Segui questo link per vedere altri tipi di pubblicazioni sul tema: Retinopathly.
Articoli di riviste sul tema "Retinopathly"
Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili
Vedi i top-50 articoli di riviste per l'attività di ricerca sul tema "Retinopathly".
Accanto a ogni fonte nell'elenco di riferimenti c'è un pulsante "Aggiungi alla bibliografia". Premilo e genereremo automaticamente la citazione bibliografica dell'opera scelta nello stile citazionale di cui hai bisogno: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver ecc.
Puoi anche scaricare il testo completo della pubblicazione scientifica nel formato .pdf e leggere online l'abstract (il sommario) dell'opera se è presente nei metadati.
Vedi gli articoli di riviste di molte aree scientifiche e compila una bibliografia corretta.
1
Tóth, Gábor, Zoltán Zsolt Nagy e János Németh. "A cukorbetegség szemészeti szövődményeinek modellalapú költségterhe Magyarországon". Orvosi Hetilap 162, n. 8 (21 febbraio 2021): 298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2021.32031.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A diabeteses retinopathia minden harmadik cukorbeteget érinti a világban, és a dolgozó korú lakosság körében a vakság vezető oka. Célkitűzés: Tanulmányunk célja a diabeteses retinopathia prevalenciaalapú költségterhének meghatározása 2018-ban a 18 évnél idősebb korú lakosság körében Magyarországon. Módszer: Standardizált ’rapid assessment of avoidable blindness’ (RAAB) + diabeteses retinopathia modul alapú metodikán alapuló modellel analizáltuk a diabeteses retinopathia költségterhét. A diabeteses retinopathia okozta gazdasági terhet a Nemzeti Egészségbiztosítási Alapkezelő és a páciensek oldaláról felmerülő költségeket analizálva vizsgáltuk. A prevalenciaalapú diabeteses retinopathia költségmodellt a skót diabeteses retinopathia klasszifikációnak és a diabeteses retinopathia súlyossági stádiumának megfelelően állítottuk össze. Eredmények: A diabeteses retinopathia költségterhe 43,66 milliárd Ft volt 2018-ban. A két fő költségviselő az anti-VEGF-injekciók (28,91 milliárd Ft) és a vitrectomiák (8,09 milliárd Ft) voltak. Ez a két kezelési mód volt felelős a diabeteses retinopathiával kapcsolatban felmerülő összes költség 84,7%-áért. Az egy páciensre jutó átlagos költségteher 54 691 Ft volt hazánkban. Következtetés: A cukorbetegek szemészeti járó- és fekvőbeteg-ellátása alulfinanszírozott hazánkban. A proliferatív diabeteses retinopathia és a diabeteses maculaoedema növekvő társadalmi-gazdasági terhe miatt érdemes volna javítani a megelőzés, a szűrés és a korai kezelés jelenlegi helyzetén. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(8): 298–305. Summary. Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy affects every third people with diabetes mellitus in the world and is the leading cause of blindness in adults of working age. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse the economic burden associated with diabetic retinopathy in people aged 18 years and older in Hungary. Method: Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness (RAAB) with the diabetic retinopathy module (DRM) based diabetic retinopathy cost model study was conducted in Hungary in 2018. Economic burden of diabetic retinopathy was analysed from the perspective of the National Health Insurance Fund system and the patients. Our prevalence-based diabetic retinopathy cost model was performed according to the Scottish diabetic retinopathy grading scale and based on the diabetic retinopathy severity stadium. Results: The total diabetic retinopathy-associated economic burden was 43.66 billion HUF in 2018. The two major cost drivers were anti-VEGF injections (28.91 billion HUF) and vitrectomies (8.09 billion HUF) in Hungary; they covered to 84.7% of the total cost among people with diabetes mellitus. The diabetic retinopathy-related cost per patient was 54 691 HUF in Hungary. Conclusion: Outpatient and inpatient eye care of people with diabetes mellitus are underfinanced in Hungary. Due to the increasing socio-economic burden of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema, it would be important to invest in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema prevention, screening and early treatment. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(8): 298–305.
2
Vora, Parshva, e Sudhir Shrestha. "Detecting Diabetic Retinopathy Using Embedded Computer Vision". Applied Sciences 10, n. 20 (17 ottobre 2020): 7274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207274.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of vision loss in the United States and other countries around the world. People who have diabetic retinopathy may not have symptoms until the condition becomes severe, which may eventually lead to vision loss. Thus, the medically underserved populations are at an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy-related blindness. In this paper, we present development efforts on an embedded vision algorithm that can classify healthy versus diabetic retinopathic images. Convolution neural network and a k-fold cross-validation process were used. We used 88,000 labeled high-resolution retina images obtained from the publicly available Kaggle/EyePacs database. The trained algorithm was able to detect diabetic retinopathy with up to 76% accuracy. Although the accuracy needs to be further improved, the presented results represent a significant step forward in the direction of detecting diabetic retinopathy using embedded computer vision. This technology has the potential of being able to detect diabetic retinopathy without having to see an eye specialist in remote and medically underserved locations, which can have significant implications in reducing diabetes-related vision losses.
3
Valizadeh, Amin, Saeid Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi, Ramin Ranjbarzadeh e Yaghoub Pourasad. "Presentation of a Segmentation Method for a Diabetic Retinopathy Patient’s Fundus Region Detection Using a Convolutional Neural Network". Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (26 luglio 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7714351.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Diabetic retinopathy is characteristic of a local distribution that involves early-stage risk factors and can forecast the evolution of the illness or morphological lesions related to the abnormality of retinal blood flows. Regional variations in retinal blood flow and modulation of retinal capillary width in the macular area and the retinal environment are also linked to the course of diabetic retinopathy. Despite the fact that diabetic retinopathy is frequent nowadays, it is hard to avoid. An ophthalmologist generally determines the seriousness of the retinopathy of the eye by directly examining color photos and evaluating them by visually inspecting the fundus. It is an expensive process because of the vast number of diabetic patients around the globe. We used the IDRiD data set that contains both typical diabetic retinopathic lesions and normal retinal structures. We provided a CNN architecture for the detection of the target region of 80 patients’ fundus imagery. Results demonstrate that the approach described here can nearly detect 83.84% of target locations. This result can potentially be utilized to monitor and regulate patients.
4
Sirait, Erwin, Muhammad Zarlis e Syahril Efendi. "Extraction Zoning Feature to Diabetic Retinopathic Detection Models". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n. 3.2 (20 giugno 2018): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.18757.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The health sector is one area that has been applying various computer technologies. To diagnose a patient's illness was already done with computers. One is to diagnose diabetic Retinopathic disease that can happen to anyone. Diabetic Retinopathy, which is one of the complications caused by diabetes. Symptoms shown from this disease is mikroneurisma, hemorrhages, excudets and neovascularos. The detection of the disease is done by looking at the information on the retinal image and can then be classified according to severity. This research aims to develop a method that can be used utuk classify Diabetic Retinopathy. The process of classification is based fiture-fiture the retinal image obtained by the extraction process using extraction methods Zoning. The process is then performed to classify the Bayes Method and the results obtained Diabetic Retinopahty classification. The results of this study yield maximum accuracy 65%.
5
Liu, Fei, Ying Ma e Yanli Xu. "Taxifolin Shows Anticataractogenesis and Attenuates Diabetic Retinopathy in STZ-Diabetic Rats via Suppression of Aldose Reductase, Oxidative Stress, and MAPK Signaling Pathway". Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 20, n. 4 (18 maggio 2020): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530319666191018122821.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Due to the increased prevalence of diabetes-associated complications of the eye like diabetic retinopathy and cataract, the need for a novel therapeutic agent is urgent. Due to the advantages that the polyphenolic compounds enjoy in diabetes and associated complications, we postulated that Taxifolin (TXF), a poly-phenolic flavanol, could show anti-retinopathic and anti-cataract effect in diabetes-induced rats. Methods: TXF at a dose of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg was given by oral route to STZ mediated diabetic rats for a time period of 10 weeks. The opacity of lens was studied after every 7 days of treatment till 10 weeks; evaluation of the severity of cataract and changes in the histology of lens as well as retina was done. Tissue homogenates of lens isolated after the end of the study were evaluated for markers of oxidative stress, levels of aldose reductase, p38MAPK, VEGF, and ERK1/2. Results: Outcomes suggested that TXF improved retinopathy and cataract in diabetes-induced rats. The treatment of TXF also improved the status of oxidative stress and inhibited the levels of p38MAPK, VEGF, and ERK1/2. The treatment also improved the lens opacity in diabetic rats. The results suggest that the protective effect of TXF against cataract and retinopathy may be due to the anti-oxidative potential of TXF and its inhibiting effect on VEGF, ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and aldose reductase. Conclusion: The study confirms that TXF is a potential candidate showing a protective effect against diabetic induced retinopathy and cataract..
6
Jenkins, K. Sean, Jason C. Steel e Christopher J. Layton. "Systematic Assessment of Clinical Methods to Diagnose and Monitor Diabetic Retinal Neuropathy". Journal of Ophthalmology 2018 (13 dicembre 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8479850.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose. Diabetic retinal neuropathy refers to retinal neural tissue damage occurring before the structural retinal changes of diabetic retinopathy and fulfils many of the criteria for causality for the subsequent vasculopathy. Developing reliable means of measuring neuronal damage in diabetes may be important in efforts to prevent retinopathy of a clinically significant and irreversible stage. This study aimed at systematically assessing current clinical measurements of diabetic retinal neuropathy so that future studies may utilise a consensual battery of tests in studying this poorly understood disease state between a healthy retina and one that is retinopathic. Methods. A systematic search of the medical literature since 1984 was performed on PUBMED and EMBASE, and the evidence supporting each identified method as an indicator for clinically important diabetic retinal neuropathy was graded relatively as compelling, medium, or weak according to criteria assessing its relationship to subsequent diabetic retinopathy, quality of supporting studies, and published reproducibility. Results. The systematic search yielded 6432 results. Subsequent assessment by two independent investigators identified 601 multiple subject studies in humans assessing clinical aspects of the retinal structure, function, or psychophysics in the prediabetic retina. The 933 separate instances of clinical methods assessed as being supported by relatively “compelling” evidence included colour vision changes, flash ERG b-wave latency, flash multifocal b-wave latency, scotopic b-wave and oscillatory potentials in ERG, and contrast sensitivity. Conclusion. The results showed moderately poor quality of extant evidence and indicate the best clinical methods for assessing diabetic retinal neuropathy that remain to be confirmed. This is the first systematic assessment of the medical literature aiming at assessing the breadth and validity of these methods and represents an early step in identifying and developing clinical endpoints for use in trials designed to identify at-risk patients or prevent diabetic retinopathy.
7
Kao, J. H., T. Y. Lan, C. H. Lu, C. Y. Shen, K. J. LI e S. C. Hsieh. "AB0832 PREVALENCE OF OCULAR DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS: A RETROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN TAIWAN". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (19 maggio 2021): 1440.2–1440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.3746.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background:Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) could affect multiple parts of the eye. (1,2) Also, there is risk of ocular toxicity associated with treatment, such as hydroxychloroquine.(3) Early diagnosis is essential to avoid major ocular complications. However, complaints of eye discomfort may be vague, and various presentations may pose challenges on rheumatologists. Knowing the real-world prevalence of ocular problems in patients with SLE is important and helpful, yet this has been less common to be reported.Objectives:To describe the prevalence of various ophthalmologic diagnoses in patients with SLE.Methods:This is a retrospective observational study conducted in a tertiary hospital in Taipei, Taiwan. Patients diagnosed with SLE in the period between 1st Jan, 2002 and 31th Dec, 2015 and evaluated by ophthalmologists in 2 years before 29th Jan, 2021 were included. Demographic and clinical data, and ophthalmologic diagnoses were recorded by chart review.Results:A total of 121 patients were included, and 118 (97.5%) were female. Average age was 46.2 years [standard deviation (SD) 11.4 years] upon ophthalmologic evaluation, and average duration suffering from lupus was 11.6 years (SD 3.3 years). Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (n = 48, 39.7%), myopia (n = 39, 32.2%), and cataract (n = 21, 17.4%) were the most common findings. It was also noted that suspicious finding of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity was found in 12 patients (9.9% of total patients). Also, two patients had lupus retinopathy, and another two were diagnosed with cytomegalovirus retinitis. In addition, glaucoma was diagnosed in 9 patients (7.4%), which seemed to be higher than the general population.Conclusion:Higher prevalence of different ocular problems is noted in this cohort of SLE patients. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca was the most common ocular diagnosis, which is consistent with literature. However, high rates of myopia, cataract, glaucoma, and suspicious hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity were also found. Above result warrants more aggressive ophthalmologic evaluation in SLE patients. More research on the association of lupus and different ocular diseases is needed in the future.References:[1]Silpa-archa S, Lee JJ, Foster CS. Ocular manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016 Jan;100(1):135–41.[2]Sivaraj RR, Durrani OM, Denniston AK, Murray PI, Gordon C. Ocular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007 Dec;46(12):1757–62.[3]Jorge A, Ung C, Young LH, Melles RB, Choi HK. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy - implications of research advances for rheumatology care. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14(12):693–703.Table 1.Demographic data and ophthalmologic diagnosis of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (N = 121)Variablen (% of N)Age (years) average (SD)46.2 (11.4)Disease duration average (SD)11.6 (3.3)Female sex118 (97.5)Chronic medical disease Hypertension28 (23.1) Diabetes mellitus4 (3.3) Dyslipidemia7 (5.8) Cancer3 (2.5) End-stage renal disease1 (0.8)Ophthalmologic diagnosis Keratoconjunctivitis sicca48 (39.7) Myopia39 (32.2) Cataract21 (17.4) Glaucoma9 (7.4) Suspicious retinopathy related to HCQ12 (9.9) Unspecified retinopathy5 (4.1) Lupus retinopathy2 (1.7) CMV retinitis2 (1.7) Central retinal vein thrombosis1 (0.8) Retinal break1 (0.8) Optic neuritis1 (0.8) Vitreal hemorrhage1 (0.8) Myodesopia4 (3.3) Scleritis1 (0.8)SD, standard deviation; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; CMV, cytomegalovirus.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
8
Venkatesh, Prasanna, Jayasingh K., Srikanth K. e Siva R. Green. "Cross sectional study of microalbuminuria, C-peptide and fundal changes in pre-diabetics". International Journal of Advances in Medicine 5, n. 2 (21 marzo 2018): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20180943.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Pre-diabetes is a mounting health problem occurring worldwide. Microvascular complications are prone to occur during this stage. Early diagnosis and treatment delay progression to diabetes mellitus and microvascular complications. Aims and objectives of the study was to determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria, c-peptide and fundal changes in pre-diabetics.Methods: 125 pre-diabetic patients those who visited MGMCRI General Medicine OPD and admitted in wards were taken into the study after fulfilling the inclusion criteria and after obtaining written informed consent. All those study patient’s urine and blood sample were sent for analysis of microalbuminuria and C-peptide respectively. Fundus was examined for retinopathic changes.Results: Among 125 prediabetic participants, prevalence of microalbuminuria was 12.8%, c-peptide levels was elevated in 46.4 %, but none of the study participants had fundal diabetic retinopathy changes.Conclusions: The microvascular complications like microalbuminuria starts in the pre-diabetic stage itself. Prevalence of increased c-peptide levels and microalbuminuria was more in individuals who had both IFG and IGT. Elevated C peptide level and microalbuminuria were found to appear much earlier than retinopathy in prediabetes. Hence its use can enhance for early diagnosis of prediabetes.
9
Tołwińska, Joanna, Barbara Głowińska-Olszewska e Artur Bossowski. "Insulin Therapy with Personal Insulin Pumps and Early Angiopathy in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus". Mediators of Inflammation 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/791283.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objective. Assessment of the effect of a treatment method change from multiple daily insulin injection (MDI) to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) on the development of early angiopathy in children with T1DM with or without retinopathy.Methods. The study pump group involved 32 diabetic children aged 14.8, with the initial HbA1c level of 8.3%, previously treated by MDI. The patients were examined before pump insertion and after 3 and 6 months of CSII. We assessed HbA1c level, carotid artery intima-media thickness (c-IMT), and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery. The pump group was compared to a group of eight teenagers with diagnosed nonproliferative retinopathy, treated with MDI.Results. HbA1c in the entire group was found to improve in the second and in the third examination. During 6 months of CSII, FMD increased and IMT decreased. Retinopathic adolescents had significantly thicker IMT and lower FMD compared to baseline results of the pump group. Treatment intensification in the retinopathy-free children enhanced these differences.Conclusions. CSII is associated with lower IMT and higher FMD. Whether on the long-run CSII is superior to MDI to delay the occurrence of diabetes late complications remains to be explained.
10
Enders, P., F. Schaub e S. Fauser. "Wann wird heute noch gelasert?" Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 235, n. 12 (10 febbraio 2017): 1383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-123831.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die Laserbehandlung ist eine Therapieoption bei retinalen, bevorzugt vaskulären Pathologien. Meist kommen destruktive Verfahren zum Einsatz. Durch das Hinzukommen der intravitrealen Applikation von Antikörper(fragmenten) gegen den Wachstumsfaktor „vascular endothelial growth factor“ (VEGF) muss jedoch bei einigen Indikationen der Einsatz der Laserbehandlung als First-Line-Therapie kritisch hinterfragt werden. Neue Strategien und Behandlungskonzepte sollen erläutert werden. Material und Methoden Zusammenfassung der Literatur aus PubMed sowie relevanter Leitlinien und Stellungnahmen. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung Das Anwendungsspektrum der retinalen Laserphotokoagulation ist vielfältig. Trotz und neben neuen, vielversprechenden medikamentösen Therapieansätzen stellt die retinale Laserbehandlung auch heute noch eine unverzichtbare Therapieoption insbesondere bei der proliferativen diabetischen Retinopathie, venösen ischämischen Verschlüssen und selteneren Erkrankungen wie Retinopathia praematurorum oder Morbus Coats dar.
11
Kulenović, Indira, Senija Rašić e Suvad Karcić. "Development of Microvascular Complications in Type 1 Diabetic Patients 10 Years Follow-up". Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 6, n. 2 (20 maggio 2006): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2006.3171.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Microvascular diabetic complications are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality of patients with type 1 disease. Diabetic nephropathy is becoming the single most common cause of end stage renal failure, while diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of blindness in working-age population. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the progression of late microvascular complications in type 1 diabetic patients treated by conventional or intensified insulin regimen over the period of 10 years. We selected a random sample of 32 patients, including 14 males and 18 females, aged 30,6 +/- 11,8 years, with average duration of the disease of 4,8 +/- 3,2 years. They did not show signs of overt diabetic nephropathy, while 5 patients had background retinopathy. All the patients had their fasting and postprandial glycaemia, HbAlc, 24/hour proteinuria, blood pressure, height and weight measured and body mass index calculated (BMI). There was a trend towards increasing values of HbAlc (6.9 +/- 0.8 vs. 7.4 +/- 1.0 %, p < 0.05), fasting glycaemia (6.8 +/- 08 vs. 7.8 +/- 1.2 mmol/l, p < 0.05), postprandial glycaemia (9.2 +/- 1.5 vs. 11.3 +/- 1.9 mmol/l, p <0.01), systolic and diastolic blood pressure values (120.0 +/- 10.8 vs. 128.5 +/- 16.8 mmHg, p<0.05; and 73.4 +/- 8.1 vs. 79.8 +/- 9.8 mmHg, p< 0.05) although no hypertensive patient was diagnosed. There were 11 persons (34.4%) with persistent proteinuria of 200 mg/24 hour or more and significant difference in overall proteinuria in 10 yrs period (121.3 +/- 37.3 vs. 312.8 +/- 109.9 mg/24 h, p< 0.001). Overall, 9 persons (28.1%) were diagnosed with simple, background retinopathy, but 6 of them (18.8%) had signs of proliferative form of the disease. The results indicate significant changes in progression of proteinuria in both groups although retinopathic progression was observed but was not significant in the intensively treated group.
12
T.J, Catherin, Blessy Rachel Thomas, Annamol Joseph, Apollo James, Haja Sherief S e T. Sivakumar. "Retinopathy with renal failure". Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 4, n. 3 (30 settembre 2017): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2017.4.3.9.
Testo completo
13
Helbig, Horst, Ulrich Kellner, Norbert Bornfeld e Michael H. Foerster. "Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der Glaskörperchirurgie bei diabetischer Retinopathie (Limits for vitreous surgery in diabetic retinopathy)". Der Ophthalmologe 93, n. 6 (11 dicembre 1996): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050052.
Testo completo
14
Gahlawat, Rachana, e Dinesh Narain Saksena. "Association of Serum Lipids Levels in Patients of Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy and Without Retinopathy". Asian Journal of Medical Research 8, n. 2 (giugno 2019): OT04—OT08. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ajmr.2019.8.2.ot2.
Testo completo
15
Kalantzis, George, Michael Angelou e Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou. "Diabetic retinopathy: An historical assessment". HORMONES 5, n. 1 (15 gennaio 2006): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.11172.
Testo completo
16
Rai, Himanshy, e Zakia Rahman. "Incidence of retinal changes in pregnant women due to pregnancy induced hypertension and its correlation with clinical profile". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, n. 4 (25 marzo 2020): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20201238.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is associated with many other pathological complications. Pathological changes of this disease appear to be related to vascular endothelial dysfunction and its consequences. One such complication or effect of PIH is retinal changes.Methods: This observational study was conducted of 110 cases over a period of 12 months from March 2018 to February 2019 in department of obstetrics of gynecology in Kamla Raja Hospital, G. R. Medical College, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. All the patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of PIH admitted in the obstetric ward.Results: Retinopathic changes were noted in 36.36% out of which grade I, grade II, grade III and grade IV have 11.82%, 8.18%, 10.19% and 5.45% cases respectively. In + proteinuria 10.9% of cases have positive findings, in ++ proteinuria 18.18% cases have positive findings, in +++ 7.27% cases have retinopathy but severity increases with a grade of proteinuria. 40% cases retinopathic changes of mild preeclampsia have positive finding, 36.36% in severe preeclampsia and 23.64% in cases of eclampsia. As overall severity of PIH increases retinopathies in patients increases.Conclusions: Visual symptoms are few in patients with PIH and often absent unless the macula is involved. Sudden onset of headache, which is resistant to routine therapy in these patients, may be the warning symptom before the onset of first convulsion. By repeated fundus examinations at regular intervals one can assess the severity of the disease and also response to treatment instituted.
17
Le Roux, Lucia G., Xudong Qiu, Megan C. Jacobsen, Mark D. Pagel, Seth T. Gammon, David Piwnica-Worms e Dawid Schellingerhout. "Axonal Transport as an In Vivo Biomarker for Retinal Neuropathy". Cells 9, n. 5 (22 maggio 2020): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051298.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We illuminate a possible explanatory pathophysiologic mechanism for retinal cellular neuropathy by means of a novel diagnostic method using ophthalmoscopic imaging and a molecular imaging agent targeted to fast axonal transport. The retinal neuropathies are a group of diseases with damage to retinal neural elements. Retinopathies lead to blindness but are typically diagnosed late, when substantial neuronal loss and vision loss have already occurred. We devised a fluorescent imaging agent based on the non-toxic C fragment of tetanus toxin (TTc), which is taken up and transported in neurons using the highly conserved fast axonal transport mechanism. TTc serves as an imaging biomarker for normal axonal transport and demonstrates impairment of axonal transport early in the course of an N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-induced excitotoxic retinopathy model in rats. Transport-related imaging findings were dramatically different between normal and retinopathic eyes prior to presumed neuronal cell death. This proof-of-concept study provides justification for future clinical translation.
18
Ann Ellis, E., Maria B. Grant e Robert N. Mames. "Insulin-like growth factor i and demyelination: cytochemical evidence for free radical derived oxidant mediation". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (13 agosto 1995): 966–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100141202.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The peptide hormone, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a growth factor which has been shown in elevated concentrations in the serum and vitreous of diabetic patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Studies with an animal model of IGF-I induced proliferative retinopathy2 showed demyelination in the optic nerves and along the medullary rays of rabbit eyes which received intravitreal injections of IGF-I, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), or a combination of the two growth factors. Biochemical studies have demonstrated a role for oxidative injury in complications of diabetes including lipid peroxidation and demyelination in peripheral neuropathy. The cerium NADH-oxidase technique has been used to demonstrate free radical derived oxidant production in several pathological conditions including demyelination in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). We investigated the role of free radical derived oxidants in growth factor-induced demyelination.Pigmented rabbits were injected intravitreally with 500 μg of IGF-I or bFGF and sacrificed at 4, 8,12 and 18 days.
19
Espinoza-Anguiano, Tirsa A., GJ Avilés-Rodriguez e José Ricardo Espinoza-Vargas. "Exploration of the Relationship of Sleep Quality in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy, Villahermosa Tabasco". Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana 22, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2021): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25176/rfmh.v22i1.4333.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: In recent decades, there has been growing evidence suggesting that too little or too much sleep is associated with adverse health outcomes, including type 2 diabetes. There is a close association between diabetes and diabetic retinopathy (DR), so it is reasonable to assume that sleep may also have associations with DR. Objective: To explore the relationship between the perception of sleep quality and the degree of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus treated at a 3rd level dophthalmological care service. Results: Significant correlations were found in: diastolic and systolic blood pressure (0.429), triglycerides and total cholesterol (0.707), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glycemia (0.561), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS Score) and age (0.394) , ESS Score and weight (0.365), extended STOP questionnaire (Stop Bang) and age (0.317), Stop Bang and weight (0.579), Stop Bang and ESS Score (0.452), insomnia severity index (ISI Score) and Stop Bang (0.460). Although the reduced sample size limited the results in the associations by subgroups in the study, a trend towards an elevation of the ESS score can be seen in the subgroup of patients who reported sleeping 8 hours or more. Conclusions: Although the trends are not statistically significant, the authors consider that this finding is congruent with the state of the art on the subject of sleep and metabolic condition of retinopathic diabetic patients (increased trend of ESS score reported in the subgroup of 8 or more hours sleep), it will be necessary to explore this phenomenon in more detail and in a larger number of patients.
20
J, Shah Vinit, YC Venu Gopal Reddy, Syed Mohideen KA, Syed Saifuddin Adeel e Nair Shobita. "Radiation retinopathy masquerading diabetic retinopathy". International Journal of Medical Ophthalmology 3, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2021): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26638266.2021.v3.i1b.68.
Testo completo
21
Sugawa, Sayaka Wakabayashi, Yoko Yoshida, Yusuke Hikima, Haruhiko Sato, Akira Shimada, Mitsuhiko Noda e Akifumi Kushiyama. "Characteristics Associated with Early Worsening of Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed with Retinopathy at Their First Visit: A Retrospective Observational Study". Journal of Diabetes Research 2021 (17 luglio 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7572326.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Aims/Introduction. To investigate whether the occurrence of early worsening of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed with simple or preproliferative diabetic retinopathy at their first visit differed according to HbA1c reduction and/or treatment intensification. Materials and Methods. Our study design was a retrospective observational study. Subjects with type 2 diabetes diagnosed with either simple or preproliferative diabetic retinopathy by ophthalmologists at their first visit and followed up for 6–18 months thereafter were included and divided into worsening and nonworsening groups. Thereafter, baseline characteristics and changes in HbA1c and therapy over a year were investigated. Results. Among the 88 subjects with simple diabetic retinopathy, 16% improved to no retinopathy, 65% retained their simple diabetic retinopathy, 18% worsened to preproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and 1% worsened to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Among the 47 subjects with preproliferative diabetic retinopathy, 9% improved to simple diabetic retinopathy, 72% retained their preproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and 19% worsened to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Patients with simple diabetic retinopathy had an odds ratio of 1.44 for worsening retinopathy with a 1% increase in baseline HbA1c. Meanwhile, the odds ratios for worsening retinopathy with a 1% decrease in HbA1c from baseline at 3, 6, and 12 months were 1.34, 1.31, and 1.38, respectively. Among patients with simple diabetic retinopathy, significantly more new interventions were introduced in the worsening group than in the nonworsening group. Conclusions. Increased baseline HbA1c, a substantial decrease in HbA1c, and intensified therapy were identified as risk factors for early worsening of diabetic retinopathy in patients with simple diabetic retinopathy at the first visit. Patients should therefore be intimately followed for retinopathy after their first visit.
22
Li Jiayu, 李家昱, 陈明惠 Chen Minghui, 杨瑞君 Yang Ruijun, 马文飞 Ma Wenfei, 赖湘玲 Lai Xiangling, 黄鐸文 Huang Duowen, 刘渡新 Liu Duxin, 马昕宏 Ma Xinhong e 沈越 Shen Yue. "糖尿病视网膜病变眼底图像筛查研究". Chinese Journal of Lasers 49, n. 11 (2022): 1107001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl202249.1107001.
Testo completo
23
Bovenzi, Matthew D., Jerome Sherman e Sherry J. Bass. "Schnelle Progression zur poliferativen diabetischen Retinopathie". Optometry & Contact Lenses 2, n. 1 (29 dicembre 2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54352/dozv.pxzz4986.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose. This case report illustrates rapid progression of diabetic retinopathy in a patient with poor compliance to diabetic management. It additionally demonstrates the utility of panoramic/ultra-wide field retinal imaging in assessing diabetic retinopathy progression. Material and Methods. A 42-year-old female patient was examined seven times over a 25 month period at a private ophthalmology/optometry practice with dilated fundus examinations. Fundus images were obtained using a pano- ramic/ultra-widefield laser retinal imager. Fluorescein angio- graphy (FA) was performed to assess for diabetic macular edema (DME), retinal ischemia and neovascularization, and laser photocoagulation was conducted as indicated by the clinical picture. Ophthalmic ultrasonography was performed to confirm tractional retinal detachments (TRD) at the final visit. Results. Initially, visual acuity was adequate (20/30; 6/9; LogMAR 0.18 in each eye) and the patient was diagnosed with moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diffuse leakage resulting in DME, confirmed with FA at the second visit, was treated with focal laser photocoagulation. However, after being lost to follow-up for over a year, her vision had deteriorated severely to finger counting at 1ft (30.5 cm) in the right eye, and 20/400; 6/120; LogMAR 1.30 in the left: the result of high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy in each eye. The patient underwent three treatments of pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP), but she nevertheless developed tractional retinal detachments (TRD) in both eyes. Conclusion. The combination of poorly controlled diabetes and poor compliance with follow-up care in diabetic retino- pathy can lead to rapid progression of retinopathy and blind- ness. Early detection of diabetic retinopathy with panoramic/ ultra-wide field retinal imaging allows for appropriate staging and management of the disease, and ultimately, better visual outcomes. Keywords Diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, panoramic retinal imaging, ultra-wide field retinal imaging, pan-retinal photocoagulation, tractional retinal detachment
24
Salih, N. D., Marwan D. Saleh, C. Eswaran e Junaidi Abdullah. "Grading System for Diabetic Retinopathy Disease". International Journal of Signal Processing Systems 5, n. 1 (marzo 2017): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijsps.5.1.34-38.
Testo completo
25
Gotzaridis, Eustratios, Athina Markou e Zdenek Gregor. "Management of Diabetic Retinopathy. An Overview". HORMONES 3, n. 2 (15 aprile 2004): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.11117.
Testo completo
26
Zhang, Xiao, Su Chi Lim, Subramaniam Tavintharan, Lee Ying Yeoh, Chee Fang Sum, Keven Ang, Darren Yeo, Serena Low e Neelam Kumari. "Association of central arterial stiffness with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in Asians with type 2 diabetes". Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 16, n. 6 (3 maggio 2019): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479164119845904.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objective: Arterial stiffness has been associated with diabetic retinopathy; however, the information is limited in Asians. We aim to examine the association of central arterial stiffness with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Singapore. Methods: Arterial stiffness was estimated by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and augmentation index using applanation tonometry method. Digital colour fundus photographs from 1,203 patients were assessed for diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy severity was categorized into non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Logistic regression model was used to evaluate the associations of diabetic retinopathy with pulse wave velocity and augmentation index. Results: Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed in 391 (32.5%) patients, including 271 non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 108 proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy have higher pulse wave velocity (11.2 ± 3.3 vs 9.5 ± 2.6 m/s, p < 0.001) and augmentation index (28.4 ± 9.4 vs 26.1 ± 10.6%, p < 0.001) than non-diabetic retinopathy. After multivariable adjustment, pulse wave velocity [odds ratio = 1.11 (95% confidence interval = 1.05–1.17), p < 0.001] and augmentation index [odds ratio = 1.03 (95% confidence interval = 1.01–1.04), p = 0.009] was associated with diabetic retinopathy. In severity analyses, pulse wave velocity was associated with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy [odds ratio = 1.10 (95% confidence interval = 1.03–1.17), p = 0.002] and proliferative diabetic retinopathy [odds ratio = 1.15 (95% confidence interval = 1.06–1.25), p = 0.001] ( p-trend < 0.001). Augmentation index showed significant associations with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy [odds ratio = 1.02 (95% confidence interval = 1.01–1.04), p = 0.008], but not with proliferative diabetic retinopathy [odds ratio = 1.01 (95% confidence interval = 0.98–1.04), p = 0.36] ( p-trend = 0.03). Conclusion: Central arterial stiffness was associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, suggesting its etiologic implication in diabetic retinopathy.
27
Nwanyanwu, Kristen, Marcella Nunez-Smith, Mayur Desai e Thomas Gardner. "2458 Determining the prevalence and associated multilevel characteristics of undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy". Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (giugno 2018): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.247.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in adults aged 25–64 years. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is projected to increase 4-fold by 2050. Racial and ethnic minorities have a higher prevalence and greater severity of diabetic retinopathy. Over 50% of racial and ethnic minorities are not screened for diabetic retinopathy per guidelines. With timely diagnosis and sight-saving treatment, blindness from diabetic retinopathy is largely preventable. The objective of this study is to identify racial and ethnic disparities in the population that do not know they have diabetic retinopathy and to compare those disparities to those in the population that do know they have diabetic retinopathy. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Specifically, we have identified a nationally representative survey and clinical examination data to estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy, to identify racial and ethnic disparities in that population, and to compare those disparities in the population with known diabetic retinopathy. We hypothesize that racial and ethnic disparities will be higher in the population with undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy in comparison to the population with known diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hypothesize that racial and ethnic disparities will be higher in the population with undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy in comparison to the population with known diabetic retinopathy. The results of that analysis will instruct qualitative interviews that will advance the understanding of the factors that contribute to the decision whether to be screened for diabetic retinopathy. A decision tree will be created to categorize the hierarchy of barriers and facilitators. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: A better understanding of the population with undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy and the factors that influence the decision to get screened will help us not only to address disparities in diabetic retinopathy, but also to prevent blindness from retinopathy.
28
Hanifah, Shabrina, Angela Nurini Agni, Indra Tri Mahayana, Suhardjo Suhardjo e Teguh Triyono. "DIFFERENCES OF APOLIPOPROTEIN A1 AND APOLIPOPROTEIN B LEVELS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND WITHOUT DIABETIC RETINOPATHY". International Journal of Retina 4, n. 2 (21 settembre 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35479/ijretina.2021.vol004.iss002.153.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction Apolipoprotein A1 are antiatherogenic in blood serum and have an anti-inflammatory while Apolipoprotein B describes a protein structure that is potentially atherogenic.. Meanwhile, the inflammatory process plays a role in the diabetic retinopathy process. The aim of this study was to determine whether there were differences in the levels of apolipoprotein A1 and B in diabetic retinopathy patients and without diabetic retinopathy.
Methods: This study used a cross sectional design. The subjects of this study were type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic retinopathy and without diabetic retinopathy at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital from July to September 2020. Subjects consisted of 32 patients in the group with diabetic retinopathy and 31 patients without diabetic retinopathy. The levels of apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B were analyzed using independent T test. The factors affecting apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B were analyzed using multiple regression tests.
Result: There were no significant differences (p> 0.05) in age, gender, duration of diabetes, HDL, triglycerides, HbA1c, BMI, physical activity, and smoking history. The mean apolipoprotein A1 level in the diabetic retinopathy group was 1.46 ± 0.177 mg / dL higher than the non-diabetic retinopathy group, namely 1.44 ± 0.27 mg / dL (p = 0.699). The mean level of apolipoprotein B in the diabetic retinopathy group was 1.26 ± 0.289 mg / dl higher than the non-diabetic retinopathy group 1.01 ± 0.26 mg / dL (p = 0.001). The mean LDL levels were 162.5 ± 48.38 mmol / L in the diabetic retinopathy group and 127 ± 38.45 mmol / L in the group without diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.012).
Conclusion: Apolipoprotein B levels were found to be higher in the group with diabetic retinopathy than in the group without diabetic retinopathy and there was a significant difference between the two assumed due to an atherogenic process in the diabetic retinopathy group. Further research is needed to assess the causal relationship between elevated levels of Apo B and the incidence of diabetic retinopathy by calculating the ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1.
Keywords: Apolipoprotein A1, Apolipoprotein B, Diabetic Retinopathy
29
Neidner, Kenneth H. "Retinopathy". Clinics in Dermatology 6, n. 1 (gennaio 1988): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-081x(88)90008-9.
Testo completo
30
Altomare, Filiberto, Amin Kherani e Julie Lovshin. "Retinopathy". Canadian Journal of Diabetes 42 (aprile 2018): S210—S216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.027.
Testo completo
31
Boyd, Shelley R., Andrew Advani, Filiberto Altomare e Frank Stockl. "Retinopathy". Canadian Journal of Diabetes 37 (aprile 2013): S137—S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.01.038.
Testo completo
32
Torpy, Janet M. "Retinopathy". JAMA 293, n. 1 (5 gennaio 2005): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.1.128.
Testo completo
33
Torpy, Janet M., Tiffany J. Glass e Richard M. Glass. "Retinopathy". JAMA 298, n. 8 (22 agosto 2007): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.8.944.
Testo completo
34
Shivakumar, Koushik, A. R. Rajalakshmi, Kirti Nath Jha, Swathi Nagarajan, A. R. Srinivasan e A. Lokesh Maran. "Serum magnesium in diabetic retinopathy: the association needs investigation". Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology 13 (gennaio 2021): 251584142110563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25158414211056385.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Magnesium has an essential role in glucose metabolism, and hypomagnesaemia is common in diabetes mellitus. However, the relationship between serum magnesium and diabetic retinopathy is poorly understood. Aim: To determine the association between serum magnesium levels and retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients with normal renal function and to correlate it with severity of retinopathy. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a semi-urban tertiary-care teaching hospital. Clinicodemographic profile and serum magnesium levels were determined in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) with (group 1) and without (group 2) retinopathy. Serum magnesium levels were correlated with the presence and severity of retinopathy. Results: Of 104 type 2 DM patients, 50 had retinopathy. Younger age, longer duration of disease and poorer glycaemic control ( p < 0.05) were found to be associated with retinopathy. The mean serum magnesium levels in patients with retinopathy and those without retinopathy were 1.63 ± 0.30 mg/dL and 1.76 ± 0.22 mg/dL, respectively ( p = 0.029). Reduced serum magnesium was associated with elevated fasting sugars ( p = 0.019) and female gender ( p = 0.037). On comparative analysis of patients with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR), non-STDR and no retinopathy by ANOVA test, patients with STDR had significantly lower serum magnesium (1.55 ± 0.33 mg/dL) ( p = 0.031). Conclusion: Serum magnesium levels were lower in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Patients with STDR had lower serum magnesium compared with those without STDR. Summary Serum magnesium, studied extensively for its role in glucose metabolism, was found to be lower in patients with diabetic retinopathy compared with those without retinopathy. Sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy had significantly lower levels of serum magnesium.
35
Tanaka, Kumiko, Toshihide Kawai, Yoshifumi Saisho, Shu Meguro, Kana Harada, Yuka Satoh, Kaori Kobayashi, Kei Mizushima, Takayuki Abe e Hiroshi Itoh. "Relationship between Stage of Diabetic Retinopathy and Pulse Wave Velocity in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes". Journal of Diabetes Research 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/193514.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objectives. We investigated the relationship between the stage of diabetic retinopathy and pulse wave velocity (PWV).Methods. This was a cross-sectional study of 689 patients (406 men and 283 women) with type 2 diabetes who were admitted to our hospital from 2004 to 2007. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was measured by an arterial pressure measurement device as PWV/ABI. Diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy was made by ophthalmologists based on the Davis classification: no diabetic retinopathy (NDR), simple retinopathy (SDR), pre-proliferative retinopathy (pre-PDR), and proliferative retinopathy (PDR).Results. There was a significant difference in PWV between patients without diabetic retinopathy (1657.0±417.9 m/s (mean ± SD)) and with diabetic retinopathy (1847.1±423.9 m/s) (P<0.001). In addition, the stage of diabetic retinopathy was associated with aortic PWV (1657.0±417.9 m/s in NDR (n=420),1819.4±430.3 m/s in SDR (n=152),1862.1±394.0 m/s in pre-PDR (n=54), and1901.1±433.5 m/s in PDR (n=63) (P<0.001)).Conclusions. In patients with diabetic retinopathy, even in those with SDR, PWV was higher than that in patients without diabetic retinopathy. Physicians should therefore pay attention to the value of PWV and macroangiopathy regardless of the stage of diabetic retinopathy.
36
Zhang, Xiao, Neelam Kumari, Serena Low, Keven Ang, Darren Yeo, Lee Ying Yeoh, Allen Liu et al. "The association of serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate variability with diabetic retinopathy in Asians with type 2 diabetes: A nested case–control study". Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 15, n. 6 (17 luglio 2018): 548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479164118786969.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Fluctuation of kidney function may signify intra-glomerular microvascular hemodynamic instability. We aim to examine the association of long-term serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate variability with diabetic retinopathy. Methods: We included type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who attended the Diabetes Centre in 2011–2014 and were followed up (median = 3.2 years). Digital colour fundus photographs were assessed for diabetic retinopathy at follow-up. Diabetic retinopathy severity was categorized into non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. We conducted a nested case–control study involving 177 diabetic retinopathy (118 non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 50 proliferative diabetic retinopathy) and 327 age- and gender-matched non-diabetic retinopathy. Serum creatinine measured before follow-up visit was obtained (⩾3 readings/patient). Variability was calculated as intra-individual standard deviation/√ n/( n – 1). Results: Diabetic retinopathy have higher adjusted-serum creatinine-standard deviation than non-diabetic retinopathy [9.1 (4.9–21.6) vs 5.4 (3.4–10.1) µM, p < 0.001]. After multivariable adjustment, adjusted-serum creatinine-standard deviation was associated with diabetic retinopathy [odds ratio = 1.47, 95% confidence interval (1.02–2.10), p = 0.04]. The area under the curve increased significantly after adding adjusted-serum creatinine-standard deviation [0.70 (0.65–0.75) vs 0.72 (0.68–0.77), p < 0.03]. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy have higher adjusted-serum creatinine-standard deviation than non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy [15.5 (6.6–39.7) vs 7.47 (4.52–17.8) µM, p < 0.001]. After adjustment, adjusted-serum creatinine-standard deviation remained associated with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy [1.48 (1.04–2.12), p = 0.03] and proliferative diabetic retinopathy [2.43 (1.34–4.39), p = 0.003; p-trend = 0.002]. Similar findings were observed for estimated glomerular filtration rate variability. Conclusion: Serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate variability is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy independent of intra-individual means. This may inform novel therapeutic strategies aiming to achieve stable renal function in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
37
Gangesh, Manisha. "Diabetic Retinopathy Detection System". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, n. 9 (30 settembre 2021): 1498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38233.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract: Diabetic Retinopathy is a diabetes problem that affects the eye. Injury to the blood vessels of the light sensitive tissue inside the rear of the eye (retina) is that the most reason for diabetic retinopathy. To begin with, Diabetic Retinopathy may have no symptoms or just cause minor vision problems. It has the potential to lead to blindness. Machine learning approaches can be used for the early detection of Diabetic Retinopathy. This paper proposes an automated Diabetic Retinopathy detection system that can detect the presence of Diabetic Retinopathy from retinal images. This work uses ResNet50 for the detection and classification of Diabetic Retinopathy. ResNet50 is a type of neural network used as a backbone for many computer-vision tasks. This paper proposes a machine learning model which is developed using ResNet50, then the model will be deployed as a user-friendly web application where the user can upload the retinal images as input to the system then system will detect the presence of Diabetic Retinopathy and classifies it into the stage or class which the particular image belongs to. Keywords: Diabetic Retinopathy, ResNet50, Proliferative diabetic retinopathy, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
38
Öztürk Kurt, Hacer Pınar, Düriye Sıla Karagöz Özen, İpek Genç, Mukadder Erdem e Mehmet Derya Demirdağ. "Comparison of selenium levels between diabetic patients with and without retinopathy". Journal of Surgery and Medicine 7, n. 1 (22 gennaio 2023): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.28982/josam.7673.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background/Aim: Diabetic retinopathy is a common ailment that causes visual impairment among adults, and evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a significant role in its pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to examine the potential association between selenium deficiency and an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This study was a prospective case-control study. 115 patients with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus were included. The patients were divided into groups with and without retinopathy. No subgroups were made according to the level of retinopathy. The aim was to compare the serum selenium level of patients between groups. Therefore, other variables that may contribute to the development of retinopathy were also recorded. The duration of diabetes, medications used, and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were recorded. The retinopathy group included 47 patients, and the non-retinopathy group included 68 patients. Selenium levels were measured in plasma samples. Results: The mean selenium level of the retinopathy group (70.11 [17.28] μg/l) was significantly lower than that of the non-retinopathy group (80.20 [19.10] μg/l) (P=0.005). The median duration of diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in the retinopathy group than in the non-retinopathy group (10 [1-25] and 6 [1-21], respectively; P=0.002). Logistic regression analyses showed that higher levels of blood selenium were independent preventive factors against the occurrence of retinopathy (OR [95% CI]: 0.965 [0.939-0. 991]). The duration of diabetes mellitus was an independent risk factor for retinopathy occurrence [OR (95% CI): 1.131 (1.050-1.219)]. One unit increase in selenium level was associated with a unit decrease in diabetic retinopathy of 0.965 (0.939-0.991). Conclusion: Our research revealed a correlation between the duration of diabetes and the incidence of diabetic retinopathy. Furthermore, a notable difference was observed in blood selenium levels between patients with diabetic retinopathy and those without it. Specifically, patients with diabetic retinopathy had lower plasma selenium levels compared to the control group. These findings have potential implications for the treatment or prevention of diabetic retinopathy, but more research is needed to determine the efficacy of selenium supplementation for diabetic patients with or without microvascular complications. Future studies should investigate the effect of selenium deficiency on different subtypes of diabetic retinopathy and the impact of selenium supplementation in this patient population.
39
Saito, Hitomi, Mariko Suzuki, Takehiro Asakawa e Satoshi Kato. "Retinopathy in a multiple sclerosis patient undergoing interferon-therapy". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 13, n. 7 (27 aprile 2007): 939–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458507077403.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A 30-year old male developed retinopathy, with flame-shaped retinal hemorrhages and soft exudates in both eyes, while receiving interferon- β injections as a preventive therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS). After discontinuing interferon injections upon presentation of the retinopathy, the retinopathy subsided without specific therapy. Visual acuity remained stable throughout the course of observation. Though assumed to be related to interferon therapy, the ocular findings of retinopathy disappeared without specific treatment. This clinical course of retinopathy is very similar to the interferon-induced retinopathy observed in type C hepatitis patients, but there are far fewer reports on MS-related interferon retinopathy. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 939—940. http://msj.sagepub.com
40
Trento, Marina, Lorena Charrier, Martina Salassa, Stefano Merlo, Pietro Passera, Anatolie Baltatescu, Franco Cavallo e Massimo Porta. "Cognitive Function May be a Predictor of Retinopathy Progression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes". European Journal of Ophthalmology 27, n. 3 (10 marzo 2016): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/ejo.5000885.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes, such as retinopathy and nephropathy, progress over time and may be associated with cognitive decline. In this article, we aim to gain further insight into the association between cognitive function and retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Methods and Results In this observational 8-year prospective study of 498 outpatients, demographic and clinical variables were monitored, along with retinopathy, depression, anxiety, and cognitive function. Baseline fundus photographs were available in 477 patients, 240 with no retinopathy, 110 with mild retinopathy, and 127 with moderate/more severe retinopathy. Of the first 2 groups, 279 patients were reevaluated after 8 years, of whom 181 still had no/mild retinopathy and 98 had progressed to more severe stages. On multivariate analysis, retinopathy progression was associated with being insulin-treated (p = 0.036), and worse cognitive function (p = 0.025) at baseline. Conclusions Cognitive function may be an independent predictor of retinopathy progression.
41
Li, Shipeng, Jianling Sun, Wenchao Hu, Yan Liu, Dan Lin, Haiping Duan e Fengting Liu. "The association of serum and vitreous adropin concentrations with diabetic retinopathy". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 56, n. 2 (24 febbraio 2019): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563218820359.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objective Adropin, a newly identified regulatory protein encoded by Enho gene, is correlated with insulin sensitivity and diabetes. The aim of this study is to determine whether serum and vitreous adropin concentrations are correlated with the presence of diabetic retinopathy. Methods A population of 165 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (52 without diabetic retinopathy, 69 with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 44 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy) was enrolled in this study. The control group enrolled 68 healthy subjects who had underwent vitrectomy for retinal detachment. Serum and vitreous adropin concentrations were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results Control subjects had significantly higher serum and vitreous adropin concentrations compared with diabetic patients. Serum and vitreous adropin concentrations in proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients were significantly reduced compared with those in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without diabetic retinopathy. In addition, there were lower serum and vitreous adropin concentrations in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients compared with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without diabetic retinopathy. Logistic regression analysis revealed that serum and vitreous adropin were associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion Serum and vitreous adropin concentrations are negatively associated with the presence of diabetic retinopathy.
42
Ifrath Nusaiba e Panimalar Veeramani. "Prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy in hypertensive patients". International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, n. 2 (5 aprile 2022): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.91.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Hypertension manifests in the eyes as retinopathy, choroidopathy and optic neuropathy of which retinopathy can be used as a predictor for systemic morbidities and mortalities. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of retinopathy in hypertensive patients and determine the correlation of retinopathy with parameters like age, sex, duration of hypertension, severity of hypertension and control of hypertension. This was a cross-sectional, retrospective study done in patients attending our hospital between January to March 2019 comprising of 200 patients. The grading of retinopathy was done using Keith-Wagner-Barker system. The presence of retinopathy was compared with parameters like age, sex and duration of hypertension. Statistical analysis was done using MS-Excel and Chi-square test. Among the 200 hypertensive patients (117 males, 83 females), 57 patients had retinopathy (28.5%) of which 35 were males and 22 were females. Among patients with retinopathy, 32 had Grade 1, 16 had Grade 2, 8 had Grade 3 and 1 had Grade 4 retinopathy. Based on the severity of hypertension, 8 out of 61 patients having mild hypertension, 25 out of 81 patients had moderate hypertension and 24 out of 58 patients having severe hypertension, had retinopathy. The prevalence of retinopathy was higher in patients with hypertension for 5 years or more (54.4%) than those with hypertension with less than 5 years (21.8%). Our study showed prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy to be 28.5%. Severity of hypertension and duration of hypertension > 5 years was found to have an association with hypertensive retinopathy.
43
Adki, Kaveri M., e Yogesh A. Kulkarni. "Potential Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy". Current Diabetes Reviews 16, n. 9 (6 novembre 2020): 971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399816666200217092022.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Diabetic retinopathy is one of the important complications of diabetes. In major cases, diabetic retinopathy is unnoticed until the irreversible damage to eye occurs and leads to blurred vision and, eventually, blindness. Objective: The pathogenesis and diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy are very complex and not fully understood. Currently, well-established laser techniques and medications are available, but these treatment options have their own shortcomings on biological systems. Biomarkers can help to overcome this problem due to easy, fast and economical options for diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: The search terms used were “Diabetic retinopathy”, “Biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy”, “Novel biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy” and “Potential biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy” by using different scientific resources and databases like EBSCO, ProQuest, PubMed and Scopus. Eligibility criteria included biomarkers involved in diabetic retinopathy in the detectable range. Exclusion criteria included the repetition and duplication of the biomarker in diabetic retinopathy. Results: Current review and literature study revealed that biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy can be categorized as inflammatory: tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, transforming growth factor- β; antioxidant: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; nucleic acid: poly ADP ribose polymerase- α, Apelin, Oncofetal; enzyme: ceruloplasmin, protein kinase C; and miscellaneous: erythropoietin. These biomarkers have a great potential in the progression of diabetic retinopathy hence can be used in the diagnosis and management of this debilitating disease. Conclusion: Above mentioned biomarkers play a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy; hence they can also be considered as potential targets for new drug development.
44
Khazaee, Mohammad Hassan, Jalil Tavakol Afshari, Bahram Khazaee, Ramin Daneshvar, Javad Akbarzadeh, Ladan Khazaee, Rashin Ganjali e Firoozeh Raygan. "HLA-DQB1 Subtypes Predict Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type I Diabetes Mellitus". European Journal of Ophthalmology 19, n. 4 (luglio 2009): 638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112067210901900419.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose To investigate if diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy despite long disease duration have different human leukocyte antigen (HLA) status vs those with an early onset of retinopathy. Methods Retrospective, nonrandomized, masked comparative study. Type 1 diabetic patients with a disease onset before age 30 were recruited to the study. The study population consisted of two groups of diabetic patients: those with normal retinopathy course (retinopathy developed during the first 20 years of diabetes onset) (23 patients) and those with postponed retinopathy (no obvious retinopathy in spite of passing 20 years of diabetes) (19 patients). These groups were matched with regard to level of glycemic control, blood pressure, and lipid profile. A group of 23 healthy patients served as controls. HLA-DQB1 typing of blood samples was done using a polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) method. Results HLA-DQB1*0201/HLA-DQB1*0501 and HLA-DQB1*0201/HLA-DQB1*0504 haplotypes were more common among type 1 diabetic patients with normal retinopathy course than those with postponed retinopathy (26.1% vs 0.0%; p=0.019). HLA-DQB1*0301 and HLA-DQB1*0304 were less common among those diabetic patients with normal retinopathy course than those with a postponed retinopathy (63.2% vs 34.8%; p=0.067). Conclusions Some haplotypes seem to predispose diabetic patients to diabetic retinopathy. HLA typing may be beneficial for predicting the prognosis of diabetic retinopathy in younger diabetic patients.
45
Mani, Koushiki, e Rose Davy C. "Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending medicine out-patient department of a tertiary care hospital in Alappuzha, Kerala, India". International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, n. 4 (28 marzo 2017): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171259.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication affecting the eyes of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus due to long-term hyperglycaemia. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness among working aged adults around the world. There are various factors leading to the development of diabetic retinopathy namely duration of diabetes, glycaemic control, age at onset of diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension. This is a hospital based cross-sectional study which aimed to study the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending Medicine out-patient department of Government T. D. Medical College, Alappuzha, Kerala, India. The factors contributing to the development of retinopathy was also studied.Methods: 200 already diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects were included in the study. Subjects were explained about the study and once the consent was received, data regarding age, gender, age at onset of diabetes, duration of diabetes, history of smoking, alcohol intake, and socio-economic status was documented. Height and weight was measured. Blood pressure was recorded with mercury sphygmomanometer. Then the subjects were evaluated for diabetic retinopathy by fundus examination after dilating the eyes. Findings were noted and subjects were categorized as no retinopathy, nonproliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy using the ETDRS classification.Results: In present study, out of 200 subjects, 63 subjects (31.5%) were affected with diabetic retinopathy (non-proliferative retinopathy=22.5%, proliferative retinopathy=9%). Prevalence of mild, moderate and severe non-proliferative retinopathy was 7.5% each. Significant association was found between diabetic retinopathy and duration of diabetes.Conclusions: Therefore, periodic screening of diabetic patients should be carried out for early detection and prevention of loss of vision.
46
Lüttke, Berit, Gabriele E. Lang, Bernhard O. Böhm e Gerhard K. Lang. "Ergebnisse nach panretinaler Argonlaserkoagulation bei proliferativer diabetischer Retinopathie * (Results after panretinal argon laser treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy)". Der Ophthalmologe 93, n. 6 (11 dicembre 1996): 694–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050060.
Testo completo
47
Lin, Zhong, Dong Li, Gang Zhai, Yu Wang, Liang Wen, Xiao Xia Ding, Feng Hua Wang, Yu Dou, Cong Xie e Yuan Bo Liang. "High myopia is protective against diabetic retinopathy via thinning retinal vein: A report from Fushun Diabetic Retinopathy Cohort Study (FS-DIRECT)". Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 17, n. 4 (luglio 2020): 147916412094098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479164120940988.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose: To investigate the association between high myopia and diabetic retinopathy, and its possible mechanism, in a northeastern Chinese population with type 2 diabetic mellitus. Methods: Patients were included from Fushun Diabetic Retinopathy Cohort Study. High myopia was defined as spherical equivalent of autorefraction less than −5D. Results: A total of 1817 patients [688 (37.9%) diabetic retinopathy, 102 (5.6%) high myopia] were included. Compared to eyes without high myopia, the frequency of diabetic retinopathy and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy was significantly less in eyes with high myopia (23.5% vs 38.7%, p = 0.002; 22.5% vs 35.3%, p = 0.005). Eyes with high myopia were less likely to have diabetic retinopathy (multivariate odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 0.39, 0.22–0.68) or non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 0.40, 0.23–0.70). High myopia was negatively associated with central retinal venular equivalent (multivariate β, 95% confidence interval: −37.1, −42.3 to −31.8, p < 0.001). Furthermore, central retinal venular equivalent (per 10 μm increase) had a significant association with diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 1.24, 1.17–1.31) as well as non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 1.24, 1.18–1.31). Conclusions: High myopia was negatively associated with both diabetic retinopathy and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in this northeastern Chinese population. This protective effect may have been partially achieved via thinning retinal veins.
48
Shantha, Jessica G., Tolulope Fashina, Victoria Stittleburg, Casey Randleman, Laura Ward, Matt Regueiro, David Krakow et al. "COVID-19 and the eye: Systemic and laboratory risk factors for retinopathy and detection of tear film SARS-CoV-2 RNA with a triplex RT-PCR assay". PLOS ONE 17, n. 11 (9 novembre 2022): e0277301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277301.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose To assess hospitalized COVID-19 inpatients for the prevalence of retinopathy and tear film SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and associated risk factors for their detection. Methods Hospitalized COVID-19 patients underwent dilated ophthalmic examination and fundus photography. Conjunctival swabs were assessed for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR via a triple target assay. We assessed the relationships of retinopathy with clinical outcomes, systemic risk factors and laboratory data. Results The median age was 59.5 years and 29 (48%) were female. Retinopathy associated with COVID-19 was observed in 12 of 60 patients (20%). The median age of patients with COVID-19 retinopathy was 51.5 compared to 62.5 years in individuals without retinopathy (p = 0.01). Median BMI was 34.3 in patients with retinopathy versus 30.9 in those without retinopathy (p = 0.04). Fifteen of 60 patients (25%) tested SARS-CoV-2 RNA-positive in their tear film without a relationship with timing of illness and hospitalization. The N2 gene was particularly sensitive with 18 of 19 eyes (94.7%) showing N2-positivity, including 2 patients with alpha variant-positivity (B.1.1.7). Conclusion Retinopathy was observed in 20% of patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Patients with retinopathy were more likely to be younger and have higher BMI than hospitalized patients without retinopathy. Tear film SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 25% of patients. The relationship of obesity and age with retinopathy requires further investigation.
49
Fotiou, Pandelis, Athanasios Raptis, George Apergis, George Dimitriadis, Ioannis Vergados e Panagiotis Theodossiadis. "Vitamin Status as a Determinant of Serum Homocysteine Concentration in Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy". Journal of Diabetes Research 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/807209.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We investigated the association of serum homocysteine levels and vitamin status with type 2 diabetic retinopathy. This study included 65 patients with and 75 patients without diabetic retinopathy. Patients with diabetic retinopathy had significantly higher serum homocysteine levelsP<0.001, higher prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemiaP<0.001, lower serum folic acidP<0.001, and vitamin B12(P=0.014) levels than those without diabetic retinopathy. Regression analysis revealed that homocysteine was an independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy and there was a threshold in its serum level (13.7 μmol/L), above which the risk of diabetic retinopathy greatly increases (OR=1.66,P=0.001). Folic acid was associated with decreased odds for diabetic retinopathy (OR=0.73,P<0.001). There was a threshold in serum vitamin B12level (248.4 pg/mL), below which serum homocysteine concentration significantly increases with decreasing serum vitamin B12(P=0.003). Our findings suggest that hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Decreased serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B12, through raising serum homocysteine concentrations, may also affect the diabetic retinopathy risk.
50
Pomytkina, N. V. "Diabetic Retinopathy and Pregnancy". Ophthalmology in Russia 15, n. 2S (28 luglio 2018): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2018-2s-268-272.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose: analysis of clinical cases of different course of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy.Patients and methods. The article presents 5 clinical cases of different course of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy: absence of manifestation, stable course and progression to macular edema and aggressive proliferation.Results. The reasons for progression of diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy were analyzed. The most important were the compensation of diabetes mellitus in preconception period and throughout pregnancy, the severity of retinopathy, and the presence of concomitant pathology. It is emphasized that timely detection of progression signs of retinopathy and laser coagulation during pregnancy makes it possible to stabilize the course of disease and improve visual prognosis. Thus, the monitoring of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus requires an individual approach and careful dynamic observation during pregnancy and in postpartum period. Timely laser coagulation in progression of retinopathy can contribute to preservation of visual functions.Conclusions. Clinical course of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy is variable: no manifestation, stabilization, progression. Progression of diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy is determined by many factors, in particular, the compensation of diabetes mellitus in preconception period and throughout pregnancy, the severity and stabilization of retinopathy as results of treatment in preconception period, the presence of concomitant pathology. Timely detection of signs of diabetic retinopathy progression and its treatment, particularly laser coagulation of the retina, during pregnancy allows stabilizing the course of disease. There may be an aggressive course of diabetic retinopathy with progression in postpartum period, in connection with which, active monitoring of patients with retinopathy after childbirth is required.