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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Soil mechanics"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 9 giugno 2025

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Soil mechanics"

1

Koyluoglu, U. "Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 12, no. 7 (1993): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-7261(93)90011-f.

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Popescu, M. E. "Soil mechanics." Engineering Geology 22, no. 4 (July 1986): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(86)90009-8.

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3

Haeri, S. Mohsen. "Hydro-mechanical behavior of collapsible soils in unsaturated soil mechanics context." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2, no. 1 (2016): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.kl-3.

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4

Ackerman, A. F. "Unsaturated Soil Mechanics." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.13.1.87.

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5

Berli, Markus, and Dani Or. "Unsaturated Soil Mechanics." Vadose Zone Journal 4, no. 2 (May 2005): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2005.0002br.

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Sterrett, Robert J. "Advanced Soil Mechanics." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 66, no. 42 (1985): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo066i042p00714-02.

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Baker, Rafael, and Sam Frydman. "Unsaturated soil mechanics." Engineering Geology 106, no. 1-2 (May 2009): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.02.010.

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8

DJN. "Basic soil mechanics." Computers and Geotechnics 1, no. 1 (January 1985): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-352x(85)90016-3.

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Jonhson, Professor C. E. "Agricultural soil mechanics." Soil and Tillage Research 6, no. 4 (March 1986): 378–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(86)90036-x.

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10

Клубничкин, Evgeniy Klubnichkin, Клубничкин, Vladislav Klubnichkin, Дручинин, Denis Druchinin, Бухтояров, et al. "Model of the interaction of elements of track supporting surface of harvester with soil." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 4 (January 15, 2015): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/8472.

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Analytical description of the interaction between the tracks with soil is quite difficult, although to date the physical and mechanical properties of soils are fairly well understood. However, the application of the laws of soil mechanics to describe the interaction of track with soil is not acceptable because of loading dynamism of soil with elements of track bearing surfaces. Therefore, to describe the process of interaction of track with soil the experimental data are used, which revealed some general patterns.

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Tesi sul tema "Soil mechanics"

1

McDowell, Glenn Richard. "Clastic soil mechanics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272016.

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Keller, Thomas. "Soil compaction and soil tillage - studies in agricultural soil mechanics /." Uppsala : Dept. of Soil Sciences, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a489.pdf.

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Robert, Dilan Jeyachandran. "Soil-pipeline interaction in unsaturated soils." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265508.

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Pipelines that are used for the transport of energy and services are very important lifelines to modem society. Though pipelines are generally buried in unsaturated soils, the design guidelines are based on the assumption that the soil is either dry or fully saturated. For certain geotechnical problems, this assumption may not be acceptable because the water meniscus formed between soil particles creates an additional normal force between them by suction, which in turn forms temporary bonds. A recent series of large-scale physical model experiments at the Pipeline Engineering Research Laboratory (PERL) of Tokyo Gas, Japan show a higher peak load under unsaturated conditions compared to dry conditions. In contrast, recent experiments performed at Cornell University (CU) show that the soil-load due to lateral pipeline movement in dry and unsaturated sands are virtually the same. Thus, the effect of partial saturation on soil loading to pipeline may be different depending on soil type, moisture content and density. The current study investigates this problem through triaxial testing and constitutive modelling of the unsaturated soils used for the experiments and finite element simulations of the experiments. The mechanical behaviour of the sands used in the physical model experiments has been investigated by conducting a series of laboratory experiments. When compacted to the same energy level, Tokyo Gas sand exhibits larger strength in unsaturated conditions than in dry conditions at low confining stress levels mainly due to the suction-induced apparent cohesion generated by the fine particles present in the sand. In contrast, for coarser Cornell sand, the suction effect is found to be small even at low confining stress level, and hence the strength in unsaturated conditions is similar to that in dry ( or fully saturated) conditions. To capture the observed behaviour of dry as well as unsaturated soils, advanced constitutive soil models were developed. For dry (or fully saturated) soils, the modified Mohr-Coulomb and Original Nor-Sand (Cheong, 2006) models were able to simulate the general behaviour including the strain softening effect. To cater for the behaviour of unsaturated soils, the saturated versions of the NorSand and the modified Mohr-Coulomb models were modified in conjunction with the generalised effective stress framework. By simulating the triaxial experimental data, it is demonstrated that the developed models can predict the realistic soil behaviour of unsaturated soils. Using the developed models, the large scale physical model experiments of pipelines subjected to lateral soil movements at PERL and CU were simulated by the explicit finite element method. Good agreement was found between the numerical models and the experiments. Further FE analyses were conducted to investigate the pipeline behaviour under lateral soil movement at conditions of different HID's, moisture contents, and relative densities. The results were synthesized to produce new normalised pipe load charts. Three dimensional finite element analysis was performed to simulate the soil-pipeline interaction under strike-slip fault movements. The finite element model was first validated by comparing the computed results to the data produced from a full scale experiment carried out at CU. The analysis was then further extended by varying the initial conditions of the sand (sand type, density, moisture content, etc.), pipe material, pipe burial depth, and pipeline-fault rupture inclination. It was found in all cases that the peak lateral loads on the pipelines subjected to strike-slip fault movements are less than or equal to the peak loads computed by the 2-D lateral movement simulations.

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Rouhanifar, Salman. "Mechanics of soft-rgid soil mixtures." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.730886.

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Kim, Dong Gyou. "Development of a constitutive model for resilient modulus of cohesive soils." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1078246971.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxvi, 252 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Co-advisors: Frank M. Croft and Tarunja S. Batalia, Dept. of Civil Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-131).

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Li, Xu. "Dual-porosity structure and bimodal hydraulic property functions for unsaturated coarse granular soils /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202009%20LI.

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Seig, D. A. "Soil compactability." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1985. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3565.

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Subsoiling and deep loosening are widely used to alleviate soil compaction but little is known about the mechanics of the compaction process. Further information is required on the process that soil goes through during compaction, along with the effect on the amount of soil compaction of various tyre configurations. Such information will allow more confident recommendations to farmers on the suceptability of their soil to compaction. Experimental work was conducted where the soil deformtions of a light textured soil were monitored throughout the whole soil mass. The deformations in the soil were caused by a loaded pneumtic tyre on the surface. In the experimental work, both the process of soil compaction and the final state of the soil following the passage of a wheel were monitored. The experiments showed that soil compaction on light textured soils is caused by a punch failure of the soil, therefore most of the compaction is confined to the area directly below the wheel. The experimental monitoring of soil deformations was a slow and complex process, drawing firm conclusions from the work was further complicated by the interactions of the input variables, such as load and contact length. In order to monitor the effect of individual inputs on soil compaction a thre dimensional mathematical model of the process was developed from Theories of Elasticity and a confined compression soil test. The model predicted the subsurface deformations in the three principle directions due to surface loads. Once the model was modified to account for the support capability of the soil it proved it could, with resonable accuracy, predict the defomations and hence soil canpaction due to a tyre on the soil surface. The model was used to predict the effect of various tyre configurations on soil ccrnpaction. From a number of these runs it was possible to find the sensitivity of soil to compaction due to that input. The results showed that the sensitivity of soil to ccmpaction is not a linear relationship and significant reductions in the amount of soil, canpacted and the level of ihe compaction can be achieved by the right tyre configuration.

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Yue, Peng. "A micro mechanical study of critical state soil mechanics using DEM." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/38060/.

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One of the greatest breakthroughs in soil mechanics was the development of Critical State Soil Mechanics (CSSM) in the 1950s and 1960s and the derivation of a continuum elasto-plastic constitutive model, namely Cam clay, which was the foundation for other continuum models for clays, and much later for sands. However, as yet there has been no micro mechanical analysis which explains the existence of such continuum models; such a micro perspective must take into account the discontinuous nature of soil. Without such insight, the engineer cannot understand which micro parameters affect soil behaviour. This work uses the discrete element method (DEM) to model a silica sand as a sample of discrete particles, with properties which have been calibrated against experimental data in previous work, to build up a micro mechanical picture of the behaviour of sand under different loading conditions. The simplest of loading conditions is the one dimensional or oedometer test and has been modelled to check whether this agrees with previously published research. The simulated sample has then been subjected to isotropic compression to establish a normal compression line in log voids ratio – log stress space, and which turns out to be parallel to the one-dimensional normal compression line, in agreement with CSSM. The evolution of the isotropic normal compression line is due to local shear stresses within the sample, and the origin of the existence of both lines lies in the evolution of a fractal distribution of particles with a fractal dimension of 2.5. The effect of boundary particles has then been minimised by choosing an appropriate aspect ratio and a smaller number of particles in the sample to give a computational time which is acceptable for subsequent shearing to critical states. Isotropically normally compressed samples have been unloaded to different stress levels and sheared to critical states. A unique critical state line (CSL) exists at high stress levels, which is parallel to the normal compression lines, in agreement with CSSM. At low stress levels, the CSL is not linear and is non-unique; that is to say it is a function of preconsolidation pressure because the fractal distribution of sizes has not fully evolved. Samples sheared on the dense side of critical dilate and have a peak strength whilst loose samples exhibit ductile contraction, in agreement with CSSM. At a critical state, the work shows that crushing continues in the formation of ‘fines’, small particles with smaller than 0.1mm dimensions, which plays no part in the mechanical behaviour, which is reflected in the average mechanical co-ordination number and which means that plastic hardening can be assumed to have ceased at a critical state. For the isotropically overconsolidated samples sheared to critical states, a number of different definitions of yield have been used to establish a yield surface in stress space. The work shows that a previously published yield surface for sand (Yu, 1998; McDowell, 2002) gives a good representation of the behaviour, and it has therefore been shown that the sample of discrete particles has been shown to give rise to observed continuum behaviour. The work is, to the author’s knowledge, the first that has shown a DEM soil to show many of the desirable features of sand, in that the sample qualitatively gives normal compression lines and a CSL of the correct slope, which obeys CSSM and which gives a Cam Clay type yield surface in stress space. The work means that the established model can be used in the study of other micro mechanics problems such as particle shape and time effects and the application of DEM to boundary value problems directly.

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Kwong, Chin Pang. "Field and laboratory experimental study of water infiltration in cracked soil /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202009%20KWONG.

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Zhan, Liangtong. "Field and laboratory study of an unsaturated expansive soil associated with rain-induced slope instability /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202003%20ZHAN.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 471-490). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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Libri sul tema "Soil mechanics"

1

Barnes, Graham. Soil Mechanics. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51221-5.

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Barnes, Graham. Soil Mechanics. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36677-0.

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Nova, Roberto. Soil Mechanics. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118587058.

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Craig, R. F. Soil Mechanics. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3772-8.

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Barnes, G. E. Soil Mechanics. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13258-4.

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Smith, M. J. Soil mechanics. 4th ed. Harlow: Longman, 1985.

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Nova, Roberto. Soil mechanics. London: ISTE, 2009.

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Craig, R. F. Soil mechanics. 4th ed. London: Van Nostrand, 1987.

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Craig, R. F. Soil mechanics. 6th ed. London: E & FN Spon, 1997.

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Craig, R. F. Soil mechanics. 4th ed. (London): English Language Book Society, 1987.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Soil mechanics"

1

Keaton, Jeffrey R. "Soil Mechanics." In Selective Neck Dissection for Oral Cancer, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12127-7_267-1.

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Calvert, J. R., and R. A. Farrar. "Soil Mechanics." In An Engineering Data Book, 75–81. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11310-1_11.

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Ohta, Hideki, Atsushi Iizuka, and Shintaro Ohno. "Soil Mechanics." In Geotechnics and Earthquake Geotechnics Towards Global Sustainability, 231–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0470-1_13.

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4

Spellman, Frank R. "Soil Mechanics." In The Science of Land Subsidence, 51–60. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003461265-4.

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Keaton, Jeffrey R. "Soil Mechanics." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 871–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_267.

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Perkins, Dexter, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, and Lance D. Yarbrough. "Soil Mechanics." In Earth Materials, 471–92. Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429197109-15.

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Craig, R. F. "Basic Characteristics of Soils." In Soil Mechanics, 1–5. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3772-8_1.

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Craig, R. F. "Seepage." In Soil Mechanics, 7–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3772-8_2.

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Craig, R. F. "Effective stress." In Soil Mechanics, 15–21. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3772-8_3.

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Craig, R. F. "Shear strength." In Soil Mechanics, 23–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3772-8_4.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Soil mechanics"

1

Chua, Koon Meng, and Stewart W. Johnson. "Martian Soil Mechanics Considerations." In Sixth ASCE Specialty Conference and Exposition on Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Space. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40339(206)60.

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Hansen, N. E. Ottesen, B. C. Simonsen, and M. J. Sterndorff. "Soil Mechanics of Ship Beaching." In 24th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784400890.219.

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Oldecop, L. A., and G. Rodari. "Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in Mining." In Second Pan-American Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481677.014.

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4

Go, G. H., J. Lee, H. S. Shin, B. H. Rhu, and H. W. Jin. "Soil Mechanics in Vacuum Chamber." In 16th Biennial International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481899.076.

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Rechenmacher, Amy. "Imaging-Based Experimental Soil Mechanics." In First Japan-U.S. Workshop on Testing, Modeling, and Simulation. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40797(172)38.

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Marques, Jose Couto. "Virtual tools for soil mechanics." In 2015 3rd Experiment International Conference (exp.at'15). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/expat.2015.7463248.

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Reece, A. R., and T. W. Grinsted. "Soil Mechanics Of Submarine Ploughs." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/5341-ms.

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Selvadurai, A. P. S., and J. Hu. "Mechanics of Buried Chilled Gas Pipelines." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1948.

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This paper examines the factors influencing the modelling of soil-pipeline interaction for a pipeline which is used to transport chilled gas. The soil-pipeline interaction is induced by the generation of discontinuous frost heave at a boundary between soils with differing frost susceptibility. The three-dimensional modelling takes into consideration the time-dependent evolution of frost heave due to moisture migration, the creep and elastic behaviour of the frozen soil and flexural behaviour of the embedded pipeline. The results of the computational model are compared with experimental results obtained from the frost heave induced soil-pipeline interaction test performed at the full scale test facilities in Caen, France.

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Alonso, E. E. "Field Applications of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics." In GeoShanghai International Conference 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40860(192)1.

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Miller, Debora J., and John D. Nelson. "Osmotic Suction in Unsaturated Soil Mechanics." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)114.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Soil mechanics"

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Drumm, E. C. Soil mechanics and analysis of soils overlying cavitose bedrock. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5998770.

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Wells, Beric E., Renee L. Russell, Lenna A. Mahoney, Garrett N. Brown, Donald E. Rinehart, William C. Buchmiller, Elizabeth C. Golovich, and Jarrod V. Crum. Hanford Sludge Simulant Selection for Soil Mechanics Property Measurement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/986706.

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Klammler, Harald. Introduction to the Mechanics of Flow and Transport for Groundwater Scientists. The Groundwater Project, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/gxat7083.

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Starting from Newton’s laws of motion and viscosity, this book is an introduction to fundamental aspects of fluid dynamics that are most relevant to groundwater scientists. Based on a perspective of driving versus resisting forces that govern the motion of a fluid, the author derives Darcy’s law for flow through porous media by drawing an analogy to Bernoulli’s law for fluid with negligible viscosity. By combining the effects of gravity and pressure, the author identifies hydraulic head as a convenient numerical quantity to represent the force driving groundwater flow. In contrast to the physical derivation of hydraulic head, hydraulic conductivity emerges as a parameter related to the resisting frictional forces between the mobile fluid and the stationary porous medium. These frictional seepage forces also affect the effective stress state of the porous medium, thus establishing a link to soil stability and quicksand formation. Combining Darcy’s law with the law of mass conservation leads the reader to the fundamental equations of saturated groundwater flow. Finally, the effects of capillary forces are included to establish the governing equations for unsaturated and multi-phase flow. Throughout the book, the author focuses on thoroughly illustrating and deriving the equations while applying order of magnitude analyses. This approach makes it possible to extract the most information, for example in terms of the scale of response time, without requiring explicit solutions. A number of boxes and solved exercises contain further details and links to practical applications such as the water table ratio that reflects ‘fullness’ of an aquifer and the performance of slug tests for in situ measurement of hydraulic conductivity. This book makes an important contribution to groundwater science by providing a progressive introductory explanation of the physical mechanics of groundwater flow and the accompanying socioeconomic and ecological problems that may arise.

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Tordesillas, Antoinette. A Large Deformation Finite Element Analysis of Soil-Tire Interaction Based on the Contact Mechanics Theory of Rolling and/or Sliding Bodies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada384198.

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Bray, Jonathan, Ross Boulanger, Misko Cubrinovski, Kohji Tokimatsu, Steven Kramer, Thomas O'Rourke, Ellen Rathje, Russell Green, Peter Robertson, and Christine Beyzaei. U.S.—New Zealand— Japan International Workshop, Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movement Effects, University of California, Berkeley, California, 2-4 November 2016. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/gzzx9906.

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There is much to learn from the recent New Zealand and Japan earthquakes. These earthquakes produced differing levels of liquefaction-induced ground movements that damaged buildings, bridges, and buried utilities. Along with the often spectacular observations of infrastructure damage, there were many cases where well-built facilities located in areas of liquefaction-induced ground failure were not damaged. Researchers are working on characterizing and learning from these observations of both poor and good performance. The “Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movements Effects” workshop provided an opportunity to take advantage of recent research investments following these earthquake events to develop a path forward for an integrated understanding of how infrastructure performs with various levels of liquefaction. Fifty-five researchers in the field, two-thirds from the U.S. and one-third from New Zealand and Japan, convened in Berkeley, California, in November 2016. The objective of the workshop was to identify research thrusts offering the greatest potential for advancing our capabilities for understanding, evaluating, and mitigating the effects of liquefaction-induced ground movements on structures and lifelines. The workshop also advanced the development of younger researchers by identifying promising research opportunities and approaches, and promoting future collaborations among participants. During the workshop, participants identified five cross-cutting research priorities that need to be addressed to advance our scientific understanding of and engineering procedures for soil liquefaction effects during earthquakes. Accordingly, this report was organized to address five research themes: (1) case history data; (2) integrated site characterization; (3) numerical analysis; (4) challenging soils; and (5) effects and mitigation of liquefaction in the built environment and communities. These research themes provide an integrated approach toward transformative advances in addressing liquefaction hazards worldwide. The archival documentation of liquefaction case history datasets in electronic data repositories for use by the broader research community is critical to accelerating advances in liquefaction research. Many of the available liquefaction case history datasets are not fully documented, published, or shared. Developing and sharing well-documented liquefaction datasets reflect significant research efforts. Therefore, datasets should be published with a permanent DOI, with appropriate citation language for proper acknowledgment in publications that use the data. Integrated site characterization procedures that incorporate qualitative geologic information about the soil deposits at a site and the quantitative information from in situ and laboratory engineering tests of these soils are essential for quantifying and minimizing the uncertainties associated site characterization. Such information is vitally important to help identify potential failure modes and guide in situ testing. At the site scale, one potential way to do this is to use proxies for depositional environments. At the fabric and microstructure scale, the use of multiple in situ tests that induce different levels of strain should be used to characterize soil properties. The development of new in situ testing tools and methods that are more sensitive to soil fabric and microstructure should be continued. The development of robust, validated analytical procedures for evaluating the effects of liquefaction on civil infrastructure persists as a critical research topic. Robust validated analytical procedures would translate into more reliable evaluations of critical civil infrastructure iv performance, support the development of mechanics-based, practice-oriented engineering models, help eliminate suspected biases in our current engineering practices, and facilitate greater integration with structural, hydraulic, and wind engineering analysis capabilities for addressing multi-hazard problems. Effective collaboration across countries and disciplines is essential for developing analytical procedures that are robust across the full spectrum of geologic, infrastructure, and natural hazard loading conditions encountered in practice There are soils that are challenging to characterize, to model, and to evaluate, because their responses differ significantly from those of clean sands: they cannot be sampled and tested effectively using existing procedures, their properties cannot be estimated confidently using existing in situ testing methods, or constitutive models to describe their responses have not yet been developed or validated. Challenging soils include but are not limited to: interbedded soil deposits, intermediate (silty) soils, mine tailings, gravelly soils, crushable soils, aged soils, and cemented soils. New field and laboratory test procedures are required to characterize the responses of these materials to earthquake loadings, physical experiments are required to explore mechanisms, and new soil constitutive models tailored to describe the behavior of such soils are required. Well-documented case histories involving challenging soils where both the poor and good performance of engineered systems are documented are also of high priority. Characterizing and mitigating the effects of liquefaction on the built environment requires understanding its components and interactions as a system, including residential housing, commercial and industrial buildings, public buildings and facilities, and spatially distributed infrastructure, such as electric power, gas and liquid fuel, telecommunication, transportation, water supply, wastewater conveyance/treatment, and flood protection systems. Research to improve the characterization and mitigation of liquefaction effects on the built environment is essential for achieving resiliency. For example, the complex mechanisms of ground deformation caused by liquefaction and building response need to be clarified and the potential bias and dispersion in practice-oriented procedures for quantifying building response to liquefaction need to be quantified. Component-focused and system-performance research on lifeline response to liquefaction is required. Research on component behavior can be advanced by numerical simulations in combination with centrifuge and large-scale soil–structure interaction testing. System response requires advanced network analysis that accounts for the propagation of uncertainty in assessing the effects of liquefaction on large, geographically distributed systems. Lastly, research on liquefaction mitigation strategies, including aspects of ground improvement, structural modification, system health monitoring, and rapid recovery planning, is needed to identify the most effective, cost-efficient, and sustainable measures to improve the response and resiliency of the built environment.

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Banin, Amos, Joseph Stucki, and Joel Kostka. Redox Processes in Soils Irrigated with Reclaimed Sewage Effluents: Field Cycles and Basic Mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695870.bard.

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The overall objectives of the project were: (a) To measure and study in situ the effect of irrigation with reclaimed sewage effluents on redox processes and related chemical dynamics in soil profiles of agricultural fields. (b) To study under controlled conditions the kinetics and equilibrium states of selected processes that affect redox conditions in field soils or that are effected by them. Specifically, these include the effects on heavy metals sorption and desorption, and the effect on pesticide degradation. On the basis of the initial results from the field study, increased effort was devoted to clarifying and quantifying the effects of plants and water regime on the soil's redox potential while the study of heavy metals sorption was limited. The use of reclaimed sewage effluents as agricultural irrigation water is increasing at a significant rate. The relatively high levels of suspended and, especially, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen in effluents may affect the redox regime in field soils irrigated with them. In turn, the changes in redox regime may affect, among other parameters, the organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of the root zone and trace organic decomposition processes. Detailed data of the redox potential regime in field plots is lacking, and the detailed mechanisms of its control are obscure and not quantified. The study established the feasibility of long-term, non-disturbing monitoring of redox potential regime in field soils. This may enable to manage soil redox under conditions of continued inputs of wastewater. The importance of controlling the degree of wastewater treatment, particularly of adding ultrafiltration steps and/or tertiary treatment, may be assessed based on these and similar results. Low redox potential was measured in a field site (Site A, KibutzGivat Brenner), that has been irrigated with effluents for 30 years and was used for 15 years for continuous commercial sod production. A permanently reduced horizon (Time weighted averaged pe= 0.33±3.0) was found in this site at the 15 cm depth throughout the measurement period of 10 months. A drastic cultivation intervention, involving prolonged drying and deep plowing operations may be required to reclaim such soils. Site B, characterized by a loamy texture, irrigated with tap water for about 20 years was oxidized (Time weighted average pe=8.1±1.0) throughout the measurement period. Iron in the solid phases of the Givat Brenner soils is chemically-reduced by irrigation. Reduced Fe in these soils causes a change in reactivity toward the pesticide oxamyl, which has been determined to be both cytotoxic and genotoxic to mammalian cells. Reaction of oxamyl with reduced-Fe clay minerals dramatically decreases its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells. Some other pesticides are affected in the same manner, whereas others are affected in the opposite direction (become more cyto- and genotoxic). Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) are abundant in the Givat Brenner soils. FeRB are capable of coupling the oxidation of small molecular weight carbon compounds (fermentation products) to the respiration of iron under anoxic conditions, such as those that occur under flooded soil conditions. FeRB from these soils utilize a variety of Fe forms, including Fe-containing clay minerals, as the sole electron acceptor. Daily cycles of the soil redox potential were discovered and documented in controlled-conditions lysimeter experiments. In the oxic range (pe=12-8) soil redox potential cycling is attributed to the effect of the daily temperature cycle on the equilibrium constant of the oxygenation reaction of H⁺ to form H₂O, and is observed under both effluent and freshwater irrigation. The presence of plants affects considerably the redox potential regime of soils. Redox potential cycling coupled to the irrigation cycles is observed when the soil becomes anoxic and the redox potential is controlled by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. This is particularly seen when plants are grown. Re-oxidation of the soil after soil drying at the end of an irrigation cycle is affected to some degree by the water quality. Surprisingly, the results suggest that under certain conditions recovery is less pronounced in the freshwater irrigated soils.

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Inc., Kellogg Brown and Root. L51989 Submarine Pipeline On-Bottom Stability-Volume 1-Analysis and Design Guidelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011168.

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The state-of-the-art in Pipeline stability design has been changing very rapidly recently. The physics governing on-bottom stability are much better understood now than they were eight years ago. This is due largely because of research and large scale model tests sponsored by PRCI. Analysis tools utilizing this new knowledge have been developed. These tools provide the design engineer with a rational approach for weight coating design, which he can use with confidence because the tools have been developed based on full scale and near full scale model tests. These tools represent the state-of-the-art in stability design and model the complex behavior of pipes subjected to both wave and current loads. These include; hydrodynamic forces which account for the effect of the wake (generated by flow over the pipe) washing back and forth over the pipe in oscillatory flow; and, the embedment (digging) which occurs as a pipe resting on the seabed is exposed to oscillatory loadings and small oscillatory deflections. This report has been developed as a reference handbook for use in on-bottom pipeline stability analysis and design. It consists of two volumes. Volume one is devoted to descriptions of the various aspects of the problem: the pipeline design process ocean physics, wave mechanics, hydrodynamic forces, and meteorological data determination geotechnical data collection and soil mechanics stability design procedures. Volume two describes, lists, and illustrates the analysis software. Diskettes containing the software and examples of the software are also included in Volume two. This publication was formally titled: AGA On Bottom Stability Software.

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Zak, Donald. Microbial Mechanisms Enhancing Soil C Storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1221217.

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Avnimelech, Yoram, Richard C. Stehouwer, and Jon Chorover. Use of Composted Waste Materials for Enhanced Ca Migration and Exchange in Sodic Soils and Acidic Minespoils. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575291.bard.

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Restoration of degraded lands and the development of beneficial uses for waste products are important challenges facing our society. In addition there is a need to find useful and environmentally friendly applications for the organic fractions of municipal and other solid waste. Recent studies have shown that composted wastes combined with gypsum or gypsum-containing flue gas desulfurization by-products enhance restoration of sodic soils and acidic minespoils. The mechanism by which this synergistic effect occurs in systems at opposite pH extremes appears to involve enhanced Ca migration and exchange. Our original research objectives were to (1) identify and quantify the active compost components involved in Ca transport, (2) determine the relative affinity of the compost components for Ca and competing metals in the two soil/spoil systems, (3) determine the efficacy of the compost components in Ca transport to subjacent soil and subsequent exchange with native soil cations, and (4) assess the impacts of compost enhanced Ca transport on soil properties and plant growth. Acidic mine spoils: During the course of the project the focus for objective (1) and (2) shifted more towards developing and evaluating methods to appropriately quantify Ca2+ and Al3+ binding to compost derived dissolved organic matter (DOM). It could be shown that calcium complexation by sewage sludge compost derived DOM did not significantly change during the composting process. A method for studying Al3+ binding to DOM was successfully developed and should allow future insight into DOM-Al3+ interactions in general. Laboratory column experiments as well as greenhouse experiments showed that in very acidic mine spoil material mineral dissolution controls solution Al3+ concentration as opposed to exchange with Ca2+. Therefore compost appeared to have no effect on Al3+ and Ca2+ mobility and did not affect subsoil acidity. Sodic alkaline soils: Batch experiments with Na+ saturated cation exchange resins as a model for sodic soils showed that compost home cations exchanged readily with Na+. Unlike filtered compost extracts, unfiltered compost suspensions also significantly increased Ca2+ release from CaCO3. Soil lysimeter experiments demonstrated a clear impact of compost on structural improvement in sodic alkaline soils. Young compost had faster, clearer and longer lasting effects on soil physical and chemical properties than mature compost. Even after 2 growing seasons differences could still be observed. Compost increased Ca2+ concentration in soil solution and solubility of pedogenic CaCO3 that is highly insoluble under alkaline conditions. The solubilized Ca2+ efficiently exchanged Na+ in the compost treated soils and thus greatly improved the soil structure.

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López-Soto, Jamie F., and Bryant A. Robbins. Laboratory measurements of the erodibility of gravelly soils. U.S. Army E ngineer Research and Development Center, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42443.

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The critical shear stress and erodibility of soil are fundamental parameters for modeling embankment breaching. Unfortunately, very few studies have examined the erosion characteristics of soils consisting predominantly of particles larger than sand. This report presents results of an experimental study in which the erosion characteristics of gravelly soils were measured. A flume apparatus was developed in which 0.45-m-square samples were extruded into confined flow. A mechanical laser system allowed the measurement of scour in real time, resulting in a continuous and automated erosion test. The critical shear stress of a uniform gravel was found to match the expected values based on the Shields diagram, while tests that were composed largely of gravel but contained other soils, such as sand, silt, and clay, varied significantly with the critical shear stress and erodibility, depending highly on the characteristics of the finer soils.

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