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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Silica fouling"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 1 febbraio 2022

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1

Koo, Chai Hoon, Abdul Wahab Mohammad, Fatihah Suja', and Meor Zainal Meor Talib. "Comparative Assessment of Membrane Fouling Propensity Using Colloidal Silica as Foulant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 1995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.1995.

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Other than silt density index (SDI), modified fouling index (MFI) is claimed as one of most useful fouling predictive tools in the practice of reverse osmosis. In this study, the effect of colloidal silica particles on the MFI value with the presence of crossflow sampler (CFS) cell at the upstream of MFI setup was systematically investigated. Colloidal silica with the particle size ranging from 70-100 nm was used as the model foulant in this experiment. The feed silica suspension was 0, 50, and 200 mg/L. The effect of membrane pore size as the test membrane in the dead-end cell on the fouling

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2

Freeman, Scott D. N., and Randall J. Majerle. "Silica fouling revisited." Desalination 103, no. 1-2 (November 1995): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(95)00092-5.

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3

Chan, S. H., Z. J. Chen, and P. He. "Effect of Ferric Chloride on Silica Fouling." Journal of Heat Transfer 117, no. 2 (May 1, 1995): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822524.

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This study presents the results of an experimental investigation of the effects of Fe3+ ion in aqueous solution on silica fouling of heat exchanger and assesses the relative effect of Fe3+, Na+, and K+ ions on silica fouling. Experiments were conducted at 165–125°C, 1.58 MPa, and under turbulent flow conditions. It was shown that adding a few ppm of Fe3+ into silica solution was sufficient to formulate chemical coagulation and deposition of silica colloidal particles, which in turn caused a significant increase in the fouling rate. It was also observed that when Fe3+ was added to the silica so

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4

Chan, S. H., Z. J. Chen, and P. He. "Effects of Sodium and Potassium Chlorides on Silica Fouling." Journal of Heat Transfer 115, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910674.

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The effects of NaCl and KCl salts in aqueous solutions on silica fouling of heat exchangers under turbulent flow conditions were examined experimentally over a range of pH, velocity, and salt concentration levels. The fundamental attachment process of silica fouling from those aqueous solutions was described. The silica fouling rate in NaCl solutions was found to be greater than that in KCl solutions. In all cases, the fouling rate increased with the salt concentration. When both salts were present simultaneously, the fouling rate found to be closer to that of the KCl system than that of the N

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5

Nghiem, Long Duc, Christiane Espendiller, and Gerd Braun. "Influence of organic and colloidal fouling on the removal of sulphamethoxazole by nanofiltration membranes." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 1 (July 1, 2008): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.647.

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This study investigated the effects of organic and colloidal fouling on the removal of a representative micropollutant sulphamethoxazole by two commercially available NF membranes. Alginate, bovine serum albumin and colloidal silica were selected as model foulants to simulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic fractions, and colloidal matter that are often found in treated effluent and surface water. Membrane fouling was related to the membrane and foulant characteristics and subsequently the separation behaviour of the micropollutant sulphamethoxazole under different solution pH. On the basi

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6

Chan, S. H., H. Rau, C. DeBellis, and K. F. Neusen. "Silica Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment—Experiments and Model." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 4a (November 1, 1988): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250583.

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Silica fouling of heat transfer equipment in geothermal energy systems is studied. The effects of temperature, pH, and salinity on silica solubility and silica polymerization are reviewed. Experimental fouling data are presented for geothermal brines with different pH values, chemical compositions, and thermal-hydraulic conditions. The effects of supersaturation, pH, Reynolds number, and the concentration of ions in the brine solution on the formation of silica scale in the heat exchanger tube are discussed. A silica deposition model is proposed that accounts for supersaturation, pH factor, sa

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7

Lunevich, L., P. Sanciolo, L. F. Dumée, and S. R. Gray. "Silica fouling in high salinity waters in reverse osmosis desalination (sodium–silica system)." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2, no. 3 (2016): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ew00065g.

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8

Park, Yong-Min, Kyung-Min Yeon, and Chul-hwi Park. "Silica treatment technologies in reverse osmosis for industrial desalination: A review." Environmental Engineering Research 25, no. 6 (January 3, 2020): 819–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2019.353.

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Reverse osmosis (RO) is the main process of current industrial desalination, and its performance is affected by the quality of water source. Natural water contains a certain level of silica, which is originated from metal silicate in the earth crust. Due to its complexity, silica fouling is difficult to control, which often causes less efficient design of RO system for safe operation. In the present work, we review the current state of silica treatment technology in RO desalination. Silica chemistry is investigated in standpoint of the scale formation mechanism among multiple forms of silica s

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9

Gilron, Jack, Yitzhak Ladizansky, and Eli Korin. "Silica Fouling in Direct Contact Membrane Distillation." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52, no. 31 (June 21, 2013): 10521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie400265b.

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10

Sugama, Toshifumi, and Keith Gawlik. "Anti-silica fouling coatings in geothermal environments." Materials Letters 57, no. 3 (December 2002): 666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(02)00851-0.

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11

Prihasto, N., and Seung-Hyun Kim. "The sensitivity of SDI and MFI to a change in particle concentration and properties under saline conditions." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2012.064.

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The sensitivity of existing fouling indices of SDI (silt density index) and MFI (modified fouling index) to a change in particle concentration and properties was evaluated in this study. The MFI formula predicts an increased fouling tendency when the particle concentration increases and the particle size and density decrease. Consequently, concentration, size and density were selected as parameters to examine. For this purpose, silica particles and Aldrich humic acid (HA) were selected as target foulants because of the substantial difference in their size and density. According to this study,

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12

Lunevich, L., P. Sanciolo, N. Milne, and S. R. Gray. "Silica fouling in coal seam gas water reverse osmosis desalination." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 3, no. 5 (2017): 911–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ew00128b.

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Silica fouling was studied in RO desalination of high salinity (30–60 g L<sup>−1</sup> as NaCl) coal seam gas (CSG) water for a range of silica concentrations, pH conditions and dissolved aluminium concentrations.

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13

Hashimoto, Gunawan, Wattanachira, Wongrueng, and Takizawa. "Raw Water Storage as a Simple Means for Controlling Membrane Fouling Caused by Inorganic Foulants in River Water in a Tropical Region." Water 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2019): 1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081592.

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Natural waters in tropical countries are turbid and rich in inorganic substances such as iron and manganese. Hence, membrane fouling by these inorganic substances is the most serious problem in membrane filtration processes for potable water production. This study aimed to assess raw water storage as a simple but effective means for controlling membrane fouling in the filtration of river water in a tropical country. Raw water taken from the Ping River in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in different seasons, was either immediately filtered or stored in a tank for two days before filtration through a poly

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14

ElSherbiny, Ibrahim M. A., Ahmed S. G. Khalil, and Mathias Ulbricht. "Influence of Surface Micro-Patterning and Hydrogel Coating on Colloidal Silica Fouling of Polyamide Thin-Film Composite Membranes." Membranes 9, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9060067.

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In this work, colloidal fouling by silica particles of different sizes on micro-patterned pristine and poly-(N-isopropylacylamide)-coated polyamide (PA) thin-film composite (TFC) membranes was studied. The competing impacts of surface micro-patterning vs. surface chemical modification on enhancing antifouling propensity in unstirred dead-end filtration conditions were systematically explored. Spatially selective deposition of silica microparticles (500 nm), driven by unequal flow distribution, was observed on micro-patterned membranes such that silica particles accumulated preferentially withi

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15

Huuhilo, Tiina, and Marianne Nyström. "Fouling of a polypropylene filter fabric with silica." Filtration & Separation 38, no. 3 (April 2001): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(01)80240-8.

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16

Koo, T., Y. J. Lee, and R. Sheikholeslami. "Silica fouling and cleaning of reverse osmosis membranes." Desalination 139, no. 1-3 (September 2001): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(01)00293-4.

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17

Quaglia, Giulia, Valeria Ambrogi, Donatella Pietrella, Morena Nocchetti, and Loredana Latterini. "Solid State Photoreduction of Silver on Mesoporous Silica to Enhance Antifungal Activity." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 2340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092340.

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A solid-state Ultraviolet-photoreduction process of silver cations to produce Ag0 nanostructures on a mesoporous silica is presented as an innovative method for the preparation of efficient environmental anti-fouling agents. Mesoporous silica powder, contacted with AgNO3, is irradiated at 366 nm, where silica surface defects absorb. The detailed characterization of the materials enables us to document the silica assisted photo-reduction. The appearance of a Visible (Vis) band centered at 470 nm in the extinction spectra, due to the surface plasmon resonance of Ag0 nanostructures, and the morph

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18

Qin, Wenli, Jianhua Zhang, Zongli Xie, Derick Ng, Ying Ye, Stephen R. Gray, and Ming Xie. "Synergistic effect of combined colloidal and organic fouling in membrane distillation: Measurements and mechanisms." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 3, no. 1 (2017): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ew00156d.

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19

Lapidot, Tomer, and Jerry Y. Y. Heng. "Functionalized Mesoporous Silica for the Control of Crystallization Fouling." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 55, no. 44 (October 31, 2016): 11475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02914.

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20

Ning, Robert Y. "Discussion of silica speciation, fouling, control and maximum reduction." Desalination 151, no. 1 (January 2003): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(02)00973-6.

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21

Persson, Kenneth M., Gun Träg→dh, and Petr Dejmek. "Fouling behaviour of silica on four different microfiltration membranes." Journal of Membrane Science 76, no. 1 (January 1993): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(93)87004-u.

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22

Yu, Hong, Roya Sheikholeslami, and William O. S. Doherty. "Modeling of calcium oxalate and amorphous silica composite fouling." AIChE Journal 51, no. 4 (2005): 1214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.10397.

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23

Yue, Guan Hua, Li Min Shang, Li Ping Wang, and Li Li Feng. "The Influences of Main Ingredients of the Reclaimed Water on Calcium Carbonate Scale in Recycling Cooling System." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 1554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.1554.

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The main risk of reclaimed water reused in industry is to control fouling. The main ingredients in reclaimed water form the chemical scale which is one of the main components of the fouling in the recycling cooling system. The main chemical scale of reclaimed water is carbonate scale (calcite). In this paper, by using the actual reclaimed water which reused as make-up water in Beijing Thermal Power Plant to simulate the 4 times concentrate ratio recycling water to study the influence of main ingredients of reclaimed water such as pH，soluble silica, the most content of anions and cations on car

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24

Pipich, Vitaliy, Thomas Starc, Johan Buitenhuis, Roni Kasher, Winfried Petry, Yoram Oren, and Dietmar Schwahn. "Silica Fouling in Reverse Osmosis Systems–Operando Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Studies." Membranes 11, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11060413.

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We present operando small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments on silica fouling at two reverse osmose (RO) membranes under almost realistic conditions of practiced RO desalination technique. To its realization, two cells were designed for pressure fields and tangential feed cross-flows up to 50 bar and 36 L/h, one cell equipped with the membrane and the other one as an empty cell to measure the feed solution in parallel far from the membrane. We studied several aqueous silica dispersions combining the parameters of colloidal radius, volume fraction, and ionic strength. A relevant resul

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25

Nahrstedt, A., and J. Camargo-Schmale. "New insights into silt density index and modified fouling index measurements." Water Supply 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.087.

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In order to investigate the accuracy and reproducibility of the parameters SDI (silt density index) and MFI (modified fouling index), tests in diverse conditions were performed: with three different types of filter holder, two microfilter pore sizes, with and without permeate spacer and with two foulants (alginate as organic foulant and silica flour as the particulate). Additionally the effect of pressure on fouling indices was analysed. It was concluded, that there is a need to define more boundary conditions in the ASTM standard (exact type of filter holder, exact type of membrane, start con

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26

Sheikholeslami, R., and S. Tan. "Effects of water quality on silica fouling of desalination plants." Desalination 126, no. 1-3 (November 1999): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(99)00182-4.

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27

Trzaskus, Krzysztof W., Aneta Zdeb, Wiebe M. de Vos, Antoine Kemperman, and Kitty Nijmeijer. "Fouling behavior during microfiltration of silica nanoparticles and polymeric stabilizers." Journal of Membrane Science 505 (May 2016): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.01.032.

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28

Hou, Deyin, Lijuan Zhang, Changwei zhao, Hua Fan, Jun Wang, and Hongjing Huang. "Ultrasonic irradiation control of silica fouling during membrane distillation process." Desalination 386 (May 2016): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.032.

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29

De La Franier, Brian, and Michael Thompson. "Surface Adsorption of the Cancer Biomarker Lysophosphatidic Acid in Serum Studied by Acoustic Wave Biosensor." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 4158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154158.

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The thickness shear mode acoustic wave device is of interest for the sensing of biomarkers for diseases in various biological fluids, but suffers from the issue of non-specific adsorption of compounds other than those of interest to the electrode surface, thus affecting the device’s output. The aim of this present study was to determine the level of non-specific adsorption on gold electrodes from serum samples with added ovarian cancer biomarker lysophosphatidic acid in the presence of a surface anti-fouling layer. The latter was an oligoethylene molecule with thiol group for attachment to the

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30

Jang, Yongsun, Hyeongrak Cho, Yonghyun Shin, Jihyeok Choi, Younghoon Ko, Yongjun Choi, and Sangho Lee. "Analysis of silica fouling in membrane distillation using response surface methodology." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 97 (2017): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.21654.

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31

Yu, Hong, Roya Sheikholeslami, and William O. S. Doherty. "Composite Fouling of Calcium Oxalate and Amorphous Silica in Sugar Solutions." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 42, no. 4 (February 2003): 904–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie020602m.

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32

Sahachaiyunta, P., T. Koo, and R. Sheikholeslami. "Effect of several inorganic species on silica fouling in RO membranes." Desalination 144, no. 1-3 (September 2002): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(02)00346-6.

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33

Li, Xinru, Lin Zhou, Jialian Ding, Lei Sun, and Bin Su. "Platinized Silica Nanoporous Membrane Electrodes for Low‐Fouling Hydrogen Peroxide Detection." ChemElectroChem 7, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 2081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.202000321.

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34

Zhang, Guowei, Xu Genfu, Zhao Guirong, Liu Xiuzhen, and Zhang Yong. "A study of mechanism of silica fouling of anion exchange resins." Reactive Polymers, Ion Exchangers, Sorbents 7, no. 2-3 (January 1988): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6989(88)90151-1.

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35

Yu, Hong, Roya Sheikholeslami, and William O. S. Doherty. "Effect of thermohydraulic conditions on fouling of calcium oxalate and silica." AIChE Journal 51, no. 2 (2005): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.10298.

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36

Gac, Jakub M., and Leon Gradoń. "Hollow Fibre Membrane Oscillations Against Fouling Process – a Numerical Study." Chemical and Process Engineering 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpe-2014-0011.

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Abstract The modelling of colloidal fouling and defouling of hollow fibre membranes in the presence of membrane oscillations is analysed by means of numerical simulations as an effect of complex coupling between hydrodynamic and surface forces. To describe the latter the Derjaguin-Landau- Vervey-Overbeek (DLVO) model has been employed. We have investigated the influence of various parameters of the process like flow rate, mean particle diameter, amplitude and frequency of the oscillations, and others, on the efficiency of the defouling process. The investigated parameters is close to that of a

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37

Kherfan, Sadeddin. "Investigation of Fouling of Membranes of a Reverse Osmosis Unit by Silica." OALib 01, no. 03 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1100485.

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38

Ritcey, G. M. "Silica Fouling in Ion Exchange, Carbon-in-Pulp and Solvent Extraction Circuits." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 25, no. 1 (January 1986): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1986.25.1.31.

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39

Malki, M., and V. Abbas. "Relationship between phosphate scales and silica fouling in wastewater RO membrane systems." IDA Journal of Desalination and Water Reuse 5, no. 1 (October 2013): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2051645213y.0000000003.

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Díez, Berta, Nuria Roldán, Antonio Martín, Arcadio Sotto, José Antonio Perdigón-Melón, Jesús Arsuaga, and Roberto Rosal. "Fouling and biofouling resistance of metal-doped mesostructured silica/polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes." Journal of Membrane Science 526 (March 2017): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.12.051.

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41

Taheri, Amir Hooshang, Lee Nuang Sim, Chong Tzyy Haur, Ebrahim Akhondi, and Anthony Gordon Fane. "The fouling potential of colloidal silica and humic acid and their mixtures." Journal of Membrane Science 433 (April 2013): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.01.034.

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42

Euvrard, M., L. Hadi, and A. Foissy. "Influence of PPCA (phosphinopolycarboxylic acid) and DETPMP (diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonic acid) on silica fouling." Desalination 205, no. 1-3 (February 2007): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.052.

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Rosen, Joshua E., and Frank X. Gu. "Surface Functionalization of Silica Nanoparticles with Cysteine: A Low-Fouling Zwitterionic Surface." Langmuir 27, no. 17 (September 6, 2011): 10507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la201940r.

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Wang, Hanqi, Fang Cheng, Wen Shen, Gang Cheng, Jing Zhao, Wei Peng, and Jingping Qu. "Amino acid-based anti-fouling functionalization of silica nanoparticles using divinyl sulfone." Acta Biomaterialia 40 (August 2016): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.035.

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Ayu Lestari, Riani, Muthia Elma, Erdina Lulu Atika Rampun, Anna Sumardi, Adhe Paramitha, Aptar Eka Lestari, Sadidan Rabiah, Zaini Lambri Assyaifi, and Gesit Satriaji. "Functionalization of Si-C Using TEOS (Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silica) as Precursor and Organic Catalyst." E3S Web of Conferences 148 (2020): 07008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014807008.

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Silica network was tailored configuring siloxane (Si-O-Si) and silanol (Si-OH) groups which are essential to produce porous-structured materials. As silanols are hydrophilic, react with water to form fouling. This research address to actualize strategy for synthesizing highly functionalized silica carbon (Si-C) using hybrid organic-inorganic structures as the primary method for improving hydro-stability by employing precursor TEOS and organic catalyst through a sol-gel process. Catalysis employs citric acid or citric acid-ammonia whereas carbon templated into silica network. The synthesis sche

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Sheng, Jack Chih-Chieh, Brian De La Franier, and Michael Thompson. "Assembling Surface Linker Chemistry with Minimization of Non-Specific Adsorption on Biosensor Materials." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020472.

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The operation of biosensors requires surfaces that are both highly specific towards the target analyte and that are minimally subject to fouling by species present in a biological fluid. In this work, we further examined the thiosulfonate-based linker in order to construct robust and durable self-assembling monolayers (SAMs) onto hydroxylated surfaces such as silica. These SAMs are capable of the chemoselective immobilization of thiol-containing probes (for analytes) under aqueous conditions in a single, straightforward, reliable, and coupling-free manner. The efficacy of the method was assess

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47

Wu, Huiqing, Jing Huang, and Yuejun Liu. "Polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane incorporated with Ag-SiO2 nanohybrid for effective fouling control." Journal of Water and Health 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2017): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.234.

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An anti-fouling hybrid membrane was prepared by incorporating Ag-SiO2 nanohybrid into a polysulfone (PSf) matrix. The addition of Ag-SiO2 can significantly improve the hydrophilicity, separation property, anti-fouling ability, and especially anti-bacterial activity of hybrid membranes. The optimum performance of the Ag-SiO2/PSf hybrid membrane is achieved when the concentration of Ag-SiO2 is as low as 0.45 wt%. Compared with PSf membrane and SiO2/PSf hybrid membrane, the Ag-SiO2/PSf hybrid membrane displays the best overall properties. The excellent performance of the Ag-SiO2/PSf hybrid membra

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48

Ding, Jialian, Xinru Li, Lin Zhou, Rongjie Yang, Fei Yan, and Bin Su. "Electrodeposition of nickel nanostructures using silica nanochannels as confinement for low-fouling enzyme-free glucose detection." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 16 (2020): 3616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tb02472g.

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Mohammed Ali, Gomaa Abdelgawad, Ahmed Barhoum, Vinod Kumar Gupta, Amr Ahmed Nada, Heba Hassan El-Maghrabi, Ramesh Kanthasamy, Essam Ramadan Shaaban, Hamed Algarni, and Kwok Feng Chong. "High Surface Area Mesoporous Silica for Hydrogen Sulfide Effective Removal." Current Nanoscience 16, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666181205122307.

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Abstract (sommario):

Background: Removal of sulfur-containing compounds from the aqueous environment is necessary as these compounds pose potential risks to human health, hygienic management and bring great economic losses due to fouling of resin bed and corrosion of process equipment. Objective: This work aims to study the H2S removal efficiency using high surface area mesoporous silica (MCM–41). Methods: In this study, mesoporous silica (MCM–41) with a high surface area of 1270 m2/g and high porosity of 69% was prepared by sol-gel technique. Results: The obtained MCM–41 has exhibited a superior performance in ad

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50

Wang, Shu, Xia Huang, and Menachem Elimelech. "Complexation between dissolved silica and alginate molecules: Implications for reverse osmosis membrane fouling." Journal of Membrane Science 605 (June 2020): 118109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118109.

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