL in cooperation with Dnr is required for anaerobic nitrite reductase regulatory gene nirQ transcription. A cascade regulatory model for the fine-tuned genetic response of P. aeruginosa to anaerobic growth conditions in the presence of nitrate was deduced.

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Byelov, D. M., e V. V. Goncharuk. "Legal status of cross-border cooperation bodies: regulatory framework". Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, n. 3 (20 febbraio 2022): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.03.47.

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The article is devoted to the legal status research of the cross-border cooperation bodies, namely, the European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation and the Аssociations of Euroregional cooperation as a institutional form of development of cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union have been analyzed. The basic acts of the national legislation regulating cross-border cooperation are analyzed. Basing of the analysis of the legislation of Ukraine in the field of cross-border cooperation, it has been stated that the Law of Ukraine «On cross-border cooperation» discloses the content of the category "body of cross-border cooperation but does not specify its definition. While the legal status, procedure of creation and activity of such bodies of cross-border cooperation as a union of EGTC and a AEC have been considered in detal. Taking the above-mentioned into consideration, it is necessary to analyze some aspects of the legal status of the EGTC and the AEC and to regulate the creation and activities of these institutions. In order to determine the legal status of the bodies of cross-border cooperation, the purpose of the activity of such legal entities, regulated by the law, plays an essential role, which lays down the basic foundations for the regulation of its legal status. Studying the legal regulation of the functioning of such forms of cross-border cooperation with the status of a legal entity as a European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation and Association of European Cooperation makes it possible to distinguish the characteristics of the body of cross-border cooperation as a whole, which distinguish this institutional form from another one and form the author’s definition of cross-border cooperation.

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Harsono, Nonot. "PENTINGNYA MEMAHAMI PERBUATAN HUKUM TELEKOMUNIKASI DALAM KERJASAMA ANTARA PT. IM2 DENGAN PT. INDOSAT". Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 4, n. 3 (30 novembre 2015): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.4.3.2015.463-484.

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There is a difference between regulatory opinion of the Telecommunications Regulator/Ministry of Communications with the Corruption Court Judge on act did by PT. IM2 in collaboration with PT. Indosat. Title of cooperation between this service providers and network operators are "Internet access via cellular networks Indosat". In view of the regulator, this cooperation is in conformity with the regulations, even obligatory upon network operators to cooperate with the service provider. However, in view of the prosecutor and the judge, this cooperation violates the regulations. A difference of views between regulatory enforcement versus law enforcement is certainly very noteworthy because it will has very big impact to telecommunication development as the backbone of the national economy and the development of national legal systems and culture. Keywords: Networks, Network Usage, Frequency, Frequency Usage, Frequency Allocation, Frequency Allocation Usage

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SHEARGOLD, ELIZABETH, e ANDREW D. MITCHELL. "The TPP and Good Regulatory Practices: An Opportunity for Regulatory Coherence to Promote Regulatory Autonomy?" World Trade Review 15, n. 4 (24 febbraio 2016): 587–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745616000045.

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AbstractChapters relating to regulatory coherence or cooperation are likely to be significant features of new preferential trade agreements, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). While the potential for harmonization of standards or institutional cooperation to impact on the regulatory autonomy of treaty parties has been well considered, this article focuses on those elements of regulatory coherence that relate to domestic processes for the development of regulations. It examines whether the adoption of ‘good regulatory practices’ in accordance with the TPP will help to ensure that measures states enact to protect non-economic interests (such as the environment or public health) are consistent with other key obligations of international trade and investment law. Although many elements of good regulatory practice mirror the criteria used to distinguish legitimate regulatory measures from disguised protectionism, there is no guarantee that a tribunal will come to the same conclusions as those reached during a domestic impact assessment.

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Kong, Qingjiang, e Weimin Chen. "Regulatory Cooperation in Mega-Regional Trade Agreements". American Journal of Trade and Policy 9, n. 1 (30 aprile 2022): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v9i1.615.

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Trade friction in the age of global value chains is primarily due to regulatory diversity. While due to the lack of disciplines in the WTO context on the exercise of regulatory powers by states, it is difficult to eradicate the diversity, regulatory cooperation is key to reducing the restraints that heterogenous regulations may impose on international trade. Recent mega-regional trade agreements have gone beyond the WTO disciplines and put forward novel and ambitious approaches to regulatory cooperation to address behind-the-border non-tariff measures. After a critical review of the new regulatory cooperation mechanisms in three mega-regional trade agreements, this article argues that these new regulatory cooperation mechanisms have spelled out a thick web of procedures that can be used to deliver better quality domestic regulations as well as enhance governmental coordination through joint institutions that monitors the consistency of proposed regulations with treaty commitments. It is still too early to assume that these new initiatives will significantly impact ameliorating the adverse effects of regulatory diversity in international trade. Nevertheless, they break new ground in international economic rule-making and hold great promise.

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Lercara, Angelo. "SEC and BaFin sign regulatory cooperation arrangement". Journal of Investment Compliance 8, n. 4 (27 novembre 2007): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/15285810710839552.

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14

Hoekman, Bernard. "Fostering Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation and Gradual Multilateralization". Journal of International Economic Law 18, n. 3 (settembre 2015): 609–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgv028.

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15

Heller, Daniel, e Edwin Truman. "International Financial Regulatory Cooperation and Digital Currencies". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 18, n. 3 (2017): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gia.2017.0037.

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16

Scholz, John T. "Cooperative Regulatory Enforcement and the Politics of Administrative Effectiveness". American Political Science Review 85, n. 1 (marzo 1991): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962881.

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Even when political interests control bureaucratic outputs, the control of policy outcomes is complicated by trade-offs between controllable versus effective implementation strategies. I use a nested game framework to explain why a cooperative strategy can increase enforcement effectiveness in the narrow administrative game and why principal-agent control problems and collective action problems associated with the strategy lead policy beneficiaries to oppose the effective strategy in the broader political games. Analyses of state-level Occupational Safety and Health Administration enforcement provide evidence that cooperation does enhance the impact of enforcement in reducing workplace injury rates but that policy beneficiaries oppose and sabotage cooperation. The interactions between administrative effectiveness and interest group politics in this and other implementation situations require that both be analyzed simultaneously, and the nested game framework can provide a systematic approach to such analyses.

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Saranov, Nikola. "Cooperation Model for Establishing Secure Digital Transformation in Corporations: Overview of Regulatory Issues". Information & Security: An International Journal 43, n. 1 (2019): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/isij.4309.

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18

Bartl, Marija. "Regulatory Convergence through the Back Door: TTIP's Regulatory Cooperation and the Future of Precaution in Europe". German Law Journal 18, n. 4 (1 luglio 2017): 969–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200022215.

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This paper analyzes the possible impact of TTIP's so-called regulatory cooperation on the implementation of the precautionary principle in the EU. The European Commission argues that regulatory cooperation will not impinge on the application of the precautionary principle because, first, it does not change the legislative framework of precautionary legislation and, second, the right to regulate will be safeguarded by the TTIPs horizontal chapters. On the contrary, I argue in this paper, that these guarantees are insufficient. Given the methodological and institutional constraints presented by the TTIP's institutional design, in the long run, regulatory cooperation will undermine the precautionary approach to regulation in the EU.

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MELTZER, JOSHUA P. "Governing Digital Trade". World Trade Review 18, S1 (aprile 2019): S23—S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745618000502.

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AbstractAs global data flows and digital technologies transform international trade, governments and regulators have to determine how to benefit from these developments while maintaining the integrity of their domestic regulations. Currently, governments are increasingly restricting global data flows and requiring data localization, undermining the economic benefits of digital trade. To address this trend will require a system of digital trade governance that has two key elements. One element is new digital trade rules, some of which exist in the WTO and others which are being developed in free trade agreements. The other is international regulatory cooperation to develop standards and mutual recognition agreements in areas such as privacy and consumer protection that gives domestic regulators confidence that allowing data to leave their jurisdiction will not undermine achievement of domestic regulatory goals. In the absence of such regulatory cooperation, governments are likely to continue to restrict data flows, relying on the exceptions provisions to their digital trade commitments.

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Hill, Jennifer G. "Regulatory Cooperation in Securities Market Regulation: Perspectives from Australia". European Company and Financial Law Review 17, n. 1 (5 marzo 2020): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ecfr-2020-0003.

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The global financial crisis highlighted the interconnectedness of international financial markets and the risk of contagion it posed. The crisis also emphasized the importance of supranational regulation and regulatory cooperation to address that risk. Yet, although capital flows are global, securities regulation is not. As a 2019 report by IOSCO notes, the regulatory challenges revealed during the global financial crisis have by no means dissipated over the last decade. Lack of international standards, or differences in the way jurisdictions implement such standards, can often result in regulatory-driven market fragmentation. This article considers a range of cooperative techniques designed to achieve international regulatory harmonization and effective financial market supervision. It includes discussion of a high profile cross-border supervisory experiment, the 2008 US-Australian Mutual Recognition Agreement, which was the first agreement of its kind for the SEC. The article also examines some key regulatory developments in Australia and Asia since the time of the US-Australian Mutual Recognition Agreement.

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Piskarev, Dmitrii Mikhailovich. "Risk management of digital financial market participants through the improved concept of a digital experimental environment (regulatory sandbox)". Финансы и управление, n. 4 (aprile 2022): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7802.2022.4.34336.

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The subject of the study is the methods of risk management of participants in the digital financial market. The instrument of the financial market regulator "regulatory sandbox" is currently being actively used or is being prepared for use in developed and developing countries, including the Russian Federation. The digital experimental environment – the author's interpretation of the regulatory sandbox – allows for live, time-limited testing of an innovative financial product or service under constant supervision and in cooperation with the regulator, allowing to reduce the risks not only of the regulator and other participants in the digital financial market, but also of end users of the service, increasing the safety and reliability of the latter. The main conclusions of the study are, firstly, the formation of an improved concept of the regulatory instrument of the financial regulator - a digital experimental environment, which is based on the best practices of the introduction and use of such regulatory instruments by regulators of foreign countries. Within the framework of the concept, the author presents the principles of the organization of the digital experimental environment, goals and objectives, risks, principles of organization, statistics on the timing of the application for participation and the experiment. Secondly, the identification of alternative methods to the regulatory sandbox, including the wait-and-see method and active monitoring. Thirdly, the risks of the regulator arising from the digital transformation of the financial market have been identified.

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Falkner, Robert, e Nico Jaspers. "Regulating Nanotechnologies: Risk, Uncertainty and the Global Governance Gap". Global Environmental Politics 12, n. 1 (febbraio 2012): 30–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00096.

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Nanosciences and nanotechnologies are set to transform the global industrial landscape, but the debate on how to regulate environmental, health and safety risks is lagging behind technological innovation. Current regulatory efforts are primarily focused on the national and regional level, while the international dimensions of nanotechnology governance are still poorly understood and rarely feature on the international agenda. However, with the ongoing globalization of nanosciences and the rapid expansion of international trade in nanomaterials, demand for international coordination and harmonization of regulatory approaches is set to increase. Yet, uncertainty about nanotechnology risk poses a profound dilemma for regulators and policy-makers. Uncertainty both creates demand for and stands in the way of greater international cooperation and harmonization of regulatory approaches. This article reviews the emerging debate on nanotechnology risk and regulatory approaches, investigates the current state of international cooperation and outlines the critical contribution that a global governance approach can make to the safe development of nanotechnologies.

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Baptista, Joana, Diana Sousa, Isabel Soares e Carla Martins. "Fathers’ sensitive guidance moderates the association between coparenting and behavioral regulation in preschoolers". International Journal of Behavioral Development 42, n. 6 (14 marzo 2018): 574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025418761816.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the links between paternal sensitive guidance, coparenting, and child behavioral regulation. It also aimed to assess whether paternal sensitive behaviors moderate the putative relationship between cooperative coparenting and child regulatory abilities. The sample comprised 70 preschoolers and their fathers. Behavioral regulation was assessed using the Head–Toes–Knees–Shoulders task. For the assessment of paternal sensitive guidance, dyads were videotaped during a picture-book reading task. Fathers reported coparenting cooperation. Results revealed that coparenting predicted behavioral regulation, even after accounting for verbal ability and parental education. No significant links emerged between fathers’ sensitive guidance and regulatory skills. However, the interaction of coparenting and paternal sensitive behaviors predicted behavioral regulation: a lower score on cooperative coparenting was linked to more regulatory difficulties, when coupled with lower levels of paternal sensitive guidance. Intervention programs, designed to promote child self-regulation, should be focused on strategies aimed to improve both the cooperation between parents and the quality of individual parenting. Efforts should be made to include fathers.

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Liston, Adrian, e Susan M. Schlenner. "Regulatory T cell differentiation: cooperation saves the day". EMBO Journal 34, n. 9 (24 febbraio 2015): 1145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.201591169.

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PILICHOWSKI, E. "The international regulatory cooperation response to global challenges". Bulletin de l'OIE 2021, n. 2 (14 dicembre 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2021.2.3277.

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Hale, Geoffrey. "Regulatory Cooperation in North America: Diplomacy Navigating Asymmetries". American Review of Canadian Studies 49, n. 1 (2 gennaio 2019): 123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2019.1570956.

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Hoekman, Bernard, e Aaditya Mattoo. "REGULATORY COOPERATION, AID FOR TRADE AND THE GATS". Pacific Economic Review 12, n. 4 (ottobre 2007): 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2007.00366.x.

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Campbell, Andrew. "Working Together: Improving Regulatory Cooperation and Information Exchange". Journal of Banking Regulation 9, n. 3 (maggio 2008): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jbr.2008.9.

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VIVCHAR, Oksana, Inna ZAITSEVA-KALAUR e Mariia ZIAILYK. "REGULATORY ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: NON-SAFETY CONTEXTS". Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 6, n. 2 (30 maggio 2021): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2021-2-15.

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In order to approximate the laws of the EU Member States in the field of handling classified information and to establish a comparable level of protection of such information from illegal receipt, use or disclosure throughout the EU, Directive 2016/943 on the protection of undisclosed information was developed and approved in June 2016. how and business information (trade secrets) from illegal receipt, use and disclosure (hereinafter - the Directive). The Directive introduces the concept of "trade secret", defines the lawful and illegal acquisition, use and disclosure of trade secrets, establishes procedures and remedies for the illegal acquisition, use or disclosure of trade secrets in the context of the application of security conditions. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the essential characteristics of trade secrets, as well as to study the legal framework of domestic experience and international cooperation on the basis of a practical mechanism for ensuring safe operating conditions. The article examines the conceptual and categorical apparatus of trade secrets and the regulatory framework for international cooperation, respectively. The practical set of measures to preserve the confidentiality of trade secrets is substantiated. As a result of scientific research, the essential and substantive characteristics of provision the Directive as the main legal vector of ensuring safety conditions have been identified. Based on this, the implementation the legal aspects of international cooperation in the context of secure measurement at trade secrets is demonstrated. Summarizing scientific research, it should be noted that a country like Belgium, taking into account the Directive, has adopted a law aimed at protecting undisclosed know-how and commercial information (trade secrets) from illegal possession, use and disclosure. This Law has implemented all the above-mentioned recommendations on the protection of trade secrets during court proceedings. It is investigated that the German parliament passed the Law on Trade Secrets of the Federal Government. This law implements European Parliament Directive (EU) 2016/943 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and trade information (trade secrets) against their illegal acquisition, use and disclosure in German national law in order to establish uniform protection of trade secrets. The law provides for the confidentiality of court proceedings. In civil proceedings, by granting jurisdiction to certain specialized courts in cases of commercial secrecy, the possibility of classifying the proceedings as confidential at the request of one of the parties, and the potential limitation of the number of persons entitled to access evidence and / or hearings. Keywords: international cooperation, normative-legal base, Directive, trade secret, security contexts, security conditions.

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Krstic, Stanko S. "Regulatory Cooperation to Remove Non-tariff Barriers to Trade in Products: Key Challenges and Opportunities for the Canada-EU Comprehensive Trade Agreement". Legal Issues of Economic Integration 39, Issue 1 (1 febbraio 2012): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2012002.

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Regulatory cooperation to eliminate non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs) resulting from differences in product standards and technical regulations has become a prominent issue in Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) negotiations. This paper looks at the most important challenges and opportunities for a successful model for regulatory cooperation under the Canada-EU Comprehensive Trade Agreement (CETA). It argues that the CETA will represent a compromise between the two dominant models in international trade: the EU and North American approach to regulatory cooperation in PTAs. In addition, because of the specificity of Canada's federal structure, it is argued that the CETA will be able to bring about greater regulatory coherence within Canada by disciplining provincial regulation that results in NTBs. This paper argues that, while a sui generis case, in order for it to be successful, regulatory cooperation under the CETA will have to incorporate certain elements established in theory and in previous state practice. Finally, as a first comprehensive transatlantic PTA, regulatory cooperation under the CETA will in itself become a model for future such endeavours between economically developed countries, especially in its implementation aspect.

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Balabanov, Pavel, Manuel Haas, Andre Elferink, Serge Bakchine e Karl Broich. "Addressing the regulatory and scientific challenges in multiple sclerosis – a statement from the EU regulators". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 20, n. 10 (26 agosto 2014): 1282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458514546876.

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Improving and facilitating the process of making new drugs available to patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) requires cooperation among the regulators and other stakeholders. This cooperation will also positively contribute towards developing guidelines of the highest quality in medical, regulatory and scientific aspects. This would be beneficial both in areas that require further guideline development, but also in fields where existing guidance should be adapted to take into account evolution in science. Considering the input from all stakeholders, the European Medicines Agency confirmed its intention to update the relevant guideline and apply a flexible approach towards new drug development strategies in MS. This article is the first official position from the EU regulators, presenting the main changes to be expected in the guidance document.

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Lim, Aik Hoe, e Kateryna Holzer. "Trading in the era of carbon standards: how can trade, standard setting, and climate regimes cooperate?" Oxford Review of Economic Policy 39, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2023): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grac039.

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Abstract Regulatory cooperation is indispensable for increasing the quality of carbon-related product regulations and standards (CPRS), reducing trade tensions over them, facilitating their alignment, and, eventually, promoting the convergence of different national emission reduction levels towards a universal carbon price. In this article, we explore how trade and trade-related arrangements and institutions can be used to intensify regulatory cooperation on CPRS. We focus on the following questions: when, where, and how does regulatory cooperation on CPRS take place within the international trading system, and what are the ways to strengthen regulatory cooperation on CPRS? While admitting the key role of market forces and the large market factor in the alignment of carbon standards, we argue that this de facto trade-driven alignment requires a steering from state-to-state regulatory cooperation, as well as cooperation of government agencies with private certification schemes in helping producers, especially from developing countries, to comply. Moreover, the potential for more systematic collaboration between the multilateral institutions for climate change and trade should be explored. This could include the establishment of a joint UNFCCC–WTO forum for the exchange of policy-relevant technical and scientific information on key issues surrounding CPRS and consolidation of the relevant database.

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Vachkov, Stefan, e Nedyalko Valkanov. "Regulation, Competition and Partnership in the Financial Sector". Izvestiya Journal of the University of Economics - Varna 65, n. 3 (8 novembre 2021): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ijuev2021.65.3.259.

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This article analyses current regulatory tendencies, provoked by the entry of the BigTechs in the financial services segment. Against that background, new forms of cooperation between financial institutions and the possibilities for their partnership with the financial regulators are reviewed.

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Vodenicharov, Asen. "Legal Regulatory Framework of Cooperative Principles". International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, n. 2 (1 giugno 2020): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0085.

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AbstractCooperatives are an essential structural element of national economies. They contribute to the sustainable and intensive economic growth and to the promotion and development of social market instruments. Due to their specific principles of organization and functioning, cooperatives are distinguished from all other forms of corporate typology, as well as from the state bodies, the nonprofit legal entities etc. Their characteristic features are manifested at national and cross-border European level. The principles on the basis of which cooperatives develop their activities and differentiate them from other organizational and legal establishments are emphasized in a number of acts of the European Union such as Council Regulation (EC) No 1435/2003 of 22 July 2003. The Statute for a European Cooperative Society (SCE) points out that their activity is based on „the specific features of cooperatives” and that „cooperatives are primarily groups of persons or legal entities with particular operating principles that are different from those of other economic agents”. The article analyzes the national legal frameworks and the European regulatory framework of the cooperative principles: voluntary and open membership, democratic member control, member economic participation, autonomy and independence, education, training and information, cooperation among co-operatives and concern for community.The relationships between them as well as those in the context of the normative regulation of cooperative values are explored.

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Ayres, Ian, e John Braithwaite. "Tripartism: Regulatory Capture and Empowerment". Law & Social Inquiry 16, n. 03 (1991): 435–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1991.tb00291.x.

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The features of regulatory encounters that foster the evolution of cooperation often also encourage the evolution of capture and corruption. Solutions to the problems of capture and corruption—limiting discretion, multiple-industry rather than single-industry agency jurisdiction, and rotating personnel—inhibit the evolution of cooperation. Tripartism—empowering public interest groups—is advanced as a way to solve this policy dilemma. A game-theoretic analysis of capture and tripartism is juxtaposed against an empowerment theory of republican tripartism. Surprisingly, both formulations lead to the conclusion that some forms of capture are desirable. The strengths from converging the weaknesses of these two formulations show how certain forms of tripartism might prevent harmful capture, identify and encourage efficient capture, enhance the attainment of regulatory goals, and strengthen democracy. While the case we make for tripartism is purely theoretical and general in its application to all domains of business regulation, our conclusion is a call for praxis to fish out the contexts in which the theory is true or false.

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Tikhonova, L. N. "Cooperation Council. The Regular Session". Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)], n. 1 (28 febbraio 2014): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2014-0-1-23-24.

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The article is devoted to the Session of Cooperation Council of Three National Libraries of Russia. There were summarized the results of joint work in 2013, and was emphasized intensification of the general activities of libraries in formation of legal and regulatory basis of library work

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Rizzi, Marco. "Thoughts on Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation in Pharmaceuticals after #TTIPleaks". European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, n. 2 (giugno 2016): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00005687.

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The leak of confidential documents on 2 May 2016 by GreenpeaceNetherlands allows some preliminary conclusions on both the scope and success of the negotiations so far. As regards the pharmaceuticalmarket, the current state of affairs combines the promise of steps forward with the prospect of concerning standstills. This short opinion follows key points emerging from the leaked documents n.9 (“RegulatoryCooperation”) andn.16 (“TacticalState ofPlay”) that are directly relevant to the pharmaceutical market. The themes that will be briefly discussed are, first, the regulatory cooperation mechanisms emerging fromdoc. n.9 in comparison to current cooperation processes in pharmaceutical regulation. The leaked papers suggest positive and commendable (yet far from conclusive) developments towards amore transparent and regulated framework for cooperation, while perpetuating concerns regarding fundamental policy choices and prevalence ofmercantile imperatives over competing public interests.

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Nicola, Fernanda G. "Genealogies of cost–benefit analysis in transatlantic regulatory cooperation". Comparative European Politics 15, n. 5 (24 ottobre 2016): 729–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41295-016-0082-6.

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Hernández-Torres, Javier, Mónica Yunta e Pedro A. Lazo. "Differential Cooperation between Regulatory Sequences Required for HumanCD53Gene Expression". Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, n. 38 (6 luglio 2001): 35405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m104723200.

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Hoekman, Bernard, e Charles Sabel. "Open Plurilateral Agreements, International Regulatory Cooperation and the WTO". Global Policy 10, n. 3 (5 luglio 2019): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12694.

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Shao, Tingting, Guangjuan Wang, Hong Chen, Yunjin Xie, Xiyun Jin, Jing Bai, Juan Xu et al. "Survey of miRNA-miRNA cooperative regulation principles across cancer types". Briefings in Bioinformatics 20, n. 5 (25 maggio 2018): 1621–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bib/bby038.

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AbstractCooperative regulation among multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) is a complex type of posttranscriptional regulation in human; however, the global view of the system-level regulatory principles across cancers is still unclear. Here, we investigated miRNA-miRNA cooperative regulatory landscape across 18 cancer types and summarized the regulatory principles of miRNAs. The miRNA-miRNA cooperative pan-cancer network exhibited a scale-free and modular architecture. Cancer types with similar tissue origins had high similarity in cooperative network structure and expression of cooperative miRNA pairs. In addition, cooperative miRNAs showed divergent properties, including higher expression, greater expression variation and a stronger regulatory strength towards targets and were likely to regulate cancer hallmark-related functions. We found a marked rewiring of miRNA-miRNA cooperation between various cancers and revealed conserved and rewired network miRNA hubs. We further identified the common hubs, cancer-specific hubs and other hubs, which tend to target known anticancer drug targets. Finally, miRNA cooperative modules were found to be associated with patient survival in several cancer types. Our study highlights the potential of pan-cancer miRNA-miRNA cooperative regulation as a novel paradigm that may aid in the discovery of tumorigenesis mechanisms and development of anticancer drugs.

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Bačlija Brajnik, Irena, e Vladimir Prebilič. "Bribed into Cooperation: Subsidised Inter-municipal Cooperation in Slovenia". Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 17, n. 3 (25 luglio 2019): 721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/17.3.721-733(2019).

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Due to the extreme heterogeneity of municipal sizes resulting in a number of small municipalities that are struggling to meet regulatory demands and standards, Slovenia should be the poster child for inter-municipal cooperation. This, coupled with the absence of a second level of local government, should make for flourishing inter-municipal cooperation. This article demonstrates how sound arguments for the establishment of inter-municipal cooperation do not always achieve favourable results – as in a vibrant and productive web of inter-municipal dialogue and cooperation. It was only after significant governmental subsidies were implemented in Slovenia that the municipalities initiated a cooperation process; however, that process only extended to subsidised tasks. The results of the empirical analyses show that a bottom-up process might take too long a time, while a local government (legal) framework may inhibit cooperation due to the fear of losing authority over municipal tasks.

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Beck, Thorsten. "Regulatory Cooperation on Cross-Border Banking – Progress and Challenges After the Crisis". National Institute Economic Review 235 (febbraio 2016): R40—R49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011623500114.

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This paper surveys the recent academic literature on the economics of cross-border regulatory cooperation as well as recent policy developments in this area. While institutional arrangements of cross-border regulatory cooperation used to focus on day-to-day supervisory tasks, the crisis has given an impetus to a focus on cooperation at the bank resolution stage, with an array of different cooperation forms. A growing theoretical literature has documented different externalities arising from national supervision of cross-border banks, while empirical evidence has been relatively scarce. The paper concludes with a forward looking agenda both for policy reform and academic research in this area.

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Ai, Zhihong. "Relationship quality, absorptive capacity and innovation performance of industry university research cooperative enterprises". Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 22, n. 2 (28 marzo 2022): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcm-215749.

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Based on the research perspective of industry university research cooperation, taking 227 industry university research cooperation enterprises as the research object, this paper studies the impact of relationship quality on absorptive capacity under the background of industry university research cooperation by using the calculation method of science and engineering SPSS. The results show that the three dimensions of relationship quality significantly improve potential absorptive capacity, potential absorptive capacity is conducive to actual absorptive capacity, the organizational learning plays a regulatory role between potential absorption capacity and actual absorptive capacity, actual absorptive capacity is conducive to the improvement of innovation performance, absorptive capacity plays a mediating role between relationship quality and innovation performance. It can be seen absorptive capacity plays a key role in industry university research cooperation, and cooperative enterprises should attach importance to the cultivation of their own absorptive capacity.

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GODIN, Jean-Théodore, Manon POLET e Arthur JAMAR DE BOLSÉE. "Implementing REMIT: What a Legal Analysis Tells about the (Regulatory) Role of ACER". European Journal of Risk Regulation 9, n. 2 (10 maggio 2018): 192–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2018.17.

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AbstractThe purpose of this contribution is to analyse the role granted to – or assumed by – the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (“ACER”) in relation to the implementation of Regulation 1227/20111 (“REMIT”), with a specific focus on the electricity market. It ultimately calls for a clarification of the status of ACER in the European energy regulatory framework.

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Posner, Elliot. "Making Rules for Global Finance: Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation at the Turn of the Millennium". International Organization 63, n. 4 (ottobre 2009): 665–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818309990130.

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AbstractThis article explains a shift in the way transatlantic authorities managed conflicts over the cross-border regulation of securities markets: from cooperation skewed heavily toward the preferences of U.S. officials and accepted grudgingly by European counterparts; to a Euro-American regulatory condominium characterized by close interactions among decision makers and mutual accommodation. In the final decades of the twentieth century, the asymmetric influence wielded by U.S. securities market authorities had few parallels in other regulatory areas. Why, then, did U.S. officials become more accommodating and European authorities more influential, and why did the turning point occur in 2002 and 2003, an unlikely moment for intensified transatlantic sovereignty sharing? My study shows that institutional change inside the EU recast the North Atlantic balance of regulatory leverage and thereby was the primary factor behind the reshaping of transatlantic cooperation. Internal EU regulatory centralization changed the expectations of U.S. and European firms and authorities and generated new incentives in Washington, D.C., for accommodation and closer transatlantic coordination. My explanation differs from models that, accepting U.S. financial pre-eminence as a given, attribute variance in cross-border regulatory cooperation to factors such as incentives derived from the particularities of issue areas or preferences rooted in domestic politics. While resonating with a well-established theme from the realist branch of IPE, my findings have broad theoretical significance, and open new avenues for dialogue between realists and constructivists about the social, political, and institutional foundations of power in global economic affairs. The transatlantic political process set off by financial transformation in Europe reveals contemporary sources of systemic change and raises questions about what the EU's ascendance as a global financial regulator will mean in the aftermath of the late-2000s crisis.

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Zhu, Qinghua, Joseph Sarkis e Kee-Hung Lai. "Regulatory Policy Awareness and Environmental Supply Chain Cooperation in China: A Regulatory-Exchange-Theoretic Perspective". IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 65, n. 1 (febbraio 2018): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tem.2017.2734940.

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AHMED, USMAN. "The Importance of Cross-Border Regulatory Cooperation in an Era of Digital Trade". World Trade Review 18, S1 (27 marzo 2019): S99—S120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745618000514.

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AbstractTechnology is transforming global trade. The global trading system, however, has struggled to keep up with changes in technology. One of the major challenges for the trading system is that the issues raised by digitally enabled commerce are largely regulatory in nature. The issues that are at the forefront of digital trade increasingly relate to citizens’ most fundamental interactions, including speech, finance, energy, and transportation. This paper argues that resolving these international regulatory issues will require reforming the approach that has been taken to global trade negotiations. International discussions around the most challenging issues in the digital economy ought to move away from the ‘horse-trading’ nature of traditional trade negotiations and towards a strategy focused on regulatory cooperation. Failure to achieve regulatory cooperation could further fragment digital services based upon national borders. The Internet has the potential to positively impact the global economy precisely because it is global, decentralized, and bottom-up in nature. International policymaking through regulatory cooperation can maintain those principles, while protecting fundamental national concerns such as stability, privacy, and security.

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Hlazov, Oleksandr. "REGULATORY AND LEGAL ENFORCEMENT OF COOPERATION BETWEEN TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES OF UKRAINE: THE GLOBAL DIMENSION". Innovation and Sustainability, n. 2 (1 luglio 2022): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/ins.2022.2.184.190.

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The study reveals the relevance of the development of cooperation between territorial communities. The purpose of the study The purpose of the study is to generalize the legal framework for the development of cooperation of territorial communities in Ukraine and abroad. The normative-legal provision of cooperation of territorial communities, the system of which is formed by international documents (ratified, recommendatory), state normative-legal acts (constitution, profile legislation, international agreements), regional normative-legal acts (agreements of regional development, interregional cooperation, strategies), is analyzed. programs), local documents (statutes, agreements, strategies, programs, decisions). The provisions of the European Charter of Local Self-Government regarding the right of local self-government bodies to freedom of association are analyzed. Given Ukraine's European integration priority, the provisions of the Association Agreement with the EU in terms of opportunities for interregional and cross-border cooperation, as well as the Eastern Partnership Program are revealed. The provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine in the context of administrative principles of development of territorial communities are highlighted. The basic laws that laid the legal foundations for the development of territorial communities in Ukraine in a certain chronology are indicated. Attention is drawn to the need to improve the legal regulation of cooperation at the regional and local levels, as the national legal dimension currently forms favorable conditions for inter-territorial cooperation. Territorial communities and their local governments face the task of using these opportunities, actively participating in decentralization processes. The applied significance of the research results is to identify ways, forms, stages and areas of cooperation of territorial communities in Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the further development of the tools of state policy to ensure local development by improving the mechanisms of cooperation between territorial.

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Petrova, T. A., e V. A. Kardanov. "Study of the regulatory measures in energy market". Vestnik Universiteta, n. 12 (2 febbraio 2022): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-12-69-77.

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The article examines the problems of Russia’s cooperation in the gas sector within the Eurasian Economic Union, and on the world stage. With the advent of the new millennium, many states began to face more and more questions of their energy security and energy supply. Russia, as one of the world leaders in reserves, production and export of hydrocarbons, constantly faces increased competition at the regional and international levels. As the result, our state has to respond to such a volatile situation in foreign markets by establishing close mutually beneficial cooperation with both producers and consumers of energy resources. Therefore, the incessant changes in the international arena and the emergence of new circumstances leading to problems in the energy sector, makes this study very relevant.

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