Articoli di riviste: "SOLAR FLAT PLATE COLLECTORS"

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Noghrehabadi, Aminreza, Ebrahim Hajidavaloo, Mojtaba Moravej e Ali Esmailinasab. "An experimental study of the thermal performance of the square and rhombic solar collectors". Thermal Science 22, n. 1 Part B (2018): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci151228252n.

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Solar collectors are the key part of solar water heating systems. The most widely produced solar collectors are flat plate solar collectors. In the present study, two types of flat plate collectors, namely square and rhombic collectors are experi?mentally tested and compared and the thermal performance of both collectors is investigated. The results show both collectors have the same performance around noon (?61%), but the rhombic collector has better performance in the morning and afternoon. The values for rhombic and square collectors are approximately 56.2% and 53.5% in the morning and 56.1% and 54% in the afternoon, respectively. The effect of flow rate is also studied. The thermal efficiency of rhombic and square flat plate collectors increases in proportion to the flow rate. The results indicated the rhombic collector had better performance in comparison with the square collector with respect to the mass-flow rate.

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Han, Xiao Dong, Shi Wei Zhang, Chuan Chen e Yong Tang. "Analysis of Selective Absorber Coatings on Thermal Performance of the Solar Flat-Plate Collector". Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (maggio 2013): 2093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2093.

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In this work, a solar flat-plate collector test system is developed. The solar flat-plate collectors with anodic coating, chromium coating and blue core coating are tested. The experimental results indicate that the relative absorption ration α/ε of blue core coating is up to 19. The efficiency of collector with blue core coating is 78.66%, which is 5% higher than collectors with the other two types of coatings. In addition, collector with blue core coating has smaller total thermal loss coefficient. The blue core coating can effectively improve the performance of solar flat-plate collectors.

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Amirgaliyev, Yedilkhan, Murat Kunelbayev, Talgat Ormanov, Talgat Sundetov e Salauat Daulbayev. "Experimental comparative analysis of operating characteristics of double circuit flat-plate solar collector with thermosiphon circulation and flat solar collector with chemical coating". Thermal Science, n. 00 (2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201108173a.

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The given article considers results of experimental measurements, productivity comparison and master controller executive system of flat-plate solar collector with thermosiphon circulation and flat solar collector with special chemical coating. There has been developed master controllers control module, which receives data from temperature and lighting sensors, obtained in operation process. The aim of the research is getting the solar collectors? optimal parameters, representing maximal usage performance index, controllability, as well as, construction type, allowing energy saving. In the recent years flat-plate solar collectors with chemical coating are characterized with higher efficiency in real conditions usage. The developed master controllers? executive system is used for monitoring the installation?s main parameters, as well, it permits to compare characteristics of solar collector with thermosiphon circulation to those of flat-plate solar collector with chemical coating. The obtained experimental data has shown, that flat solar collectors, using chemical coating as a transfer medium in solar heat supply system, have an advantage in the context of usage effectiveness. The heat output and water heating in a flat solar collector are calculated, which vary depending on the intensity of solar radiation. The thermal efficiency of a flat solar collector with a thermosiphon tank based on the Mojo V3 platform using Dallas sensors is calculated.

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Olczak, Piotr, Dominika Matuszewska e Jadwiga Zabagło. "The Comparison of Solar Energy Gaining Effectiveness between Flat Plate Collectors and Evacuated Tube Collectors with Heat Pipe: Case Study". Energies 13, n. 7 (10 aprile 2020): 1829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071829.

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In Poland, various solar collector systems are used; among them, the most popular are flat plate collectors (FPCs) and evacuated tube collectors (ETCs). The work presents two installations located at a distance of 80 km apart, working in similar external conditions. One of them contains 120 flat plate collectors and works for the preparation of hot water in a swimming pool building; the second one consists of 32 evacuated tube collectors with a heat pipe and supports the preparation of domestic hot water for a multi-family house. During the comparison of the two quite large solar installations, it was confirmed that the use of evacuated tube solar collectors shows a much better solar energy productivity than flat plate collectors for the absorber area. Higher heat solar gains (by 7.9%) were also observed in the case of the gross collector area. The advantages of evacuated tube collectors are observed mainly during colder periods, which allows for a steadier thermal energy production.

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Marcic, Simon, Rebeka Kovacic-Lukman e Peter Virtic. "Hybrid system solar collectors - heat pumps for domestic water heating". Thermal Science 23, n. 6 Part A (2019): 3675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180314187m.

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This paper deals with the use of solar energy, heat pumps, and solar system-heat pump combinations for domestic water heating. The testing of solar tiles, flat plate collectors as an autonomous system, as well as flat plate collector-heat pump and solar tile-heat pump combinations, are presented. Black-coloured water absorbs solar radiation flows through solar tiles made of transparent polymethyl methacrylate (CH2C(CH3)COOCH3). At the same time, solar tiles are used as a roof covering and as a solar radiation collector. Hot water from solar tiles or a flat plate collector is directed to the heat pump, which increases the temperature of water entering the boiler heating coil. The heat of water heated in solar tiles or in flat plate collectors serves as a source of energy for the heat pump. Since the goal was realistically evaluate the efficiency of solar tiles in comparison with the flat plate collector, extensive measurements of both systems under identical condition were carried out. The experiments were carried out in rainy, cloudy, and clear weather.

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Sharma, Chandrakant, e Dr Virendra Sangtani. "Analyses of a Flat Plate Photovoltaic and Thermal Solar Collectors". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (30 aprile 2019): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21707.

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Li, Jie. "Review of Materials for Solar Thermal Collectors". Advanced Materials Research 171-172 (dicembre 2010): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.171-172.486.

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To cover the main contributions and developments in solar thermal collectors through focusing on materials, heat transfer characteristics and manufacturing challenges. A range of published papers and internet research including research work on various solar thermal collectors (flat plate, evacuated tubes, and heat pipe tube) were used. Evaluation of solar collectors performance is critiqued to aid solar technologies make the transition into a specific dominant solar collector. The sources are sorted into sections: finding an academic job, general advice, teaching, research and publishing, tenure and organizations. Provides information about types of solar thermal collectors, indicating what can be added by using evacuated tube collectors instead of flat plate collectors and what can be added by using heat pipe collectors instead of evacuated tubes. Focusing only on three types of solar thermal collectors (flat plate, evacuated tubes, and heat pipe tube). Useful source of information for consultancy and impartial advice for graduate students planning to do research in solar thermal technologies. This paper fulfils identified information about materials and heat transfer properties of materials and manufacturing challenges of these three solar thermal collectors.

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Kousar, Rubeena, e Muzaffar Ali. "Annual transient simulations and experimental investigation of a hybrid flat plate and evacuated tube collectors array in subtropical climate". Thermal Science 24, n. 2 Part B (2020): 1435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190623421k.

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Non-concentrating solar thermal collectors are being used for various heating and cooling applications. Flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors are extensively being used in this regard and their hybrid configuration could be an energy efficient solution. In the current work, model-based transient simulation approach is implemented using TRNSYS to decide the optimal number of flat plate collectors. Detailed experimental analysis of standalone and hybrid configurations of flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors is performed under real climate conditions of Taxila, Pakistan. Experimental tests have been conducted to analyze the system performance in terms of energy and exergy efficiencies. Afterwards, annual transient simulations are performed for whole year to determine the overall performance of the hybrid system. The maximum average temperature difference per unit area for flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, and hybrid collector array was found to be 0.95?C, 1.67?C, and 0.98?C, respectively. The maximum energy and exergy efficiency were found 65%, 41% for flat plate collectors, 88.36%, 60 % for evacuated tube collectors, and 62.14%,42% for hybrid collector, while 10% increase in energy efficiency of hybrid collector array is found as compared to the standalone flat plate collectors. Average 9.78% deviation is observed in experimental and model-based efficiency. Finally, annual simulations show that hybrid collector array is 16% more efficient than standalone flat plate collectors throughout the year.

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9

Oyinlola, MA, e GSF Shire. "Characterising micro-channel absorber plates for building integrated solar thermal collectors". Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 40, n. 1 (12 giugno 2018): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624418783173.

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This paper discusses the characterisation of micro-channel absorber plates for compact flat plate solar thermal collectors, which are suitable for building integration. Experimental and computational studies were carried out at typical operating conditions for flat plate solar collectors. Three-dimensional numerical analysis using commercial CFD package, ANSYS CFX, showed that heat transfer occurred on only three surfaces of the channel and there was a peripheral variation of the heat flux density. It was also observed that axial thermal conduction could modify the surface boundary at the inlet and outlet; however, the middle section of the channel could be approximated as a rectangular channel with three walls transferring heat under an H1 boundary condition. Experimental studies were used to estimate the standard parameters for predicting performance of the flat plate collectors, which indicated promising performance results. The collector flow factor F″ and the heat removal factor could be improved by increasing the collector capacitance rate; this can be achieved by increasing the mass flow rate per collector area [Formula: see text] as well as reducing the overall heat loss, UL. This analysis is important for optimising design and operating parameters, especially to minimise temperature gradient in the transverse and longitudinal directions. Practical application: The proposed compact micro-channel absorber plate has the potential to make flat plate collectors more efficient, cheaper and aesthetically attractive in building integration. It could therefore promote the uptake of solar thermal collectors in buildings. The analysis presented in this study would be beneficial for optimising the design and operating parameters of building integrated solar thermal collectors with micro-channels.

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He, Yong Tai, Rui Ming Liu e Jin Hao Liu. "Experimental Research of Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) Solar Systems". Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (settembre 2013): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.146.

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A novel water photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar system was designed, which consisted of a flat plate solar thermal collector and a flat plate PV/T collector in parallel. The area of flat plate solar thermal collector and PV/T collectors were 2m2, respectively. The performance of PV/T solar system was tested under condition of flat plate PV/T collectors with glass cover. The test results show that the average output electricity power of PV/T solar system was 28.1W in sunny day at 8:27-17:00 (March 8,2013, at Chuxiong city), the water temperature in the water tank insulation with 200L was raised from 18°C to 60°C. The daily useful efficiency of the PV/T solar system reached 46%. The PV/T solar system could meet the basic need of ordinary families to lighting electricity and hot water. The PV/T solar system had high practicality and was suitable for ordinary rural families.

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Lee, Minjung, Yunchan Shin e Honghyun Cho. "Performance Evaluation of Flat Plate and Vacuum Tube Solar Collectors by Applying a MWCNT/Fe3O4 Binary Nanofluid". Energies 13, n. 7 (4 aprile 2020): 1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071715.

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This study experimentally investigated the performance characteristics of water and MWCNT/Fe3O4 binary nanofluid as a working fluid in a flat plate and vacuum tube solar collectors. As a result, the highest efficiency was 80.3% when 0.005 vol.% MWCNT/0.01 vol.% Fe3O4 binary nanofluid was applied to the flat plate solar collector, which was a 17.6% increase in efficiency, compared to that when water was used. In the case of the vacuum tube solar collector, the highest efficiency was 79.8%, which was 24.9% higher than when water was applied. Besides, when the mass flux of MWCNT/Fe3O4 binary nanofluid was changed from 420 to 598 kg/s·m2, the maximum efficiencies of the flat plate and vacuum tube solar collectors were increased by 7.8% and 8.3%, respectively. When the MWCNT/Fe3O4 binary nanofluid was applied to the vacuum tube solar collector, the efficiency improvement was much more significant, and the high performance could be maintained for wide operating conditions, compared with the flat plate solar collector.

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12

Fathi, Nassar Yasser, e Sharif Mohamed Alamen. "Economic and Energetic Analysis for Optimizing the Length of Flat-Plate Solar Air Heating Collectors". Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (novembre 2013): 810–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.810.

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One dimensional steady state mathematical model has been developed for study the thermal behavior of two types of flat-plate solar air heating collectors. The model allows demonstration the influence of the collector's dimension leading to optimize the length of the collector. The model implemented numerically using finite-difference technique with mass flow rate of 0.01 kg/s per unit area of solar collector and the incident solar radiation equal to 900W/m2. The analysis has been done for a large range of areas. Illustrative results such as the temperatures of the components of the collectors (glass cover, absorber plate, air flowing through the collector and the rear plate), efficiency and useful heat extracted from the collector are graphically presented. The obtained results from both the energetic and economic analysis showed that, for the first type of the flat-plate solar air heating collector, the optimum length is 4.05 meters, moreover, it dawdles its energy collected past for lengths greater than 6 meters. There is no optimum length for the second type, but there is no much energy gain for lengths greater than 6 meters anyhow, the economic analysis showed that the length must be greater than 2.5 meters for both types of collectors.

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13

Chekerovska, Marija, e Risto Filkoski. "Efficiency of liquid flat-plate solar energy collector with solar tracking system". Thermal Science 19, n. 5 (2015): 1673–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150427099c.

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An extensive testing programme is performed on a solar collector experimental set-up, installed on a location in Shtip (Republic of Macedonia), latitude 41? 45? and longitude 22? 12?, in order to investigate the effect of the sun tracking system implementation on the collector efficiency. The set-up consists of two flat plate solar collectors, one with a fixed surface tilted at 30? towards the South, and the other one equipped with dual-axis rotation system. The study includes development of a 3-D mathematical model of the collectors system and a numerical simulation programme, based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. The main aim of the mathematical modelling is to provide information on conduction, convection and radiation heat transfer, so as to simulate the heat transfer performances and the energy capture capabilities of the fixed and moving collectors in various operating modes. The feasibility of the proposed method was confirmed by experimental verification, showing significant increase of the daily energy capture by the moving collector, compared to the immobile collector unit. The comparative analysis demonstrates a good agreement between the experimental and numerically predicted results at different running conditions, which is a proof that the presented CFD modelling approach can be used for further investigations of different solar collectors configurations and flow schemes.

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Meena, Chandan Swaroop, Sunita Meena e V. K. Bajpai. "Correlation between Absorber Plate Thickness δ and Collector Efficiency Factor Fˈ of Solar Flat-Plate Collector". Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (luglio 2014): 2341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.2341.

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Solar collectors are the key component of active solar-heating systems. They collect the sun's energy, transform its radiation into heat, and then transfer that heat to a fluid. The solar thermal energy can be used in solar water-heating systems, solar pool heaters, and solar space-heating systems. The configuration of the Flat Plate Collector (FPC) is very important parameter which affects collector performance. The collector efficiency factor is directly affecting the efficiency of the solar flat-plate collector, this collector efficiency factor influenced with few other parameters, i.e. the center to center distance of absorber tubes W and thickness of absorber plate δ and heat loss coefficient UL. This paper focuses on the relation between δ with the collector efficiency factor of serpentine tube solar flat-plate collector. This study shows that if we increase the δ then Fˈ increases.

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Cruz-Peragon, F., J. M. Palomar, P. J. Casanova, M. P. Dorado e F. Manzano-Agugliaro. "Characterization of solar flat plate collectors". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, n. 3 (aprile 2012): 1709–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.11.025.

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Russo, Roberto, Davide De Maio, Carmine D’Alessandro, Daniela De Luca, Antonio Caldarelli, Eliana Gaudino, Marilena Musto e Emiliano Di Gennaro. "Enhancing the solar-to-thermal energy conversion in high vacuum flat plate solar collectors". EPJ Web of Conferences 266 (2022): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226607005.

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In solar flat plate collectors, the high vacuum insulation suppresses the convective losses increasing the collector efficiency. The solar-to-thermal energy conversion efficiency in such solar thermal collectors is mainly defined by the optical and radiation losses of the selective solar absorber. We present the full process of design, optimization, fabrication, and characterization of multilayer coatings specifically thought for working in high vacuum flat solar thermal collectors at different operating temperatures, from 100 °C to 300 °C. We discuss the relative importance of absorptance and emittance in determining the collector thermal efficiency. The robustness of the performance of the coatings related to the unpreventable errors in layer thickness during the manufacturing stage is also considered through a genetic optimisation algorithm.

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Fudholi, Ahmad, Mariyam Fazleena Musthafa, Abrar Ridwan, Rado Yendra, Ari Pani Desvina, Rahmadeni Rahmadeni, Tri Suyono e Kamaruzzaman Sopian. "Energy and exergy analysis of air based photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector: a review". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp109-117.

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<span lang="EN-US">Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors convert solar radiation directly to both electrical and thermal energies. A PVT collector basiccaly combines the functions of a flat plate solar collector and those of a PV panel. This review presents thermodinamics fundamentals, descriptions, and previous works conducted on energy and exergy analysis of air based PVT collector. Studies in 2010 to 2018 of the energy and exergy analysis of air based PVT collectors are summarized. The energy and exergy efficiency of air based PVT collector ranges from 31% to 94% and 8.7% to 18%, respectively. In addition, flat plate solar collector is presented. Studies conducted on air based PVT collectors are reviewed.</span>

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Lari, Khosro, Ali Tarokh e Mohammad Naghizadeh. "Gas radiative effects on gas-filled flat plate solar collectors". Canadian Journal of Physics 97, n. 10 (ottobre 2019): 1115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2018-0878.

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A standard thermal solar collector can be used for both hot water production and air heating purposes. Gas-filled solar collectors represent a new emerging design approach with enhanced characteristics. In this research, numerical modeling is utilized to study radiative effects of the participating gases on the performance of solar collectors. The coupled radiative–convective heat transfer in the solar collector is considered and the collector cavity is considered as a radiatively participating medium. The finite volume method has been adopted to solve the governing equations and discrete ordinates method is used for radiative transfer. After validating the model used in this study, it is used to obtain the heat transfer characteristics of a flat-plate solar collector with real solar conditions of the city of Kerman, Iran, in summer at a wide range of air absorption coefficients. According to the results, by increasing the absorption coefficient of the air, the temperature of the absorber plate is reduced and the air temperature is increased, but the increase of air temperature is much higher than the reduction of absorber temperature. Hence, it is concluded that it is possible to use participating gases in the solar air heaters to enhance the performance of the collector.

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Kannan, Nithiyananthan, N. Vasantha Gowri, T. Muralikrishna, Avinash Kumar, F. Mary Anjalin, M. Ramesh, B. Muthuraj e Habtewolde Ababu Birhanu. "Experimental Investigation on Incorporation of Zinc-Ferrite Nanocoated Baffles for Improving the Performance of Field Power Electrical Transformer Integrated with a Solar Air Heater". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (17 aprile 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5657609.

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Solar energy is the most accessible, eco-friendly, and renewable energy source available to meet the world’s expanding energy needs. Solar collectors are commonly utilized to convert solar energy directly into heat for purposes ranging from house heating to timber seasoning and crop drying. The purpose of this research is to design a modified solar air heater (SAH) with a baffle plate and to examine the performance due to the provision of zinc-ferrite nanocoated baffles. The entire system is mounted over a transformer for effective cooling and also produces hot air for industrial requirements. A flat plate collector and a centrifugal blower were used in the experiment. Maximum output air temperatures of 55°C, 62°C, and 72°C were measured for collectors without baffles, baffled collectors, and inverted baffled collectors, respectively. It was also found that the thermal efficiency of flat plate collectors without baffles was 36%, with baffles, it was 44%, and with inverted baffles it was 54%. This study shows that inverted SAH with zinc-ferrite nanocoated baffle plates works better than SAH without baffle plates or with baffle plates in the normal position.

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Ayoobi, Ahmadreza, e Mahdi Ramezanizadeh. "An Exhaustive Review on a Solar Still Coupled with a Flat Plate Collector". International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (8 novembre 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9744219.

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In recent years, producing energy and potable water has become a contemporaneous issue in all areas, especially in rural and remote areas. It is due to the limitation of fossil fuels in generating energy and the daily increase of potable water topic pollution due to various development activities in the industries. Gradually, the use of renewable energies has been suggested as far as humans focus on using these energies in various activities, which is gratis and accessible in more areas without having negative anthropogenic hazards. Solar radiation has an important position in renewable energies and has played a significant role in the desalination process due to the convenience in applying and abundance in the areas with potable water shortages. However, one of the active solar stills is the coupling of conventional solar still with a flat plate collector. In this type, a flat plate collector is used to raise the temperature of saline water which increases the productivity. In this research, the solar still coupled with a flat plate collector is reviewed as the active solar still and the affecting parameters on its performance and efficiency are discussed. First, a summary of working research and their research of flat plate collectors is reviewed to be more familiar with flat plate collectors, their details, and technology. Then, solar still coupled with a flat plate collector is extensively reviewed and discussed in detail. Four types of studies on solar still coupled with a flat plate collector were done, including energy analysis, exergy analysis, economic analysis, and productivity evaluation.

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Shemelin, Viacheslav, e Tomas Matuska. "Detailed Modeling of Flat Plate Solar Collector with Vacuum Glazing". International Journal of Photoenergy 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1587592.

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A theoretical analysis of flat plate solar collectors with a vacuum glazing is presented. Different configurations of the collector have been investigated by a detailed theoretical model based on a combined external and internal energy balance of the absorber. Performance characteristics for vacuum flat plate collector alternatives have been derived. Subsequently, annual energy gains have been evaluated for a selected variant and compared with state-of-the-art vacuum tube collectors. The results of modeling indicate that, in the case of using advanced vacuum glazing with optimized low-emissivity coating (emissivity 0.20, solar transmittance 0.85), it is possible to achieve efficiency parameters similar to or even better than vacuum tube collectors. The design presented in this paper can be considered promising for the extension of the applicability range of FPC and could be used in applications, which require low-to-medium temperature level.

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Karim, M. A., e Z. M. Amin. "MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT SOLAR AIR COLLECTORS". IIUM Engineering Journal 16, n. 2 (30 novembre 2015): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v16i2.603.

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The purpose of using solar air collectors is to raise the atmospheric air temperature to a temperature which can be used for various low and medium temperature applications. Collector, absorber and airflow arrangement are the most important components in the solar air collector. The performance of the collector depends on its heat loss and the absorber area that is in contact with the airflow. This study involves the theoretical simulation of the effect of mass flow rate on the performance, for flat plate and v-groove collectors that are in single and double pass configurations. Results show that the v-groove double pass air collector has the highest efficiency value of 56% at . The performance is greater than flat plate double pass collector, which has an efficiency of 54% under the same operating conditions.Â KEYWORDS: solar air collector; flat plate collector (fpc); v-groove collector; efficiency; single pass; double pass

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Yan, Hui Lei, Hua Zhang e Qiu Ping Shao. "Comparative Studies on the Efficiency of Solar Flat-Plate Collector and Evacuated Tube Collector". Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (febbraio 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.3.

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Solar collectors are the key components of solar thermal utilization. The comparative tests of solar flat-plate collector (SFPC) and heat pipe evacuated tube collector (HPETC) were done in this paper. The results show that during the low temperature difference range, the heat collecting efficiency of the flat-plate collector is about 2.3 times higher than the efficiency of the heat pipe evacuated tube collector and the heat loss of the flat-plate collector is about 3.2 times bigger than that of the heat pipe evacuated tube collector. Through the analysis, two measures are proposed to improve the efficiency of flat-plate collector and reduce the heat loss in order to make it more efficient in the solar heat pump system.

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Elsayied Ali, Khalid Taha, Dr Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal e Dr Elhassan Bashier Elagab. "ANALYSIS OF A FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR". International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, n. 6 (1 ottobre 2022): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i06.006.

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In the solar-energy industry great emphasis has been placed on the development of "active" solar energy systems which involve the integration of several subsystems: solar energy collectors, heat-storage containers, heat exchangers, fluid transport and distribution systems, and control systems. The major component unique in active systems is the solar collector. This device absorbs the incoming solar radiation, converting it into heat at the absorbing surface, and transfers this heat to a fluid (usually air or water) flowing through the collector. The warmed fluid carries the heat either directly to the hot water or space conditioning equipment or to a storage subsystem from which it can be drawn for use at night and on cloudy days. The thermal analysis of a solar flat plate collector is quite complicated because of the many factors involved. Efforts have been made to combine a number of the most important factors into a single equation and thus formulate a mathematical model which will describe the thermal performance of the collector in a computationally efficient manner.

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Waksman, D., e W. C. Thomas. "The NBS Solar Collector Reliability/Durability Test Program: Summary of Results and Recommendations for Collector Testing". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 108, n. 1 (1 febbraio 1986): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268060.

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Efforts in the development of reliability/durability tests for solar collectors and their materials have been hampered by the lack of real time and accelerated degradation data that can be correlated with in-use conditions. In 1977, the Solar Collector Reliability/Durability Test Program was initiated by the US Department of Energy at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to help generate the data required to develop methods for predicting the long term durability and reliability of flat-plate solar collectors and their materials. This paper summarizes the results obtained in the test program for full-size solar collectors. Recommendations are made regarding the use and limitations of thermal performance measurements and environmental exposure tests for assessing the durability of flat-plate solar collectors.

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Armenta-Déu, Carlos. "Study and Characterization of a Spherical Solar Collector. I. Efficiency and Thermal Losses Coefficient". Journal of Energy and Power Technology 05, n. 03 (4 luglio 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2303022.

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This paper studies and characterizes a solar collector with spherical geometry to produce hot water for sanitary and domestic applications and other facilities. The new geometry enlarges the solar collector surface and allows full sun tracking during the day without needing a solar tracking system. Although this geometry has been in use for some time, its market penetration is low due to the lack of perfect knowledge of solar collector behavior and the benefits compared with conventional solar collectors. The studies carried out in the lab for small domestic application has shown that this new geometry has better efficiency than flat plate collectors because its particular structure maintains water temperature inside the hot water tank for longer, which allows better production and longer use. The carried-out tests have shown an increase of up to 38% in the collector’s efficiency at high-range operation and 13% at the low range. This increase is enlarged to 40% and 15% when dealing with the compact system (collector-storage tank). Global losses coefficient is also lower, around 50%, than for a flat plate solar collector of an equivalent cross-section.

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27

Zheng, Da Yu, Juan Zheng, Xiang Yi Guan, Jia Zheng e Yi Ming Zhang. "Review of Materials and Environment Management for Solar Thermal Collectors". Applied Mechanics and Materials 521 (febbraio 2014): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.521.539.

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To cover the main contributions and developments in solar thermal collectors through focusing on materials, heat transfer characteristics and manufacturing challenges. A range of published papers and internet research including research work on various solar thermal collectors (flat plate, evacuated tubes, and heat pipe tube) were used. Evaluation of solar collectors performance is critiqued to aid solar technologies make the transition into a specific dominant solar collector. The sources are sorted into sections: finding an academic job, general advice, teaching, research and publishing, tenure and organizations. Provides information about types of solar thermal collectors, indicating what can be added by using evacuated tube collectors instead of flat plate collectors and what can be added by using heat pipe collectors instead of evacuated tubes. Focusing only on three types of solar thermal collectors (flat plate, evacuated tubes, and heat pipe tube). Useful source of information for consultancy and impartial advice for graduate students planning to do research in solar thermal technologies. This paper fulfils identified information about materials and heat transfer properties of materials and manufacturing challenges of these three solar thermal collectors. Describes some changes made to improve the environment which have had unforeseen and adverse effects on safety and the reasons why we need more case histories. Also discusses the reasons why there are no permanent solutions to safety problems and the reasons why senior managers should become more involved in safety problems.

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28

Amraoui, Mohammed Amine. "Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of a Flat Plate Solar Collector with Double Paths". International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, n. 4 (31 agosto 2021): 1087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390406.

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Flat air solar collectors are used for heat transfer between the absorber and the heat transfer fluid, to improve this transfer there are several methods. Among these methods, the exchange surface lengthening and the creation of turbulence. In this work is done to give a comparison between two types of solar collectors, so we have made an improvement of Ben Slama Romdhane's solar collector by creating two air flow passages to increase heat transfer. We made a 3D simulation of a flat air solar collector with transverse baffles which causes turbulence and increases the exchange surface; we use the ANSYS calculation code to make the simulation and gives results with a brief time and minimal cost.

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29

Zalamea-Leon, Esteban, Edgar A. Barragán-Escandón, John Calle-Sigüencia, Mateo Astudillo-Flores e Diego Juela-Quintuña. "Residential Solar Thermal Performance Considering Self-Shading Incidence between Tubes in Evacuated Tube and Flat Plate Collectors". Sustainability 13, n. 24 (15 dicembre 2021): 13870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413870.

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The performance of solar thermal technology under high-altitude equatorial climatic and solar path conditions has not been determined. Evacuated tube solar collectors are more efficient than flat plate collectors in cold and cloudy regions; however, due to their dependence on orientation, the irradiation incidence between the tubes of these collectors can be blocked. In this study, the performance of these types of collectors was analyzed to determine the implications of their orientation under these specific climate conditions. Four solar thermal systems were installed: two of the systems used evacuated tube collectors, and two used flat plate collectors. Each collector was connected to storage and discharge points to simulate residential consumption when observing the real performance of the four systems in terms of irradiation availability. The evacuated tube collectors were more efficient and reduced the backup energy requirement by up to 20.6% more on average than the flat plate collectors. In addition, the performance of the evacuated tube collectors increased by up to 9.8% when the tubes were arranged parallel to the solar path, compared to when they were arranged perpendicular to the solar path, verifying that the blockage effect is an important parameter to consider for evacuated tube technology. The main novelty of this research is the comparison of these two technologies under different orientations, with perpendicular and parallel dispositions toward the solar path, in a high-altitude equatorial location where solar collectors are not typically oriented in any particular orientation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first complete analysis of real systems deployed under these conditions.

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30

Jebaraj, S., e Ali Mubarak Al Qahtani. "A review on solar flat plate collectors". International Journal of Global Energy Issues 43, n. 2/3 (2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgei.2021.10037732.

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31

Jebaraj, S., e Ali Mubarak Al Qahtani. "A review on solar flat plate collectors". International Journal of Global Energy Issues 43, n. 2/3 (2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgei.2021.115140.

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32

Farahat, S., F. Sarhaddi e H. Ajam. "Exergetic optimization of flat plate solar collectors". Renewable Energy 34, n. 4 (aprile 2009): 1169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.06.014.

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33

Zhao, Qiqiu, G. W. Sadler e J. J. Leonard. "Transient simulation of flat-plate solar collectors". Solar Energy 40, n. 2 (1988): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(88)90086-2.

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34

Ge, Zhong, Huitao Wang, Hua Wang, Songyuan Zhang e Xin Guan. "Exergy Analysis of Flat Plate Solar Collectors". Entropy 16, n. 5 (9 maggio 2014): 2549–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e16052549.

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35

Adun, Humphrey, Michael Adedeji, Ayomide Titus, Joakim James Mangai e Tonderai Ruwa. "Particle-Size Effect of Nanoparticles on the Thermal Performance of Solar Flat Plate Technology". Sustainability 15, n. 6 (16 marzo 2023): 5271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065271.

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Abstract (sommario):

One of the cleanest and most efficient solar collector systems is the flat plate collector, which has applications in hot water production, drying, among others. Flat plate collectors have improved in terms of both their structural configurations and working fluids. Several studies have verified the comparatively higher efficiency of nanofluid-based flat plate collectors, relative to that of water and other thermal oils. Additionally, the influence of several nanofluid synthesis factors, such as volume fraction, pH, type of base fluid, hybridization, surfactants, and sonification, on the performance of these collectors has been highlighted in the literature. However, the effect of nanoparticle size on collector performance has received minimal research interest, despite its significant effect on both the cost of synthesis and the thermophysical properties of nanofluids. The uncertainties regarding the effect of nanoparticle size on thermal collectors have limited their practical applications. This study numerically investigates the effect of the nanoparticle size of silver (Ag) nanofluid with nanoparticle sizes between 20 nm and 100 nm on the performance of flat plate collectors. The effect of nanoparticle size on the mean fluid temperature resulted in a maximum temperature of 45.8 °C for the Ag-100 nm. An increase of 0.25 °C for the Ag-20 nm was recorded, relative to the Ag-100 nm. In addition, the Ag-100 nm was calculated to have resulted in the highest reduction in collector size (18.30%), relative to that of water.

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36

Haghghi, Maghsoud A., e Seyed M. Pesteei. "Energy and exergy analysis of flat plate solar collector for three working fluids, under the same conditions". Progress in Solar Energy and Engineering Systems 1, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/psees.010101.

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Abstract (sommario):

The growth and expansion of the population, has caused increased the use of energy in the last few years. One of the cleanest and renewable sources of the energy is the solar energy. The solar energy can be collected by solar collectors. One of the solar collectors is the flat plate solar collector (FPC), that it is used in domestic utilization. Use of various Nano-fluids to improve the thermal properties of solar collectors, considered as one of the most effective method to optimize the flat plate collectors. In this study, a FPC in terms of energy and exergy, for three fluids (water, air and TiO2 Nano-fluid) have been investigated. According to the results obtained and under the same conditions, destruction exergy of water is more than other two fluids and TiO2 Nano-fluid has the least amount of destruction exergy. Also, by increasing in the total radiation on tilted surface (Gt) TiO2 Nano-fluid’s exergy efficiency is more than the other fluids in this study. By increasing ambient temperature, the exergy efficiency decreases, that water has the most variation. Due to the temperature range of the inlet working fluid to the collector’s tubes, observed that outlet temperature of the TiO2 Nano-fluid is about 50°C higher than when water enters it. Therefore, the initial statement about Nano-fluids is confirmed. In appropriate conditions, the collector’s efficiency is between 45% - 50%, thus FPC is one of the best devices for domestic utilization.

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37

Gupta, A. D., Ashish Gupta, P. K. Mishra, Yashi Gupta e R. K. Mehta. "Optimization of Inclination Angle of Cavity and Characteristics of Attached Fins on the Absorber for Performance Enhancement of Solar Collectors". International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 12, n. 3 (30 giugno 2021): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2021.2223.

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This research investigation was undertaken in ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India to study the numerical optimization of natural convection heat suppression in a solar flat plate collector with straight fins. Optimal characteristics of an array of thin fins attached on the absorber plat were obtained by Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSOA). Free convection considered dominant in the cavity. Governing equations contained continuity; momentum and energy are discretized by finite volume method. The medium is considered incompressible, whose free convection is dominant and Boussinesq approximation is applied. A simplified model of real systems is applied with free convection. Free convection problem is solved by SIMPLER algorithm. Two confined cavities with aspect ratios 30 and 60 are considered as flat plate solar collectors. The results indicate that significant reduction on the free convection heat loss can be obtained from solar flat plate collector by using plate fins, and an optimal plate fins configuration exit for minimal natural convection heat loss for a given range of Rayleigh number. Reduction of up to a maximum of 25% at 0 inclination angle was observed in aspect ratio 30. Results showed PSOA is able to obtain characteristics of attached adiabatic fins on the absorber plate also it can obtain optimal inclination angle of cavity to decrease heat losses from solar collectors. The results obtained provide a novel approach for improving design of flat plate solar collectors for optimal performance.

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38

Bakic, Vukman, Goran Zivkovic e Milada Pezo. "Numerical simulation of the air flow around the arrays of solar collectors". Thermal Science 15, n. 2 (2011): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci110222051b.

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This paper deals with the numerical simulation of air around the arrays of flat plate collectors and determination of the flow field, which should provide a basis for estimating a convective heat losses, a parameter which influences their working characteristics. Heat losses are the result of the reflection on the glass, conductive losses at the collector?s absorber plate, radiation of the absorber plate and convective losses on the glass. Wind velocity in the vicinity of the absorber plate depends on its position in the arrays of collectors. Results obtained in the numerical simulation of flow around collectors were used as boundary conditions in modeling of thermal-hydraulic processes inside the solar collector. A method for coupling thermal-hydraulic processes inside the collector with heat transfer from plate to tube bundle was developed, in order to find out the distribution of the temperature of the absorber plate and the efficiency of the flat plate collectors. Analyses of flow around arrays of collectors are preformed with RNG k - ? model. Three values for free-stream velocity were analysed, i.e. 1 m/s, 5 m/s and 10 m/s, as well as two values for the angle between the ground and the collector (20? and 40?). Heat transfer coefficient was determined from the theory of boundary layer. Heat transfer inside the plate cavity was analyzed assuming constant intensity of radiation.

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39

Nesovic, Aleksandar, Nebojsa Lukic, Mladen Josijevic, Nebojsa Jurisevic e Novak Nikolic. "Novel flat-plate solar collector with an inclined N-S axis and relative E-W tracking absorbers and the numerical analysis of its potentials". Thermal Science, n. 00 (2023): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci230201115n.

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Abstract (sommario):

The current flat-plate solar collectors perform best when their absorbers rotate around their axis. However, with their concentrators, reflectors, and tracking mechanisms, they take up a lot of space and are thus commercially speaking, not the best solutions. This paper proposes a novel solar collector design which employs the (relative) rotation of absorbers, but strives to combine the benefits of fixed and (absolute) tracking solar systems, i.e. volume occupancy from the former and thermal performance from the latter. The findings of our numerical analysis show that, the solar irradiance efficiency of this novel design is 20% higher than that of a fixed flat-plate collector during clear-sky days, and it is equally lower than that of an absolute tracking collector. This paper also introduces a new criterion for describing single-axis tracking solar collectors which should be included in the classifications of solar collectors. Finally, the article, which represents a continuation of our research in the field of solar energy utilization, can contribute to the future development of solar technologies and solve some of the current challenges.

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40

Ozsoy, Ahmet, Sabahattin Demirer e Nor Maria Adam. "An Experimental Study on Double-Glazed Flat Plate Solar Water Heating System in Turkey". Applied Mechanics and Materials 564 (giugno 2014): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.564.204.

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Domestic hot water preparation systems with flat plate solar collectors are widely used in Turkey. In this collector, the temperature difference between the required water temperature and the ambient air temperature increase causes a decrease in the efficiency of the collector. In this study, the use of double glass in order to increase the efficiency of the collector is studied experimentally.The location is in Isparta South West Turkey. Experimental study is conducted in May 2013 at the Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta. The system components are solar simulator, solar collector, tank, circulation pump, flowmeter, thermocouples, data acquisition device and solar sensor. Solar collector system’s operating temperature is 50oC for winter also summer. The difference between the collector temperature and the ambient air temperature exceeds 25oC in many cases, were found to be more efficient double-glazed collectors. When the temperature difference is 40oC, using double glazing collector is 24% more efficient than using single glazing collector.

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41

Rincón-Quintero, A. D., L. A. Del Portillo-Valdés, N. D. Zanabria-Ortigoza, C. L. Sandoval-Rodriguez, J. G. Maradey-Lázaro e N. Y. Castillo-León. "Exergy analysis and development of flat plate solar collectors: A Review". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1253, n. 1 (1 settembre 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1253/1/012009.

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Abstract The exergy comes from the need to find some energy of a system that can be quantified to take advantage of its mechanical, electrical or any other type of work, it is limited in terms of investment of time and research, due to this fact, the need arises to be able to innovate with data collection on the exergy calculation models developed in flat solar collectors. In the present research, a search of the literature regarding the development of exergy in flat plate solar collectors was carried out, to then analyze and determine forty innovative articles in the last six years, which were reflected in a data matrix in the The formulas and factors that define the exergy are presented, as well as the theoretical designs of the collector and working fluids used in flat solar collectors. With the results of the table, a broad panorama of current data is obtained, on the most used in the formulation of exergetic efficiency, which stands out as an essential tool for the design, analysis and optimization of thermal systems.

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42

Cherraye, Ridha. "Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Preheating on Still Productivity". International Journal of Energetica 5, n. 1 (6 luglio 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47238/ijeca.v5i1.121.

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Single basin solar still (SBSS) has low productivity in this experimental research, some techniques have been employed to solve this problem, these techniques consist of using a flat plate collector. The main aim of this research was to make efficient use of the flat plate collector (FPC) to increase solar still productivity, and it works as a hybrid device. The model solar water heater for the flat plat collector (FPC) was coupled with a solar still, and the tests were repeated in 3 to 5 winter days, and the results were measured in the same way for each day. The results revealed that the productivity of the still increased 87 % when coupled with one, and decreased 20 % and 50 % when coupled with two and three flat plate collectors in southern Algeria, respectively.

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43

Abdul Hussein, Sarmad A., e Mohammed A. Nima. "Experimental Analysis of Air Inlet Height Variation in a Solar Tower system Using Plate and Metal Foam Absorber". Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 25, n. 3 (20 novembre 2022): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.25030120.

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The experimental analysis is conducted under the Iraqi climate conditions to investigate the performance enhancement of a solar updraft tower system (SUTS) using the porous copper foam as an absorber plate and conventional absorber plate with absorber inclination angle of 18°. In the present work, a semicircular collector is divided into two identical quarter thermal collectors to become two identical SUTS. One of the quarter circular thermal collectors contains on the metal foam as an absorber plate, while the other quarter collector on the conventional flat copper absorber plate. In this study the air inlet height is changed of (3, 5, and 8) cm. The experimental tests carried out in Baghdad city (latitude 33.3° N). Results showed that the air inlet height variation caused to enhance the solar updraft tower performance. The highest values was recorded when the air inlet height is 3 cm using porous absorber compared to flat absorber plate. Copper material foam as an endothermic surface causes a marked decrease in average surface temperature of the plate. The maximum hourly thermal efficiency of solar collector was increased to about 41.6 % and the maximum enhancement of the power output to about 45.2 % compared with flat absorber plate.

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Muhammad Amin Harun, Zafri Azran Abdul Majid, Zairul Azrul Zakaria, Ahmad Faris Ismail, Sany Izan Ihsan, Kamaruzzaman Sopian, Ahmad Fadzil Sharol e Amir Abdul Razak. "Study on Selection of a Suitable Material and The Parameters for Designing a Portable Flat Plate Base-Thermal Cell Absorber (FPBTCA)". Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 85, n. 1 (29 luglio 2021): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.85.1.7192.

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Abstract (sommario):

Several types of flat plate solar collectors have been designed and developed with various technical parameters involved in the design. The inappropriate flat plate solar collector parameter design and material chosen will affect its performance. Investigation on the effect of flat plate absorber collector material, glass thickness, air gap distance, thermal cell absorber thickness, and flat plate absorber base collector thickness on the performance of solar thermal collectors was conducted in this work. The experiment was performed using the solar simulator with solar radiation of 450 and 750 W/m2. The flat plate absorber collector materials used in this experiment were stainless steel 304 and aluminum. The glass thickness used in this experiment was 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mm. The air gap between the flat plate absorber and glass used in this experiment was 0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, and 30.0 mm. The stainless steel thermal cell absorber thickness applied in this experiment was 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm. Meanwhile, the aluminum flat plate base absorber base collector thickness was 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 mm. The results showed that the 2.0 mm glass thickness has the maximum flat plate absorber temperature (88.1 oC at t = 600 s), high heat gain rate (0.097 oC/s), and the highest total heat gain (1207.33 J). The results also revealed that the air gap distance of 10 mm achieved the maximum flat plate absorber temperature (64.6 oC at t = 600 s), the highest heat gain rate (0.058 oC/s), and the highest total heat gain (4750.92 J). The stainless steel thermal cell absorber thickness of 1.0 mm has the thermal cell absorber temperature of 76.2 oC at t = 600 s and a high heat gain rate at 0.08 oC/s. The aluminum flat plate base absorber achieved the highest flat plate absorber temperature (67.2 oC at t = 600 s) and the highest heat gain rate (0.062 oC/s). By using double glass as glass cover increase the flat plate absorber temperature (76.3 oC at t = 600 s) and the highest heat gain rate (0.077 oC/s). This research aims to produce a flat plate absorber with better energy storage, i.e., the performance of the stainless steel plate absorber is better than aluminum with the same thickness. Although the stainless steel flat plate absorber collector showed a lower temperature than aluminum, it has a higher temperature drop than the latter.

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Perez, R., R. Seals, J. Anderson e D. Menicucci. "Calculating Solar Radiation Received by Tubular Collectors". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 117, n. 4 (1 novembre 1995): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2847893.

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Tubular absorbers installed inside evacuated tubes represent an increasingly common design for low-temperature solar collectors. Much work has been done on the subject of solar radiation received by flat-plate collectors; much less has been done for tubular collectors. In this paper we present an algorithm to estimate irradiance impinging on tubular arrays. Key examples are provided to illustrate the difference of energy collected between flat-plate and tubular collectors.

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Patay, István, Miklós Erdélyi e László Gulyás. "Developing and testing solar collectors". Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences 5, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2009): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/progress.5.2009.3.

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A relatively new trend is the development of concentrator-type solar collectors and cells for the use in micro-concentrators. The geometry of these concentrators is simple, the reflexion surfaces or mirrors are usually flat-plate surfaces. The relations of radiation in the inner spaces of these collectors are complicated. The OSLO optical edition software can be used to study and simulate the light paths in the concentrator elements and resonators, using the laws of geometrical optics. Based on the results of study and simulation, a pilot collector was built for energetic testing. In the applied arrangement, the absorber surface was the heated tube itself and fitted exactly to the inlet concentration surfaces. By this way, the relation of the absorber surface and collecting surface was reduced to 0.25. Since the radiation losses decreased, the efficiency of the pilot collector was relatively high even at high outlet temperature conditions (50% at 50 °C outlet temperature and Δ T = 18 °C). The optical concentration of solar radiation energy is a possible way to increase the liquid heat transporter collector efficiency and the outlet temperature. Importance of air solar collectors is lower, but their application in some agricultural post-harvest processes (drying, desiccating) may be useful and profitable. A flat-plate-plate solar air collector was built and tested, with special absorber geometry and material. The results of tests are also shown in this study. The proved daily ΔT-asymmetry at both of pilot collectors is an important result for the practice. Practically it means that the afternoon hours are more favorable for the energy production than the morning hours. Since this effect probably exists in all types of solar collectors, the practice of horizontal direction of collectors needs modifying.

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47

Price, H. W., S. A. Klein e W. A. Beckman. "Analysis of Boiling Flat-Plate Collectors". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 108, n. 2 (1 maggio 1986): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268083.

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A detailed model for use with TRNSYS, capable of modelling a wide range of boiling collector types, was used to analyze boiling flat-plate collector systems. This model can account for a subcooled liquid entering the collector, heat losses in the vapor and the liquid return line, pressure drops due to friction in the collector and piping, and pressure drops due to the hydrostatic head of the fluid. The model has been used to determine the yearly performance of boiling flat-plate solar collector systems. A simplified approach was also developed which can be used with the f-Chart method to predict yearly performance of boiling flat-plate collector systems.

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48

Kowalski, Gregory J., e Arthur R. Foster. "Heat Exchanger Theory Applied to the Design of Water- and Air-Heating Flat-Plate Solar Collectors". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 110, n. 2 (1 maggio 1988): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268243.

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Abstract (sommario):

A general method for the design of flat-plate solar collectors based on solar collector theory has been developed. It can be applied to both liquid- and air-heating solar collectors. The solar collector efficiency is determined by the product of the effectiveness (ε) and the insolation use factor (IUF). The effectiveness describes the heat transfer characteristics of the collector and is shown to be a function of a solar number of transfer units (SNTU) and a parameter ψ. For an air-heating collector, the ψ parameter equals the collector efficiency factor, while for a liquid-heating collector it must account for the difference between the plate and tube heat transfer areas. The effectiveness and SNTU parameters are similar to the effectiveness and NTU parameters used in heat exchanger design methods. The IUF is a measure of the operating conditions of the collector. It represents the difference between the transmittance-absorptance product and the ratio of the minimum heat loss to the insolation on the exterior cover. The relationship between the effectiveness and the SNTU parameter is general for all nonconcentrating collectors. One advantage of this method over the traditional Hottel-Whillier method is that it separates the heat transfer characteristics of the solar collector from its optical properties and the operating conditions.

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49

Wasik, Michał, Marcin A. Bugaj, Tomasz S. Wiśniewski, Maciej Klein, Patryk Chaja e Sebastian Bykuć. "Mathematical model of flat plate solar thermal collector and its validation". E3S Web of Conferences 70 (2018): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187001019.

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Abstract (sommario):

In order to predict solar thermal collector’s performance and optimization of control algorithms, proper mathematical models are necessary. Computer calculation technique provides tools for determination of modern materials impact on improvement of heat transfer inside the collector and minimization of heat loss. Such analysis is impossible by using standard technical datasheet provided by producer or by using empirical formulas. In the paper the authors present a mathematical model of a flat plate solar thermal collector based on the Hottel-Whiller-Bliss equation and criterial formula. The iterative algorithm solved steady state heat transfer equations for a glazed and an unglazed collector. The validation experiment was conducted under class AAA sun simulator for different inlet temperature and solar irradiation values. The unglazed PV/T and glazed solar thermal collectors were tested. For PV/T the relative difference, between measured and computed outlet temperatures, was below 5% and the highest value was reached for the lowest inlet temperature. The validation study showed that the experimental results reached good agreement with simulation predictions. Presented computation algorithm enables to predict influence of geometry changes on collector performance. The model could be used for optimization of the construction without using CFD methods, which need large computation resources.

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Kaneesamkandi, Zakariya, Abdulaziz Almujahid e Basharat Salim. "Selection of an Appropriate Solar Thermal Technology for Solar Vapor Absorption Cooling—An MADM Approach". Energies 15, n. 5 (3 marzo 2022): 1882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051882.

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Abstract (sommario):

Different solar thermal collectors have been used recently to meet the thermal requirements of single effect and double effect vapor absorption cooling systems, making selection of the correct method a challenge. Different attributes of each vapor absorption cooling and solar collector combination are taken into account, and a Multi-Attribute Decision-Making model is used to select the best option. The model requires variables indicating the performance of the system, which are called attributes that are organized into a hierarchical structure called a tree of attributes. The dependent attributes finally end up in the basic attributes representing the input to the model. The technology options considered are flat plate water heating collectors with forced circulation, flat plate air heating collectors with forced circulation, evacuated tube collectors, parabolic trough collectors, and collectors with compound parabolic concentrator. Two types of cooling, namely single effect and double effect, are compared. Three climatic zones with three different cooling loads, ambient temperatures and solar radiation intensity have been considered. Comparison of the solar vapor absorption technologies with vapor compression technology is made considering the major performance factors. The major attributes, namely cost and emissions produced, are compared with conventional vapor compression methods.

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