Tesi sul tema "SIG (Système d’information géographique)"
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Dupras-Tessier, Olivier. "Conception d’un portail participatif d’information géographique Web pour la mise en valeur des produits forestiers non ligneux d’après leurs potentiels de présence". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8904.
Testo completoLothe, Pierre. "Localication et cartographie simultanées par vision monoculaire contraintes par un SIG : application à la géolocalisation d'un véhicule". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00625652.
Testo completoRichard-Schott, Florence. "L’irrigation dans le bassin du Rhône : gestion de l’information géographique sur les ressources en eau et leurs usages". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20080.
Testo completoOver the last thirty years of the twentieth century, irrigation in the French basin of the Rhône river has undergone substantial change. The implementation of a Geographic Information System on the Rhône basin (SIR) demonstrates the existence of four main irrigation systems individualized within several “irrigation regions.” These reveal in turn a series of contrasted dynamics, putting into question the idea that irrigation expansion had been both continuous and homogeneous, even though the total surface area irrigated actually increased. These spatial dynamics can be accounted for by the deep transformations due to a modernised practice that relies on techniques ever more sparing with water. This is in fact the second lesson one can draw from this study : the general increase in irrigated surface areas did not lead to an increase in water demand. On the contrary, water demand has tended to diminish, in the order of 30% over thirty years. Driven by management, the cultivators’ use of water resources is more and more reasoned, so that in the long run irrigation is surely no global threat to environmental balance. The thesis includes a system for managing geographic information as well as an electronic atlas
Yirci, Murat. "Arrangements 2D pour la Cartographie de l’Espace Public et des Transports". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1075/document.
Testo completoThis thesis addresses easy and effective development of mapping and transportation applications which especially focuses on the generation of pedestrian networks for applications like navigation, itinerary calculation, accessibility analysis and urban planning. In order to achieve this goal, we proposed a two layered data model which encodes the public space into a hierarchy of semantic geospatial objects. At the lower level, the 2D geometry of the geospatial objects are captured using a planar partition which is represented as a topological 2D arrangement. This representation of a planar partition allows efficient and effective geometry processing and easy maintenance and validation throughout the editions when the geometry or topology of an object is modified. At the upper layer, the semantic and thematic aspects of geospatial objects are modelled and managed. The hierarchy between these objects is maintained using a directed acyclic graph (DAG) in which the leaf nodes correspond to the geometric primitives of the 2D arrangement and the higher level nodes represent the aggregated semantic geospatial objects at different levels. We integrated the proposed data model into our GIS framework called StreetMaker together with a set of generic algorithms and basic GIS capabilities. This framework is then rich enough to generate pedestrian network graphs automatically. In fact, within an accessibility analysis project, the full proposed pipeline was successfully used on two sites to produce pedestrian network graphs from various types of input data: existing GIS vector maps, semi-automatically created vector data and vector objects extracted from Mobile Mapping lidar point clouds.While modelling 2D ground surfaces may be sufficient for 2D GIS applications, 3D GIS applications require 3D models of the environment. 3D modelling is a very broad topic but as a first step to such 3D models, we focused on the semi-automatic modelling of objects which can be modelled or approximated by generalized cylinders (such as poles, lampposts, tree trunks, etc.) from single images. The developed methods and techniques are presented and discussed
Laurent, Faustine. "Évaluation des performances environnementales de l'insertion d'une filière de méthanisation centralisée au sein d'un territoire". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S022/document.
Testo completoIn France, the rapid development of anaerobic digestion (a process used to generate renewable energy by breaking down organic residues) has led to the environmental relevance of this solution being questioned. It is particularly worthwhile evaluating inasmuch as development of the sector forms part of national climate and energy plans. Centralised anaerobic digestion also fits in profitably with various industrial ecology approaches, with the multifunctionality of the process constituting a substantial asset in that it favours circular flows of materials and energy. However, this multifunctionality also represents the main source of the methodological difficulties encountered in the evaluation of the environmental performance of anaerobic digestion systems. Resolving this, i.e. defining the main function of a system, requires the environmental evaluation method to be contextualised. For life cycle assessment (LCA), this contextualisation emerges as being appropriate to the first stage of the methodology. This thesis puts forward a conceptual framework, aimed at defining anaerobic digestion scenarios that are consistent with the particularities of the territory in which they are located. To do this, a territorial systemic approach, involving geographic information systems (GIS) and object-oriented modelling, was developed. The approach has resulted in a spatial model for territorial location of a centralised anaerobic digestion solution, incorporating all its component parts, networks and variables. The systemic approach was followed by a phase of functional and spatial optimisation involving three successive sets of indicators, enabling the following to be defined: (i) the main function to be played by an anaerobic digestion system within the territory studied, (ii) the possible configurations of an anaerobic digestion system capable of fulfilling this main function and (iii) the preferential zones for locating the scenarios envisaged. This methodology, designed to be transposable to any territory within France, forms part of the first two LCA stages, i.e. definition of objectives and life cycle inventory. In order to validate the applicability of the method developed, the territorial systemic approach was applied to two different territories. These case studies highlight the links between specific territorial characteristics and the design of the local solution. The influence of the main function selected for an anaerobic digestion system on the performance and results of the LCA was also studied for one of these territories. The most noteworthy differences relate to substitution, highlighting the importance of developing anaerobic digestion as a priority when the local context makes it possible for the multiple functions of the solution to replace existing sectors with particularly harmful effects on the environment
Ait, Ouahmed Mohammed Amine. "Optimisation dans l'auto-partage à un seul sens avec voitures électriques et relocalisations". Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0228/document.
Testo completoThis thesis aims at modelling and solving optimization problems related to the management of one-way-electric-car-sharing systems, where users can take a car from a station, use it, and then return it to another station. This generally leads to an imbalanced distribution of cars, with some full stations and other empty ones. A solution to this problem, implemented by car-sharing operators, is to employ staff agents to move cars as needed. However, identifying this need is a non-trivial optimization problem, especially since the system may be more constrained when the vehicles used are electric, which generates battery recharging and autonomy constraints. The global optimization problem addressed is then divided into two sub-problems. The first one is assigning the cars to customers, as well as their routing; it is denoted by ROCSP (Recharging OneWay Car Sharing Problem). The second problem involves agents planning and routing; it is denoted by ESRP (Employee Scheduling Routing Problem). 1. For the ROCSP, we propose two Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) modelizations of the problem: One based on flows and the other based on paths. This means that the two models include the battery-recharging constraints in two different ways. As the exact resolution through the MILP models is quite expensive in terms of computational time and is not adapted for the resolution of real-size car-sharing instances, we introduce heuristics that enable the optimization of cars-redistribution and service management of the service within a reasonable amount of time. These heuristics allows the calculation of the number of cars and the various redistribution operations to be performed on a given day. 2. For the ESRP, this second problem is also addressed with MILP models for the exact resolution, and some heuristics are suggested for an approximate resolution. This process has reasonable calculation time and aims at finding the minimum number of agents to perform the necessary relocation operations that stem from the first problem, namely, the ROCSP. Once the ROCSP and ESRP solved in their static versions, we then focus on the ROCSP by exploring another variant of the problem : ROCSP with dynamic reservation. We also suggest to explore a new concept : Auto-CoPartage, which is a hybridization of car-sharing and carpooling. The stated algorithms are validated on the Auto Bleue electrical vehicles fleet in the network of the city of Nice, essentially by relying on flow generation models to estimate the demand, but also using other instances that we have generated for other cities. All the data are handled using a Geographical Information System
Koussa, Chokri. "Implantation d’un système d’information géographique 3D sur Internet pour la gestion des modèles urbains". Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/KOUSSA_Chokri_2011.pdf.
Testo completoDue to a lot of reasons, i. E. Continuous progress of computer tools in terms of software and hardware, the development of powerful spatial data acquisition tools, the generalization of spatial data and applications for an extended use, etc. A lot of spatial applications, more and more sophisticated, are carried out either as free or commercial tools. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are proving to be major consumers of geo-referenced data. They consists in adequate, or even the most appropriate, tools for using such kind of data. Indeed, they offer various features that focus especially on the management, interrogation and representation of spatial data. The real beginning of GIS generalization was in the 1990s. But then, given the limits of computer tools, GIS were mainly interested in 2D spatial data. While at the late 1990s and during the first decade of the 21st century, GIS developers are oriented to the 3rd dimension for spatial data representation. The concept of 3D GIS then became ubiquitous and a widespread research topic around the world. As the progress of GIS is related mainly to advances in computer technology, Internet has become fastly a very promising way for the online dissemination of GIS applications. Thus, the 2D GIS are now multiple over Internet, while 3D GIS are rare. It is in this context that joins our thesis work. Indeed, the main objective is to develop a 3D GIS prototype accessible via Internet. Because GIS are multidisciplinary tools since they rely on very different concepts and technologies (data modeling, databases, development tools, 3D, etc. ), Our thesis work will focus on the basic concepts of 3D GIS, i. E. Three-dimensional spatial data modeling, spatial databases modeling (BDS, spatial data integration in the BDS), carrying out a reflection on the querying functionality of spatial data, a Web application development to access online all services offered by the GIS, etc. As for the technologies to be used for the development of GIS, our choices were oriented mainly to the free tools. The objective is to study the various technologies implemented and their combination for the establishment of a functional 3D GIS accessible over Internet
Girond, Florian. "Mise en place d’un système d’information géographique pour la détection précoce et la prédiction des épidémies de paludisme à Madagascar". Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0012/document.
Testo completoWe describe a Malaria Early Warning System (MEWS) using various epidemic thresholds and a forecasting component with the support of recent technologies to improve the performance of a sentinel MEWS. Malaria-related data from sentinel sites collected by Short Message Service are automatically stored in a database hosted on a server at Institut Pasteur de Madagascar. Concomitantly our system routinely and automatically acquires site specific satellite weather data related to changes in malaria prevalence such as temperature, rainfall and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). A Malaria Control Intervention data base has also been. This system has already demonstrated its ability to detect a malaria outbreak in southeastern part of Madagascar in 2014. In a second time, we conducted a study to assess the relationship between the effectiveness of mass campaign of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) over time and malaria outbreaks identified in Madagascar from 2009 to 2015 through the Sentinel surveillance system. This study showed that the difference between efficacy and effectiveness may result in gaps in service coverage during the subsequent years contributing to malaria rebound well before the replacement of the LLINs and highlights the need of continuous distribution mechanism of LLINs.This work aims to maximize the usefulness of a sentinel surveillance system to predict and detect epidemics in limited-resource environments, to guide any changes in the orientation of malaria control programs and to provide practical examples and suggestions for use in other systems or settings
Beibou, Ely. "Géomatique collaborative : mise en œuvre d’un Système d’information pour la gestion responsable des pêches en Mauritanie". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS286.
Testo completoFaced with global phenomena (depletion of fish stocks, environmental degradation, global warming, etc.), which today concern to the global community and more directly the coastal countries, the data series (environmental and biological) should be the more complete and consistent but must be possible to combine simple to answer scientific questions and adapt the action managers.Indeed, the effectiveness of the management of various sources of information is dependent on the integration and interoperability capabilities with partner systems. The data sources are always complementary, because they cover different topics. But, taken in isolation, they often give a fragmented view to answer a scientific question, hence the importance of their integration.Another difficulty lies in the fact that actors who analyze these sources have various views and expertise on the issues raised. Data integration is no longer the only issue, the comments and associated knowledge becomes mandatory and collaborative approaches are an interesting track, if not inevitable with the emergence of socialnetworks and tools that accompany them.This thesis proposes an approach to the implementation of a global information system, a sort of virtual andcollaborative observatory.« Virtual » because it offers a vision via a dashboard of indicators calculated from a warehouse describingdata to be integrated from various information systems heterogeneous and distributed, while respecting the autonomy of the latter. The data warehouse is « virtual », a scheme is designed from a « scientific sheet » model whose schema and content are built « on-the-fly », depending on the user request expressed by SQL queries. The approach thus differs from the standard approach of the conventional warehouses which is based on a predefined schema and a proper integration of the data using materialized views mechanism.« Collaborative » because the approach allows all stakeholders (research, administration, business, etc.),participate in the operation and collective analysis of spatio-temporal data, to produce common knowledge and possibly to provide more substantial underpinning for concerted decisions. The approach relies on advanced collaborative geomatics, innovative method of networking individuals or organizations wishing to collect, process and disseminate information and geographical nature of common interest.The objective is to provide standardized services to enable interoperability and access on data and treatments (metadata, data, access codes) to move towards a transparent and reproducible science (others can appropriate, which is a form of collaboration) but also to call on expertise in the capture of comments made on the scientific sheets (and their components) dashboard that improve the knowledge produced and exchanges between partnersand thus a priori decision making.The chosen solution results in a prototype offering different services to user communities (research, operation and administration of the domain) research services and access to relevant resources (where they are) but also treatment services data (production of indicators, for example) by explaining their reasoning and modeling
Cunty, Claire. "Système d'information géographique et sécurité : une application pour la RATP". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008685.
Testo completoBérard, Olivier. "Développement d'un système d'information géographique (SIG) pour l'unité de gestion du nord du Nouveau-Brunswick de Parcs Canada". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2002. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2337.
Testo completoGhirardi, Ludovic. "Rhodapolis, structure linéaire fluvio-urbaine de la vallée du Rhône comme forme intelligible de ville diffuse". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN059.
Testo completoThis PhD thesis deals with urban morphogenesis of the Rhône Valley, stretching 300 km rectilinearly from Lyon to the Mediterranean sea. It defends the « designed hypothesis » Rhodapolis which intends to enhance the living capability of urban sprawl along the Rhône River. Five formal concepts (Dynamic Blue Mesh, Interactive Network Frame, Rhodanian Linear Archipelago, European Urbanized Rivers, Web-Place City) are being detailed in this work as well as a prototype laboratory in-situ (LGV-Lab).The preliminary flipbook, made of a series of documentary photographs has the intention to reveal the singularity of a geographic object that we miss to watch spontaneously. From this fluvial site, the flipbook is built out of a critical outlook which has established some of the issues raised. The production of a specific epistemo-iconographic atlas through Q-GIS software has proven the cognitive value of observable cartographic results, which prospective urban morphotypes are the most representative. The river, highly extraordinary place to re-envision, consolidating urbanity and third-landscape, is the tangible reality of a genius loci that needs to interfere a standard urban soil-less thinking. Based on anthropologic, architectural and geographic works, we are questioning the notion of linearity shaping the environment. Desurbanism, organic architecture, Regional Planning : all those notions imply a tight relationship between the concepts of territory and architecture ; somehow opposite, the interaction of those scales give us tools to have a different thinking around urban design in the XXI century.With its hybrid structure, Rhodapolis is a kind of urban concept that is inspired by the two main urban models of metropolisation and suburbanization : selecting and extrapolating a few of their respective characteristics. At the junction of a critical self reflective paper and a generalist essay, the conclusion offers an introspection of Rhodapolis, a specimen of the 4th type city shaped by the river ; its hybridity, organicity and europeanity side would be its main characteristics. In the end, this thesis defended by an architect, tries to put forward what could define architecturology : starting from experimental work, a refocus on architectural research is initiated by asserting – through the transcaling principle- notions of shape, of design and of spatial conception, as the basis of the architectural field
Chaaban, Fadi. "Apport potentiel des Systèmes d’Informations Géographiques (SIG) pour une meilleure gestion d’un littoral dans une optique de développement durable : approches conceptuelles et méthodologiques appliquées dans le Nord de la France". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10064/document.
Testo completoManagement of input data modeling is tedious and takes a long time. The Geographic Information System (GIS) minimize the effort and improve the efficiency of numerical models. As well as the GIS provides a platform to high capacity of collection, management, data processing, analysis, modeling and display of spatial information. This thesis proposes a methodology based on two conceptual approaches applied to coastal management in the context of sustainable development in the area of Hardelot-Plage (Northern France). This methodology has been implemented thanks to GIS.The first approach is dedicated to measuring shoreline change along Ecault dunes (North of Hardelot-Plage), Chevalier Sansot dunes (South of Hardelot-Plage) and Camiers dunes (Northern Canche estuary) over the course of 59 years (from 1946 to 2005). 292 transects perpendicular to the shoreline are used to estimate coastal erosion and to assess the retreat rate. The marginal error generated by our methodology is ±10m. It is resulting from the resolution of reference-document and scanned images. From one side, the results obtained show that the process of shoreline retreat has interested, in general, the entire coastline of Ecault and Chevalier Sansot dunes. The average of retreat varies from 0.43 m/yr to reach 5.8 m/yr on the north side of the Becque estuary, while the average value of advance ranges from 0.23 to 2.47 m/yr. For another side, the average shoreline evolution was very important along the Camiers dunes (Northern Canche estuary) with an average retreat reaching 8.45 m/yr between 1980 and 1983, while the average of advance reached 14.36 m/yr between 1947 and 1955. The last observations, between 2000 and 2005, showed that the shoreline in the study area was changing positively with an average ranging from 1.1 to 4.66 m/yr (86% of transects =250 transects); 13% of transects (39 transects) have not changed because of dike or rip-rap built along the beach. However 1% of transects (three transects corresponding to the Becque estuary) showed a retreat of 1.06 m /yr. The second approach concerns a hydrogeological modelling of the coastal aquifer. The implementation of GIS was essential to generate the geographic data needed for the numerical models. In our case the beach-dune system of Hardelot-Plage suffers from the lack of well developed foredune. This problem is linked to the almost constant water saturation of sand beach which is the potential source of dune nourishment. South of Hardelot, the coastline is slowly but constantly retreating. To remedy this situation, a coupling between a GIS (ArcGIS 9.3) and a Groundwater Modelling System (GMS 6.0) was adopted in order to find possible scenarios which could lower the piezometric surface in the concerned area and allow dune nourishment again. Hydrodynamic and hydrodispersive models have confirmed that the observed water saturation in the southern part of Hardelot beach is quite related to the proximity of the piezometric surface. The sand aquifer in this sector, which is in hydraulic continuity with the subjacent chalk aquifer, is intersected by peat lenses. The presence of peat would induce seawater restrain and would make it possible to mainly explain the complex distribution of freshwater and saltwater interface in this sector. Various simulations undertaken for realization of drillings in the sand aquifer made it possible to show that the lowering of water table of 0.5 m, which is needed to dry the beach sand would require a continuous pumping with a flow of 5 m3.h-1
Darwishe, Hanan. "Contribution des Systèmes d’Informations Géographiques (SIG) à la gestion et à l'aide à la décision : approche pluridisciplinaire pour l’évaluation des aspects à risques : site d’application : dans le nord de la France". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10044/document.
Testo completoThe chalk aquifer of northern France is currently facing nitrate concentrations above the levels specified in the European Nitrates Directive. In the urban area of Lens, the drinking water resource occurs mainly in this chalk aquifer, but its nitrate concentrations can reach 100mg/l. This modeling study focuses on the chalk aquifer located in Béthune (17 km from Lens), which provides natural denitrification and ensures a good drinking water quality The management of Béthune’s aquifer requires the implementation of a numerical modeling that has proven to be a powerful tool for understanding the hydrodynamic behaviour of this chalk aquifer. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offers an integrated platform of management, analysis, modeling, display and decision support. In this research, a methodology, based on the combination of GIS, hydrogeological modeling by Modflow, transport modeling by MT3D and Artificial Neural Networks model (ANN), was adopted to support groundwater management. A numerical flow model was created by the code “Modflow” using a Geographic Information System. A conceptual data model CDM has been prepared according to HBDS method and this is to visualize the relationships between the different studied phenomena. The physical data model PDM presenting by geodatabases has been made mainly in order to structure spatial (geographic) and/or no spatial (thematic) information, treatment, handling and creating input data were performed with a model designed in ArcGIS 9.3.1 software. Two simulations were done, steady state simulation in order to calibrate the model and transient simulation to define an optimum level of water use from two wells located in Béthune’s aquifer so as to supply Lens with drinking water without reducing the aquifer’s denitrification capacity. Water usage scenarios are defined and tested (in Modflow and using RNA) for dry and for wet years over the period 1972-2008. A nitrate transport model has been created by the code MT3D, and compared with another model based on a coupling between ANN and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) which build for spatial nitrate prediction of groundwater. This coupled model allows to create spatial distribution maps of nitrates at different time scales without creating transport models that rely on complex mathematical equations and that require a lot of input data. To get better the results of models created in this study, a tool of consulting and data management (GWMV) was created in ArcGIS using the VBA. This tool provides interfaces that are created for Bethune‘s aquifer management. The user can view and consult the inputs and outputs data in a more simple and effective way
Diébré, Diadoma Jean-François Régis. "Élaboration d'un plan d'aménagement intégré de la forêt classée de Banbou (sud-ouest Burkina Faso) à l'aide d'un système d'information géographique (SIG)". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0019/MQ61736.pdf.
Testo completoDe, Runz Cyril. "Imperfection, temps et espace : modélisation, analyse et visualisation dans un SIG archéologique". Phd thesis, Université de Reims - Champagne Ardenne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00560668.
Testo completoDevogele, Thomas. "Système d'information géographique temporelle maritime ; Des distances linéaires à l'analyse temps réel des trajectoires". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441484.
Testo completoRabarimanana, Mamy Herisoa. "Analyse des facteurs de l'érosion en lavaka par télédétection et système d'information géographique : rôle du drainage le long des cours d'eau". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066592.
Testo completoRakotomanana, Fanjasoa. "Apport d'un système d'information géographique et de la télédétection dans la prévention du risque de survenue d'épidémie de paludisme sur les Hautes Terres Centrales de Madagascar". Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST1017.
Testo completoThe reappearance of epidemic malaria in the highlands of Madagascar during the late 1980’s has been attributed to the reestablishment of Anopheles funestus. Rice fields constitute their principal larval habitats. Control strategies to prevent epidemic malaria, have been based on indoor residual spraying of insecticides. Our study was conducted in six zones in the Highlands. Rice fields were determined using remote sensing imagery. Results were combined with factors known to influence the transmission of malaria. Multicriteria evaluation, by the method of weighted linear combination, was used as basis for improved targeting of actions by determining priority zones for intervention. The factors driving malaria transmission in urban Antananarivo differ from the other regions of the highlands. A Geographical Information System was used to study the role of environmental factors on the low malarial incidence rates observed in nine community based health centres in Antananarivo
Lacambre, Anne. "Aléas et risques naturels en montagne : apports et limites d'un Système d'Information Géographique (SIG) : application au haut bassin versant du Drac (Hautes-Alpes, France)". Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040068.
Testo completoErosional forms and processes are studied in the two alpine valleys which constitue the Drac springs (Orcières and Champoléon communes, Hautes-Alpes, France). In addition to the inventory of the areas concerned by the numerous hazards and risks (avalanches, floods, debris flows, landslides), the population perception of these risks is analysed. But, to understand the functionning of the erosional processes, and especially their setting off causes, a Geographical Information System (GIS) is created. The greatest number of the natural environment parameters are to be considered, thanks to thematic maps (topographic, climatic, lithologic, biogeographic data). The intersection of all these data is done to create hazards and risks maps. Finally remarks are carried out on the developped methodology. Although the GIS contains a few weak points, this method remains an essential tool to deal with development questions and particularly natural hazards and risks in mountainous valleys where man is confronted with numerous erosional processes
Kammoun, Slim. "Assistance à la navigation pour les non-voyants : vers un positionnement, un SIG et un suivi adaptés". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2035/.
Testo completoNavigation, especially in unknown areas, is a major problem for the visually impaired (VI). Over the past 50 years, a number of electronic travel aids (ETAs) have been developed with the aim of improving mobility of the VI. Despite many research efforts, these systems are rarely used. Although the explanation is likely to be incomplete, it is possible to identify three important factors : (1) positioning accuracy provided by these devices is not sufficient to guide a VI pedestrian, (2) these systems are based on Geographical Information Systems not adapted to pedestrian mobility, and (3) the guidance methods should be adapted to the task of VI pedestrian wayfinding. All these three components are sources of usability issues. In this thesis, committed in the collaborative research project called NAVIG, we present the design and implementation of an electronic navigation aid for the blind. In this work, we relied on the analysis of the needs of the visually impaired to propose solutions for improving positioning and guidance. First, we present a solution based on real-time fusion of A-GPS and embedded artificial vision positioning signals. The benefit of our device is two-fold : 1/ it provides a more accurate positioning, compatible with Blind mobility and guidance ; 2/ it matches the needs of Blind users in terms of space perception. Second, we define a classification of objects that should be included in every geographical information system (GIS) that is used in a navigation aid. This classification was based on multiple brainstorming and interviews with blind people and orientation and mobility (O&M) instructors. We present a database scheme integrating the principal classes proposed in this classification. We also propose a methodology allowing the selection of the most appropriate route, based on user needs, and relying on the proposed classification of geographical data. Finally, regarding pedestrian tracking, we propose 3 new strategies adapted to pedestrian navigation. The evaluation of those strategies was performed into a virtual environment framework. To do so, we designed a multimodal (input and output) Virtual Environment (VE) that simulates different interactions that could be used for space perception and guidance in an ETA. This platform subserves two goals : help designers to systematically test guidance strategies (i. E. For the development of new ETAs) and train blind people to use interactive ETAs, with an emphasis on cognitive mapping enhancement. Using this platform we performed several evaluations with 16 users to define the best tracking strategies. To conclude, the combined positioning (vision, GPS) was successfully evaluated in two real environments (Toulouse University campus, and a district in the Toulouse center). Results from evaluations of tracking strategies shown that it is very important to adapt such strategies to pedestrian navigation
Cadot, Marie Stéphane. "Considérations sur l'utilisation d'un système d'information géographique, SIG, pour l'estimation de la taille minimale d'une exploitation agricole, bassin versant de Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes, Haïti". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0002/MQ43788.pdf.
Testo completoOccelli, Florent. "Systèmes d’Information Géographique et Lien Environnement – Santé (SIGLES) : contribution au développement d'outils cartographiques d'aide à la décision face aux risques sanitaires liés à l'environnement". Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S043/document.
Testo completoEnvironmental and social inequalities in health (ESIH) over territories are related to two cumulative dimensions: populations exposed to their living poor quality environment and the vulnerability of these populations to the environmental risk factors, which can affect health. This research deals with the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applied to the field of environmental health. General purposes are the characterization of environmental media quality and the assessment of ESIH.Achieving these objectives requires a first step of harvest, genesis and formatting spatialized environmental databases. Such data are resulting from physico-chemical monitoring and biomonitoring. They were then mapped using GIS tools, including geostatistical spatial interpolation methods. On the over hand, spatial variability in the incidence of diseases were investigated using disease mapping methods (Standardized Incidence Ratios: SIR) and the detection of atypical clusters of events (scan statistics), which are based on disease registries. Finally, geographical ecological studies are developed to associate the environmental maps generated to health and socio-economic status. Thus, this work aims to answer the question \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"do people with poor state of health live in a poor quality environment?\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" This question has been studied through three main researches.The first relates the characterization of trace elements burdens in the environment and the assessment of ESIH on neighborhood scale, over three territories in the Nord-Pas de Calais (NPdC) region. This research is conducted from measurements of biological burdens performed both in epiphytic lichens and humans and from a localized index of deprivation. The measured metals were considered individually, but also holistically by developing an integrated multimetallic index, in order to describe the general status of environmental pollution by metals. Environmental inequalities were observed on neighborhood scale in Dunkerque. Our results assume that trace elements burdens in populations are affected by environmental burdens.In our second research we revealed spatial disparities in the incidence of end stage renal disease (ESRD) on small area in the NPdC. Unlike other factors (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, medical practices), we highlighted the role of socio-economic status in the occurrence of such disparities. Only a part of the ESRD variability is currently explained. It is therefore necessary to focus on the environmental hypothesis.The third research focuses on the spatial and spatio-temporal analysis of groundwater contamination by trace elements, in order to identify potential environmental risk factors in the incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease.This work is based on several collaborations with the REIN network, the EPIMAD registry, and several research teams (EA4483 and EA2694 Université Lille 2, TVES EA4477 ULCO).Following this thesis, the research prospects are to pursue the development of integrated indicators to assess population exposure to the multiple environmental media contamination. The results also indicate a lack of information in environmental databases compared to health registries. A work is thus needed to define the content of such databases. These are necessary to characterize the environmental quality and to help the assessment of interaction between the populations and their living environment
Touzani, Mounir. "Extension de l’ingénierie des exigences à l’information spatio-temporelle : apports dans le contexte des systèmes d’information de gestion". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT309/document.
Testo completoIn a world where people and objects are increasingly connected and localized, geographic information (GI) is very present in our daily life and its inclusion in the management information systems becomes essential. Individuals and enterprises mobilize increasingly to orient themselves in space, access to various statistical data georeferenced, plan travel...Current developments on mobile systems, for example, involve a space-time dimension, often reserved for geographic information systems (GIS). Therefore, many software systems are required to maintain a very close relationship and precise with the real world to open up new fields of application such as smart cities, factories of the future or a new generation of logistics systems.The magnitude of this change is major since in terms of data, at least 80% are concerned (http://www.esrifrance.fr/sig1.aspx). However, an analyst often faces difficulties in capturing requirements in general, necessitating an organized and systematic approach. It is in this context that we direct our study to the field of requirements engineering (RE) to better build an argument that takes into account the space-time dimension. This is a key step in the development of such requirements in a management information system development project.The proposed framework includes contributions in the fields of RE and geomatics. In this sense, we have particularly caught the KAOS method that offers a goal oriented requirements engineering approach and equipped with a software named "Objectiver".First, we propose an extension of the KAOS methodology in the space-time dimension. KAOS already answered the questions of "WHY", the "HOW", the "WHAT" and the "WHO". We approach our research specifically, the issues of "WHEN" and "WHERE". We use this for two lines of research : one explores the duality between space and time dimensions in order to transpose the spatial dimension of requirements engineering techniques already defined. On the other hand, we consider notations widely used in GIS, and to integrate them in primitive requirements engineering and thus facilitate the capture of space-time requirements. We made a prototype using the tool "Objectiver". However, the results presented are applicable to other methods and tools.To push as much as possible the performance of an existing system, we propose as a second step, to examine more specifically the open integration strategies and operating bricks started in data and/or services to meet geomatics to identified needs. We believe the users of these information systems must be able to integrate space-time aspects in their management rules or business rules.This raises the question "how to identify the space-time aspects of business rules by a RE process ?" Which brings us to reflect on the construction of a management information system that is capable of separating the business view and the system view. We show specifically how business rules can be identified on the basis of space-time aspects. We have equipped our contribution and illustrate through a real case study of merger of two universities. Next, we show through this same case study how to deploy such rules in the most appropriate components ensuring secure an open architecture
Bessenay, Carole. "La gestion des données environnementales dans un espace naturel sensible : le système d'information géographique des Hautes-Chaumes foréziennes (Massif central)". Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STET2024.
Testo completoThe object of this research is to present and to apply to a specific territory the geographical information systems' concepts and potentialities that can help understand the functioning and evolution processes of natural spaces. The GIS of the "Hautes-Chaumes foreziennes" underlines the interest of a computerization of "ecological planning" methods whose aims are to integrate environment into management practices thanks to the analysis of the specific aptitudes or sensitivities of one space. This study is based on the inventory and the mapping ot the Hautes-Chaumes principal natural and human characteristics : topography, vegetation, humidity, pastoral activities. . . The selection of several criteria allows the elaboration of a pluridisciplinary diagnosis which underlines the important sensitivity of this area. This diagnosis is then compared with an evaluation model of anthropic frequenting in a way to define a zoning of the most vulnerable sectors, which are both sensitive and subject to important pressures. This analysis should urge politicians to conceive differentiated management measures related with the incentives at stake in each area in order to conciliate all anthropic activities while respecting the aptitudes of this natural space
Nguyen, Van Bai. "Conception d'un SIG pour l'appui à la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau à l'échelle du bassin hydrologique". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2545/.
Testo completoIn this study we propose a simple, relevant and easy to implement approach to assess the impacts of land use changes on the water cycle, from the small scale of the watershed to the large scale hydrologic basin. This approach first consists in collecting a database about the spatio-temporal distribution of precipitation and temperature, the geographical boundaries of the watersheds and the recent land use changes considered under rather broad classes. These data feed a Geographic Information System (GIS) of "water resources and their territories" of the Upstream Garonne Basin (part of the Adour-Garonne basin in France) which is our study area. The GIS, implemented in ArcGIS, allows various data manipulation, some via a computer code (in Python). The proposed methodological approach was tested in three hydrographic zones of the Upstream Garonne basin. Two scenarios are considered to analyze the hydrological behavior : a scenario of continuity for which the rates of land-use change observed between 2000 and 2006 are applied to the production of annual land-use maps till 2030 ; a scenario for which the observed rate of urbanization is amplified by a factor of 10 when extrapolating land use maps until 2030. Then a method for the assignment of values ??of hydrological coefficients (limited to the three major evapotranspiration, runoff and infiltration processes) to the land-use classes is described. Finally the values ??of hydrological coefficients are organized in the form of scaled indicators summarizing the relevant information on the water cycle to decision makers
Aubry, Laurent. "Acquisition, traitement et restitution des données d'une reconnaissance achéologique : la ville gallo-romaine du Vieil-Evreux". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066008.
Testo completoVandecasteele, Arnaud. "Modélisation ontologique des connaissances expertes pour l'analyse de comportements à risque : application à la surveillance maritime". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00819259.
Testo completoSerre, Damien. "Evaluation de la performance des digues de protection contre les inondations Modélisation de critères de décision dans un Système d'Information Géographique". Phd thesis, Université de Marne la Vallée, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00777220.
Testo completoOlivier, Jean. "Etude spatio-temporelle de la distribution de bambous dans le Sud-ouest amazonien (sud Pérou) histoire, dynamique et futur d'une végétation “monodominante” en forêt tropicale humide". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30252.
Testo completoNatural regeneration in tropical forests is a multistage process including seed production, dispersal, germination and subsequent seedling establishment. All these stages may have critical consequences in population dynamics and on species coexistence. We assessed many aspects of seedling regeneration at the Nouragues Station in French Guiana. We monitored seed arrival over a 5-years period. We monitored seedling community dynamics over 28 months. We developed a new approach in order to identify reproductive strategies among 48 tree and liana species. We found that the plant community showed an important variability in seed production. Most species fruited yearly, but as many as a quarter of the studied species showed a masting pattern, a phenomenon very poorly studied in tropical latitudes. The vast array of reproductive and germination strategies displayed by plants results in important temporal pulses in seedling recruitment. We thus assessed the importance of these sources of temporal variability and of spatial environmental heterogeneity in seedling community dynamics. Annual variation in seedfall and environmental filtering both contributed to explaining spatiotemporal variation in local seedling density and diversity. Finally, we showed for 15 seedling taxa that abundance patterns are mainly controlled by seed arrival. .
Extensas áreas en sur-oeste amazónico son ocupadas por bosques mododominantes de bambú. Estas formaciones vegetales, tan particulares, han despertado el interés de los científicos en las ultimas décadas. Sin embargo su dinámica es aun en día mal conocida. Una vegetación tan poca diversificada aparece extraña dentro de un medio ambiente caracterizado por su gran diversidad biológica. Para explicar esta vegetación varias hipótesis han sido formuladas sugiriendo un origen antropogénico o climático. Mi investigación se focalizo primero en los orígenes de estas formaciones vegetales, utilizando técnicas paleobotánicas e históricas (archivos, percepción remota diacrónica). Luego, el contexto geográfico y ambiental de estas formaciones vegetales fue estudiado mediante un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG). La diversidad taxonómica de los bambúes encontrados fue descrita, y parcelas temporales permitieron un censo durante tres años seguidos de la dinámica de vegetación de parches de Guadua weberbaueri Pilg. Finalmente, monitoreamos eventos de floración monocarpica y de regeneración observados en el campo. Este estudio demuestra que los bambúes estaban presentes por lo menos 45 790 años BP en la región del estudio y que su distribución espacial podría corresponder a las partes más elevadas de la topografía dentro de la cuenca amazónica. El inventario botánico resalta una diversidad importante de los bambúes (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) perteneciendo a tres géneros (Guadua Kunth, Elytrostachys McClure, Merostachys Sprengel), con taxones no alistados aun para esta parte de la cuenca amazónica(Guadua sp. , Elytrostachys cf. Typica). Además G. Weberbaueri muestra una estabilidad vegetativa remarcable opuesta a lo que predicen varias hipótesis publicadas. Este taxón muestra también una floración sincronizada entre todos los parches de una misma área siguiendo un ritmo de varios días nunca descrito hasta ahora. Finalmente, la cartografía de la ocupación del suelo muestra una densidad de rizomas más importante de lo que deja suponer la distribución de los culmos. Todos estos datos permiten una evaluación de la dinámica de estos bosques monodominantes a bambú, quizás presentes en el suroeste amazónico desde mucho tiempo (escalas geológicas?). Para el futuro predecimos la persistencia de esta vegetación en un clima estable o más húmedo, cuando un clima más seco podría producir la regresión de estos tipos de bosques de bambú. De manera general, nuestros resultados representen una contribución al mejor conocimiento de la biodiversidad de la cuenca Amazónica
Devillers, Rodolphe. "Conception d'un système multidimensionnel d'information sur la qualité des données géospatiales". Phd thesis, Université de Marne la Vallée, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008930.
Testo completoBarre, Julien. "Evaluation de la contamination atmosphérique des écosystèmes en utilisant la composition isotopique du plomb et du mercure dans les lichens". Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3049/document.
Testo completoThe isotopic signature of lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) was measured in epiphytic lichens from Pyrénées-Atlantiques. An integrated and spatialized sampling was developed using geographical information system (GIS) to take into account the diversity of the territory (land-use, forest, agriculture, industries and urban areas). At meso-scale (county, Pyrenees-Atlantiques) the isotopic composition allows to differenciate areas impacted by anthropegenic activities and discriminate the origin of the contamination that it of industrial or urban type. At local scale, the isotopic signature of Hg and Pb in lichens and mosses sampled in Iraty forest (Franco-Spanish border) allowed to evaluate the kind of atmospheric deposits in these atmospheric bio-monitors and the potential of this new tool for the monitoring of atmospheric depositsin remote ecosystems. Finally, on the mercurifere area of Almadén (Castella la Mancha, Spain) the isotopic fingerprint of Hg in lichens and sediments appears to be a relevant tool to study the transfer of Hg from mining activities to hydrosystems and atmosphere
Aynaud, Claude. "Localisation précise et fiable de véhicules par approche multisensorielle". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22637/document.
Testo completoVehicle localization is a crucial step in the development of smart vehicles. The research in this domain has been growing in recent years. Generally, the effort is focused on the localization accuracy, we present here a localization method on existing map where the objective is to estimate the robot position not only with accuracy but also with confidence. To achieve this , the algorithm developed has two main steps : one, selection and perception of the most relevant informations and two, position estimation and confidence update. This last step also allows to detect and eliminate the previous errors. Environment perception is well achieved, thanks to different sensors associated with specific detectors. Humans use different senses, shifting automatically in order to localize themselves depending on the situation of the environment, for e.g if there is enough illumination we depend on eyes, else the ear or the touch otherwise. We have developed a similar approach for the robot that takes into account the specific environmental constraints and actual position estimation to select at each instant the most relevant set of sensor, landmark and detector. The perception step, led by a top-down process, can use already known informations allowing a focus on the searched landmark and an improvement of the detection and data associations steps. This top-down approach is well implemented, thanks to a Bayesian network. Bayesian network allows to model the interactions between the different probable events with management of the uncertainty. With this network, it is very easy to take into account those different events. Moreover, a Bayesian network has a great flexibility to take into consideration additional events that can cause false detections (like sensor failure, meteorological conditions and others). The environment data is obtained with a Georeferenced map (from GIS). With the already available maps on the internet, allows to exploit an already existing information. The use of a Georeferenced map facilitates the communication of informations between a vehicle and several other vehicles or with an element of the infrastructure, that can be very useful for multi vehicle coordination, for example. The results shows that the developed approach is very accurate and reliable for localization, whether static or dynamic, and can be applied for autonomous driving. Moreover, new sensors can be added at ease
Mafhoud, Ilène. "Cartographie et mesure de la biodiversité du Mont Ventoux. Approche par Système d'Information Géographique et Télédétection, préconisations méthodologiques et application pour l'aménagement forestier". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00502464.
Testo completoUrbani, Dominique. "Elaboration d'une approche hybride SMA-SIG pour la définition d'un système d'aide à la décision : application à la gestion de l'eau". Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136106.
Testo completoLarnaout, Dorra. "Localisation d'un véhicule à l'aide d'un SLAM visuel contraint". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01038016.
Testo completoOdore, Angelo. "Il GIS e la storia (GisSto) : il caso di studio di Marsiglia al tempo della Rivoluzione Francese (1789-1792)". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0133.
Testo completoThe thesis “Marseille during the French Revolution (1789-1792). Historical mapping test from GIS” provides a spatial and cartographic reinterpretation of the main events that took place in the Phocean city between 1789 and 1792. In this research, the traditional tools of historiography, such as the study of archival and bibliographical sources, integrated with the use of GIS technology and spatial analysis, offer an innovative approach to the most important events of the Revolution; it reconstructs the commercial vitality of the city, the military role of the bourgeois patrols, the political weight of the Marseilles federalists and the various insurrections that marked the city during the first two years of the French Revolution
La tesi “Il GIS e la storia (GisSto). Il caso di studio di Marsiglia al tempo della Rivoluzione Francese (1789-1792)” fornisce una rilettura spaziale e cartografica dei principali avvenimenti avvenuti nella città focese tra il 1789 eil 1792. Nell’elaborato, gli strumenti di ricerca storiografica tradizionali, come lo studio di fonti archivistiche e bibliografiche, integrate con l’utilizzo della tecnologia GIS e dell’analisi spaziale permettono di fornire un’innovativa lettura degli avvenimenti più importanti della Rivoluzione; si ricostruisce la vitalità commerciale cittadina, il ruolo militare delle pattuglie borghesi, il peso politico dei federati marsigliesi e le varie insurrezioni che investirono la città nel primo biennio rivoluzionario
Noc, Eloïse. "Analyse spatiale à Saqqâra des origines à la fin de l'Ancien Empire : les exemples des complexes funéraires de Netjerikhet et de Sekhemkhet". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MON30055.
Testo completoThis study is a spatial analysis of the archaeological remains dating from the origins to the end of the Old Kingdom of the funerary complexes of Netjerikhet and Sekhemkhet at Saqqara. The aim of this work is to understand the spatial occupation, the challenge is to process the very large amount of information from publications. To include all of the documentation to be processed, a database and a geographic information system (GIS) have been created. With these software tools, all artefacts were thus recorded and an analysis of the relationships between the different entities listed has been conducted to try to understand how the space is organized. Printed maps allow visualizing query results, queries moreover imagined beforehand to build the tools. This examination of the data through a geodatabase also assesses the interest of these tools for research
Le, Bihan Guillaume. "Modèles hydrologiques régionaux pour la prévision distribuée des crues rapides : vers une estimation des impacts et des dommages potentiels". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ECDN0011/document.
Testo completoWith the development of rainfall measurements at highspatial and temporal resolutions, the use of distributed hydrometeorological models is now considered to forecast flash floods on small and ungauged catchment areas. Current flashflood monitoring systems generally enable a real-time assessment of the potential flash-flood magnitudes. However they do not assess the potential impacts of flash-flood, which highly depends on the catchment areas configuration and on the importance of potentially affected assets. The purpose of this PhD research work was to develop and test a method which can be used to directly estimate the impacts of flash-floods, based on the outputs of a distributed rainfall-run off model. The approach is based on a prior analysis of the study area in order to assess the potential impact of different discharge levels on the flooded areas and to identify from geography database the associated buildings at risk. The aim is to build impact models on specific river reaches, using discharge versus impact graphs. The use of these impact models combined with a rainfall-run off model, has enabled us to compute maps of potential impacts, based on real time assessment of flood events updated every 15 minutes. This method was evaluated on two case studies looking at the accuracy and relevance of estimated impacts for each event – and comparing the outcomes to insurance losses data. This research work has helped to confirm the efficiency of this new combined method, which may become a useful tool to forecast large-scale effects of local impacts of flash-floods
Le, Roy Mélie. "Les enfants au Néolithique : du contexte funéraire à l'interprétation socioculturelle en France de 5700 à 2100 avant J.-C". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0020/document.
Testo completoIn France, during the Neolithic time period (5700-2100 BC), several cultural groups have been identified. They are mostly defined according to their set of artefacts. Funerary practices show major changes during this period. In the begining of Neolithic burials were simple and gathered, following with monumentalisation and collectivization at the middle Neolithic, before becoming exclusive at the end of the Neolithic. The aim of this research is to focus on immature individuals within these various contexts (funerary practices, age distribution and spatial analysis) and to discuss the social statut of young individuals within the society through the collected data.A multi-scalar study, based on an inventory of 8124 settlements in France combines biological and archaeological data and includes a GIS analysis. This elaborated data base is designed to become an online collaborative platform.Special attention is given to eight funerary sites dated respectively to middle Neolithic and to the end of Neolithic before their integration in the whole sample. Results document a specific spatial distribution of the immature individuals inside the funerary sites. Various funerary treatments are also identified on a larger scale, allowing the grouping of some sites both geographically and spatially. These differences seem to reflect breaking age at death linked to the social consideration of the immature deceased, from birth to adulthood
Danjou, Aurélie. "Dioxin exposure and breast cancer risk in the E3N cohort : multi-source exposures and timing of exposure". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1308/document.
Testo completoBreast cancer (BC) is the first malignancy among women. Its incidence has doubled over the past 30 years. Environmental factors with endocrine disruptive properties, such as dioxins emitted from industrial combustion processes, are suspected to affect BC risk. Ingestion of contaminated food and inhalation are the major exposure routes in humans. Epidemiological evidence on the association between dioxin exposure and BC risk remains inconclusive due to methodological limitations. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the association between dioxin exposure and BC risk in the E3N prospective cohort, filling current methodological gaps.First, we assessed the association between estimated dietary dioxin exposure and BC risk among women from the E3N cohort. Second, we developed a geographic information system (GIS)-based metric to assess airborne dioxin exposure at the individual address level, including proximity to and technical characteristics of industrial sources, exposure duration and prevailing wind frequency. The metric was then applied to each E3N women’s addresses from 1990 to 2008, and airborne dioxin exposure was estimated for cases and matched controls from a cohort sub-population (the Rhône-Alpes region). Third, we estimated BC risk associated with cumulative airborne dioxin exposure. Overall, no statistically significant association was observed, except for a decrease in hormone-independent BC risk. The latter was significant for dietary dioxin exposure. For airborne exposure, we might have lacked statistical power and confirmation at the national level is required. The inverse association with ER-negative BC risk is consistent with experimental evidence
Zayrit, Karima. "Fusion de données imparfaites multi-sources : application à la spatialisation qualifiée des pratiques agricoles". Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIMS041/document.
Testo completoOur thesis is part of a regional project aiming the development of a community environmental information system for agricultural practices in the watershed of the Vesle. The objective of this observatory is 1) to understand the practices of responsible of the water resource pollution by pesticides from agriculture in the study area and 2) to provide relevant and sustainable tools to estimate their impacts. Our open issue deals with the consideration of imperfection in the process of merging multiple sources and imperfect data. Indeed, information on practices is not exhaustive and is not subject to return, so we need to build this knowledge through the combination of multiple sources and of varying quality by integrating imperfect information management information in the system. In this context, we propose methods for spatial reconstruction of information related to agricultural practices from the RPG remote sensing, field surveys and expert opinions, skilled reconstruction with an assessment of the quality of the information. Furthermore, we propose a conceptual modeling of agronomic entities' imperfect information system building on UML and PERCEPTORY.We provide tools and models of representation of imperfect information from the various sources of information using fuzzy sets and the belief function theory and integrate these models into the computation of agri-environmental indicators such as TFI and ASQ
Tengku, Mohd Azahar Tuan Dir. "Génération de prédiction par la combinaison de fusion de données et de modélisation spatio-temporelle : application à la localisation de la répartition de la maladie basal stem rot dans les plantations de palmiers à huile". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LAROS386.
Testo completoThis thesis represents a new approach for predicting plant disease in a plantation through combination of data fusion and spatio-temporal modelling. Plant disease is a major problem in the world of agriculture. Example in Malaysia, basalstem rot disease (BSR) caused by Ganoderma Boinense is the most serious disease for oil palm plantation in Malaysia. The fungus infects oil palm trees, initially causing yield loss and finally killing the trees. Various factors were previously reported to influence incidence of BSR, such as previous crops, techniques for replanting, types of soils and the age of trees. At present effective and sustainable management strategies to control BSR are hampered mainly by a lack of understanding of mechanisms of disease establishment, development and spread. The present research is an attempt to apply data fusion technique and temporal modelling in Geographical Information System (GIS) to investigate the behaviour of plant disease in a specific area (small skill area). This research will focus on how GIS can help to assess the distribution plant disease in a small scale plantation. With concurrent advances in global positioning systems (GPS) and the use of geographical Information Systems(GIS) techniques have provided powerful analysis tools for precision agriculture. Data for analysis were obtained from oil palm planting density experiments at MPOB research stations at Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaysia. In the case of BSR disease, the results of the predictive modelling show a significance correlation between predicted BSR diseases with visually observed BSR data. It found that the proposed predictive modelling has well predicted the presence of BSR disease. Although at the beginning stage of BSR diseases infection, the model has not fitted exactly the distribution of the disease, we believe that with the proper selection of the source of data, the performance of the model will be improved.Overall, the model has well predicted the presence of diseases with accuracy up to 98.9%
Laplaige, Clément. "Comparaison de signaux (géophysique, LiDAR) utilisés dans l'étude des dynamiques anthropiques et naturelles". Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1002/document.
Testo completoThe characterization of the material reality of the landscape requires to accurately identify the physical geography and to capture the interrelationships between humans and their environment. These conditions are essential to the estimation of the origins of the landscape shaping. The analysis of documentary sources offers the opportunity to determine the organization of former landscapes and to characterize a large part of their evolutions since the Modern period. However, older land settlements are not localised or symbolised on maps. Their signs are efficiently detected in present landscape through the joint implementation of various detection methods: aerial photography, recording topographic or colorimetric variations on the soil surface, and the LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) system, measuring micro-topographic variations using a laser beam. Other methods can be used to identify the elements conserved in present landscape and reflect their past uses. The measure of physical properties of soils by the geophysical methods can detected the presence of archaeological remains or structures buried while nothing is perceptible to the soil surface. It is widely supported that survey methods can provide archaeological data of the land use and / or the exploitation of the territory. Thus, they have been applied since several at the site of the ancient city of Epomanduodurum (Mandeure-Mathay, Doubs) in the north of the Franche-Comte. This city is considered by its size, urban equipment and monuments as the second behind de civitas capital of Sequani, Vesontio (Besancon). This research intends to compare, at different spatial scales, the contribution of several prospecting methods for the study of natural and anthropogenic dynamics in an area of 80 km². The study area is centred on the ancient city and combines a section of the alluvial plain of the Doubs river and the surrounding calcareous plateaus. In this study, it was possible, among other things, to develop tools for the detection of archaeological
Lucas, Lise. "Méthode de caractérisation de la pollution des aquifères par les solvants chlorés sur sites anthropisés". Paris, ENMP, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENMP1166.
Testo completoBéranger, Rémi. "Tumeurs germinales du testicule : étudier l'impact des expositions professionnelles et environnementales aux pesticides". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10309/document.
Testo completoTesticular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are the most common cancers in men aged 15–39 years. Environmental exposures occurring in the prenatal period are suspected to play a role, but no clear associations with TGCT risk are known. This thesis aimed to develop an epidemiological approach to study the impact of prenatal exposures to pesticides on the TGCT risk. First, through a systematic literature review, we identified a gap in knowledge regarding prenatal exposures, as well as the need for more reliable assessment of environmental pesticide exposures. Second, through a survey of indoor dust sampling in 239 households, we identified the environmental determinants of agricultural pesticide exposure to develop a metric to assess environmental pesticide exposures using a geographical information system. Crop acreage within 500m (orchards) or 1000m (cereals/vineyards), wind, and vegetative barriers were identified as determinants of the indoor contamination. The overall good efficiency of our cellulose wipe was assessed through laboratory experiments. Our results also suggested domestic pesticide use as a major source of households’ pesticide exposure. Third, through a case-control pilot study we tested different approach to recruit young men and their mothers, and we confirmed our ability to collect information about their exposures, and to map precisely their addresses until the 1970’s. Our findings lead to the development of a national case-control study (TESTIS project) aiming to assess the impact of prenatal pesticides exposures on the TGCT risk. This project has been funded and is currently on-going. Our research also serves as basis for further multidisciplinary projects
Delmas, Magali. "Chronologie et impact géomorphologique des glaciations quaternaires dans l'est des Pyrénées". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00519194.
Testo completoSassi, Ebtissem. "L'intégration de la logistique dans les domaines d'aménagement du territoire : contribution à la conception d'un système d'aide à la décision dédié". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMLH04/document.
Testo completoIt is well known that the territorial industrial ecosystem is now a major issue in territory planning policies. As a result, it constitutes a system of action in which the various actors involved use different approaches and whose objectives are not always close and sometimes conflicting points of view. In all approaches, an ideal type of dashboard incorporating indicators and focusing on performance pilotage is emerging today from the literature.In this context, it appears the importance of the treatment of the problem of evaluation of a territorial industrial ecosystem and more precisely the evaluation of the performance of a distribution system in a port area: the hinterland.This subject has not been sufficiently developed in the literature since it has not been treated with a multidisciplinary approach.This problem is characterized by the strong link between the transport infrastructure, the territorial system and the logistics zones following the exchange of goods flows in the territory through the transport infrastructure.The theoretical contribution of this work is presented in the original investigation approach, which involves different theoretical approaches in order to understand and solve a problem related to two complex systems (the logistics system and the territorial system).For clarity, this work is a decision aid through the reflection on distribution solutions by integrating territorial specificities and not as a tool for optimizing tours or logistics organization
Alber, Adrien. "Etude multi-scalaire de la dynamique latérale des tronçons fluviaux- Application au bassin rhodanien". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20102.
Testo completoThe channel migration is a key process for preserving the aquatic ecosystem functioning. This work explores its spatial variability throughout the South-East French hydrographic network for the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive.A first part develops a methodological framework and geomatic tools for the characterization and analysis of the fluvial systems for a range of scales from spatially continuous data available at the large scale. A first paper introduces the methodological framework based on the spatial disaggregation and aggregation of geographical objects. A second paper focuses specifically on the aggregating problem and aims to compare statistical techniques for delineating homogeneous reaches along a continuum. Examples illustrate the potentialities and limits of the tools we developed. A second part focuses on the regionalization of the channel migration. A third paper characterizes and models the migration rates from simple variables that can be extracted at the large scale. We show that the migration rate is spatially organized and positively controlled by the gross stream power. Nevertheless, limits of the regional-scale empirical modeling emerge, as well as additional variables that should be integrated (particularly the sediment supply). A fourth paper focuses specifically on braided rivers and shows that near the half of the 1200 kilometers censed prior to the major infrastructure construction disappeared due to direct and indirect human impacts. It also reveals the high geomorphic diversity of the contemporary braided rivers in the Rhône basin
Gottfried, Fabrice. "Vers un outil d'aide à la décision en ingénierie territoriale appliqué à la géolocalisation de centres de santé". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH012.
Testo completoEveryone knows that our western societies are getting older. Our elderly use also a lot of health care where costs go up and up year after year. Thus, health managers have to face conflicting challenges : how to offer top health protection for all at a reasonable cost for each of us and at an acceptable cost for our local health authorities. A health management that is too rigorous limited to the sole expenditure may undermine intergenerational solidarity by sacrificing the most vulnerable populations. In this way of mind, our aid decision tool could help health managers and politics find alternative solutions to restore some equity, in our case health care accessibility, to ensure sustainable social justice, the cement of all advanced societies. We have tested our tool with 2 territories having very different geographical and demographic characteristics : the densely populated Bas-Rhin region located in the Eastern part of France and the less densely populated region of Estrie located in the South-eastern Province of Quebec (Canada). Our tool may only be part of the solution to these health care costs mentioned above but, its utility and originality are also easily transferable to other possible organizational environments