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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Sheep Physiology"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 30 gennaio 2023

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1

Diven, R. H., R. E. Reed, and W. J. Pistor. "THE PHYSIOLOGY OF NITRITE POISONING IN SHEEP*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 111, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb53131.x.

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2

Ahmad Pampori, Zahoor, Aasif Ahmad Sheikh, Ovais Aarif, Dilruba Hasin, and Irfan Ahmad Bhat. "Physiology of reproductive seasonality in sheep – an update." Biological Rhythm Research 51, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 586–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2018.1548112.

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3

Fortune, J. A. "Reproductive physiology of Merino sheep: Concepts and consequences." Animal Reproduction Science 30, no. 4 (January 1993): 335–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(93)90083-4.

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4

Zhao, Pengfei, Shaobin Li, Zhaohua He, Fangfang Zhao, Jiqing Wang, Xiu Liu, Mingna Li, Jiang Hu, Zhidong Zhao, and Yuzhu Luo. "Physiology and Proteomic Basis of Lung Adaptation to High-Altitude Hypoxia in Tibetan Sheep." Animals 12, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12162134.

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The Tibetan sheep is an indigenous animal of the Tibetan plateau, and after a long period of adaptation have adapted to high-altitude hypoxia. Many physiological changes occur in Tibetan sheep as they adapt to high-altitude hypoxia, especially in the lungs. To reveal the physiological changes and their molecular mechanisms in the lungs of Tibetan sheep during adaptation to high altitudes, we selected Tibetan sheep from three altitudes (2500 m, 3500 m, and 4500 m) and measured blood-gas indicators, observed lung structures, and compared lung proteome changes. The results showed that the Tibetan

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5

Morand, C., C. Yacoub, C. Remesy, and C. Demigne. "Characterization of glucagon and catecholamine effects on isolated sheep hepatocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 255, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): R539—R546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1988.255.4.r539.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize the glycogenolytic response to catecholamines and glucagon in isolated sheep hepatocytes. In this species, epinephrine appeared to exert its action on hepatic glycogenolysis by altering the cytosolic concentrations of both adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and Ca2+. In contrast to results obtained in rat hepatocytes, glucagon failed to induce a rise in free cytosolic Ca2+ in sheep liver. Experiments on isolated hepatocytes or on liver plasma membranes showed that in sheep, glucagon was more efficient than epinephrine in promoting the prod

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6

Owens, J. A., J. Falconer, and J. S. Robinson. "Glucose metabolism in pregnant sheep when placental growth is restricted." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): R350—R357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.2.r350.

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The effect of restricting placental growth on glucose metabolism in pregnant sheep in late gestation was determined by primed constant infusions of D-[U-14C]- and D-[2-3H]glucose and antipyrine into fetuses of six control sheep and six sheep from which endometrial caruncles had been removed before pregnancy (caruncle sheep). In the latter, placental and fetal weights were reduced, as was the concentration of glucose in fetal arterial blood. Fetal glucose turnover in caruncle sheep was only 52-59% of that in controls, largely because of lower umbilical loss of glucose back to the placenta (38-3

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7

Snapper, J. R., and P. L. Lefferts. "Effects of aerosol histamine and carbachol on central and peripheral airflow resistance in sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 2 (August 1, 1986): 760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.2.760.

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Sixteen anesthetized artificially ventilated open-chest sheep were prepared with retrograde catheters to allow for measurement of dynamic compliance of the lungs (Cdyn), total airflow resistance of the lungs (RL), and central (Rc) and peripheral (Rp) airflow resistance. Twelve sheep received aerosol histamine and 12 sheep received aerosol carbachol. Eight sheep received and responded to both aerosol histamine and aerosol carbachol. Three sheep received both aerosol histamine and aerosol carbachol but failed to respond to both agents. Under base-line conditions, for the 16 sheep, 69% of total R

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8

Coggeshall, J. W., B. W. Christman, P. L. Lefferts, W. E. Serafin, I. A. Blair, M. J. Butterfield, and J. R. Snapper. "Effect of inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid on response to endotoxemia in sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 1351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.3.1351.

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We studied the effects of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, L-651,192, on the pulmonary dysfunction caused by endotoxemia in chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep. The efficacy and selectivity of L-651,392 were tested by measuring in vivo production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid after endotoxemia before and after pretreatment with L-651,392 and ex vivo from granulocytes and whole blood stimulated with calcium ionophore from sheep before and 24 h after pretreatment with L-651,392. A novel assay for LTB4 by high-performance liquid chromatography/gas c

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9

Bujok, Jolanta, Tomasz Walski, Albert Czerski, Katarzyna Gałecka, Karolina Grzeszczuk-Kuć, Wojciech Zawadzki, Wojciech Witkiewicz, and Małgorzata Komorowska. "Sheep model of haemodialysis treatment." Laboratory Animals 52, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677217718861.

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More than two million patients received haemodialysis (HD) in 2013. Many methods for improving dialysis therapy outcomes have been tested. Nevertheless, patients continue to experience high morbidity and mortality rates. We aimed to develop an animal model of HD treatment to study methods that would prevent the adverse effects of renal replacement therapy. The study was conducted using six male Merino sheep. The animals underwent a two-step bilateral nephrectomy, and a permanent dual-lumen catheter was inserted into the jugular vein. In each animal, 10 short, daily HD treatments were conducted

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10

Gopalakrishnan, G. S., D. S. Gardner, S. M. Rhind, M. T. Rae, C. E. Kyle, A. N. Brooks, R. M. Walker, et al. "Programming of adult cardiovascular function after early maternal undernutrition in sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 287, no. 1 (July 2004): R12—R20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00687.2003.

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The prenatal nutritional environment influences the subsequent risk of hypertension in adulthood. Animal studies have used, generally, the rat as a model species to illustrate the association between maternal nutrient intake and blood pressure in the resulting adult offspring. No study to date has shown programming of adult cardiovascular function in the sheep through maternal dietary intervention. We therefore fed pregnant sheep to either 100% recommended intake from day 0 of gestation to term [∼147 days gestational age (dGA); controls n = 8] or to 50% recommended intake from day 0 to 95 dGA

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11

Pearse, D. B., E. M. Wagner, and J. T. Sylvester. "Edema clearance in isolated sheep lungs." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.1.126.

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Edema may be cleared from the lung by lymphatic drainage, transudation across the visceral pleural, vascular reabsorption, and movement into the mediastinum. To determine the quantity and mechanisms of edema clearance associated with spontaneous edema formation in isolated sheep lungs, we perfused six lungs for 180 min with blood (100 ml.kg-1.min-1) at subatmospheric left atrial pressure (Pla) from a weighed reservoir. In six other lungs, Pla was increased to 20 mmHg at 30–75 min to further augment edema. Fluid drainage from the lung was fractionated into blood and water components by serial m

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12

Julien, M., J. M. Hoeffel, and M. R. Flick. "Oleic acid lung injury in sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.2.433.

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Intravenous infusion of oleic acid into experimental animals causes acute lung injury resulting in pulmonary edema. We investigated the mechanism of oleic acid lung injury in sheep. In experiments with anesthetized and unanesthetized sheep with lung lymph fistulas, we measured pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures, cardiac output, lung lymph flow, and lymph and plasma protein concentrations. We injured the lungs with intravenous infusions of oleic acid at doses ranging from 0.015 to 0.120 ml/kg. We found that oleic acid caused reproducible dose-related increases in pulmonary arterial pr

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13

Terry, P. B., H. A. Menkes, and R. J. Traystman. "Effects of maturation and aging on collateral ventilation in sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 1028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.3.1028.

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We studied collateral ventilation as a function of age by measuring the resistance (Rcoll) and time constant (Tcoll) of collateral airflow in young (2–10 mo), mature (16–24 mo), and old sheep (6–13 yr). Rcoll was 0.50 +/- 0.11 cmH2O X ml-1 X min (SE) in young sheep and decreased significantly to 0.05 +/- 0.02 and 0.02 +/- 0.01 cmH2O X ml-1 X min in mature and old sheep, respectively. Tcoll was 34.4 +/- 7.9 (SE) s in young sheep and decreased to 5.7 +/- 0.9 and 10.2 +/- 3.1 s in mature and old sheep, respectively. We conclude that a marked decrease in Rcoll and Tcoll occurs between birth and ma

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14

Flick, M. R., S. A. Milligan, J. M. Hoeffel, and I. M. Goldstein. "Catalase prevents increased lung vascular permeability during air emboli in unanesthetized sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 929–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.3.929.

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We studied the effects of bovine catalase on increased lung vascular permeability to fluid and protein during air emboli in unanesthetized sheep. Pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures, cardiac output, lung lymph flow, lymph and plasma protein concentrations, arterial PO2, and numbers of arterial leukocytes were measured in paired experiments in which each sheep served as its own control. We found an increase in protein-rich lung lymph flow during embolization in untreated sheep, indicating an increase in microvascular permeability. When sheep were pretreated with intraperitoneal injecti

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15

Kuratomi, Y., P. L. Lefferts, B. W. Christman, R. E. Parker, W. G. Smith, R. A. Mueller, and J. R. Snapper. "Effect of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor on endotoxin-induced pulmonary dysfunction in awake sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 596–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.596.

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We studied the effects of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, SC-45662, on endotoxin-induced pulmonary dysfunction in chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep. Each sheep was studied with endotoxin alone, SC-45662 alone, and endotoxin after SC-45662 pretreatment. Endotoxin did not cause consistent increases in plasma or lung lymph concentrations of leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Ex vivo stimulation of whole blood from sheep before and after treatment with SC-45662 demonstrated no inhibition of cyclooxygenase metabolism but an approximately 80% inhibition of LTB4 production. At drug concentrations obtaine

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16

Matos, C. A. P., and D. L. Thomas. "Physiology and genetics of testicular size in sheep: a review." Livestock Production Science 32, no. 1 (August 1992): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-6226(12)80009-1.

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17

Kobayashi, H., T. Kobayashi, and M. Fukushima. "Effects of dibutyryl cAMP on pulmonary air embolism-induced lung injury in awake sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 2201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.6.2201.

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To assess the role of intracellular adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), we tested the effects of dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), an analogue of cAMP, on lung injury induced by pulmonary air embolism in awake sheep with chronic lung lymph fistula. We infused air (1.23 ml/min) in the pulmonary artery for 2 h in untreated control sheep. In DBcAMP-pretreated sheep DBcAMP was infused (1 mg/kg bolus and 0.02 mg.kg-1.min-1 constantly for 5 h); after 1 h from beginning of DBcAMP administration the air infusion was started. After the air infusion, pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) and lung lymph flow

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18

Rider, E. D., A. H. Jobe, M. Ikegami, and B. Sun. "Different ventilation strategies alter surfactant responses in preterm rabbits." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): 2089–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.5.2089.

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The effect of ventilation strategy on in vivo function of different surfactants was evaluated in preterm rabbits delivered at 27 days gestational age and ventilated with either 0 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) at tidal volumes of 10–11 ml/kg or 3 cmH2O PEEP at tidal volumes of 7–8 ml/kg after treatment with one of four different surfactants: sheep surfactant, the lipids of sheep surfactant stripped of protein (LH-20 lipid), Exosurf, and Survanta. The use of 3 cmH2O PEEP decreased pneumothoraces in all groups except for the sheep surfactant group where pneumothoraces increased (P

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19

Russi, E. W., W. M. Abraham, G. A. Chapman, J. S. Stevenson, E. Codias, and A. Wanner. "Effects of leukotriene D4 on mucociliary and respiratory function in allergic and nonallergic sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 5 (November 1, 1985): 1416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.5.1416.

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We determined the effect of aerosol challenge with leukotriene D4 (LTD4) on specific lung resistance (sRL) and tracheal mucous velocity (TMV) in conscious sheep with (allergic) and without (nonallergic) Ascaris suum hypersensitivity. In allergic sheep LTD4 in concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 micrograms/ml produced dose-dependent increases in mean sRL by 44 (P = NS), 154 (P less than 0.05), and 233% (P less than 0.05), respectively. The increase in sRL produced by 150 micrograms/ml LTD4 was prevented by FPL 55712, an antagonist of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis. In nonallergic sheep 1

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20

Fan, L., S. Mukaddam-Daher, J. Gutkowska, B. S. Nuwayhid, and E. W. Quillen Jr. "Renal perfusion pressure and renin secretion in bilaterally renal denervated sheep." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 72, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 782–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y94-111.

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To further investigate the influence of renal nerves on renin secretion, the renin secretion responses to step reductions of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) were studied in conscious sheep with innervated kidneys (n = 5) and with bilaterally denervated kidneys (n = 5). The average basal level of RPP in sheep with denervated kidneys (82 ± 4 mmHg; 1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa) was similar to that in sheep with innervated kidneys (83 ± 3 mmHg). RPP was reduced in four sequential 15-min steps, to a final level of 54 ± 2 mmHg in sheep with innervated kidneys and to 57 ± 1 mmHg in denervated sheep. The renin se

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21

Peterson, B. T., H. L. James, and J. W. McLarty. "Effects of lung volume on clearance of solutes from the air spaces of lungs." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 1068–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.3.1068.

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Several investigators have shown that the clearance rate of aerosolized 99mTc-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA, mol wt = 492, radius = 0.6 nm) from the air spaces of the lungs of humans and experimental animals increases with lung volume. To further investigate this phenomenon we performed a compartmental analysis of the 2-h clearance of DTPA from the lungs of anesthetized sheep using a new method to more accurately correct for the effects of DTPA recirculation. This analysis showed that the DTPA clearance in eight sheep ventilated with zero end-expired pressure was best described

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22

Sakuma, T., J. F. Pittet, C. Jayr, and M. A. Matthay. "Alveolar liquid and protein clearance in the absence of blood flow or ventilation in sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.1.176.

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The primary objective of these studies was to test the contribution of ventilation and blood flow to the removal of excess liquid from the air spaces and interstitium of the lung. First, after eliminating ventilation by clamping the left main bronchus in anesthetized sheep, alveolar and lung liquid clearance was not altered over 4 h compared with control sheep that were ventilated normally. Thus, removal of excess liquid across the alveolar epithelium was independent of the change in the transalveolar hydrostatic pressure gradient produced by ventilation. Second, to determine the effect of rem

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23

Parsons, G. H., P. D. Pare, D. A. White, and E. M. Baile. "Airway blood flow response to eucapnic dry air hyperventilation in sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 1443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.3.1443.

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Eucapnic hyperventilation, breathing dry air, produces a two- to fivefold increase in airway blood flow in the dog. To determine whether airway blood flow responds similarly in the sheep we studied 16 anesthetized sheep. Seven sheep (1–7) were subjected to two 30-min periods of eucapnic hyperventilation breathing 1) warm humid air [100% relative humidity (rh)] followed by 2) warm dry air [0% rh] at 40 breaths/min. To determine whether there was a dose-response effect on blood flow of increasing levels of hyperventilation of dry air, another nine sheep (8–16) were subjected to four 30-min perio

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24

Mukaddam-Daher, S., J. Gutkowska, B. S. Nuwayhid, and E. W. Quillen. "Metabolic clearance of atrial natriuretic factor in ovine pregnancy." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 5 (November 1, 1994): R1413—R1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.5.r1413.

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Plasma atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is normally released into the circulation primarily by volume expansion and atrial distension, but we have shown that plasma ANF is elevated in pregnant sheep before volume expansion. Because alterations in the metabolic clearance of ANF could lead to elevated plasma ANF levels, the present study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of plasma ANF in pregnant sheep. Chronically instrumented nonpregnant and pregnant sheep received intravenous injections of monoiodinated human ANF (125I-hANF). Plasma decay curves of 125I-hANF followed a biexponenti

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Blair-West, J. R., A. P. Gibson, S. J. Sheather, R. L. Woods, and A. H. Brook. "Vasopressin release in sheep following various degrees of rehydration." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): R640—R645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.4.r640.

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Restriction of the water intake of sheep to 0.5 1/day for 7-9 days increases plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP), and voluntary rehydration causes a rapid fall in pAVP with no change in plasma osmolality. The extent of that inhibition of AVP release was assessed by comparing the decline of pAVP after drinking with pAVP disappearance curves obtained in the same sheep after stopping a constant infusion of AVP at 0.5 micrograms/h, which increased pAVP to the dehydration level. The fall in pAVP after drinking was almost identical with the disappearance curve showing that AVP release was almost comp

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Wang, Sutian, Shoulong Deng, Yang Cao, Rui Zhang, Zhixian Wang, Xiaojing Jiang, Jiahao Wang, et al. "Overexpression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Contributes to Phagocytosis of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium via Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Signaling in Sheep." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 49, no. 2 (2018): 662–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000493032.

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Background/Aims: Phagocytosis of bacteria by monocytes/macrophages can trigger the immune response and the clearance of bacteria. This innate immune response involves Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, much remains unknown about the mechanism of TLR4-regulated phagocytosis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) within sheep monocytes/macrophages. Here, we aimed to address these knowledge gaps by infecting transgenic sheep overexpressing TLR4 with S. typhimurium and examining the phagocytic mechanisms involved. Methods: Transgenic sheep were generated by microinjection o

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McAllen, R. M., G. L. Pennington, and M. J. McKinley. "Osmoresponsive units in sheep median preoptic nucleus." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 259, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): R593—R600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.259.3.r593.

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Single-unit neural activity in the lamina terminalis, a region implicated in osmoregulation, was studied in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized sheep during mild hyperosmotic stimulation (intracarotid infusions of 1.65 M NaCl, 3 M sorbitol in 0.15 M NaCl, or 3 M urea in 0.15 M NaCl, at 1 ml/min). Twelve of 121 units (9.9%) were activated significantly (by 82 +/- 52%) by 2- to 3-min infusions of 1.65 M NaCl. Eleven of these and one untested unit were excited by hypertonic sorbitol (91 +/- 40% increase). Of five units further tested with urea, two were excited (by 19 and 58%). Isotonic or hypotonic Na

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al-Bazzaz, F. J., C. Tarka, and M. Farah. "Microperfusion of sheep bronchioles." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 260, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): L594—L602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1991.260.6.l594.

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We isolated segments of sheep bronchioles (length 406 +/- 46 microns, diameter 227 +/- 53 microns, n = 27). These segments were placed in a 37 degree C bath and cannulated at both ends with glass micropipettes. The proximal end was cannulated and held by three concentrically arranged micropipettes that delivered perfusion solution by gravity. The distal end was cannulated and held by two concentrically arranged micropipettes for fluid collection. When both the lumen and the bath contained oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH 7.40), spontaneous potential difference (PD) was 2.46 +/- 0.39 mV, l

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Akabas, S. R., A. R. Bazzy, S. DiMauro, and G. G. Haddad. "Metabolic and functional adaptation of the diaphragm to training with resistive loads." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.2.529.

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To study the metabolic and functional changes that occur during training with inspiratory flow resistive loads, a chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep preparation was used. Sheep were exposed to resistances ranging from 50 to 100 cmH2O.l–1.s, for 2–4 h/day, 5–6 days/wk, for a total of 3 wk. Load intensity was adjusted to maintain arterial Po2 (PaO2) above 60 Torr and arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) below 45 Torr. Training produced significant (P less than 0.05) increases in citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase in the costal and crural diaphragm of the traine

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Doerr, T. A., D. L. Rosolia, S. P. Peters, M. H. Gee, and K. H. Albertine. "PGE1 inhibited PMN attachment to air emboli in vivo during infusion of ZAP without preventing lung injury." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.340.

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Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) treatment of neutrophils inhibits their adherence to substrates in vitro, including endothelial cell monolayers. Demonstration that PGE1 inhibits neutrophil adherence in vivo in the lung, however, is complicated by PGE1 effects on cells other than neutrophils, such as endothelial cells. To determine whether PGE1 inhibits neutrophil adherence properties in vivo, we used air emboli as intravascular targets for neutrophil attachment. Four experimental conditions were studied in anesthetized and awake sheep that were treated with 1) PGE1 and air emboli, 2) saline and air em

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Clark, T. P., and R. J. Kemppainen. "Glucocorticoid negative feedback in sheep corticotrophs: a comparison with AtT-20 corticotroph tumor cells." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 2 (August 1, 1994): R463—R469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.2.r463.

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Early glucocorticoid feedback in sheep anterior pituitary (AP) cells was compared and contrasted with that in mouse pituitary tumor AtT-20 cells. Dexamethasone (DEX) inhibited corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-stimulated adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) release in a concentration- and time-dependent manner with similar potency amongst cell types. This inhibition was mediated through type II glucocorticoid receptors and required the synthesis of new protein. However, stimulation of protein kinase C with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) resulted in greater ACTH release and greater inhibition

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Broaddus, V. C., J. P. Wiener-Kronish, Y. Berthiaume, and N. C. Staub. "Removal of pleural liquid and protein by lymphatics in awake sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.1.384.

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The contribution of the parietal pleural lymphatics to pleural liquid and protein removal is unclear. We asked two questions. What is the rate of removal of sterile, artificial hydrothoraxes in awake sheep? What percentage is removed through parietal pleural lymphatics? Three days after the placement of a rib capsule in 18 sheep, we instilled a 10 ml/kg 1.0 g/dl autologous protein solution with labeled albumin and erythrocytes through the capsule into the pleural space. Erythrocytes were used as a marker for lymphatic flow. We measured terminal pleural liquid volume and radioactivity at period

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33

Nakamura, K. T., R. A. Felder, P. A. Jose, and J. E. Robillard. "Effects of dopamine in the renal vascular bed of fetal, newborn, and adult sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 252, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): R490—R497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.3.r490.

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Abstract (sommario):

The renal hemodynamic response to renal arterial dopamine infusions was compared in unanesthetized fetal (129-137 days gestation, full term 145 days), newborn, and adult sheep. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate remained unchanged during intrarenal dopamine infusions. Dopamine produced dose-related decreases in mean renal blood flow velocity in all three groups. When compared with adult sheep fetal sheep were slightly more sensitive to the vasoconstrictive effects of dopamine ED50 (mean effective dose ratio: fetus/ED50 adult = 0.368 +/- 0.047, P less than 0.05). Increases in mean rena

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34

Hutchison, A. A., M. L. Ogletree, J. R. Snapper, and K. L. Brigham. "Effect of endotoxemia on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in unanesthetized sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.5.1463.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study examined the effect of acute endotoxemia on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in awake sheep. Thirteen sheep were chronically instrumented with Silastic catheters in the pulmonary artery, left atrium, jugular vein, and carotid artery; with a Swan-Ganz catheter in the main pulmonary artery; with a chronic lung lymph fistula; and with a tracheostomy. Base-line HPV was determined by measuring the change in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) while sheep breathed 12% O2 for 7 min. Concentrations of immunoreactive 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were measured in lung l

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35

Wei, Caihong, Mingming Wu, Chuduan Wang, Ruizao Liu, Huijing Zhao, Li Yang, Jiafan Liu, et al. "Long Noncoding RNA Lnc-SEMT Modulates IGF2 Expression by Sponging miR-125b to Promote Sheep Muscle Development and Growth." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 49, no. 2 (2018): 447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000492979.

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Abstract (sommario):

Background/Aims: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA transcripts that are more than 200 nt long but have little protein-coding potential. Within the last few years, thousands of lncRNAs have been identified and their functions in biological processes have begun to be understood. Although many studies havebegun to examine the functions of many noncoding RNAs, very little is known about the functions of long noncoding (lncRNA) function of livestock production and molecular mechanisms of their functions are still lackingrelated to livestock production. Methods: Expression of sheep enhanced musc

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36

Peterson, B. T., and L. D. Gray. "Pulmonary lymphatic clearance of 99mTc-DTPA from air spaces during lung inflation and lung injury." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 1136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.3.1136.

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Abstract (sommario):

A total of 22 sheep with lymphatic cannulas were used to determine if 99mTc-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) clears directly from the air spaces of the lungs into the lymph vessels. Each sheep was anesthetized and ventilated with an aerosol of the DTPA for 2–5 min, and the DTPA activities in the lymph and plasma were measured every 15 min for 2 h. After the first 45 min, the average ratio of the DTPA in the lymph to that in the plasma (L/P) was 1.03 +/- 0.06 (SD) in the six control experiments and 1.11 +/- 0.05 in the six experiments in which the lungs were inflated with a pos

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37

Peterson, B. T., and K. D. Dickerson. "Concentration of aerosolized 99mTc-albumin in the pulmonary lymph of anesthetized sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 1233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.3.1233.

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Abstract (sommario):

We examined the lymphatic concentration of 99mTc-albumin deposited in the air spaces of anesthetized sheep to determine whether changes in the concentration reflected changes in lung epithelial function. Five control sheep were ventilated with an aerosol of 99mTc-albumin for 6 min, and the lung lymphatic concentration of the tracer was monitored for the next 2 h. During the last 45 min the lymphatic concentration stabilized at a value that was 0.03 +/- 0.01% of the estimated value in the air spaces. Pulmonary vascular hypertension, induced in seven sheep by increasing the left atrial pressure

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38

Ramchandra, Rohit, Sally G. Hood, Anna M. D. Watson, and Clive N. May. "Responses of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity to changes in circulating volume differ in normal and heart failure sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 295, no. 3 (September 2008): R719—R726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00824.2007.

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Abstract (sommario):

Factors controlling cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA) in the normal state and those causing the large increase in activity in heart failure (HF) remain unclear. We hypothesized from previous clinical findings that activation of cardiac mechanoreceptors by the increased blood volume in HF may stimulate sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), particularly to the heart via cardiocardiac reflexes. To investigate the effect of volume expansion and depletion on CSNA we have made multiunit recordings of CSNA in conscious normal sheep and sheep paced into HF. In HF sheep ( n = 9) compared with norma

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39

Smith, Francine G., Alp Sener, Raghmeet Basati, and Isam Abu-Amarah. "Renal responses to hemorrhage are age dependent in conscious sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 1 (January 2004): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00492.2003.

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Abstract (sommario):

Experiments were carried out in conscious, chronically instrumented lambs ( n = 8) and young adult sheep ( n = 11) to investigate age-dependent renal responses to hemorrhage. Various parameters of renal function were measured for 1 h before and 1 h after either 10% hemorrhage ( experiment 1) or 20% hemorrhage ( experiment 2). The two experiments were carried out in random order at intervals of 2-5 days. There were no effects of 10-20% hemorrhage on renal plasma flow in either age group. Blood pressure decreased after 20% but not 10% hemorrhage in both age groups. Glomerular filtration rate and

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40

Ahmed, Tahir, Jaime Ungo, Min Zhou, and Carlos Campo. "Inhibition of allergic late airway responses by inhaled heparin-derived oligosaccharides." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 1721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.5.1721.

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Abstract (sommario):

Inhaled heparin has been shown to inhibit allergic bronchoconstriction in sheep that develop only acute responses to antigen (acute responders) but was ineffective in sheep that develop both acute and late airway responses (LAR) (dual responders). Because the antiallergic activity of heparin is molecular-weight dependent, we hypothesized that heparin-derived oligosaccharides (<2,500) with potential anti-inflammatory activity may attenuate the LAR in the dual-responder sheep. Specific lung resistance was measured in 24 dual-responder sheep before and serially for 8 h after challenge with Asc

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41

Dickson, K. A., S. B. Hooper, I. C. McMillen, and R. Harding. "Endocrine and fluid-balance responses to amniotic and allantoic fluid loss in sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 259, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): R745—R752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.259.4.r745.

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Abstract (sommario):

Our aim was to determine fetal and maternal endocrine and fluid-balance responses to prolonged loss of amniotic and allantoic fluids in sheep. In seven sheep, amniotic and allantoic fluids were drained [379.1 +/- 20.1 (SE) ml/day] from 107 to 135.3 +/- 0.6 days of gestation (term: 145 days). The results from these sheep were compared with those from seven control sheep. Maternal water intake, urine production, and urine osmolality were not altered by fluid drainage, nor were fetal and maternal arterial blood gases, pH, or plasma osmolalities. Fluid drainage increased amniotic, but not allantoi

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42

Chanana, A. D., and D. D. Joel. "Contamination of lung lymph following standard and modified procedures in sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.3.809.

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Abstract (sommario):

The sheep lung lymph fistula preparation of Staub et al. is reported to be contaminated by systemic lymph. The published estimates of contamination range from 5% (awake sheep) to 60% (anesthetized sheep). In view of these conflicting estimates, we investigated the pre- and postoperative contaminating sources, morphological and functional consequences of the proposed contamination reducing modifications, and base-line lung lymph flow in awake sheep following standard and modified cannulation procedures. Our morphological observations are not compatible with the higher estimates of contamination

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43

Jensen, R. I., A. M. Carter, O. Skott, and B. L. Jensen. "Adrenomedullin expression during hypoxia in fetal sheep." Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 183, no. 2 (February 2005): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01377.x.

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44

Haouzi, Philippe, and Bruno Chenuel. "Control of arterialPCO2by somatic afferents in sheep." Journal of Physiology 569, no. 3 (December 2005): 975–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.089649.

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45

Zhang, Hongying, DaLiao Xiao, Lawrence D. Longo та Lubo Zhang. "Regulation of α1-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions of uterine arteries by PKC: effect of pregnancy". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 291, № 5 (листопад 2006): H2282—H2289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00321.2006.

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Abstract (sommario):

Protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important role in the regulation of uterine artery contractility and its adaptation to pregnancy. The present study tested the hypothesis that PKC differentially regulates α1-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions of uterine arteries isolated from nonpregnant (NPUA) and near-term pregnant (PUA) sheep. Phenylephrine-induced contractions of NPUA and PUA sheep were determined in the absence or presence of the PKC activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu). In NPUA sheep, PDBu produced a concentration-dependent potentiation of phenylephrine-induced contractions and shift

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46

Morris, CA, TT Wheeler, HV Henderson, NR Towers, and SH Phua. "Animal physiology and genetic aspects of ryegrass staggers in grazing sheep." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 65, no. 4 (March 19, 2017): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2017.1301229.

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47

Meikle, A., C. Tasende, C. Sosa, and E. G. Garófalo. "The role of sex steroid receptors in sheep female reproductive physiology." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 4 (2004): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd04036.

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Abstract (sommario):

Cell responsiveness to steroid hormones is related to the number and affinity of its receptors, thus factors affecting steroid expression will influence tissue sensitivity and functionality. The present review discusses the role of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in sheep female reproductive physiology. The mechanism of steroid hormone action in the target cell is introduced first; the tissue distribution, physiological functions and regulation of oestrogen receptor subtypes and progesterone receptor isoforms in ruminants are reported. The role of steroid receptors in target tissues (with

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48

Evans, A. C. "THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SHEEP BLOW-FLY LUCILIA SERICATA MEIG. (DIPTERA)." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 85, no. 15 (April 24, 2009): 363–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1936.tb00236.x.

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49

Wanner, A., M. Sielczak, J. F. Mella, and W. M. Abraham. "Ciliary responsiveness in allergic and nonallergic airways." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 1967–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.1967.

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Abstract (sommario):

Allergic asthma is associated with airway (smooth muscle) hyperresponsiveness to several chemical mediators of anaphylaxis; however, it is not known whether this is accompanied by mucociliary hyperresponsiveness. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine if airway ciliary activity, a component function of mucociliary clearance, exhibits exaggerated responses to prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and leukotriene D4 (LTD4) in allergic sheep when compared with nonallergic sheep, and the effects of LTD4 are direct or involve the generation of cyclooxygenase products of ar

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50

Abraham, W. M., J. S. Stevenson, and R. Garrido. "A possible role for PAF in allergen-induced late responses: modification by a selective antagonist." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 2351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.5.2351.

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Abstract (sommario):

We determined whether platelet-activating factor (PAF) plays a role in allergen-induced airway responses by studying the effects of a selective PAF antagonist WEB-2086 on antigen-induced early and late airway responses in allergic sheep. In seven sheep, inhaled Ascaris suum produced significant early (282%) and late (176%) increases in specific lung resistance (sRL). WEB-2086 (1 mg/kg iv) given 20 min before antigen challenge did not affect the early response, but the peak late increase in sRL was only 37% over base line (P less than 0.05 vs. control). To study the mechanism by which PAF contr

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