Tesi: "Seismic refraction method"

1

Valle, G. Raul del. "Model parameterization in refraction seismology." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66057.

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2

Rumpfhuber, Eva-Maria. "An integrated analysis of controlled-and passive source seismic data /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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3

Samson, Claire. "Recording the Kapuskasing pilot reflection survey with refraction instruments : a feasibility study." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66063.

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4

Palmer, Derecke School of Geology UNSW. "Digital processing of shallow seismic refraction data with the convolution section." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Geology, 2001. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19275.

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The refraction convolution section (RCS) is a simple and efficient method for full trace processing of shallow seismic refraction data. It facilitates improved interpretation of shallow seismic refraction data through the convenient use of amplitudes as well as traveltimes. The RCS is generated by the convolution of forward and reverse shot records. The convolution operation effectively adds the first arrival traveltimes of each pair of forward and reverse traces and produces a measure of the depth to the refracting interface in units of time which is equivalent to the time-depth function of the generalized reciprocal method (GRM). The convolution operation also multiplies the amplitudes of first arrival signals. This operation compensates for the large effects of geometric spreading to a very good first approximation, with the result that the convolved amplitude is essentially proportional to the square of the head coefficient. The head coefficient is approximately proportional to the ratio of the specific acoustic impedances in the upper layer and in the refractor, where there is a reasonable contrast between the specific acoustic impedances in the layers. The RCS can also include a separation between each pair of forward and reverse traces in order to accommodate the offset distance in a manner similar to the XY spacing of the GRM. Lateral variations in the near-surface soil layers can effect amplitudes thereby causing 'amplitude statics'. Increases in the thickness of the surface soil layer correlate with increases in refraction amplitudes. These increases are adequately described and corrected with the transmission coefficients of the Zoeppritz equations. The minimum amplitudes, rather than an average, should be used where it is not possible to map the near surface layers. The use of amplitudes with 3D data effectively improves the spatial resolution by almost an order of magnitude. Amplitudes provide a measure of refractor wavespeeds at each detector, whereas the analysis of traveltimes provides a measure over several detectors, commonly a minimum of six. The ratio of amplitudes obtained with different shot azimuths provides a detailed qualitative measure of azimuthal anisotropy. Dip filtering of the RCS removes 'cross-convolution' artifacts and provides a convenient approach to the study of later events. The RCS facilitates the stacking of refraction data in a manner similar to the CMP methods of reflection seismology. It can improve signal-to-noise ratios.

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5

Harsha, Senusi Mohamed. "Interpretation of Southern Georgia coastal plain velocity structure using refraction and wide-angle reflection methods." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25886.

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6

O'Brien, Simon. "Interpretation of a seismic refraction profile from the Richardson Mountains, Yukon territory." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29692.

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In March of 1987, the Geologic Survey of Canada conducted a major seismic refraction experiment in the Mackenzie Delta-Southern Beaufort Sea-Northern Yukon area. This study involves the analysis of a portion of the resulting data set. A 2D velocity profile through the Richardson Mountains of the northern Yukon has been constructed using raytracing to model the travel-times and amplitudes. The line is approximately 320 km long, running from a shotpointon the Eagle Plains in the south to one 50 km offshore in Mackenzie Bay to the north, with an average receiver spacing of 3.5 km. An additional shotpoint is located at Shingle Point, on the shore of Mackenzie Bay. A series of four sedimentary basins separated by major structural highs produces a complex basement structure. Two distinct upper crustal layers were modelled, a 5.95 km/s layer overlying a 6.3 km/s layer, as well as a lower crustal layer with a velocity of 7.25 km/s. Crustal velocity gradients are low (≤ 0.005 s⁻¹). The 6.3 km/s layer pinches out beneath the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin in the north, accompanied by a thinning of the lower crust from a thickness of 20 km in the south to less than 10 km beneath MB. This results in the crust as a whole thinning from a thickness of 50 km under the Richardson Mountains to only 40 km under the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin. The velocity of the upper mantle is 7.95 km/s. The modelling of shear wave arrivals indicate Poisson's ratios of 0.23 ±0.02 in the upper crust and 0.25 + 0.02 in the lower crust. Science, Faculty of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Graduate

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7

Sen, Ashok Kumar. "Removing near-surface effects in seismic data : application for determination of faults in the Coastal Plain sediments /." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03022010-020215/.

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8

Jiao, Lingxiu. "Imaging of the Sudbury Structure, Ontario, Canada, using the seismic reflection and refraction method." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ62644.pdf.

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9

Heimgartner, Michelle N. "The geophysical structure of the Sierra Nevada crustal root." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1442856.

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10

Dufour, Jocelyn. "Refraction static analysis of P-S seismic data using the plus-minus time analysis method." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20824.pdf.

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11

Okure, Maxwell Sunday. "Upper mantle reflectivity beneath an intracratonic basin : insights into the behavior of the mantle beneath Illinois basin /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd865.pdf.

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12

Kwok, Wai-hau. "Feasibility of seismic refraction method in determining the degree of compaction of a fill slope on Waterloo Road, Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42576672.

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13

Fourie, Christoffel Johannes Stephanus. "In-situ subsurface density estimations using a seismic technique." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01162009-110629/.

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14

Nikrouz, Ramin School of Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences UNSW. "Three-dimensional (3D) three-component (3C) shallow seismic refraction surveys across a shear zone associated with dryland salinity at the Spicers Creek Catchment, New South Wales, Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20607.

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Dryland salinity occurs extensively throughout the Spicers Creek Catchment in central west New South Wales, Australia. The extent of dryland salinity in the Spicers Creek Catchment has severely altered the landscape, having major environmental implication. Large area of the catchments has experienced soil erosion resulting from the saline groundwater in the surface soil causing the destruction of clay and soil structure. The objective of this study was to use seismic refraction methods to map in detail a shear zone, which was associated with an area of major dryland salination. In particular, both the width of shear zone and the rock fabric within it were to be mapped with two both compressional (P) and shear (S) waves using a three-dimensional (3D) array of three- component (3C) receivers. The seismic data was recorded across a shear zone which is associated with salination in the Spicers Creek Catchment using the Australian National Seismic Imaging Resources (ANSIR) 360-trace system. Three-component (3C) geophones were used to record shear waves as well as compressional wave. An IVI minivibrator T-15000 was used as the main source of energy for the seismic survey. The results of the three-dimensional three-component seismic refraction surveys at the Spicers Creek Catchment show that the shear zone exhibit the seismic geophysical anomaly of a shear zone, existing as a narrow region with low seismic velocities and increased depth of weathering. A detailed analysis of the refractor seismic velocities and amplitude show a number of linear features parallel to and cross-cutting the shear zone. Linear features cut the shear zones at each site. They have been interpreted as a series of recent faults which act as discharge zone bringing saline groundwater to the surface.

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15

Nazy, David John. "A seismic refraction study of a portion of the northeastern margin of the Tualatin Valley, Oregon." PDXScholar, 1987. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3723.

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The Tualatin Valley is a well defined elliptical basin centered at Hillsboro, with a major axis trending roughly N65°W. The valley is bordered on the northeast by the Tualatin Mountains (Portland Hills) which are a faulted, northwest-trending asymmetrical anticline. Topographic and geophysical evidence have defined the Portland Hills fault, which occurs along the northeast side of the Tualatin Mountains. The possibility that a fault or fault zone occurs along the southwest side of the Tualatin Mountains was investigated in this study.

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16

Kwok, Wai-hau, and 郭維孝. "Feasibility of seismic refraction method in determining the degree of compaction of a fill slope on Waterloo Road, Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42576672.

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17

Whiteley, Robert School of Mines UNSW. "Electrical and seismic responses of shallow, volcanogenic, massive sulphide ore deposits." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Mines, 1986. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/28078.

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SP, resistivity/IP and seismic refraction responses of the Woodlawn Orebody and Mt.Bulga Deposit are examined and compared. Both exhibit similar responses produced mainly by uneconomic and disseminated sulphide mineralization and host rock features, demonstrating that the magnitude and character of electrical and seismic responses are not reliable indicators of size and economic sulphide content of volcanogenic sulphide ores. SP, soil geochemistry and electrogeochemistry are found to be the most effective exploration methods followed by resistivity/IP and seismic refraction. The large SP responses over both ore zones are simulated using new methods which allowed the width and depth of oxidation to be computed. Conventional and compensation array resistivity responses best define the deposits. Computer simulation shows that dipole- dipole and Unipole arrays are most useful. First order IP responses are large and similar, but the ore zones are not easily distinguished from polarizable host rocks. Second order responses, at Woodlawn, better define these lithologies and cross-plots of EM coupling removed first order parameters prove useful. The supergene and gossan zones are defined as sources of electrical anomalies and correlate with interpreted SP sources. Seismic velocities of fresh Woodlawn ore samples indicate only small contrasts with host rocks. Refraction travel-time data are highly complex but host rocks are clearly distinguished by their seismic velocities. Both deposits appear as low velocity zones at the general bedrock level which are shallower and narrower than the electrical sources associated with the ore zones. Extensive model simulation shows that the Reciprocal interpretation method is most useful when compared to other time- term methods for refraction interpretation but has some limitations. Computer simulation shows the significance of non- critical refractions, diffractions and laterally hidden zones which define the lateral resolution of the refraction method. The results of this study and the interpretative techniques developed will assist the exploration for similar and deeper massive volcanogenic orebodies in comparable geological environments.

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18

Biedler, Murray W. "Delineation of buried stream channels using geophysical techniques." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005498.

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This study sets out to evaluate the use of geophysical methods for delineating buried stream channels, which can act as zones of preferential flow within a less hydraulically conductive aquifer. This information is important for gaining an understanding of flow dynamics of alluvial systems. The most reliable method of delineating the dimensions of aquifers is by drilling, which is an expensive proposition and is best preceded by a preliminary geophysical study to help define target zones for a drilling program. The study area is located adjacent to the Coerney River in the Sundays River Valley. Geologically it consists of approximately 5 metres of alluvial fines, covering 3 metres of coarse cobbles and boulders, all underlain by alternating siltstone and sandstone beds of indeterminate thickness. Throughout the area the water is very shallow at approximately 2 metres depth and the groundwater tends to be very saline. An air photo study revealed an old oxbow channel that had been covered over by subsequent agricultural land use. The geophysical methods available for the study were portable seismic refraction, electrical resistivity and electromagnetics. Preliminary field tests clearly showed that seismics did not produce valid results. The methods of electrical resistivity and electromagnetics produced good data and were subjected to further assessment. A grid was surveyed over the study area and both geophysical methods were applied at regularly spaced stations. Soil samples were taken over the same survey grid and analyzed for electrical conductivity in a soils laboratory. The results were compared to the geophysical data in an attempt to quantify the relationship between geophysical response and soil salinity. The data from the electromagnetic survey showed areas of low electrical conductivity which was a possible indication of zones of preferential groundwater flow. A transect of boreholes was drilled over selected electrical conductivity lows and successfully intersected the buried stream channel. A comparison of the borehole logs with the layered earth models from the Vertical Electrical Soundings indicated that the electrical resistivity method was not responding to the features of the buried stream channel and the cobblestone layer. This proved the electromagnetic method to be more valuable for this particular study

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19

Koehl, Daniel Grant. "Investigating an Apparent Structural High in Seismic Data in North Terre Haute, Indiana, Through First-Arrival Traveltime Tomography and Gravity Analysis." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1559120344838085.

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20

Çakmak, Olcay Uyanık Osman. "Baraj alanlarındaki problemlerin jeofizik çalışmalarla (sismik-elektrik) belirlenmesi Eşeni HES ve Lamas-III örneği /." Isparta : SDÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2008. http://tez.sdu.edu.tr/Tezler/TF01226.pdf.

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21

Vinhas, Maria Cecilia Sodero 1968. "Aplicação de métodos geofísicos aplicados em pontos selecionados do Estuário do Rio Itanhaém." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286645.

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Orientador: Sueli Yoshinaga Pereira, Rodrigo de Souza Portugal Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T02:27:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinhas_MariaCeciliaSodero_D.pdf: 6306176 bytes, checksum: 930cddf48712d9d8f841ea47190c1beb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 Resumo: Essa pesquisa objetivou a aplicação e o entendimento da relação de três métodos geofísicos: eletrorresistividade, sísmica de refração e sismoelétrica; em pontos selecionados no Estuário do Rio Itanhaém e se eles podem ser validados pelas informações geológicas e hidrogeológicas da região. Os levantamentos foram realizados em duas etapas. A primeira etapa foi o de reconhecimento de campo, realizado no período de 21 a 26 de setembro/2009 que é considerado um período menos chuvoso. Os pontos escolhidos foram denominados de Ponto Praia, Ponto Chácara, Ponto Lixão e Ponto Country Club. A segunda etapa consistiu na coleta de dados propriamente dita nos pontos Chácara, Lixão e Country Club; o ponto Praia foi excluído por estar próximo às grandes torres de transmissão de energia, fazendo com que houvesse interferência nos dados. No ponto Lixão foi verificada a existência de gás metano, na superfície, através das bolhas de ar nas poças de água, no Ponto Country se localizava próximo a dois brejos e um pequeno córrego, e por fim o Ponto Chácara se localizava próximo ao Rio Branco, onde foi possível perceber a influência do aquífero livre na coleta dos dados. O período da segunda etapa dos levantamentos de dados ocorreu entre setembro de 2010 e agosto de 2011. Os levantamentos resultaram em um perfil vertical central, dos pontos selecionados, onde foram encontrados os seguintes materiais: areia, sedimentos arenosos, areia argilosa, argila seca, dois tipos de aquífero (de água doce e de água salobra), além de solos saturados e não saturados, e lixo. Em alguns levantamentos atingiram a rocha sã. Os levantamentos eletrorresistivos foram os que tiveram melhor resultado, os levantamentos de sísmica obtiveram uma camada apenas em quase todos os levantamentos, sendo que em um deles, o segundo campo do Ponto Country Club, se obteve mais de uma camada de material. Os levantamentos sismoelétricos não tiveram seus tratamentos finalizados, pois se percebeu que era necessária a utilização pré-amplificador; sua ausência no levantamento no campo, aliado a presença de linhas elétricas nos locais do levantamento, prejudicou nos resultados dos dados coletados, fato indicado pela presença das linhas harmônicas nos dados, e consequentemente não ter finalizado o algoritmo de tratamento desses dados Abstract: This research intended the application and understanding about connexion among three geophysical methods: eletrical resistivity, refraction seismic and eletrical seismic; in selected places along Itanhaem River Estuary and if they can be accepted by geological and hydrogeological information of the region. The survey was accomplished in two phases. The first one was to recognize field of study, which was realized from 21st to 26th of September 2009, that is considered a less rainy season. The chosen sites were: Praia Point, Chácara Point, Lixão Point and Country Club Point. The second phase was the data collection, at these chosen sites, Chácara, Lixão and Country Club; The Praia Point was excluded because it was very near of large power transmission towers and it was causing interference in the collected information, at the Lixão Point was verified existence of methane, on the surface, through the air bubbles in puddles, in the case of Country Club Point was located near two swamps and a small stream, the Ranch Point was located near the river called Branco, and it was possible to realized the free influence of this aquifer in data collection. The second phase period of data collection, occurred between September 2010 and August 2011. The surveys resulted in a central vertical shape of the selected sites, where the following materials were found sand, sandy sediments, clayey sand, dry clay, two types of groundwater (freshwater and brackish water), and saturated and unsaturated soils and waste. In some surveys reached the bedrock. The electrical resistivity surveys were those who obtained better results, the seismic surveys obtained only a layer in almost all surveys, and in one of them, the second Country Club Point, got more than one layer of material. The electrical seismic surveys were not their treatments finalized, because it was realized the need to use a preamplifier; its absence in the field survey, combined with the presence of power lines in the survey sites, affected the collected data results, condition indicated by the presence of harmonic lines in the data, and consequently have not finalized these data processing algorithm Doutorado Geologia e Recursos Naturais Doutora em Ciências

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22

Martos, Justin Riley. "Fault Mapping with the Refraction Microtremor and Seismic Refraction Methods along the Los Osos Fault Zone." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/873.

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The presence of active fault traces in proximity to any new infrastructure project is a major concern for the design process. The relative displacements that can be experienced in surface fault rupture during a seismic event must be either entirely avoided or mitigated in some way. Blind faults present a significant challenge to engineers attempting to identify these hazards. Current standards of practice employed to locate these features are time consuming and costly. This work investigates the geophysical methods of refraction microtremor (ReMi) and seismic refraction with regard to their applicability in this task. By imaging a distinct lateral variation in the shear wave velocity (Vs) profile across a short horizontal distance, these methods may provide a means of constraining traditional investigation techniques to a more focused area. The ReMi method is still very new, but holds key advantages over other geophysical methods in its ease of application and ability to achieve good results in highly urban settings. It is one of the few geophysical techniques that does not suffer in the presence of high amplitude ambient vibrations. The seismic refraction method is here applied in an attempt to corroborate data obtained through the ReMi analysis procedure. Sensitivity, precision parametric studies are carried out in order to learn how to best apply the ReMi method. Both tests are then applied at a previously trenched fault trace to determine whether the data can be matched to the subsurface information. Finally, the methods are deployed at a location with an inferred fault trace where little to nothing is known about the subsurface. The precision study indicates a coefficient of variation for the ReMi method on the order of 7%. At the known fault trace both methods generally agree qualitatively with available subsurface data and each other. Using the ReMi method, a marked shift is observed in the Vs profile laterally across the fault trace. In the case of the inferred fault trace, the same type of lateral variation in the Vs profile is observed using the ReMi method. The seismic refraction at this site does not agree with the ReMi data, but seems reasonable given the visible geomorphology. Receiver arrays placed in close proximity to the inferred fault trace recorded erratic signals during seismic refraction testing, and displayed abnormal response modes after transforming the ReMi data to frequency-slowness space. These anomalies may possibly be attributed to the presence of abnormal subsurface structural geometry indicative of faulting.

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23

Derie, Bereket Mebrahtu. "Integration of geophysical methods for groundwater exploration in hard rock areas : application to Alla Valley, Eritrea, NE Africa." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12616.

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The integrated use of Electromagnetic Ground Conductivity, Ground Electrical Resistivity and Seismic Refraction geophysics methods was made in Alia valley, Eritrea for the aim of developing a methodology best suited for ground water exploration in hard rock areas with limited professional and financial resources. A total area of 25 square kilometer was covered with the geophysical surveys. The effective use of information from wells and geological information from outcrops and existing literature helped to create a preliminary conceptual hydrogeologic model that in turn provided a general picture of the research site in terms of its groundwater potential and related factors. The optimum configuration of the geophysical methods and their interpretation was researched by the use of synthetic mathematical models and experimental surveys in areas of known hydrogeological characteristics like lithology and depth of water table. Two approximately parallel electromagnetic ground conductivity profile lines crossed the survey area in approximately north-south direction to assess the variation in the electrical conductivity of the major geological structures. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) surveys were conducted close to existing wells with lithological information and at some selected sites. Survey sites for the two dimensional electrical resistivity imaging and the seismic refraction surveys were selected based on the results from the electromagnetic ground conductivity surveys. The formal geophysical surveys results were correlated with nearby boreholes and with each other. The responses of the different geophysical methods for each lithological layer were recognized. In addition, the location and characteristics of the major geological structures of the area were studies based on the information from the geophysical surveys and other available information. At the end of the research, parts of the research area with better groundwater potential were identified. As a result of the research, an efficient and cost effective geophysical approach was developed for groundwater exploration in hard rock areas of Eritrea and similar places of the world. Recommendations were made on the wider and effective use of the approach with due consideration for the limited financial, human resource and material capacities available for ground water exploration in most countries of Africa and other countries of the world.

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24

Ghorbel, Nabil. "Etude sismique et magneto-tellurique du socle et de la couverture sedimentaire dans la partie sud de l'anomalie magnetique du bassin de paris , le val de loire et le nivernais." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066395.

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Cette etude permet de distinguer deux types de socle. A l'est de la loire, un type granitique, un profil transversal entre villequiers et beffes montre qu'au passage de l'anomalie le socle forme un horst dont le toit est situe a 1000 m de profondeur environ. A l'ouest de la loire, un socle probablement metamorphique

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25

Palmer, Derecke. "Digital processing of shallow seismic refraction data with the refraction convolution section /." 2001. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/public/adt-NUN20040504.141030/index.html.

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26

Chen, Joge, and 陳昭志. "Exploration of Inclined Hidden Layer Using Seismic Refraction Method." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86238566752192977260.

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27

Shih, Hua-Pei, and 施驊珮. "Investigating the Hsiaolin landslide site by the seismic refraction method." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85990987701812394301.

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碩士 國立中央大學 地球物理研究所 99 The violent rain induced by the 2009 Morakot typhoon, accumulated over 2000mm precipitation within 4days, caused widespread landslides in the southern Taiwan. The landslide at Hsiaolin village, unfortunately, completely destroyed the village and caused over 400 deaths. This is an extremely rare case worth detailed study. It is known that the village was covered twice. First, the massive landslide from the top hill overlaid the village at the riverside and blocked the river to form a barrier lake. Next, the lake dam collapsed and the debris covered the village area again. This forms a natural deposit situation having several layers, one above the other. In this study, we used the traditional refraction method to explore the layered deposition structure and to estimate the depths of building been buried. Basing on the traditional Plus-Minus method, we developed a new analysis technique to resolve the multiple-layered structure for the refraction data. After identifying different segments of travel time curves for different layers, we design on inversion algorithm to reconstruct the travel time curve from these incomplete segments. Several constraints are emplaced to confine the travel-time curve trend, which may lead to a reasonable distribution. A complete travel time curve including the observed and estimated parts is thus formed, which is then used to calculate the underground refraction layer. The results are as follows: 1) The original ground surface is buried under 3~5m depths at the village area The covered layer, i.e., the first layer, is composed of new landslide materials with the P velocity 400m/sec. 2) The second layer represents the original deposit layer above the basement. The thickness is between 15 and 20m, which may accumulate the old landslide debris. The P velocity is around 1500m/sec. 3) The basement surface is relatively irregular, which is marked by ancient river cuts as well as some weak zones. The basement has P velocity as 3000m/sec and consists of mudstones and sandstones. 4) The profile at the original river position possesses three layers above the basement. This agrees with the two times covering of the landslide material and the river debris.

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Hinz, Emily Anne. "Geophysical applications to archaeological investigations /." 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1421606411&sid=11&Fmt=2&clientId=10361&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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29

Nikrouz, Ramin. "Three-dimensional (3D) three-component (3C) shallow seismic refraction surveys across a shear zone associated with dryland salinity at the Spicers Creek Catchment, New South Wales, Australia /." 2005. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/public/adt-NUN20050527.093553/index.html.

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30

Chetty, Parasuraman. "Digital data processing of marine seismic records from the South West Indian Ocean." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/16504.

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31

Leslie, Ian. "A comparison of the methods of engineering seismic refraction analysis and generalized linear inversion for deriving statics and shallow bedrock velocities /." 1994. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,90676.

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32

Poujol, Michel. "High resolution seismic refraction study of the uppermost oceanic crust near the Juan De Fuca Ridge." Thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29297.

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