Tesi sul tema "Sols – Érosion – Simulation par ordinateur"
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Valette, Gilles. "Simulation dynamique spatialisée de l’évolution de la structure de surface des sols cultivés sous l’action de la pluie". Reims, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REIMS006.
Testo completoThis document is the result of a thesis conducted on the interface between computer science and soil science. This work concerns the modeling and simulation of two types of changes in the structure of a cultivated soil surface: its degradation by the action of rain, and its cracking by the action of dessication. The models we have developed are based on the DEVS formalism, which is dedicated to discrete event systems, and on extended cellular automata principle. The main originality of our simulator of soil degradation is that it aims to reproduce the interaction between the erosion processes and the evolution of the relief and of the soil surface structure. The processes of water transfer are represented, as well as the processes of sediment transfer. A rain simulator experiment permitted to verify that our simulator provides a correct global behavior, producing a realistic crusting on both qualitative and quantitative aspects, which is one of its most original and innovative characteristics. The cracking simulator reproduces the emergence and development of vertical cracks in the surface layer of a dessicating soil. We have introduced the method of hierarchical watershed to obtain a cracks network that can be determined by soil properties, especially the crust thickness. Besides a validation using Minkowski's densities, we have also proposed a generalization of our method to 3D meshes
Viguier, Jean-Marc. "Mesure et modélisation de l'érosion pluviale : application au vignoble de Vidauban (Var)". Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX22054.
Testo completoMalki, Fatma. "Renforcement des sols par géotextiles". Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0129.
Testo completoThis work analyses design methods for reinforced slopes and walls with geosynthtics. A proposal is done for taking in account a displacement field. It is possible to give a relation between a safety factor of failure in the slope or in the wall, and displacement measures. As it is impossible to know initial values of the displacement, this method allows the comparison of displacement induced by different designs of structure (choice of geosynthetic, design)
Jenck, Orianne Kastner Richard Dias Daniel. "Le Renforcement des sols compressibles par inclusions rigides verticales modélisation physique et numérique /". Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2006. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=jenck.
Testo completoBonelli, Stéphane. "Contribution à la résolution de problèmes élastoplastiques de mécanique des sols et d'écoulements non saturés par la méthode des éléments finis". Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX22038.
Testo completoBadr, Thérèse. "Quantification des émissions atmosphériques diffuses produites par érosion éolienne". Valenciennes, 2007. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/84e60e29-6b31-4942-adc6-855aba62b0fb.
Testo completoThe environmental impacts as well as the economical problems and regulation constraints related to wind erosion motivate current efforts to model and quantify erosion. The nature of the underlying processes makes quantification of fugitive dust emissions a very demanding exercise that is still subject to active research. Certain aspects were not fully apprehended, others require further development. These include the influence of the wide size distribution of granular materials and the sensitivity of the stockpiles’ wind exposure on industrial sites to various parameters, such as the geometry of the pile and its location as well as the wind conditions. The objective of this work is to improve the accuracy of fugitive dust emissions estimations, by creating precise and detailed databases for existing models. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were developed and validated in order to investigate the sensitivity of the mean flow structure to varying stockpile geometries and wind conditions. A second local approach was also applied, which aims to study flow characteristics and the evolution of the friction velocity at the wall in the presence of non-erodible elements for various configurations and roughness densities. The numerical data can be used in order to improve the current models’ accuracy and performance
Kodieh, Alaa. "Poro-elastic numerical modeling of internal erosion : development of an energy-based approach". Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT4041.
Testo completoInternal erosion processes are responsible for the majority of instabilities within hydraulic earth structures. Among these processes, suffusion is the volumetric process gathering detachment, transport and possibly filtration of some transported particles. In literature, the suffusion kinetics has been little tackled, unlike its initiation. This study deals with suffusion kinetics for which a new relationship inspired from the energy approach is proposed. This relationship uses two parameters that characterize the end of the suffusion process and one parameter that governs its development. This relationship is validated against existing experimental results and is compared with two other relationships inspired from the literature. The main advantages of the energy-based law are to limit the cumulative eroded mass with a cap value and to use experimentally measurable parameters. To model this phenomenon, a thermo-poro-elastic model is developed within the mixture theory framework. The saturated erodible soil is represented by a two-phase four-species mixture. Solution to the governing equations is obtained numerically using the finite element approach. Finally, the capabilities of the model are presented at both the sample scale and the scale of a physical model of dike. The numerical simulation of the dike model shows promising results, particularly for the magnitude of the cumulative eroded mass and the spatial distribution of fine particles. This study opens the way to further research opportunities concerning the simulation of earth structures based on laboratory measured parameters
Turpin, Catherine. "Amélioration des modèles de quantification des émissions particulaires diffuses liées a l'érosion éolienne de tas de stockage de matières granulaires sur sites industriels". Valenciennes, 2010. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/780d2ca6-e89f-4753-b9d6-2bc417211836.
Testo completoFugitive dust emissions from open stock yards for bulk materials represent a significant part of overall estimated atmospheric emission on industrial sites. The aim of the thesis work is to improve the accuracy of the current models of estimation of fugitive dust emissions, by defining more precisely the parameters which affect wind erosion as well on the material stored scale as on the industrial sites scale. Previous studies have shown that the presence of non-erodible roughness elements on erodible surfaces has the effect of absorbing part of the wind shear stress and thus protecting the erodible surface from wind erosion. Therefore, the friction velocity evolution has been studied as a function of the characteristics changes of the surface roughnesses during the erosion process. Besides, it is commonly known that the wind exposure of the stockpiles and subsequent emissions from these stockpiles depends on various parameters such as the geometry, the location of the pile, the site topography as well as the wind conditions. An experimental study in a wind tunnel and numerical simulations, characterizing the wind flow over the piles, have been carried out to study the effect of each of these parameters on dust emissions. These studies have provided further insight into the phenomena of wind erosion and have allowed a more accurate and relevant evaluation of fugitive dust emissions on industrial sites
Laquerie, Nathalie. "Simulation numérique d'un écoulement diphasique multicomposant en milieu poreux". Bordeaux 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR10526.
Testo completoRenon, Nicolas. "Simulation numérique par éléments finis des grandes déformations des sols". Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENMP1025.
Testo completoMine clearing (or military breaching) consists in ploughing the superficial layer of the soil with a multi-tine blade located in front of a pusher vehicle: the tine destructure the soil and heave it in front of the blade which pushes it aside, with the mines inside. The aim of the present study is to perform the numerical simulation by the 3D finite element method of the highly non-linear problem of soil ploughing modeling. The numerical tool chosen for this purpose is the implicit finite element code Forge3® (devoted to Metal Forming Processes) which, thanks to its automatic re-meshing routine, is able to model large deformation. We have implemented in Forge3® two hypo-elastic-plastic models: an incompressible one for saturated fine soils, purely cohesive, and a compressible one based on the critical state concept for frictional or frictional-cohesive materials. These worksoftening material models are time-integrated by a generalized radial return technique within an implicit formulation. We show that compressibility yields a non-symmetric stiffness matrix, and that the symmetrization of the system is not robust enough, so that the non-symmetric solver Bi-CGSTAB has been implemented after comparative tests. The implemented models were validated on triaxial tests. For softening models, oscillations occurred in the stress/strain curves after the stress peak. These numerical difficulties were overcome using linearisation and regularisation techniques. As a second step, we performed numerical simulations for different kinds of tools : a single tine, a single tine + a slab of a blade, several tines and several tines + a blade. Tool displacements were simulated until a steady state was reached. This takes displacements all the larger as the tool system is wider, leading to intensive computation. Geometric parameters such as tine rake angle or system stem angle clearly influence the complex material flow patterns, in a way similar to experimental observations. Material model parameters shown dominant are those linked with the concept of critical state, i. E. Corresponding to the large deformation range. Finally the global model was validated from a qualitative point of view, in terms of flow pattern and force distribution for multi-tine tools. Quantitative comparison with experiments must still be refined, returning to the constitutive model and its implementation
Brusturean, Gabriela Alina. "Dépollution des sols par venting et extraction sous pression réduite : étude expérimentale, modélisation et simulation numérique". Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ISAL0075.
Testo completoThe work of thesis relates to experimental study, modelling and numerical simulation of depollution by venting and SVE of the soils polluted by light hydrocarbons. The first part contains a bibliographical study of pollutants interaction with the soil, of industrial applications of these two techniques and of the modelling techniques used for the follow-up of depollution. The second part is made up of the presentation of the equipments and procedures used for the follow-up of depollution on laboratory pilots. The third part presents the results obtained on soils polluted by components of automobile fuel alone or in mixture with the variation of the operating conditions (gas flow, extraction pressure, ageing of pollution). The agreement between the experimental and modelling (quantified by the factors of agreement) is good, which will allow the use of the developed techniques of calculation for an optimisation of the depollution conditions
Ferreira, Maria Clara Schuwartz. "Influence de particules non-érodables dans le processus d'érosion éolienne". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S012/document.
Testo completoWind erosion process can lead to several environmental consequences: desertification, land degradation, air pollution, etc. This last one is related to particulate matter emissions from granular materials commonly found on industrial sites, such as ore and coal. The particle size distribution of these granular materials usually consist of a mixture of a wide range of diameters, which include larger particles that are non-erodible even with strong gusts of wind. The non-erodible particles play a protective role for erodible particles, paving the surface and reducing emissions. The main objective of this thesis is to estimate more accurately emissions due to wind erosion considering the influence of the pavement caused by non-erodible particles. An analytical model was proposed to quantify emissions from particle beds and stockpiles with a wide size distribution. The effects of pavement process are incorporated in the model through the decrease of the mean friction velocity on the erodible surface as the non-erodible particles accumulate. Previous works have defined a mathematical relation between the evolution of the friction velocity over the erodible surface and the geometry of the roughness elements. Nonetheless, the formulation was only valid to limited cover rates of non-erodible particles. Numerical simulations were carried out in this work to extend the formulation in order to include other cases encountered in real situations (with larger amounts of non-erodible particles). The proposed emission model describes the relationship between the minimum value of friction velocity (at which emissions cease), taking advantage of the numerical findings, and the final eroded depth of the bed, which in turn, provides the emitted mass. Wind tunnel experiments were carried out in order to better understand the pavement phenomenon and estimate emissions from a bed of particles containing a bimodal size distribution. The experimental results were also used to validate the modeling, including the global emitted mass and the final characteristics of the bed surface. A good agreement was found between experimental and modeled results for the global emissions and the bed eroded depth. The erosion model was extended for application in stockpiles. In this case, the erodibility of the particles is more complex as the friction velocity and the threshold conditions are not spatially homogeneous. The idea of the model was to subdivide the pile in isosurfaces in which the threshold conditions and the friction velocity are constant and then treat each one of these areas as a different source where the emission model can be applied. Wind tunnel experiments were carried out in order to estimate emissions from a sand pile containing a bimodal size distribution. The modeled and the experimental results were compared for the configuration of an isolated stockpile and a good agreement was found between the estimated and the measured emitted mass. The impact of the presence of a building and a successive parallel stockpiles on the overall particles emission was also evaluated. Wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations were carried out for several configurations evaluating the effects of: (i) main wind flow orientation, (ii) wind flow velocity, (iii) gap between the obstacle and (iv) amount of non-erodible particles. It was found that the flow interferences between the obstacles increase emissions. Therefore, all wind perturbations have a significant impact and have to be accounted in dust emission estimation and modeling
O processo de erosão eólica pode levar a várias consequências ambientais: desertificação, degradação da terra, poluição do ar, etc. Esta última está relacionada com as emissões de partículas provenientes de materiais granulares comumente encontrados em indústrias, como minério e carvão. A distribuição granulométrica destes materiais normalmente consiste em uma mistura com uma ampla gama de tamanhos, incluindo partículas maiores que não são erodíveis mesmo com fortes rajadas de vento. As partículas não erodíveis desempenham um papel protetor para as partículas erodíveis, pavimentando a superfície e reduzindo as emissões. O objetivo principal desta tese é estimar com maior acurácia as emissões devidas à erosão eólica considerando a influência da pavimentação causada pelas partículas não-erodíveis. Um modelo analítico foi proposto para quantificar as emissões de leitos de partículas e pilhas com ampla distribuição granulométrica. Os efeitos do processo da pavimentação são incorporados no modelo por meio da diminuição da velocidade de fricção média na superfície erodível à medida que as partículas nãoerodíveis se acumulam. Trabalhos anteriores definiram uma relação matemática entre a evolução da velocidade de fricção na superfície erodível e a geometria dos elementos rugosos. No entanto, a formulação é válida apenas para limitadas taxas de cobertura de partículas não-erodíveis (< 12%). Simulações numéricas foram realizadas neste trabalho para estender a formulação de modo a incluir outros casos encontrados em situações reais (com maiores quantidades de partículas nãoerodíveis). O modelo de emissão proposto descreve a relação entre o valor mínimo da velocidade de fricção (para qual as emissões cessam), utilizando os resultados numéricos, e a profundidade final erodida do leito, que, por sua vez, fornece a massa emitida. Experimentos em túnel de vento foram realizados para melhor compreender o fenômeno da pavimentação e estimar as emissões de um leito de partículas contendo uma distribuição granulométrica bimodal. Os resultados experimentais foram também utilizados para validar a modelagem, incluindo a massa global emitida e as características finais da superfície do leito. Uma boa concordância foi encontrada entre os resultados experimentais e modelados para as emissões globais e a profundidade erodida do leito. O modelo de erosão foi estendido para aplicação em pilhas de estocagem. Neste caso, a erodibilidade das partículas é mais complexa, uma vez que a velocidade de fricção e as condições de limiar não são espacialmente homogêneas. A ideia do modelo é subdividir a pilha em isosuperfícies em que as condições de limiar e a velocidade de fricção são constantes e, em seguida, tratar cada uma dessas áreas como uma fonte diferente onde o modelo de emissão pode ser aplicado. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais em túnel de vento para estimar as emissões de uma pilha de areia contendo uma distribuição de tamanho bimodal. Os resultados experimentais e modelados foram comparados para a configuração de uma pilha isolada (orientada 60 e 90° em relação a direção do escoamento) e uma boa concordância foi encontrada entre a massa estimada e a emitida. O impacto na emissão da presença de um edifício e de uma pilha de estocagem sucessiva também foi avaliado. Experimentos em túnel de vento e simulações numéricas foram realizados para várias configurações avaliando os efeitos de: (i) orientação do vento, (ii) velocidade do vento, (iii) espaçamento entre os obstáculos e (iv) quantidade de partículas não erodíveis. Verificou-se que as interferências do escoamento entre os obstáculos aumentam as emissões. Portanto, todas as perturbações no escoamento têm um impacto significativo e devem ser contabilizadas na estimativa e modelagem de emissões de partículas
Urgelli, Denise. "Prise en compte des hétérogénéités par prise de moyenne des transmissivités sur maillages adaptés en simulation de réservoir". Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11039.
Testo completoDias, Daniel Kastner Richard. "Renforcement du front de taille des tunnels par boulonnage étude numérique et application à un cas réel en site urbain /". Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2000. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=dias.
Testo completoJenck, Orianne. "Le renforcement des sols compressibles par inclusions rigides verticales : modélisation physique et numérique". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00143331.
Testo completoCe travail de thèse constitue une contribution à la compréhension du comportement de ce type d'ouvrage, et s'intéresse plus particulièrement à la modélisation des mécanismes se développant dans le matelas de transfert de charge. Il comporte trois parties. La première partie présente le contexte et les objectifs. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la constitution d'une base de données
expérimentale précise et complète en terme d'efforts et de déplacements, afin de servir de référence à diverses approches de modélisation numérique. Pour cela, un modèle physique bidimensionnel mettant en oeuvre des matériaux analogiques est développé.
La troisième partie concerne la modélisation numérique. La première étape consiste en une modélisation bidimensionnelle en milieu continu, validée à partir des résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur le modèle réduit. Des modèles de comportement spécifiques aux divers matériaux sont mis en oeuvre. L'analyse paramétrique peut alors être étendue numériquement. La seconde étape de la modélisation numérique consiste en la mise en oeuvre de simulations tridimensionnelles en milieu continu de cas réalistes. Les comportements du sol du matelas et du sol compressible sont pris en compte par des modèles de diverses complexités. Le système est d'abord pris en compte par une cellule élémentaire du maillage en conditions drainées, puis par une section courante de remblai présentant des talus latéraux.
Roudier, Pascale. "Synthèse de paysages réalistes par simulation de processus d'érosion". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835373.
Testo completoChupin, Olivier. "Écoulement et transport couplés en milieux poreux saturés : application à l'injection des sols". Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2096.
Testo completoValette, Gilles Lucas Laurent. "Simulation dynamique spatialisée de l'évolution de la structure de surface des sols cultivés sous l'action de la pluie". Reims : S.C.D. de l'Université, 2008. http://scdurca.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000821.pdf.
Testo completoBintein, Sylvain. "Optimisation et validation de CHEMFRANCE : un modèle régional de fugacité niveau III appliqué à la France". Metz, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1996/Bintein.Sylvain.SMZ9630.pdf.
Testo completoThe elaboration of a bilinear relationship between the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) and the accumulation of chemicals in fish allowed to simulate more accurately the bioconcentration potential of very lipophilic molecules. The soil and sediment adsorption of ionized and non-ionized chemicals has been modeled by a regression equation integrating log P, the ionization potential of compounds, the percentage of organic carbon and the pH of the substrates. The incorporation of these two equations in CHEMFRANCE allowed to increase the domain of application of this regional level III fugacity model applied to France. Studies performed on lindane and atrazine underlined the high simulation potential of this model for these pesticides. Last, comparative analyses of structure-bioconcentration and structure-adsorption relationships using log P as molecular descriptor were performed in order to test the usefulness of the models we proposed
Dias, Daniel. "Renforcement du front de taille des tunnels par boulonnage : étude numérique et application à un cas réel en site urbain". Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/1999ISAL0097/these.pdf.
Testo completoThe reinforcement of tunnels using bolting on the tunnel face is a recent technique of “pre-confinement” in order, in the first hand, to assure stability of the excavation and, in the other hand, to control movements and induced settlements due to boring. This Ph. D thesis is a contribution to the numerical analysis of the influence of the bolting face on the behaviour of a soft ground mass. Different approaches have been used and compared : • a three dimensional approach taking in account the complete modelling of the soil mass, inclusions (bolts) and soil-bolts interaction. • two dimensional simplified approaches • an homogenisation approach The three dimensional approach, with the numerical simulation of the different boring phases is the reference for deep tunnels with a circular section. A parametric study shows the mechanisms involving forces in the bolts and the influence of these mechanisms on the tunnel face, radial convergences and volume losses. The limits of existing simplified approaches are shown and a new “convergence-confinement” method is proposed. The influence of soil-bolt interaction law and the tunnel shape on the volume losses are studied. The homogenisation techniques of periodic masses is used to simulate the reinforcement with two approaches : • the first approach used the analytical model in spherical symmetry proposed by Wong. • the second approach, a constitutive model of reinforced homogeneous soil is developed for the two dimensional axisymetric computer program. The comparisons of three dimensional simulations with homogeneous stress field and of axisymetric tunnel simulations show the limits of the homogenisation and of the influence of the element grid used with three dimensional simulations
Dupuy, Alain. "Simulation de la contamination diffuse des eaux souterraines par les nitrates à l'échelle du bassin versant". Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2306.
Testo completoZhou, Bo. "Étude de la migration secondaire du pétrole : expérience de laboratoire, analyse théorique et applications actuelles". Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20156.
Testo completoDinh, Anh Quan. "Étude sur modèle physique des mécanismes de transfert de charge dans les sols renforcés par inclusions rigides. Application au dimensionnement". Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00517738.
Testo completoTop, Bilal. "L'effet de la consolidation des sols sur la propagation des contaminants". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33608.
Testo completoHemmati, Sahar. "Etude de l'Interaction Sol-Végétation-Atmosphère avec une approche couplée Thermo-Hydro-Mécanique". Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005609.
Testo completoGoulet-Fortin, Jérôme. "Modélisation des rendements de la pomme de terre par réseau de neurones". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26556/26556.pdf.
Testo completoDondin, Frédéric. "Simulations numériques et impact tsunamogène d'une déstabilisation de flanc au volcan sous-marins Kick'em Jenny : petites Antilles". Antilles-Guyane, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0388.
Testo completoFlank collapses are destructive phenomena affecting volcanoes no matter their geodynamical context. In this thesis, we focus on the case of a flank collapse episode that occured at Kick'em Jenny submarine volcano. The main goal of this thesis is to assess the dynamical behaviour of the flow generated by the flank collapse episode at the proto-edifice. To do so, we first estimate volume involved in the collapse. The collapse event is simulated using VolcFlow, a model based on depth-averaged approximation of the St-Venant equations. Two rheological models are tested so that we can evaluate which one is most appropriate to reproduce the dynamical behaviour of the flow and the deposit features. Tsunamigenic effect at the source (local effect) is investigated by simulation tests using both VolcFlow and TOPICS (code providing tsunami source parameters from collapse characteristics). At last the regional tsunamigenic effect due to wave propagation towards the neighbouring islands is assessed using FUNWAVE, a Boussinesq-based model of wave propagation
Reulier, Romain. "Impact de la structure paysagère sur les dynamiques spatiales des transferts hydro-sédimentaires : approche par simulation multi-agents". Caen, 2015. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01264723.
Testo completoMany socio-economic and environmental issues associated with hydro-sedimentary transfers are organized within hydrosystems from agricultural fields up to rivers streams (soil loss, soil infertility, diffuse pollution, turbid flood. . . ). If transfers initiation conditions are well known at the agricultural field levels, the flow dynamic that occur on the slope remains poorly understood. It is especially true in small hydrosystems in north-western France, where the abundance of linear networks (hedges, roads, ditches, etc. ) that could interfere with the topographic flow dynamics are present in the landscape. To measure these impacts, which remain difficult to estimate, two complementary approaches have been developed within this thesis. First, a quantification of the hydro-sedimentary transfers was achieved during different rainfall events on a small Normandy catchment (17. 6 km², BV Lingèvres, Calvados). This work allowed us to highlight the importance of sedimentary flows that can pass though during runoff episode and the complexity of spatio-temporal dynamics induced by the landscape structure. In parallel to this "field" approach, a computer model in multi-agent systems (SMA) was designed. By relying on SMA capabilities to bring out the overall dynamics of a system based on interactions at a local level, it is possible to reconstruct the path of runoff and get clues on spatial analysis in order to measure the effect of the landscape structure. The SMA model requires little input data and was applied to various catchment with different landscape features. This model produces interesting results that allow us to better understand the consequences of the landscapes on runoff
Wanko, Ngnien Adrien. "Etude des mécanismes de transfert et évaluation des capacités d'oxygénation et de traitement des dispositifs de traitement par cultures fixées sur supports granulaires fins alimentés en discontinu-développement d'un modèle de biodégradation". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13187.
Testo completoAim of this work is to enhance understanding of the main phenomena occurring during infiltration of wastewater within vertical flow sand filter. We also introduce some operating possibilities which may improve efficiency and keep seepage beds in good working order. In the first part we document state of art in this research topic. Following some general remarks about different wastewater treatment techniques, more precise description of seepage beds is made with particular interest on its constraints and needs of further research. A central issue is the choice of porous media. It should be adapted to allow good oxygen feeding for bacteria growing on it and avoid biological clogging. Second part, mainly experimental, is focused on physical and hydraulic characterization of un-colonized crushed and stream sand. We carried out a residence time distribution (RTD) comparison of these two sands under steady and unsteady flow. Apart from characteristics of porous media and with a constant daily loading rate, decreased frequencies involve longer residence times. On the other hand, output recovery of the mass of injected tracer always occurs faster with stream sand. Continuation of hydrodynamic study is made with colonised porous media. Efficiency of biological removing of carbonaceous pollution is higher within stream sand. Opposite trend is observed with nitrogenous pollution. Removing of both nitrogenous and carbonaceous pollutions is linked to oxygenation. In other words it is linked to renewal of gaseous phase in porous medium. We highlight convection and diffusion of oxygen in porous media by using a fluorescence technology, which allows us to detect both gaseous and dissolved oxygen. We compare participation of convection and diffusion phenomena to renewal of oxygen. Achievement of this work consists on the development of a numerical code which simulates flow and pollution degradation through a colonized porous medium. Two different numerical methods have been used. In the first model, also called global approach, chemical and transport parts of each equation are solved by a single numerical scheme. A second model introduces a splitting operator method which solves separately and successively convective, dispersive and kinetic parts of each equation
Pico, Laurence. "Géographie et assurance : le risque sismique dans les espaces urbains mal documentés : le cas de Beyrouth". Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040167.
Testo completoBeirut’s highly vulnerable urban fabric is threatened by a big earthquake. Faced with such a situation, insurers need to assess precisely the vulnerability of insured properties. A loss estimation model evaluates insured properties damage, which is an indicator of analytical and synthetical vulnerabilities of the city. The most original feature of our model that is adapted to the specifics of the Beirut’s context is to use the spectral acceleration converted into intensity. For that purpose, a computer program for earthquake response analysis of horizontally layered sites is utilized. One preliminary step to conduct this analysis was the gathering of geotechnical and building data. Results of our loss model show that some highly vulnerable buildings are almost uninsurable. Damage risk maps are intended to be a useful resource to fix the building that need seismic rehabilitation in priority as reducing vulnerability is required to rationalize the insurance risk management
Tournebize, Julien. "Impact de l'enherbement du vignoble alsacien sur le transfert des nitrates". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13210.
Testo completoFernandes, Royston. "Wind erosion in presence of vegetation". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0194.
Testo completoAtmospheric mineral dust resulting from aeolian soil erosion affects the Earth system. Their size-distribution (PSD) plays a key role on atmospheric radiation balance, cloud formation, atmospheric chemistry, and the productivity of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. However, climate models still fail to reproduce accurately the suspended dust PSD. This is explained by the poor representation of the dust emission mechanisms and the associated surface wind speed in these large-scale models. This is particularly true in the presence of surface roughnesses such as vegetation in semiarid regions. This thesis aims at improving the understanding of dust emission in semi-arid environments, characterized by heterogeneous surfaces with sparse seasonal vegetation. To this end, a combination of numerical and field experiments was employed, with investigations progressing from a bare erodible soil to surfaces with sparse vegetation.A review of the existing dust emission schemes showed ambiguities in the parametrization of the processes influencing the emitted dust. A sensitivity analysis, using a 1D dust dispersal model, demonstrated (i) the importance of surface dust PSD and inter-particle cohesive bond parametrization on the emitted dust PSD, and (ii) the importance of the deposition process on the net dust flux PSD. Based on this analysis, a new emission scheme was incorporated into a 3D erosion model, coupled with a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) airflow model, and evaluated first on a bare surface against the WIND-O-V’s 2017 field experiment in Tunisia. The model was able to reproduce the near-surface turbulent transport dissimilarity between dust and momentum observed during the experiment. This means that momentum and dust are not always transported by the same turbulent eddies. The model demonstrated that the main cause of this dissimilarity is the dust emission intermittency, which varies as a function of wind intensity and fetch.The role of sparse vegetation on the net emitted dust flux was then explored using the WIND-O-V’s 2018 experiment, conducted at the same site as the 2017 experiment. The resulting field measurements were used to evaluate the 3D erosion model, including vegetation characteristics. A comparison between the 2017 and 2018 experiments confirmed that sparse vegetation reduces dust emission by increasing the erosion threshold friction velocity, which depends on vegetation characteristics and wind direction relative to the vegetation arrangement. During the 2018 experiment, the net emitted dust flux PSD varied continuously, unlike the 2017 experiment, with a progressive impoverishment in coarse particles (1.50 μm). This impoverishment was found independent of the vegetation, and resulted from the depletion of coarse particles at the surface due to longer emission periods in 2018 without surface tillage or precipitation. This non-influence of vegetation on the dust flux PSD was validated by the similarity of the dust flux PSD at the beginning of the 2018 experiment, when the vegetation was at its maximum height, with the one of the 2017 experiment without vegetation. It was further confirmed by the simulations that demonstrated (i) negligible re-deposition of coarse particles on to vegetation during emission events, and (ii) negligible effect of the turbulence induced by the vegetation on the PSD of the net emitted dust flux.Our 3D erosion model appears as a promising tool for characterizing dust emissions over heterogeneous surfaces typical of semi-arid regions and for deriving dust emission schemes for climate models as a function of surface roughness properties
Arson, Chloé. "Étude théorique et numérique de l'endommagement thermo-hydro-mécanique des milieux poreux non saturés". Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005608.
Testo completoCharrier, Gregory. "Etude expérimentale des ruptures de digues fluviales par surverse". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4714/document.
Testo completoFrance's embankment network stretches over 9000~km, protecting people and infrastructures. Overtopping occurs when water level rises above the embankment's crest, often leading to breach development. Reliable forecasting of breaches' characteristics (widening rate, final geometry and breach hydrograph) remains a challenging task. Furthermore, the effects of river dynamics have never been studied.This work is based on a campain of five overtopping tests performed on scaled homogeneous cohesive model embankments, carried out in an eight meters recirculated flume. The classical steps of dike breaching were observed, as wall as headcutting. Depending on soil type and water content, erosion occured at three distinct scales (sand grain, mm, cm) while the experiments' durations ranged from 1h30 to 250~h. Evidence was brought that river dynamics can result in a completely asymmetric development of both the breach and scour pit. Simple geotechnical tests showed notable differences on erosion modes and rates among tested soils, consistently with the flume experiments.The study of fixed-width breaches showed that distinguish hydraulic phenomena such as hydraulic jumps and recirculations arise when lateral flow speed increases on the river side, which comes with an important drop in breach flow.In addition, bidimensional numerical simulations offered a practical and satisfying way of modelling breach hydraulics. In particular, the strong surface deformation and important velocity gradients in the vicinity of the breach were well-rendered. Elements relative to breach formation sensitivity to erosion parameters (threshold stress and erodibility coefficient) are also provided
Fréson, Isabelle. "Simulation numérique du clapage en mer. Etude du champ proche : Chute et transport sur le fond". Compiègne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004COMP1529.
Testo completoLn this report, we present the modelisation of dredged material dumped into sea based on two different approaches. The two-phase flow approach describes the characteristic of each phase of the mixture, with the resolution of sedimentary hydrodynamics equations for the fluid phase (the water) and for the solid phase (the sediments), in order to follow the evolution of the dumping. This point of view takes in account the fluid/sediment's interactions and describes rigorously the dumping motion in the column ofwater. The bispecies approach considers the mixture globally and describes the motion for the global mixture. The bispecies model is an average by-product of the two-phase flow model. And the motion is related to a "mass average". This approach predicts an averaged evolution of the dumping into sea. We study here the mixtures of 100% sand or sand/ clay with or withoutcurrent
Tabach, Eddy El. "Étude de l'impact d'une pollution accidentelle et d'une pollution agricole sur les ressources en eau souterraine". Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Tabach.pdf.
Testo completoCette étude permet de dégager les paramètres prépondérants. Ces paramètres sont ensuite considérés pour la construction d'une base de données qui sert à la calibration d'un modèle basé sur les "réseaux de neurones ". Ce modèle est utilisé dans le cas de l'étude de l'impact de l'aménagement de la RN2 entre Avesnes sur Helpes et Maubeuge sur les champs captants du synclinal de Bachant. La troisième partie traite de la migration d'une pollution diffuse d'origine agricole (nitrates) dans la zone non saturée. On présente la zone d'étude et les résultats des suivis in situ, en ce qui concerne d'une part les apports d'engrais en surface (historiques culturaux) et d'autre part les mesures de profils en nitrates effectués pour certains sondages. On présente ensuite la construction de la base de données. Les variables d'entrée retenues sont les historiques culturaux en surface (apports d'azote), l'épaisseur de la couche de couverture limoneuse en dessous de la zone racinaire, la profondeur de la nappe et le temps. Finalement, on présente le modèle de réseaux de neurones artificiels et son application à la construction de cartes de contamination en nitrates de la partie supérieure de la nappe
Abdou, Hashem. "Problèmes géotechniques couplés en hydromécanique : application à l’érosion interne par suffusion". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI025/document.
Testo completoThe phenomenon of Suffusion corresponds to the migration of fine eroded particles in a porous medium under the action of an internal water flow. This mechanism could be the main origin of damage in embankments and earth dams. Many experimental studies have been done to analyse the suffusion but actually understanding this phenomenon appears as a major scientific challenge. On the other hand, numerically, only a few studies were found which associate the mechanisms of detachment, transport and deposition of eroded particles.Based on the Darcy’s law model, the erosion model of Papamichos et al (2001) modified by Bendahmane (2005) and the fluid viscosity evolution law (Einstein relation), we developed a new hydro-mechanical approach of suffusion. The numerical solution of the problem is carried out by using a finite element method. Two aspects are presented: first, the general framework of the proposed model (implemented in 2D) with a parametric study and then the validation of the numerical model realized with a 3D study of the geometric model of the experimental study of Cross Erosion Test (CET). This model describes the three phenomena of suffusion: erosion, transport and deposition of eroded particles in a saturated soil.Furthermore, the numerical modeling of coupled phenomena of internal erosion is performed using the commercial software "Comsol Multiphysics-3.4b". However, to validate the model, experimental results on two types of soil: sandy gravel soil (S3) and the silt of Isère (S4 and S4-a) are used. These results are found in the PhD thesis of Nguyen(2013) who has developed a new apparatus called Cross Erosion Test (CET).Moreover, to discuss the transient and dynamic aspects of the phenomenon, the evaluation of the mass conservation with different figures of flow velocity, hydraulic gradient, hydraulic head, porosity and permeability distribution, concentration distribution, and of outgoing eroded particles, are measured over time and compared with experimental results
Houda, Moustafa. "Comportement sous chargement cyclique des massifs de sol renforcés par inclusions rigides : expérimentations en laboratoire et modélisation numérique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI103/document.
Testo completoOne of the most popular and widely used methods for soft soil improvement is the reinforcement using vertical rigid inclusions. It constitutes an interesting alternative to the other traditional techniques such as preloading, vertical drains, replacing soil etc...The national French project ASIRI (Amélioration du Sol par Inclusions Rigides) allowed to provide answers about the behavior of this technique and to establish recommendations for design and construction. It included an experimental part (full-scale, 1g physical model experiments and calibration chamber studies) and a numerical part. However, the recommendations established by ASIRI are limited to the case of monotonic loading. Yet, various cases of structures under cyclic loading are commonly encountered in practice: waves loading on offshore structures, wind strength, seismic load, traffic load, filling and emptying of tanks, loading and unloading of storage areas... This then requires the understanding of the behavior of this technique under cyclic and/or dynamic loading.The work done in this thesis constitutes a contribution to understanding the behavior of this type of structures, and is particularly interested in modeling the mechanisms that develop in the load transfer mattress under a quasi-static vertical cyclic loading . Two complementary approaches have been followed: Experimental: by performing experimental tests using a new 1g tridimensional physical model with a scale factor of 1/10, Numerical: by performing numerical tridimensional simulations in a continuous media using the software FLAC3D.At first, the experimental work has allowed us to study the behavior of this reinforcement technique under monotonic and cyclic loading implementing the digital image correlation method. A parametric study performed with the physical modeling allowed us to study the influence of the granular load transfer platform (LTP) and the boundary conditions (presence of a rigid slab at the surface of the LTP).Secondly, the experimental results have served as a database for the validation of a numerical model in continuous medium. The first step of the numerical modeling is to validate a numerical model at the same reduced scale of the physical model. The validation of the numerical modeling approach at the reduced scale allowed us in a second step to perform a parametric study in order to determine the influence of different parameters on the behavior of the system
Voldoire, Aurore. "Prise en compte des changements de végétation dans un scénario climatique du XXIème siècle". Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30024.
Testo completoThe main objective of this work has been to run a climate simulation of the 21st century that includes not only greenhouse gases and aerosols emitted by human activity but also land-use and land-cover changes. To achieve this goal, the integrated impact model IMAGE2. 2 (developed at RIVM, The Netherlands) was used, which simulates the evolution of greenhouse gases concentrations as well as land-cover changes. This model has been coupled to the general circulation model ARPEGE/OPA provided by the CNRM. Before coupling the models, sensitivity experiments with each model have been performed to test their respective sensitivity to the forcing of the other. Ultimately, a simulation with the two models coupled together has shown that interactions between climate and vegetation are not of primary importance for century scale studies
Alsaleh, Hassan. "Modélisation non-linéaire en trois dimensions de l'interaction sol-micropieux-pont sous chargements sismiques". Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Alsaleh.pdf.
Testo completoFouque, Aurélien. "Contribution à l'étude du couplage thermique-mécanique-électrique dans les contacts électriques : application à l'élaboration d'un modèle de durée de vie d'un contacteur". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASC001.
Testo completoA contactor is an electromechanical device designed to establish or disconnect anelectrical current in a circuit by closing or opening contacts. During each operation, anelectric arc is created, due to the enormous power density involved to reach and locallyexceed the melting temperature of the material. As a result, the repeated action of thearcs during the life of the device (up to several hundred thousand closing/opening cycles)gradually leads to the ruin of the contact pads and the malfunction of the contactor. Thethesis work aims to propose tools for modelling the damage of contact pads under the effectof repeated impacts, with the longer-term objective of predicting the life of the contactoraccording to its operating conditions. The material considered is a pseudo-alloy made ofsilver and tin oxide SnO 2 . As a first step, several experimental campaigns were carried outto collect all the input data required for modelling : determination of the thermomechanicalproperties of the material, characterization of damage – surface and bulk – produced by asingle arc and by an accumulation of arcs, estimation of the power density provided by anarc to the contact material. Many experimental techniques have been used : monotonoustensile tests and cyclic loading, indentation (microhardness), 3D profilometry, opticalmicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, EDS and EBSD analysis, thermal imagingcamera, high speed camera. Then two types of models were successively developed. Thefirst one uses the Zset finite element code. Developped in an axisymmetric geometry, itaims to describe within the material the evolution of temperatures, stresses and strainsresulting from an arc (assumed fixed), then the initiation of cracks after a few hundredof impacts at the same point. A 3D variant was then discussed to approach the case ofmoving arcs. The second model, of a phenomenological nature, is based on simplifieddescriptions of topography and tensile strength in silver in the vicinity of the surface, aswell as on rules of occurrence and spatial distribution, taken as much as possible fromexperimental observations. It is intended to simulate in a manageable calculation time thedamage resulting from the accumulation of a very large number of arcs over the entiresurface of the pellets
Abdallah, Mirvat. "Etude et renforcement des massifs rocheux sous chargement sismique : application à l’analyse de la vulnérabilité des massifs rocheux au Liban". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10091.
Testo completoLebanon is characterized by high-urbanized mountains, which could be subjected to severe earthquakes, because of the presence of a major fault and some secondary faults. Lebanon was previously subjected to several destructive earthquakes, particularly in 551, 1202, 1759 and 1837 and more recently in the years 1956 and 2008. Experts predict a major seismic event in the future. Prevention constitutes an efficient way to minimize the earthquake consequences (casualties and property damage). This thesis aims to develop a methodological approach for the seismic stability of fractured rocks and to apply this methodology to the analysis of real case in Lebanon. The work is based on an advanced numerical modeling using the UDEC software to analyze the behavior of massive fractured rocks under seismic loading, taking into account the presence of water in the fractures. Due to lack of field data, significant work has also been devoted to the collection of data collection related to mechanical properties of the materials and joints. The first part of the thesis presents a literature review of the characterization of the rock discontinuities and methods used for the analysis of the stability of fractured rock masses. The second part presents seismic analysis of a real case in South Lebanon (Jezzine). Numerical calculations were carried on different configurations: rock mass without fractures, rock mass with horizontal fractures and rock mass with both horizontal and vertical fractures. Analysis was also conducted on the use of anchors for the rock mass stabilization. The last part presents a study of the influence of the presence of water on the seismic behavior of fractured rock masses
Lagacherie, Philippe. "Formalisation des lois de distribution des sols pour automatiser la cartographie pédologique à partir d'un secteur pris comme référence : cas de la petite région naturelle Moyenne Vallée de l'Hérault". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20266.
Testo completoSeignez, Nicolas. "Nano-structures et mécanismes d'altération d'un vitrifiat issu de la métallurgie du plomb : similitudes et spécificités vis-à-vis de matériaux vitreux d'origine industrielle et naturelle". Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/0f9b049c-67ae-4eb1-9e1f-bdcf6cf0284e.
Testo completoMercier, Fabienne. "Modélisation numérique de l'érosion d'un sol cohésif par un écoulement turbulent". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4718/document.
Testo completoErosion mechanisms are the main cause of hydraulic failure in embankments. Therefore, the resistance of soils to erosion must be quantified. To this hand, several devices are used such as the Jet Erosion Test (JET), whose model of interpretation is strongly empirical. The aim of this study is to determine the relevance of the interpretation model of the JET. For this purpose, a 2D Navier-Stokes numerical model of erosion of cohesive soils by a turbulent flow has been proposed. We first developed and implemented an interface movement model, whose input parameters are the erosion parameters found experimentally by JET test. Then, the scour depth evolutions obtained numerically for three JET test cases are compared to experimental data. Good agreement is obtained. A parametric study has also been conducted to validate the accuracy of the numerical results. These results contribute to the validation of the JET interpretation model. To extend its domain of application, we applied the numerical model to concentrated leak erosion during Hole Erosion Tests (HET). Three HET were modeled and, here again, our numerical results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results from the tests. An analysis of the erosion law and erosion parameters obtained with JET and HET was finally initiated. The potential influence of the flow incidence angle on the erosion efficiency was underlined
Domej, Gisela. "Etude des effets sismo-induits et stabilité des pentes en zone urbanisée via modélisation numérique". Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1098/document.
Testo completoSeismically induced slope deformation is a worldwide common phenomenon that poses an increasing and considerable threat to fast expanding urbanization, and a great number of catastrophic events throughout the past attest thereof. For this reason, displacement predictions allowing for proper slope surveillance became a major concern.Early attempts to relate slope failures to seismic parameters are of empirical nature and date back to the 1980s. Although having proven stable, these relations are frequently disturbed by site effects causing outliers in terms of smaller or greater displacements than expected.The first part of this thesis presents a newly build chronological database of 277 globally distributed seismically and non-seismically induced landslides. A comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted on the data of this database with the main result that – statistically seen – the average geometrical shapes of landslides differ only proportionally.The second part of the thesis is dedicated to a comparative slope stability analysis of the Diezma Landslide (Spain) by means of three methods: the limit-equilibrium based NEWMARK-Method (1965) in 2D under elasto-perfectly-plastic conditions; finite-difference analysis in the time domain with the code FLAC in 2D and 3D under visco-elasto-perfectly-plastic conditions; and modal recombination analysis in the frequency domain with the finite-element code CESAR-LCPC in 2D and 3D under visco-elastic conditions.Located in a seismically active region, the Diezma Landslide is likely to be affected by earthquakes and was therefore considered as a suitable model case. A broad analysis of expected displacements was conducted using eleven strong-motion seismic scenarios. Moreover, the thesis searches for potential relations between macro-seismic parameters of the applied earthquake scenarios and the predicted deformations obtained from the three methods.It appeared that – due to the functionality of the methods – results differ quantitatively as well as qualitatively, and so does their suitability. Major findings are: (a) Results from the three methods are of different orders of magnitude and, thus, can easily lead to over- or under-estimations of displacements; (b) Both numerical methods reveal a strong influence of the model-geometry on the predicted displacements, whereas a scenario-dependent slope behavior manifested itself only within the finite difference analysis; (c) The switch from 2D to 3D does not necessarily result in a similar performance in each dimension and results must be critically judged before further use; (d) The NEWMARK-Method (1965) has proven itself once more to be appropriate for first slope assessments but not for sophisticated evaluations of ground response to seismic shaking
La, Lance Arnaud de. "Etude du comportement du système pneumatique-sol appliquée à la mobilité des véhicules terrestres". Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20176.
Testo completoBotella, Arnaud. "Génération de maillages non structurés volumiques de modèles géologiques pour la simulation de phénomènes physiques". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0097/document.
Testo completoThe geomodeling main goals are to represent and understand the subsurface. The geological structures have an important role for understanding and predicting its physical behavior. We defined a geological model as a set of structures and their connections. The meshes are numerical supports to solve the equations modeling the subsurface physics. So it is important to build a mesh representing a geological model to take into account the impact of these structures on the subsurface phenomena. The objective of this thesis is to develop volumetric meshing methods for geological models. We propose a volumetric unstructured meshing method to build two mesh types: an adaptive tetrahedral mesh and an hex-dominant mesh (i.e. made of tetrahedra, triangular prisms, quadrilateral pyramids and hexahedra). This method generates first a tetrahedral mesh that can respect different types of data: (1) a geological model defined by its boundaries to capture the structures in the volumetric mesh, (2) well paths represented as a set of segments, (3) a mesh size property to control the mesh element edge length and (4) a direction field to control vertex/element alignments inside the mesh to increase some features such as elements with right angles. Then, this tetrahedral mesh can be transformed in a mixed-element mesh. The method recognizes combinatorial relationships between tetrahedra to identify new elements such as prisms, pyramids and hexahedra. This method is then used to generate meshes whose features correspond to a given application in order to reduce errors during numerical computation. Several application domains are considered such as geomechanical, ow and wave propagation simulations
Caudron, Matthieu. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de l'interaction sol-structure lors de l'occurence d'un fontis". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00145223.
Testo completoLe programme de cette thèse s'articule donc autour de la thématique suivante : évaluation des risques urbains liés aux mouvements de sol dus à la présence de cavités souterraines et interaction avec le bâti et les structures.
La première partie porte sur la conception d'un modèle réduit physique bidimensionnel permettant de représenter un effondrement de cavité de type fontis. Elle apporte une contribution innovante à la conception de modèles réduits physiques 1g par la mise au point d'un matériau analogique cohérent, dérivé du matériau de Schneebeli. Des essais sont alors menés pour caractériser l'influence de l'interaction sol-structure lors d'un tel phénomène.
Ensuite un modèle numérique est développé à partir d'un outil numérique permettant l'emploi conjoint de deux codes de calcul complémentaires basés sur une approche en milieu continu d'une part et sur la mécanique des éléments distincts d'autre part. Les résultats issus de ce modèle sont alors comparés avec ceux provenant des essais réalisés sur le modèle expérimental.
La dernière étape est une confrontation de cet outil numérique dans un essai de rétro-analyse d'un fontis réel survenu dans le massif de l'Hautil en 1991.
Foucault, Alexandre. "Modélisation du comportement cyclique des ouvrages en terre intégrant des techniques de régularisation". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00534665.
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